Publications

in vivo susceptibility of the legionnaires disease bacterium to ten antimicrobial agents.	the susceptibility of the legionnaires disease bacterium to various antimicrobial agents was determined by inoculation of embryonated eggs via the yolk sac. when administered prophylactically, the minimal dose of drug preventing all deaths due to the infection was as follows: rifampin, 0.02 mg; gentamicin, 0.25 mg; streptomycin, 0.39 mg; erythromycin, 0.62 mg; sulfadiazine, 1.56 mg; chloramphenicol, 2.50 mg; and cephalothin, 20.0 mg. smaller amounts delayed deaths, and larger or equal amounts re ...	1978	263885
["legionnaires disease"].		1978	16296493
serospecificity and opsonic activity of antisera to legionella pneumophila.	a high-molecular-weight surface component (f-1 fraction) has been isolated from the four serogroups of legionella pneumophila. antibody raised against live organisms was found by microagglutination assay to be specific for the homologous serogroup. agglutinating activity of antiserum was markedly diminished after absorption with the homologous, but not heterologous, f-1 fraction. in addition, it was found that l. pneumophila organisms were not interiorized by rat alveolar macrophages or mouse pe ...	1979	121114
ultrastructure of legionella pneumophila.	eleven lung samples positive for legionnaires' disease, 12 strains of legionella pneumophila cultured on various bacteriological media, and one strain growth in the yolk sac of fertile hens' eggs were examined by negative staining, thin sectioning, and scanning electron microscopy. all organisms studied were ultrastructurally similar irrespective of strain, source, or method of cultivation, presenting mainly as short rods, 0.6 x 1.5 micrometer, with tapered ends, though long forms and filaments ...	1979	94059
rapid presumptive bacteriological diagnosis of legionnaires disease.	a simple, relatively rapid silver impregnation stain has been found to stain legionella pneumophila effectively in paraffin-embedded tissue sections while permitting visualization of histological detail. it may also be used to stain the organism in body fluids. the stain is not specific and thus must be confirmed by direct fluorescent-antibody technique or culture, but, in the absence of other bacilli demonstrable by gram or other stain, visualization of typical bacillary forms in a patient with ...	1979	91620
atypical legionella-like organisms: fastidious water-associated bacteria pathogenic for man.	a group of related bacteria designated atypical legionella-like organisms (allo) has been identified. allo, like l. pneumophila, are fastidious gram-negative rods that grow well on charcoal yeast extract (cye) agar and produce ground glass colonies and browning of modified yeast extract agar. unlike l. pneumophila, allo do not grow well on feeley-gorman (fg) agar, and on cye agar they fluoresce under longwave ultraviolet light. allo and l. pneumophila have a similar predominance of branched-chai ...	1979	91024
culture of legionella pneumophila.		1979	85960
easy visualisation of legionella pneumophila by "half-a-gram" stain procedure.		1979	84922
legionnaires' disease: more on staining and isolation of legionella pneumophila.		1979	83537
development of a chemically defined liquid medium for growth of legionella pneumophila.	a chemically defined liquid medium has been developed for the study of the physiology and antigen production of the legionnaires disease bacterium. the medium contains basal salts, vitamins, alpha-ketoglutaric acid, pyruvate, 0.05% l-cysteine, 0.05% glutathione, and a mixture of 20 additional amino acids, each of 0.01% final concentration, except serine, which was at 0.1%. the medium in shake culture at 37 degrees c with increased co2 at ph 6.5, supports the maximum rate of growth, the highest c ...	1979	39086
nonpneumonic, short-incubation-period legionellosis (pontiac fever) in men who cleaned a steam turbine condenser.	pontiac fever affected ten men who had cleaned a steam turbine condenser with compressed air. previous epidemics of pontiac fever and legionnaires' disease--both caused by legionella pneumophila (proposed sp. nov.)--involved "airborne spread" from air-conditioning cooling towers or evaporative condensers. aerosols of contaminated water in heat-rejection systems appear to be important sources of epidemic legionellosis.	1979	462175
legionella pneumophila in drinking water of guinea pigs.		1979	464488
[legionnaires' disease in germany (author's transl)].	in february 1979 a 51 year old man fell will in munich, displaying symptoms of an influenza-like illness which developed into pneumonia. the patient died eight days later of circulatory collapse which failed to respond to treatment, accompanied by high temperature, leucopenia and agranulocytosis. typical rods detected in the lung tissue and histological sections by immunofluorescence indicated the possibility of a legionella pneumophila infection. the pathogen isolated from the lung tissue on cy ...	1979	478655
