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[pulmonary infections in pediatrics]. 19846097981
[legionellosis]. 19846097987
capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of carbohydrate components of legionellae and other bacteria.capillary gas chromatography using fused-silica columns followed by electron impact or chemical ionization mass spectrometry was used to profile and identify neutral and amino sugars present in several legionellae and other bacteria. a modified alditol acetate derivatization method was employed to produce volatile carbohydrate derivatives. muramic acid, a component of bacterial peptidoglycan, was detected in all legionellae examined. heptose, a component of bacterial lipopolysaccharide, was iden ...19846736148
pneumonia due to legionella bozemanii: first report of a case in europe.pneumonia caused by legionella bozemanii and acquired by a 75-year-old man while on holiday in majorca is described. this appears to be the first report of such a case from europe. despite artificial ventilation and intravenous erythromycin the patient died. the causative organism was isolated from part of the lung obtained post mortem. examination of a single sample of serum by means of an indirect immunofluorescence test gave a titre of 32 in respect of l. bozemanii antigen.19846736665
a prevalence study of antibodies to legionella spp. in geriatric institutions.the prevalence of seropositivity to legionella spp. was studied in inmates and staff members of two geriatric hospitals (rahel and sinai); attendants to a geriatric day club; and 26 old people with entirely independent households. the sera were examined by indirect immunofluorescence with antigens of six legionella species (l. pneumophila, l. longbeachae, l. micdadei, l. gormanii, l. dumoffii and l. bozemanii). a titre of greater than or equal to 256 to at least one antigen was obtained in 30.5% ...19846693764
analysis of fatty acids of the genus rochalimaea by electron capture gas chromatography: detection of nonanoic acid.the fatty acid compositions of rochalimaea quintana, strains fuller and guadalupe, and r. vinsonii, the canadian vole agent, were determined in an effort to further characterize these bacteria. the cells were saponified with 5% naoh in 50% methanol and acidified to ph 2. the methanolysates were extracted with chloroform, derivatized with 2,2,2-trichloroethanol, and analyzed using a hewlett-packard gas chromatograph equipped with a frequency pulse-modulated electron capture detector and a 3% ov-1 ...19846715507
capillary gas chromatographic analysis of carbohydrates of legionella pneumophila and other members of the family legionellaceae.legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of legionnaires disease, and related organisms have previously been characterized primarily by conventional bacteriological methods, dna-dna hybridization, antigenic analysis, and fatty acid analysis. by capillary gas chromatographic analysis for carbohydrates, we have shown that muramic acid and glucosamine, characteristic markers of bacterial cell walls, were present in samples of l. pneumophila and a group of legionella-like organisms. some bacteria ...19846715510
relative potency of virulent versus avirulent legionella pneumophila for induction of cell-mediated immunity.guinea pigs were infected with either high-passage, low-virulence legionella pneumophila or low-passage, high-virulence organisms. on an infectious dosage basis, the high-virulence organisms were much more effective at sensitizing animals for positive skin test responses and splenic lymphocyte proliferation responses to homologous antigens. these results suggest that exposure to low doses of virulent l. pneumophila can effectively prime animals for cell-mediated immune responses.19846724697
a note on the temperature tolerance of legionella.a strain of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 isolated from the environment had a decimal reduction time in water at 50 degrees c (d50) of 111 min, a d54 of 27 min and a d58 of 6 min. there was little loss of viability at 46 degrees c. other environmental organisms, a pseudomonas sp., a micrococcus sp. and a coliform survived less well at these temperatures. a species of sarcina had a survival time greater than the l. pneumophila at all the temperatures tested. other strains of legionellas were ...19846725165
erythromycin uptake and accumulation by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes and efficacy of erythromycin in killing ingested legionella pneumophila.studies were undertaken to demonstrate the efficacy of erythromycin in killing legionella pneumophila organisms that have been ingested by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. with use of an electron microscope-autoradiography method in conjunction with an antibiotic-uptake assay, it was shown that [3h]-labeled erythromycin a base penetrated into the cytoplasm of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes in concentrations up to 24 times higher than the extracellular drug level. similar studies using [14 ...19846726002
legionella pneumonia in the united states: the distribution of serogroups and species causing human illness. 19846726009
in vitro comparison of the activity of ru 28965, a new macrolide, with that of erythromycin against aerobic and anaerobic bacteria.ru 28965, a novel macrolide antibiotic, inhibited most gram-positive species at concentrations similar to that of erythromycin but was not active, even at alkaline ph, against pseudomonas spp. or members of the family enterobacteriaceae. staphylococci and streptococci resistant to erythromycin were resistant to ru 28965. ru 28965 inhibited haemophilus influenzae, including a number of beta-lactamase, ampicillin-resistant isolates, and neisseria meningitidis and neisseria gonorrhoeae at concentra ...19846732223
prosthetic valve endocarditis caused by legionella pneumophila.prosthetic valve endocarditis due to legionella pneumophila occurred in a woman who had aortic and mitral valve replacements with porcine xenografts. during surgery for persistent fever and aortic regurgitation due to presumed endocarditis, she had vegetations involving both the aortic and mitral valve prostheses with a circumferential abscess of the aortic annulus. cultures, dieterle stain, and direct fluorescent antibody stain of valve tissue, and subsequent measurements of serum antibody leve ...19846703545
cardiac legionellosis. 19846499542
clinical laboratory differentiation of legionellaceae family members with pigment production and fluorescence on media supplemented with aromatic substrates.a systematic study of pigment production (browning) and fluorescence (extracellular yellow-green and intracellular blue-white) by nine legionellaceae species was performed. a total of 56 strains representing tatlockia micdadei (pittsburgh pneumonia agent), legionella pneumophila, legionella jordanis, legionella longbeachae, legionella oakridgensis, legionella wadsworthii, fluoribacter bozemanae, fluoribacter gormanii, and fluoribacter dumoffii could be separated on media supplemented with tyrosi ...19846547453
legionellosis due to legionella pneumophila serogroup 6: report of three cases.three cases of legionellosis caused by legionella pneumophila serogroup 6 are reported and a brief review of similar cases in new zealand in 1982 is made. legionellosis appears more common in new zealand than was previously thought. in 1982 50% of reported cases occurred in the wellington region and a uniquely high incidence of legionellosis due to serogroup 6 was observed.19846585711
legionella pneumonia--a neglected diagnosis?a brief survey of the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, differential diagnosis and treatment of infections with legionella species is given, with particular emphasis on legionella pneumophila. because of recent epidemiological evidence that this species may be an important cause of both community-acquired and hospital-acquired pneumonia, particularly in the immunosuppressed patient, it is suggested that this microbial agent should be considered more often in the differential diagnosis of pn ...19846594028
susceptibility of legionella spp. to imipenem and 27 other beta-lactam antibiotics.with 28 beta-lactam antibiotics the susceptibilities of 60 strains of legionella spp. (49 legionella pneumophila and 11 atcc type strains of other legionella species) were determined. agar dilution testing was used on buffered charcoal-yeast extract agar to which 0.1% alpha-ketoglutarate was added. the most active of the penicillins tested were ampicillin (mic = 0.06-8 mg/l) and temocilin (mic = 0.125 - 16 mg/l); the most active cephalosporins were ceftazidime (mic = 0.03 - 0.5 mg/l), hr 810 (mi ...19846594234
beta-lactam antibiotics in lower respiratory tract infections.like in any infection, the choice of antibacterials in pulmonary infections of known bacterial etiology is simple. when etiology is not known, the choice must rest upon knowledge of the epidemiology of lower respiratory infections and the antibacterial spectrum of the antibiotics in question. the epidemiology of community-acquired lower respiratory infections is not too well studied. however, some studies indicate that approximately 50% of lower respiratory infections are caused by bacteria amon ...19846597558
legionella bozemanii serogroup 2: a new etiological agent.a newly discovered bacterium, toronto 3, isolated from a lung aspirate of a patient with pneumonia, has been characterized. the isolate was identified as legionella bozemanii by chemical data from cellular fatty acid and ubiquinone analyses and by dna relatedness studies. the isolate, however, differs phenotypically from l. bozemanii by its colonial characteristics and strong interspecies serological cross-reactions, which are unique among clinical isolates of legionellae. the name l. bozemanni ...19846690465
incidence of legionella organisms in selected ontario (canada) cities.the distribution of legionella pneumophila in water inside buildings was examined by means of culture methods. cooling tower sumps and condenser valves harboured the organism at the highest frequency and in the highest concentrations. the bacterium was also frequently isolated from potable water systems, including hot and cold mixed taps, drinking water fountains and showers. when water quality parameters were examined, only elevated ph, total particulate nitrogen and alkalinity were correlated ...19846523127
[there exists an epidemiology of legionella pneumophila in our country].the authors, after a brief relation on contribution given by international publications, relates about their study on legionellosis epidemiology based on seroconversion results obtained comparing six different serotypes, precisely the ones from 1 to 6, over a sample of people living in the areas surrounding the two italian cities of rome and siena. this study has given proof of an high, and unaspected, seroconversion (over 27%) caused by legionella pneumophila. titer was equal to or higher than ...19846545797