in vitro susceptibility of legionella pneumophila, serogroups i-iv.		1979	479642
aerosol infectivity of legionella pneumophila.		1979	492217
a legionella-like bacterium related to wiga in a fatal case of pneumonia.	an unusual bacterium serologically related to a "rickettsia-like agent," designated previously as wiga, was seen in lung tissue from a patient who died of pneumonia of unknown cause. a fluorescent antibody conjugate prepared with the wiga organism, isolated in 1959, was used to stain the lung tissue. enormous numbers of fluorescent bacteria in the lungs of this patient confirm the pathogenicity of this unusual bacterium.	1979	496099
legionnaires' disease caused by legionella pneumophila serogroup 3.		1979	88631
isolation of legionella pneumophila from blood.	legionella pneumophila has been isolated, with an in-vitro method, from the blood of a patient with fatal legionnaires' disease.	1979	85991
demonstration of legionella pneumophila by "half-a-gram" stain.		1979	85082
staining of legionella pneumophila.		1979	85128
isolation of legionella pneumophila.		1979	85129
isolation of legionella pneumophila from blood.		1979	86691
legionnaires' disease caused by legionella pneumophila serogroup 3.		1979	87929
new bacterial agent of pneumonia isolated from renal-transplant recipients.	a gram-negative, weakly acid-fast bacillus has been isolated in embryonated eggs and in guineapigs from lung tissue of two renal-transplant recipients with acute purulent pneumonia. culture of infected lung tissue and subculture of the egg isolate on artificial media, including media for legionnaires' disease bacterium (legionella pneumophila), failed to produce growth. ultrastructural analysis showed that the organism is a prokaryote with a cell-wall structure typical of a gram-negative bacillu ...	1979	87963
identification of a clinical isolate as legionella pneumophila by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry of cellular fatty acids.	culture of a bronchial aspirate from an immunosuppressed patient with severe pneumonia yielded a growth of filamentous poorly staining gram-negative rods. fluorescence with legionella pneumophila direct fluorescein-isothiocyanate conjugate was equivocal. gas-liquid chromatography (glc) and glc/mass-spectrometry (glc-ms) of the cellular fatty acids of the isolate confirmed that the organism was l. pneumophila. glc and glc-ms constitute a rapid and definitive method for identification of l. pneumo ...	1979	89389
legionnaires' disease caused by legionella pneumophila serogroup 3.		1979	89463
flagella and fimbriae on legionella organisms.		1979	90852
legionella, mycobacteria, and freund's adjuvant.		1979	91969
confusion of legionella pneumophila and mycobacterium tuberculosis.		1979	109752
isolation of legionella pneumophila from nonepidemic-related aquatic habitats.	continuous centrifugation of large volumes of water from natural southeastern lakes allowed quantitative detection of legionella pneumophila by direct immunofluorescent staining. positive samples were injected intraperitoneally into guinea pigs, and the l. pneumophila were isolated and identified by their morphological, cultural, physiological, and serological characteristics.	1979	384910
recent advances in the structure, biochemical and biological aspects of the "legionella pneumophila", the causative agent of legionnaires' disease: a review.		1979	384938
opportunistic lung infection due to "pittsburgh pneumonia agent".	eight immunosuppressed patients had pneumonia due to pittsburgh pneumonia agent (ppa), a gram-negative, weakly acid-fast bacterium cultivatable only in embryonated eggs and guinea pigs and distinct from legionella pneumophila. the diagnosis was established by isolation of the agent from lung or visualization of the organism in lung tissue. the clinical presentations, radiographic abnormalities and pathology were not specific. the most consistent feature associated with the disease was the recent ...	1979	386116
rapid isolation of legionella pneumophila from seeded donor blood.	the laboratory isolation of legionella pneumophila from seeded donor blood, using the lysis-centrifugation technique, is described. time to pure culture isolate was 3 to 4 days.	1979	387807
isolation of legionella pneumophila from blood culture.		1979	391338