onset and duration of urinary antigen excretion in legionnaires disease.the purposes of this study were to determine whether antigen is excreted by patients with legionnaires disease early enough after the onset of symptoms to be useful for making therapeutic decisions and whether antigen excretion ends when successful treatment is concluded. specific antigen was detected in the urine of 14 (88%) of 16 patients with legionnaires disease during days 1 to 3 of symptoms, 33 (80%) of 41 patients during days 4 to 7, 25 (89%) of 28 patients during days 8 to 14, and 11 of ...19846490846
legionella pneumophila inhibits acidification of its phagosome in human monocytes.we used quantitative fluorescence microscopy to measure the ph of phagosomes in human monocytes that contain virulent legionella pneumophila, a bacterial pathogen that multiplies intracellularly in these phagocytes. the mean ph of phagosomes that contain live l. pneumophila was 6.1 in 14 experiments. in the same experiments, the mean ph of phagosomes containing dead l. pneumophila averaged 0.8 ph units lower than the mean ph of phagosomes containing live l. pneumophila, a difference that was hig ...19846501409
a rapid coagglutination test for the detection and serogrouping of legionellae.the applicability of coagglutination for the rapid detection and serogrouping of legionellae has been investigated. the coagglutination reaction is carried out with the aid of self-made preparations of protein a containing staphylococci, sensitized with specific antibodies against the antigens of l. pneumophila (serogroups i to 6), l. bozemanii and l. micdadei. preliminary heating of legionella suspensions at 100% c for 15 min was used to prevent cross coagglutination reactions and ensure greate ...19846491273
sinusitis caused by legionella pneumophila in a patient with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome.a patient with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome and legionella pneumophila infection of the maxillary sinus is described. the organism was identified by direct immunofluorescence staining of sinus tissue. because the legionella species are intracellular pathogens, it is not surprising that this patient with a cellular immune defect was infected. however, no other site of legionella infection was found. this appears to be the first reported case of upper respiratory tract infection by a le ...19846496553
isolation of legionella species from drinking water.three different species of legionella were recovered from samples of water taken from chlorinated public water supplies where no coliform bacteria were simultaneously detected. five of 856 samples yielded legionella isolates. three isolates were identified as legionella pneumophila serogroup 1, the fourth was identified as legionella dumoffii, and the fifth was identified as legionella jordanis. studies to determine the survival of l. pneumophila flint 1 serogroup 1 in tap water at various tempe ...19846508292
role of stagnation and obstruction of water flow in isolation of legionella pneumophila from hospital plumbing.the stagnation of water in two of four hospital hot-water storage tanks found to contain legionella pneumophila was reduced by keeping the two tanks continually on-line for 1 year. l. pneumophila colony counts in these two tanks fell quickly to low levels, whereas the organisms persisted in the two tanks that were not in use. l. pneumophila continued to be isolated from 50 to 100% of the hospital showerheads which were sampled during this period. we also examined aerators and other hospital fauc ...19846508313
warfarin interaction with erythromycin.the drug interaction between warfarin and erythromycin is not well known. we report a case in which erythromycin was observed to markedly potentiate warfarin anticoagulation, resulting in hemorrhage in a patient treated for legionella pneumonia. the morbidity of this drug interaction is enhanced in elderly patients who have infection accompanied by anorexia and/or fever and who are receiving intravenous erythromycin. the well-documented, temporal relationship established erythromycin as the inte ...19846508448
serological differences in legionella pneumophila infections.guinea pigs were infected with two subtypes of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 (uh1 and rh1). seroconversion by indirect fluorescent-antibody assay was demonstrated in 94 to 97% of guinea pigs when the challenge strain was used as the antigen. the standard philadelphia 1 antigen demonstrated seroconversion in 94% uh1-challenged animals, but in only 66% of rh1-challenged animals.19846520232
production of extracellular hemolytic cytotoxin by legionella bozemanii. 19846521671
[reflections in regard to legionnaires' disease. apropos of a case]. 19846522721
disk diffusion antimicrobial susceptibility testing of members of the family legionellaceae including erythromycin-resistant variants of legionella micdadei.disk diffusion antimicrobial susceptibility testing of members of the family legionellaceae was accomplished on buffered charcoal yeast extract agar by allowing the bacteria to grow for 6 h before placement of the disks, followed by an additional 42-h incubation period before the inhibitory zones were measured. this system was standardized by comparing the zone sizes with the mics for 20 antimicrobial agents of nine bacterial strains in five legionella species and of 19 laboratory-derived, eryth ...19846565706
inhibition of neisseria meningitidis by alpha-amylase.alpha-amylase inhibits growth not only of n. gonorrhoeae and legionella pneumophila as obtained in literature (2), but also of n. meningitidis and certain isolates of different bacterial species. therefore, tests for differentiation of gonococci from other species based upon sensitivity to alpha-amylase are of questionable value.19846442507