charcoal-yeast extract agar: primary isolation medium for legionella pneumophila.	charcoal-yeast extract agar is a new bacteriological medium that supports excellent growth of the legionella pneumophila. it results from modifications made in an existing l. pneumophila medium, f-g agar. yeast extract, instead of an acid hydrolysate of casein, serves as the protein source. beef extractives and starch are not added. activated charcoal (norit a or norit sg) is included at 0.20% (wt/vol). comparison of charcoal-yeast extract and f-g agars showed that a greater number of colony-for ...	1979	393713
prevalence of antibody to legionella pneumophila in middle-aged and elderly americans.	an indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) test was used to establish the background prevalence of antibody to legionella pneumophila in single serum specimens from 1,143 persons. the serum specimens had been obtained from volunteers 46 years of age and older who were not acutely ill and who resided in the areas of atlanta, georgia; washington, d.c.; houston, texas; and rochester, new york. the overall prevalence of seropositivity (reciprocal titer, greater than or equal to 64) was 1.7%. the prevale ...	1979	393779
attempts to biological demonstration of endotoxin potency in legionella pneumophila.		1979	399167
isolation of legionella pneumophila from a transtracheal aspirate.	isolation of legionella pneumophila from a transtracheal aspirate was achieved by using simple in vitro culture methods. clinical microbiologists should routinely culture for this organism from appropriate body fluids obtained from normally sterile areas.	1979	457855
virulent to avirulent conversion of legionnaires' disease bacterium (legionella pneumophila)--its effect on isolation techniques.	suspensions of the legionnaries' disease bacterium (legionella pneumophila; ldb) were prepared from the yolk sacs of infected egg embryos, the spleens of infected guinea pigs, and cultures of the organism propagated on enriched mueller-hinton agar. each suspension was titrated to determine the number of bacterial colonies (cfu), yolk sac 50% lethal doses (ysld50), guinea pig 50% infectious doses (gpid50), and guinea pig 50% lethal doses (gpld50) produced by 1 ml of inoculum. the numbers of cfu/y ...	1979	448196
classification of the legionnaires' disease bacterium: legionella pneumophila, genus novum, species nova, of the family legionellaceae, familia nova.	deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) relatedness was used to classify strains of the legionnaires' disease (ld) bacterium. these dna comparisons showed that all strains of the ld bacterium were members of the same species. included were strains isolated from the environment and strains with three different o-antigens. the dna from the ld bacterium was not significantly related to dna from any other group of bacteria that was tested. biochemical data, growth characteristics, and guanine-plus-cytosine rati ...	1979	434652
[legionnaires' disease: an infection caused by legionella pneumophila].		1979	400222
[toxic activity of legionella pneumophila: current findings and prospects].	the aa. report the personal contributions and the recent findings of other investigators dealing with the toxic activities of legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of legionnaires' disease. from the results of some tests (particularly limulus endotoxin assay, pyrogenic reaction, skin shwartzman reaction) there is an increasing evidence that legionella pneumophila possesses some of the in vitro and in vivo biological properties associated with endotoxins of gram negative bacteria, even if t ...	1979	399930
legionella pneumophila antibody in hospital employees.		1979	484980
hemolytic activity of plasma and urine from rabbits experimentally infected with legionella pneumophila.	rabbits were infected with legionella pneumophila by intravenous administration of allantoic fluid from eggs infected with this organism. heated plasma from animals with severe illness caused by l. pneumophila lysed erythrocytes from guinea pigs in a radial hemolysis assay. plasma from control rabbits did not lyse guinea pig erythrocytes in parallel assays. urine from two of the infected animals also showed hemolytic activity. attempts to induce illness in rabbits by intranasal administration of ...	1979	399383
measure of immunoglobulin g-, m-, and a-specific titers against legionella pneumophila and inhibition of titers against nonspecific, gram-negative bacterial antigens in the indirect immunofluorescence test for legionellosis.	a crude extract of escherichia coli o13:k92:h4 inhibited 97% of positive indirect immunofluorescence titers against a variety of gram-negative bacterial antigens while lowering legionella pneumophila titers in only 6% of sera from patients with suspected legionellosis. legionella-specific titers were the result of immunoglobulins g, m, and a, singly or in combination.	1979	397223
diagnostic specificity of immunoglobulin m (igm) response in differentiation legionnaires' disease from psittacosis.	specific igm and igg antibody responses to legionella pneumophila (ldb) and chlamydia psittaci (psi) in serum specimens from 22 cases of legionnaires' disease (ld) were examined by micro-immunofluorescence (if) tests to explore the diagnostic significance of the igm antibody response. serial samples from 5 patients with ld showed greater than or equal to 4-fold changes in igg antibody against ldb and psi. all 5 patients possessed igm antibodies against ldb but not against psi. in single convales ...	1979	394307
serology of legionnaires disease: comparison of indirect fluorescent antibody, immune adherence hemagglutination, and indirect hemagglutination tests.	an immune adherence hemagglutination (iaha) test for the measurement of antibodies to legionella pneumophila was developed and evaluated for the diagnosis of legionnaires disease. its sensitivity was compared to that of the indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) test and a recently developed indirect hemagglutination (iha) test. the sensitivity of the three tests appeared to be similar, with the ifa test giving slightly higher titers. both the iha and iaha tests appear useful for the serodiagnosis ...	1979	391816
a newly identified bacterium phenotypically resembling, but genetically distinct from, legionella pneumophila: an isolate in a case of pneumonia.	a bacterium with growth characteristics similar to, but genetically distinct from, either legionella pneumophila or wiga (a "rickettsia-like agent") was obtained from a postmortem lung specimen of a patient with fatal atypical pneumonia at the m. d. anderson hospital and tumor institute in houston, texas. this bacterium and wiga have essentially the same cellular fatty acid composition, which is distinct from that of l. pneumophila. deoxyribonucleic acid-reletadness studies show that the isolate ...	1979	391115
legionnaires' disease: case report with special emphasis on electron microscopy and potential risk of infection at autopsy.	a case of legionnaires' disease (ld) is presented in which the diagnosis was made initially by em and later confirmed by specific immunofluorescence of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded lung tissue. the possibility of an infection with legionella pneumophila during autopsy is suggested by the fact that the pathologist who performed the post-mortem examination developed signs and symptoms of an upper respiratory tract infection 2 weeks afterwards. approximately 4 weeks after the onset of his illn ...	1979	389772
susceptibility of legionella pneumophila to ultraviolet radiation.	distilled water suspensions of legionella pneumophila were found to be sensitive to low doses of germicidal ultraviolet radiation.	1979	518088
upper limit of normal titer for detection of antibodies to legionella pneumophila by the microagglutination test.	an upper limit of normal microagglutination titer for the knoxville strain of legionella pneumophila was determined by testing 830 sera. the upper limit of normal titer was found to be 8; however, we suggest that when applied to single serum specimens a titer of 32 be considered the lowest titer suggestive of infection (not necessarily disease).	1979	544635
detection of legionella pneumonophila antigen in urine by enzyme-linked immunospecific assay.	an enzyme-linked immunospecific assay "sandwich" technique was developed for detecting soluble antigen from the legionnaires disease bacterium (legionella pneumophila). with this technique, antigen was detected in urine specimens from guinea pigs inoculated intraperitoneally with heat-killed legionnaires disease bacteria and in urine specimens from three of four patients who attended the american legion convention in philadelphia in 1976. urine from a fifth pneumonia patient who attended the euc ...	1979	383744
[legionnaires' disease (author's transl)].	the epidemic of respiratory disease (legionnaires' disease) occurred after the american legion convention between 21-24 july 1976 in philadelphia, usa, similar epidemics occurred previously with unknown etiology in the usa and in england with similar clinical symptoms and pathological findings of the disease, the isolated etiological agent, its morphology culture, pathological findings in laboratory animals, serological and immunofluorescent test, the proposed term for the causative organism (le ...	1979	554002
legionella pneumophila infection.		1979	555812