simultaneous infection with legionella pneumophila and legionella micdadei in an immunologically intact host. a case report.the authors reported a case of dual infection with legionella pneumophila and legionella micdadei in an immunologically intact host. the bacteriological and serological data are compatible with a simultaneous recent infection.19846466457
legionellosis in children with leukemia in relapse.two children with legionellosis complicating a relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia are reported. a 5-year-old boy with pneumonia had legionella pneumophila cultured from a tracheal aspirate following a rapid deterioration in his respiratory status and intubation. this child had severe and irreversible granulocytopenia and died in spite of therapy with erythromycin and rifampin added five days later. combination antimicrobial therapy is suggested for immunosuppressed children with legionellos ...19846587311
legionella and legionnaires' disease: "through a glass darkly". 19846588310
legionella pneumophila in aerosols from shower baths.routine examination of the water system in an establishment where showers were used by staff after work or leisure activities revealed the presence of legionella pneumophila. descaling and steaming cleared the system but six months later recolonization was found to have occurred. l. pneumophila was isolated from air samples collected in the shower room whilst the shower was in operation. no clinical cases have occurred. serological examination of those using the showers throughout the six month ...19846501881
interaction between the legionnaires' disease bacterium (legionella pneumophila) and human alveolar macrophages. influence of antibody, lymphokines, and hydrocortisone.we have studied the interaction between virulent legionella pneumophila and human alveolar macrophages, the resident phagocytes at the site of infection in legionnaires' disease. l. pneumophila multiplied 2.5-5 logs within 3 d, as measured by colony forming units, when incubated with freshly explanted alveolar macrophages in monolayer culture. at the peak of bacterial multiplication, the alveolar macrophage monolayers were destroyed. l. pneumophila multiplied more rapidly in 4-d-old than in fres ...19846470140
survival of legionella pneumophila in a model hot water distribution system.a virulent strain of legionella pneumophila was inoculated into an enclosed system supplied with unsterilized water from a domestic hot water supply. growth of bacteria was monitored over 10 weeks. an increase in the number of organisms other than legionellas occurred but few amoebae were observed and none could be cultured. viable counts of l. pneumophila in the circulation fluid decreased slightly. however, particles of debris which accumulated in the apparatus and which were stained by the in ...19846470670
[epidemiological study of legionella sp. in the nagasaki area]. 19846471499
case records of the massachusetts general hospital. weekly clinicopathological exercises. case 49-1984. a 64-year-old man with rheumatoid arthritis and cavitary pulmonary disease. 19846504073
interaction of legionella micdadei with human monocytes.we have recently shown that legionella micdadei is ingested, but not killed, by human neutrophils. herein we investigate the role of human monocytes in defense against this organism. serum and monocytes from normal donors having no detectable antibody to l. micdadei were used. egg-passaged l. micdadei organisms multiplied inside these monocytes with a peak growth of 2 log units within 12 h. no growth occurred when monocytes were omitted or when sonicated monocytes were used. electron microscopy ...19846480116
[5 cases of legionella pneumopathy from various districts]. 19846483255
sensitivity of legionella pneumophila to sunlight in fresh and marine waters.studies were carried out to assess the sunlight sensitivity of legionella pneumophila suspended in fresh and marine waters. comparison studies on sunlight sensitivity of lake water bacteria, pseudomonas aeruginosa, escherichia coli and streptococcus faecalis, were also undertaken. the effects of full sunlight and polyacrylic-screened sunlight were monitored in the study. results indicate that l. pneumophila cells are slightly more sensitive to sunlight in seawater than in fresh water. enumeratio ...19846508311
[the first case of legionella longbeachae pneumonia in japan]. 19846503062
[a survey on the antibody level against legionella pneumophila among adults in the nanjing area]. 19846509525
isolation of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 from a fatal case of pneumonia in israel. 19846511346
lipopolysaccharide of legionella as adjuvant for intrinsic and extrinsic antigens.lipopolysaccharide (lps) isolated from legionella species was found to be a potent adjuvant. when legionella lps was injected into animals as aqueous mixture or oil emulsion with protein antigens, it potentiated humoral antibody titers to these antigens by four- to sixfold. the lps also acted as an intrinsic adjuvant to induce delayed hypersensitivity to the cross-reacting protein antigens present in cells of legionella species, providing a potentially useful means for detecting legionellosis by ...19846514722
importance of viruses and legionella pneumophila in respiratory exacerbations of young adults with cystic fibrosis.from january to april 1980 46 young adults with cystic fibrosis were studied for evidence of infection with a wide variety of microorganisms, including viruses and legionella pneumophila. two groups of patients were investigated: a "deteriorated" group of 24 patients who had experienced an increase in lower respiratory tract symptoms and fall in lung function values in the course of one month before the start of the study and a "stable" group of 22 patients with no such deterioration. all serolo ...19846422578
diagnostic experience in two cases of legionellosis.sera of 30 patients with atypical pneumonia were tested for antibodies against the representative strains of legionella pneumophila 1-6 serogroups and 4 species of legionella-like organisms. investigations were carried out with indirect immunofluorescence assay. the sera of 2 patients gave a titre of 2048 and 1024 with serogroup 5 and 4, respectively. the high antilegionella igm titres were indicative of recent infections. legionellae were not detected in transtracheal aspirate and in autopsy ma ...19846430015
[legionella pneumonia from the home water faucet]. 19846435002
heat eradication measures for control of nosocomial legionnaires' disease. implementation, education, and cost analysis. 19846422800
immunomodulating properties by legionella organisms: an approach for antitumor perspectives? 19846529488
heart-lung transplantation for irreversible pulmonary hypertension.combined heart and lung transplantation was carried out in 17 patients at stanford university between march, 1981, and december, 1983. the recipients were between 22 and 45 years old. all patients had end-stage pulmonary hypertension; 10 had eisenmenger's syndrome and the remaining 7, primary pulmonary hypertension. five patients died within the first few postoperative weeks. the remainder are well between four weeks and 33 months from operation. the immunosuppressive protocol has consisted of c ...19846439134
plasmid transfer into members of the family legionellaceae.the plasmids rp4 and pph1ji::mu::tn5 were transferred with moderate frequency from escherichia coli to legionella pneumophila (strain bloomington 2) and fluoribacter (legionella) bozemanae (strain wiga). the frequency of transfer to tatlockia (legionella) micdadei (strain tatlock) was much lower. in these transconjugant strains the plasmids were maintained following at least 10 nonselective passages. however, the introduced plasmids could not be transferred from these strains to several other st ...19846491366
[legionella dumoffii pneumonia observed during an influenza epidemic]. 19846472837
comparison of phenol- and heat-killed antigens in the indirect immunofluorescence test for serodiagnosis of legionella pneumophila group 1 infections.an antigen prepared with agar-grown legionella pneumophila group 1 killed by 0.5% phenol and suspended in 0.5% yolk sac was examined for use in the indirect immunofluorescence test for legionellosis and compared with a heat-killed antigen. the serological results of the two antigens for single and paired sera agreed well. morphological and staining characteristics were better for phenol-treated organisms. electron microscopy observation showed an apparently well-preserved cell surface. the backg ...19846386881
susceptibility of legionella spp. to quinolone derivatives and related organic acids. 19846489330
determination of catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase within the genus legionella.we examined 40 strains of legionella for reduced-oxygen scavenging enzymes. using a simple reaction chamber with a swinney filter for the beers and sizer assay, we determined the catalase activity of live cells grown on buffered charcoal-yeast extract agar. for 29 strains of legionella pneumophila, the apparent first-order rate constants for catalase ranged from 0.000 to 0.005. similarly, low values ranging from 0.001 to 0.005 were observed for legionella wadsworthii, legionella oakridgensis, an ...19846490828
[bacterial agents of hospital infections].during the last decades the spectrum of microorganisms causing nosocomial infections has changed. the frequency of streptococci group a decreased and bacteria formerly considered as apathogen now cause serious infections. more and more "new" organisms are responsible for nosocomial infections. especially in immunocompromised patients legionella pneumophila causes infections with often severe and fatal course. clostridium difficile can be isolated in 6% to 48% in the stool of patients with antiba ...19846398796
[legionellosis in brazil: a serological survey among blood donors and personnel of intensive care units of 3 são paulo hospitals]. 19846399154
[anti-legionella pneumophila antibody titers in blood from children and adults with lung diseases of unknown etiology].175 sera from children and 101 sera from adults both with respiratory illness of unknown origin were collected between september 1980 and february 1983 and studied by using the indirect immunofluorescence test for legionnaires' disease. by using the criteria of the center for disease control for a positive (fourfold increase in titer over 128 during convalescence) or presumptive (single titer greater than or equal to 256) serological test, 8 samples from adults (7.92%) and 11 samples from childr ...19846380525
the legionellosis.following the discovery of legionella pneumophila as the cause of an epidemic of pneumonia at an american legion convention in philadelphia, a group of related bacteria were recognized as additional human pathogens. this newly established bacteria genus, legionella, includes the agents of legionnaires' disease, pittsburgh pneumonia and several related infections. a number of researches have been performed in the past few years about these bacteria; many of these data are here summarized to give ...19846380526