legionnaires' disease: one person's perspective.	since july 1976 when an outbreak of severe, acute respiratory disease of unknown origin occurred among attendees at the 58th annual convention of the american legion in philadelphia, great progress has been made, including identification of the causative organism, legionella pneumophila. clinical features include not only respiratory involvement but often abdominal complaints, encephalopathy, renal disease, and rhabdomyolysis. erythromycin appears to be an effective antimicrobial agent. epidemio ...	1979	373555
inactivation of beta-lactam antibiotics by legionella pneumophila.	beta-lactam-inactivating activity has been found in all sero-groups of legionella pneumophila. the beta-lactamase activity could be detected in intact cells and released by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid treatment, indicating that it is located in the periplasmic space. the enzyme acted primarily as a cephalosporinase hydrolyzing cefamandole, cephalothin, cephaloridine, and also penicillin g and ampicillin. cefoxitin and cefuroxime were not hydrolyzed. clavulanic acid and cp-45,899, beta-lactam ...	1979	316686
legionella, wiga, et cetera: pathogens?		1979	496120
growth of legionnaires disease bacterium (legionella pneumophila) in chemically defined medium.	a chemically defined medium containing 21 amino acids and inorganic salts was developed which supported the growth of four isolates of legionnaires disease bacterium (legionella pneumophila). growth in liquid defined medium at 37 degrees c with shaking approximated the generation time and growth kinetics observed for growth in complex media. after a 3-h lag, the culture grew exponentially with a generation time of 6 h and reached a maximum optical density of 230 klett units (170 klett units corr ...	1979	500795
legionella pneumophila and limulus endotoxin assay: recent findings.		1979	511338
use of a semiselective medium to culture legionella pneumophila from contaminated lung specimens.	legionella pneumophila was successfully isolated, using a semiselective medium, from two of three lung specimens heavily contaminated with other organisms. this medium is composed of charcoal yeast extract agar, supplemented with vancomycin and polymyxin b. l. pneumophila was observed at 8 days on plates containing less than or equal to 40 units of polymyxin b and less than or equal to 1 microgram of vancomycin per ml.	1979	511984
endotoxic potency of the legionella pneumophila: recent data.		1979	552832
pontiac fever and amoebae.		1980	6108406
growth of legionella pneumophila in guineapigs.		1980	6108480
legionnaires' disease in a transplant unit: isolation of the causative agent from shower baths.	legionnaires' disease was diagnosed in two patients in a transplant unit, both patients having occupied the same postoperative cubicle shortly before onset of their illnesses. legionella pneumophila was found in water taken from the cubicle shower bath and from other showers in the unit. to eradicate the legionellae, the water supply was treated with chlorine, but this had only a temporary effect.	1980	6105294
[legionnellosis ((veterans' pneumonia)].		1980	6113643
pontiac fever explained?		1980	6107603
legionnaires' disease in infants.		1980	6107651
legionnaires' disease: serogroup 6.		1980	6107523
[the action of proteolytic enzymes of legionella pneumophila on human serum proteins (author's transl)].	the ability of proteolysis by four stains of l. pneumophila the etiologic agent of the legionnaires' disease was studied by the method of immunoelectrophoresis. 18 human serum proteins were tested as substrates (table 1). four proteins were degraded: alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (fig. 1), alpha 1-antichymotrypsin (fig. 2), beta-lipoprotein (fig. 3), and beta 2-glycoprotein-i (fig. 4). it can be suggested that the pathogenic action of l. pneumophila is due to that enzymatic activity, especially sinc ...	1980	6158812
nosocomial infections with legionella pneumophila.		1980	6182230
legionella pneumophila: identification in tissue sections by a new immunoenzymatic procedure.	a modified glucose oxidase immunoenzyme technique was shown to be highly sensitive and specific for detection of serogroup 1 legionella pneumophila in 4% formaldehyde solution-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections. there was complete concordance between infection with l pneumophila and detection of the organisms in tissue sections by glucose oxidase immunoenzyme staining. the l pneumophila organisms stained blue-black and were found within phagocytic cells as well as in the extracellular spac ...	1980	6155111