comparative adjuvant activities of legionella pneumophila and mycobacterium tuberculosis.adjuvant activity of heat-killed legionella pneumophila was demonstrated and compared with that of inactivated mycobacterium tuberculosis h37rv. the two species of bacteria were suspended separately in oil and arlacel a. bovine serum albumin (bsa) in saline was then emulsified within the respective adjuvants and injected intradermally into guinea pigs. antibodies to the bsa antigen in the sera of the animals were quantitated with the kinetic-dependent enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (k-elisa). ...19846421749
isolation of legionella pneumophila from the blood of a patient with legionnaires' disease.legionella pneumophila is rarely isolated from blood cultures. presently most cases of legionnaires' disease are diagnosed retrospectively from the results of indirect fluorescent antibody tests, which possess inherent disadvantages. an 81-year-old woman with a history of diabetes mellitus presented symptoms of legionnaires' disease. five hours before her death 1.5 ml of blood was withdrawn from a scalp vein and seeded to a culture medium. following incubation for 3 days l. pneumophila serotype ...19846388781
legionella pneumophila surface antigens cloned and expressed in escherichia coli are translocated to the host cell surface and interact with specific anti-legionella antibodies.escherichia coli clones that express legionella pneumophila antigens were isolated from a plasmid genomic library, and their antigens were characterized by immunoblotting with rabbit anti-l. pneumophila sera. because previous studies of l. pneumophila antigens by whole-cell radioimmunoprecipitation suggested that comigrating native antigens were surface localized, we conducted experiments to determine if the cloned antigens were surface expressed in e. coli. aliquots of antisera were absorbed by ...19846384191
proliferation of legionella pneumophila as an intracellular parasite of the ciliated protozoan tetrahymena pyriformis.in a series of experiments, we have determined that legionella pneumophila will proliferate as an intracellular parasite of the ciliated holotrich tetrahymena pyriformis in sterile tap water at 35 degrees c. after 7 days of incubation, serpentine chains of approximately 10(3) l. pneumophila cells were observed throughout the cytoplasm of the protozoan infected initially with 1 to 30 l. pneumophila cells. the overall l. pneumophila population increased from ca. 1.0 x 10(2) to ca. 5.0 x 10(4) cell ...19846424568
[evaluation of the incidence of serological cross reactions between legionella and mycoplasma or chlamydia].because of the possible serological cross reactions frequently described in the literature between l. pneumophila and m. pneumoniae or between l. pneumophila and chlamydia, we decided to determine their frequency with our sera and our own methods. the anti m. pneumoniae and chlamydia antibodies were researched in 162 sera samples from 46 cases of legionellosis serologically diagnosed and in 51 sera from 26 hyperimmunised rabbits. conversely, anti l. pneumophila antibodies were researched in 165 ...19846425788
correlation of subtypes of legionella pneumophila defined by monoclonal antibodies with epidemiological classification of cases and environmental sources.twenty-five clinical isolates of legionella pneumophila serogroup i were classified as epidemic or sporadic on epidemiological grounds. all were isolated from patients at the medical center hospital of vermont (mchv) in burlington between 1977 and 1983. these coded isolates were examined with a panel of eight monoclonal antibodies to serogroup 1 and an indirect microimmunofluorescent test. strains from 14 of the 15 mchv epidemic cases had one staining pattern (a); isolates from eight of nine mch ...19846386999
[bactericidal effect of disinfectants against legionella pneumophila and legionella bozemanii]. 19846431025
pontiac fever associated with a whirlpool spa.in march 1981, an outbreak of 34 cases of pontiac fever occurred among 74 members of a social club who visited an inn in south-central vermont. environmental and epidemiologic investigations were done to identify the causes of the illness. the outbreak of pontiac fever was most likely caused by l. pneumophila, serogroup 6, which was identified in a whirlpool spa at the inn. this is the first reported instance of an outbreak of pontiac fever associated with a whirlpool spa.19846391156
comparison of strains of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 isolated in four amsterdam hospitals from patients and hot-water supplies.legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 was isolated from patients (14 strains) and hot-water taps (49 strains) in four hospitals in amsterdam. precipitation patterns obtained by reaction of heated cell suspensions and rabbit antisera in the double diffusion test revealed antigenic properties of serogroup 1 strains from water unique to each of the four hospitals. by this method similarity could be demonstrated between strains from patients and hot water in three of the four hospitals. no such relatio ...19846436392
serogrouping of legionella pneumophila by double diffusion and counter immunoelectrophoresis. 19846438187
antibacterial monoclonal antibodies and the dawn of a new era in the control of infection.literature reports concerned with monoclonal antibodies against bacteria, or their toxins, which are pathogens for man and animals were surveyed. these antibodies have important potential uses in human and veterinary pathology and medicine. they are likely to become key elements in a fast progression toward a more complete understanding and control of infectious diseases and of toxin poisoning. a new area of bacteriology relevant to sanitary engineering is also being advanced with the help of an ...19846438759
legionnaires' disease and hairy-cell leukemia. an unfortuitous association?four cases of legionnaires' disease were diagnosed by specific serologic tests in a group of 33 immunocompromised patients admitted to the same hematologic department for acute febrile pneumonitis. the underlying disease of these four patients was hairy-cell leukemia (hcl) in three cases and allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in the other. this article stresses the enhanced susceptibility of patients with hcl to legionella pneumophila and discusses its possible causes, especially monocyte de ...19846391405
[wadowsky-yee-okuda (wyo) medium: a new selective medium for the isolation of legionellae strains from environmental water specimens]. 19846442320
[the influence of surfactant (tween) to the growth and producing activity of esterase of legionella species and legionella-like organisms]. 19846442327
immune responses to legionella pneumophila in athymic nude rats.athymic nude rats (rnu) were immunized intraperitoneally with the attenuated phil i strain (serogroup 1) of legionella pneumophila. these rats developed a humoral immune response, including the igg class, that was of comparable magnitude to that seen in their non-nude littermates. when the rats were challenged ip with a dose of the virulent strain ld-8 (also serogroup 1) that proved to be lethal in non-immune rnu-rats, none of them developed any signs of disease, but survived well for the observ ...19846393709
[coexistence of legionnaires' disease and q fever in a single patient].a case of legionnaires' disease associated with q fever is presented; this is probably the first reported case of concomitant infections with legionella pneumophila and coxiella burnetii. the pulmonary features of the illness were not typical of either disease. the difficulties of making a diagnosis in such cases are discussed.19846367919
legionella and the enterobacterial common antigen.legionella pneumophilia philadelphia 1 and knoxville 1 were examined by in vitro hemagglutination and dermal hypersensitivity reactions in guinea pigs for the presence of the enterobacterial common antigen. no eca was found and no cross reactivity was demonstrated between eca and the proteinaceous cross reacting antigen.19846399522
retrospective examination of lung tissue specimens for the presence of legionella organisms: comparison of an indirect fluorescent-antibody system with direct fluorescent-antibody testing.although direct fluorescent-antibody (dfa) testing has been used successfully for a number of years to detect legionellae in clinical specimens, the number of known species and serogroups of legionella has now increased to such an extent that the performance of dfa testing for all serological variants is impractical. lung homogenates that were submitted to the centers for disease control, atlanta, ga., from patients with suspected legionellosis, from november 1977 through may 1982, were original ...19846371048
interaction of primate alveolar macrophages and legionella pneumophila.we studied the interaction between legionella pneumophila, which is principally a pulmonary pathogen, with primate alveolar macrophages (am), which are the primary pulmonary cellular defense mechanism. for these studies we used l. pneumophila, type i, which were grown in albumin-yeast extract broth, were greater than 80% viable, and were comparable in virulence for guinea pigs to organisms from guinea pig spleen homogenates. for comparison, avirulent agar-passed l. pneumophila, type i, and a str ...19846373825
intracellular growth of legionella pneumophila within acanthamoeba castellanii neff.acanthamoeba castellanii neff supports the intracellular growth of legionella pneumophila. when acanthamoebae were exposed to l. pneumophila for 1 h and then washed free of unassociated bacteria and placed in liquid culture, levels of viable amoeba-associated legionellae and legionellae free in the culture medium increased by three to four orders of magnitude in 48 to 72 h. however, most of the legionellae remained amoeba-associated and could be cultured only after disruption of the amoebae. fur ...19846376354
selected aspects of nosocomial infections in the 1980s.unusual or rare pathogens and syndromes may become significant problems in nosocomial infection. pathogens that usually produce community-onset disease, particularly respiratory viruses, legionella, and atypical mycobacteria, also cause nosocomial infection. conversely, nosocomial pathogens may also produce disease in the community, as has been seen with clostridium difficile. contamination of parenteral and antiseptic solutions continues to be a problem in hospitals. hospital-acquired viral inf ...19846380284
detection of antibodies to legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 by indirect immunofluorescence and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.indirect immunofluorescence and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect serum antibodies against legionella pneumophila serotype 1 were compared. a very good agreement was found with the great majority of serum samples (85.07%). for detecting high antibody levels and rise in antibody titres, both methods seem to be suitable, however for the detection of relatively low antibody titres, very important in epidemiological studies, enzyme immunoassay could be more accurate.19846380524