rapid demonstration of legionella pneumophila in unembedded tissue. an adaptation of the giménez stain.	the giménez stain, originally developed for demonstrating rickettsiae, readily stained the legionnaires' disease bacterium (legionella pneumophila) in frozen tissue sections and smears of fresh or formalin-fixed lung tissue from patients who had confirmed legionnaires' disease. with the giménez procedure, the bacterium stained bright red against a blue-green background. the tissue gram procedures also stained l. pneumophila in frozen sections and smears, but the staining reaction was weak, and t ...	1980	6156594
[legionnaire's disease. absence of false positive reactions in indirect immunofluorescence tests during mycoplasma pneumoniae infections].		1980	6160456
electron microscopic evidence of flagella and pili on legionella pneumophila.	twenty-one strains of legionella pneumophila, representing the six known serotypes of the organism, cultured on various bacteriological media and in the yolk sacs of fertile hens' eggs were examined by negative stain electron microscopy for flagella and pili. these appendages were usually observed after cultivation on media capable of inducing an early profuse growth of the organisms.	1980	6161138
laboratory studies of disinfectants against legionella pneumophila.	legionella pneumophila suspended in tap water was exposed to biocides recommended for inhibiting biological growth in cooling towers and evaporative condensers of air-conditioning systems. chlorine, 2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide, and a compound containing didecyldimethylammonium chloride and isopropanol were effective in destroying concentratiois of 10(5) to 10(6) viable cells per ml. formulations consisting of 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one and 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one, disodiu ...	1980	6252840
growth of legionella pneumophila in association with blue-green algae (cyanobacteria).	legionella pneumophila (legionnaires disease bacterium) of serogroup 1 was isolated from an algal-bacterial mat community growing at 45 degrees c in a man-made thermal effluent. this isolate was grown in mineral salts medium at 45 degrees c in association with the blue-green alga (cyanobacterium) fischerella sp. over a ph range of 6.9 to 7.6. l. pneumophila was apparently using algal extracellular products as its carbon and energy sources. these observations indicate that the temperature, ph, an ...	1980	6769388
amino acid requirements of legionella pneumophila.	the amino acids required for growth and as energy sources by 10 strains of legionella pneumophila were determined by using a chemically defined medium. all strains required arginine, cysteine, isoleucine, leucine, threonine, valine, methionine, and phenylalanine or tyrosine. most strains (7 of 10) required serine, and two strains had to be supplied proline before growth could be established. all 10 strains used serine and, to a lesser extent, threonine as the sole sources of carbon and energy. t ...	1980	6769947
legionnaires' disease in wellington.	legionella pneumophila was demonstrated by serological immunocytological and histological techniques in a wellington man who died of a severe pneumonia. this is the first demonstration of disease produced by this organism in new zealand.	1980	6930020
legionella pneumophilia.		1980	6904263
legionnaires' disease and other newly recognized legionella-like causes of bacterial pneumonia.	three "new" pneumonias have recently been recognized which are old diseases whose etiology has only been newly-recognized. legionella pneumophila (legionnaires' disease), pittsburgh pneumonia agent (ppa), and legionella-like organisms (the family legionellaceae) are "rickettsia-like" bacteria which require special media for cultivation. they can each cause nosocomial pneumonia in immunosuppressed patients and all but ppa cause community-acquired pneumonia. the legionellaceae reside in the enviro ...	1980	6943261
legionnaires' disease: facts and fancies.		1980	6906627
proteolytic action of legionella pneumophila on human serum proteins.	proteolysis by four strains of legionella pneumophila, the etiological agent of legionnaires disease, was studied by the method of immunoelectrophoresis. twenty-three human serum proteins were tested as substrates. five proteins were degraded: alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, alpha 1-antichymotrypsin, beta-lipoprotein, beta 1e-globulin, and beta 2-glycoprotein-i. moreover, the degradation of alpha 1-antichymotrypsin was demonstrated by investigation of an enzyme-blocking test. it is suggested that the ...	1980	6987177
unrecognized legionnaires' disease as a cause of fatal illness.	lungs from 224 patients, obtained at autopsy, were examined for legionella pneumophila by fluorescent antibody (fa) staining. of 121 patients who died with pneumonia, l pneumophila was present in eight cases (6.6%). (two of the eight patients exhibited no important respiratory symptoms or fever, although pneumonia contributed considerably to their deaths. preexisting underlying disease was present in all cases. legionnaires' disease (ld), endemic in the central ohio area, may cause up to 3.6% of ...	1980	6990037