[legionella infection as a possible cause of atypical pneumonia]. 19846462723
identification of a species-specific antigen in legionella pneumophila by a monoclonal antibody.a species-specific antigen in legionella pneumophila was identified by a monoclonal antibody in enzyme-linked immunosorbent and immunofluorescence assays of serogroups 1 through 8. the species-specific antigen was heat stable, and the molecular weight of the major band was 29,000 by immunoblot analysis. in direct immunofluorescence assays, the antigen was cryptic or only partly exposed on the surface of the cells but was effectively exposed by treating the cells with detergent and edta. the mono ...19846394609
vaccination against legionella pneumophila: serum antibody correlates with protection induced by heat-killed or acetone-killed cells against intraperitoneal but not aerosol infection in guinea pigs.an aerosol model of legionella infection has been established in guinea pigs. infected animals showed growth of legionella in their lungs, dissemination of organisms to the spleen, development of pneumonia and fever, and weight loss. vaccination studies using heat-killed or acetone-killed cells were carried out, and guinea pigs were challenged intraperitoneally or by using the aerosol model of infection. both vaccines were shown to give moderately high levels of protection against intraperitonea ...19846469355
lymphoid cell blastogenesis as an in vitro indicator of cellular immunity to legionella pneumophila antigens.the lymphocyte blastogenic transformation assay was adapted to study responsiveness of lymphoid cells from animals and humans to legionella pneumophila antigens in vitro. spleen cells from guinea pigs after active immunization with legionella vaccine, but not from normal animals, responded by blast cell transformation when stimulated in vitro with killed legionella whole-cell vaccine, sonic extracts thereof, or a purified somatic antigen. the response was dose dependent. similar lymphocyte blast ...19846470097
serologic evidence of legionella infection in horses.the indirect fluorescent antibody test was used to examine 109 samples of equine sera randomly selected from serum pools. results were compared with titers obtained by the microagglutination (ma) test. a high correlation (r = 0.89) was found between titers measured by the 2 tests. blood samples were obtained serially from a total of 156 horses at a research farm and the sera were tested against legionella pneumophila serogroups 1 through 4 using the ma test; 29 horses (19%) seroconverted to at l ...19846395736
[legionnaires' disease in japan]. 19846397625
water fittings as sources of legionella pneumophila in a hospital plumbing system.an extensive study of the plumbing systems in kingston hospital was made over the three years following the 1980 outbreak of legionnaires' disease. the introduction of chlorination and raising the water temperature controlled the outbreak but failed to decontaminate water outlets in the wards. legionella pneumophila was isolated from rubber washers in shower fittings, and laboratory experiments demonstrated the ability of l pneumophila to grow in water in contact with these rubber components. al ...19846141347
neurologic manifestations of legionnaires' disease.the neurologic manifestations of legionnaires' disease were reviewed in this paper. nine (42.9%) of 21 patients seen at this institution had neurologic abnormalities during acute infection, comparable to 52% of patients found in the literature. abnormal mentation was most common, occurring in all our patients and in 29.6% of patients in the literature. encephalopathy disproportionate to metabolic disturbances varied from mild confusion to coma, was not associated with increased mortality, and te ...19846088942
molecular epidemiology of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1.the dna of patient and environmental isolates of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 was analyzed by restriction endonuclease cleavage. the electrophoretic patterns of the dna digests of isolates from a group of patients with legionnaires disease acquired in a hospital were indistinguishable from one another and were identical to the dna pattern of a strain isolated from the hot water supply of the hospital. on the other hand, they were easily differentiated from strains isolated from patients an ...19846092423
is rust a growth promoting factor for legionella pneumophila? 19846205064
glycocalyx and ruthenium red labeling of legionella pneumophila. 19846084018
intracellular killing of legionella by erythromycin. 19846141419
substrate utilization by legionella cells after cryopreservation in phosphate buffer.the objective of this study was to evaluate by relatively simple metabolic tests the usefulness of buffers and energy sources commonly used in legionella growth media. legionella pneumophila serogroups 1 to 6, legionella micdadei, and legionella bozemanii were grown in an enriched charcoal-yeast extract diphasic medium. the cells were washed thrice, suspended in various buffers (ph 6.9) with 1 or 5 mm mgso4, and used immediately or after controlled-rate cryopreservation. co2 produced and c incor ...19846148914
antibiotic killing of legionella. 19846142375
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