relapse of legionnaires' disease in a renal transplant recipient.	we describe a 44-year-old man who recently received a cadaveric renal transplant and had a relapse of legionnaires' disease after an appropriate course of therapy. the relapse occurred within two weeks after completion of a three-week course of therapy with erythromycin stearate. a transbronchial biopsy specimen was positive for legionella pneumophila by direct immunofluorescence, although the dieterle silver impregnation stain was negative. the patient responded to a repeated course of erythrom ...	1980	6992727
pathogenesis of acute legionnaires' disease pneumonia.	immunofluorescent study of the lungs in cases of fatal suspected acute legionnaires' disease enabled confirmation of the presence of legionella pneumophila. in addition, probable pathogenetic mechanisms that had not been as clearly visualized by light microscopy became apparent: the retrograde involvement of the larger bronchioles and proximal airways, invasion of the interstitium, extension to pleura, and lymphatic and hematogenous spread. organisms were demonstrated to occur in the liver and s ...	1980	6989229
legionella and the "new" pneumonias.		1980	6996554
legionnaires' disease: report of sixty-five nosocomially acquired cases of review of the literature.	sixty-five cases of nosocomially acquired legionnaires' disease are reported and the world literature is reviewed. the etiologic agent, legionnella pneumophila, has been isolated from several environmental sources at outbreak sites. legionnaires' disease appears to be acquired by inhalation and is primarily manifested by severe, potentially fatal, pneumonia. characteristic clinical disease consists of high fever with relative bradycardia, dry cough, chills, diarrhea, and pleuritic pain. although ...	1980	6997673
legionnaires' disease bacterium: prevalence of antibody reacting with the organism in patients suspected of having infection with pneumocystis carinii.	using indirect immunofluorescence, we examined 713 serum specimens submitted for pneumocystis carinii serologic studies from 566 patients for antibody to the legionnaires' disease bacterium. this group was chosen because it presumably consisted largely of immunosuppressed patients with acute respiratory illnesses. of patients tested, 3.4% had titers of 1:128 or greater to legionella pneumophila. four (3.7%) of 107 patients for whom multiple specimens were submitted showed diagnostic increases in ...	1980	6998333
negative enrichment procedure for isolation of legionella pneumophila from seeded cooling tower water.	a negative enrichment procedure was developed which was capable of isolating legionella pneumophila directly from seeded air-conditioning cooling tower water onto laboratory media. this procedure was based on an 8-h incubation under conditions that were bactericidal to the indigenous water microflora but merely bacteriostatic to l. pneumophila.	1980	7000000
the diagnosis of legionnaires' disease by counterimmunoelectrophoresis.	counterimmunoelectrophoresis (cie) was found to be a rapid, specific method for detecting circulating antibodies to legionella pneumophila, the aetiologic agent of legionnaires' disease in human sera. optimum conditions for performing the test are given. better precipitin lines are observed when the gel support is neutral, and a result may be obtained in 90 to 180 minutes. comparison of results of cie and indirect fluorescent antibody tests on 22 sera from patients with legionnaires' disease and ...	1980	7005268
pneumonia due to legionella pneumophila: the first imported case in finland.	the first imported case of legionnaires' disease in finland is reported. a 64-year-old woman fell ill 1 day after returning from a holiday in mallorca. chest film revealed a bronchopneumonic infiltrate; however, the patient had no respiratory symptoms at all during her illness. the course of disease was benign, possibly due to early onset of treatment with erythromycin.	1980	7006066
the rickettsia-like organisms tatlock (1943) and heba (1959): bacteria phenotypically similar to but genetically distinct from legionella pneumophila and the wiga bacterium.	two "rickettsia-like organisms," tatlock and heba, isolated from human blood via guinea pigs and embryonated eggs in 1943 and 1959, respectively, have been cultured on artificial media (charcoal yeast extract agar) for the first time and characterized. tatlock and heba have identical cultural, biochemical, and antigenic characteristics, as well as identical cellular fatty-acid composition and antimicrobial susceptibilities. these two bacteria have most of the cultural and biochemical characteris ...	1980	6985783
"pittsburgh pneumonia agent": a bacterium phenotypically similar to legionella pneumophila and identical to the tatlock bacterium.	the "pittsburgh pneumonia agent," isolated by pasculle and co-workers from human lung tissue, has been cultured on artificial media and characterized. the "pittsburgh" bacterium and the tatlock and heba bacteria have identical cultural, biochemical, and antigenic characteristics. they also have the same cellular fatty-acid composition, and dna relatedness indicates that they belong to the same species.	1980	6985784
laboratory diagnosis of legionnaires' disease.	legionnaires' disease was diagnosed in 32 patients with nosocomially acquired pneumonia by using direct immunofluorescence examination of respiratory tract secretions, indirect immunofluorescence determinations of antibody titer, and/or culture of legionella pneumophila from respiratory tract secretions. cultures of specimens for legionella pneumophila were positive for 13 of 21 patients for whom appropriate specimens were submitted. using a positive culture as a definition of legionnaires' dise ...	1980	6987923
legionella pneumophila serogroup six: isolation from cases of legionellosis, identification by immunofluorescence staining, and immunological response to infection.	isolates of legionella pneumophila that are serologically different from strains of serogroups 1 through 5 were obtained from lung biopsy tissue or pleural fluid from three renal transplant recipients in chicago, ill. these strains were placed in a newly designated l. pneumophila serogroup, serogroup 6, on the basis of fluorescent-antibody staining characteristics. an l. pneumophila strain obtained from bethesda, md., one from houston, tex., and one from oxford, england, also belong to this new ...	1980	7012173
legionnaires' disease in a patient with polymyositis.	a 29 year old woman with polymyositis treated with azathioprine presented with pneumonia. rising serum antibody titres have confirmed a diagnosis of legionnaires' disease. infection with legionella pneumophila must now be considered in new zealand when patients present with pneumonia and severe pyrexia, especially if they show known risk factors.	1980	6967573
effect of clavulanic acid on minimal inhibitory concentrations of 16 antimicrobial agents tested against legionella pneumophila.	a total of 15 legionella pneumophilia isolated were tested against 16 antimicrobial agents used singly and in combination with clavulanic acid. when combined with clavulanic acid, 4 of the 16 antimicrobial agents produced no enhanced effect. however, the minimal inhibitory concentrations of 12 of the antimicrobial agents were reduced by one-half to one-third when in combination with clavulanic acid. these reductions reflected only a one-dilution decrease, however, in the original minimal inhibit ...	1980	6969575
immunologic diagnosis of legionnaires' disease: cross-reactions with anaerobic and microaerophilic organisms and infections caused by them.	the hundred twenty-four isolates of anaerobic and microaerophilis organisms were examined with a polyvalent direct immunofluorescent antibody (dfa) reagent directed against legionella pneumophila, serogroups (sg) i-iv. three of 53 isolates of bacteroides fragilis cross-reated with the sg i component of the reagent. rabbit antisera to three sg i strains of l. pneumophila cross-reacted with these three b. fragilis isolates, and cross-reactivity was not due to preexisting rabbit antibodies; antiser ...	1980	6989933
legionnaires' disease in south australia. prevalence and diagnosis.	legionella pneumophila was successfully isolated from sputum, and from respiratory secretions obtained by tracheal aspiration, of two patients with legionnaires' disease by means of guinea pigs and charcoal yeast extract agar. direct culture of lung tissue from one of these patients gave a pure growth of l. pneumophila. in both cases, legionellas were isolated from specimens which were collected several days after treatment with erythromycin began. direct fluorescent antibody tests on these spec ...	1980	6993890
legionnaires' disease.	legionella pneumophila infections frequently manifest themselves as a multisystem disease with acute pneumonia. certain clinical and laboratory features are helpful in diagnosis but none are pathognomonic. diagnosis frequently must be made clinically and erythromycin given presumptively because of the delay in seroconversion but culture and direct fluorescent antibody testing are quite useful for rapid diagnosis. epidemiologic and laboratory investigations will undoubtedly yield considerable inf ...	1980	6994607