Publications

enhancement of cellulose production by expression of sucrose synthase in acetobacter xylinum.	higher plants efficiently conserve energy atp in cellulose biosynthesis by expression of sucrose synthase, in which the high free energy between glucose and fructose in sucrose can be conserved and used for the synthesis of udp-glucose. a mixture of sucrose synthase and bacterial cellulose synthase proceeded to form udp-glucose from sucrose plus udp and to synthesize 1,4-beta-glucan from the sugar nucleotide. the mutant sucrose synthase, which mimics phosphorylated sucrose synthase, enhanced the ...	1999	9874763
the quinohemoprotein alcohol dehydrogenase of gluconobacter suboxydans has ubiquinol oxidation activity at a site different from the ubiquinone reduction site.	alcohol dehydrogenase (adh) of acetic acid bacteria functions as the primary dehydrogenase of the ethanol oxidase respiratory chain, where it donates electrons to ubiquinone. in addition to the reduction of ubiquinone, adhs of gluconobacter suboxydans and acetobacter aceti were shown to have a novel function in the oxidation of ubiquinol. the oxidation activity of ubiquinol was detected as an ubiquinol:ferricyanide oxidoreductase activity, which can be monitored by selected wavelength pairs at 2 ...	1999	9878716
levansucrase from acetobacter diazotrophicus srt4 is secreted via periplasm by a signal-peptide-dependent pathway.	acetobacter diazotrophicus srt4 secretes a constitutive levansucrase (lsda) (ec 2.4.1.10) that is responsible for sucrose utilization. immunogold electron microscopical studies revealed that lsda accumulates in the periplasm before secretion. the periplasmic and extracellular forms of the enzyme were purified to homogeneity. both proteins exhibited similar physical and biochemical characteristics indicating that lsda adopts its final conformation in the periplasm. the n-terminal sequence of matu ...	1999	10441728
expression and biochemical characterisation of recombinant acea, a bacterial alpha-mannosyltransferase.	biosynthesis of repeat-unit polysaccharides and n-linked glycans proceeds by sequential transfer of sugars from the appropriate sugar donor to an activated lipid carrier. the transfer of each sugar is catalysed by a specific glycosyltransferase. the molecular basis of the specificity of sugar addition is not yet well understood, mainly because of the difficulty of isolating these proteins. in this study, the acea gene product expressed by acetobacter xylinum, which is involved in the biosynthesi ...	1999	10485283
in vitro synthesis and properties of pectin/acetobacter xylinus cellulose composites	pectin and cellulose are major components of most primary cell walls, yet little is known about the way in which they interact either during assembly or in subsequent functional performance of the wall. as a mimic of cell wall assembly, we studied the formation of molecular composites formed by deposition of cellulose from acetobacter xylinus into pectin/calcium systems, and the molecular, architectural and mechanical properties of the composites obtained. the formation of interpenetrating cellu ...	1999	10571862
[testing the osmotic-diffusion properties for the membranous dressing bioprocess].	in order to determine of the osmotic-diffusive properties of membranous dressing bioprocess, which is a microfibrous network of homogeneous cellulose produced in biosynthesis by acetobacter, the hydraulic permeability (lp), reflection (sigma) and diffusive permeability (omega) coefficients were measured. the values of these coefficients showed that this membrane possess a low selectivity. this amount it easy permeable for solvent (water) as well as for solutions (aqueous solutions of glucose, su ...	1998	10093152
cocoa fermentations conducted with a defined microbial cocktail inoculum.	cocoa fermentations were performed in wooden boxes under the following four experimental regimens: beans naturally fermented with wild microflora; aseptically prepared beans with no inoculum; and beans inoculated with a defined cocktail containing microorganisms at a suitable concentration either at zero time or by using phased additions at appropriate times. the cocktail used consisted of a yeast, saccharomyces cerevisiae var. chevalieri, two lactic acid bacterial species, lactobacillus lactis ...	1998	9546184
mapping the active sites of 3-phosphoglycerate kinase and glycerol kinase with monoammine chromium(iii) atp.	the 12 isomers of monoammine chromium(iii) atp have been used to probe the atp binding sites of yeast 3-phosphoglycerate kinase and glycerol kinase from candida mycoderma. inhibition studies of 3-phosphoglycerate kinase show a dramatic decrease in isomer binding only when the ammonia is in the delta axial facial anti position. this suggests an open site architecture with only one strong contact point between the coordination sphere and the enzyme surface. these results agree well with the comput ...	1998	9548916
identification of a novel triterpenoid saponin from pisum sativum as a specific inhibitor of the diguanylate cyclase of acetobacter xylinum.	a specific and highly potent inhibitor of diguanylate cyclase, the key regulatory enzyme of the cellulose synthesizing apparatus in the bacterium acetobacter xylinum, was isolated from extracts of etiolated pea shoots (pisum sativum). the inhibitor has been purified by a multistep procedure, and sufficient amounts of highly purified compound (3-8 mg) for spectral analysis were obtained. the structure of this compound was established as 3-o-alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta-d-galactopyranosyl- ...	1998	9559560
life in grasses: diazotrophic endophytes.	n2-fixing bacteria such as azoarcus spp., herbaspirillum spp, and acetobacter diazotrophicus can infect the interior of gramineous plants without causing symptoms of plant disease but do not survive in soil. like phytopathogens, they can penetrate into central tissues and spread systemically. there is no evidence for an endosymbiosis in living plant cells; however, the bacteria are physiologically active in the plant apoplast.	1998	9587190
characterization of glycerol uptake and glycerol kinase activity in rat hepatocytes cultured under different hormonal conditions.	glycerol uptake and glycerol kinase activity were studied in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes in the presence of either 1 nm insulin, 1 nm glucagon, or 100 nm dexamethasone, alone or in combination in the culture medium. glycerol uptake exhibited saturation kinetic with k(m) values (microm) and vmax (nmol/min x mg protein) ranging from 250-402, and 7.9-10.1, respectively. the corresponding k(m) and vmax values for glycerol kinase activity were 36-46 and 8.7-12.7. using the metabolic uncoupler ...	1998	9606984
control of expression by the cellulose synthase (bcsa) promoter region from acetobacter xylinum bpr 2001.	the 5' upstream region (about 3.1kb) of the cellulose synthase operon (bcs operon) has been isolated by cloning from acetobacter xylinum strain bpr 2001. the expression level of the upstream region was determined using sucrose synthase cdna as a reporter gene in the shuttle vector psa19. the expression occurred with the 1.1-kb upstream sequence from the atg start codon of the bcs operon but not with the 241-bp upstream sequence in a. xylinum, although neither the 1.1-kb nor the 241-bp upstream s ...	1998	9630539
increased cellulose production from sucrose with reduced levan accumulation by an acetobacter strain harboring a recombinant plasmid.	cellulose production from sucrose by acetobacter strains is accompanied by the accumulation of a water-soluble polysaccharide, called levan. to improve cellulose productivity, a levansucrase-deficient mutant, ld-2, was derived from acetobacter strain 757 and used as a host for the construction of recombinant strains. an ld-2 mutant harboring a plasmid containing the sucrase gene, sucze3, from zymomonas mobilis together with zlis, a gene that encodes a secretion-activating factor under the contro ...	1998	9648211
preparation and preservation of freeze-dried cells of acetic acid bacteria with aldehyde oxidase activity.	freeze-dried cells of acetic acid bacteria were prepared to use as an additive for manufacturing and processing foods. when the freeze-dried cells were stored for 1 week at 5 degrees c, however, more than 50% of the original activity of aldehyde oxidase (aox) was lost. it was found that this decrease in aox was caused by damage to both the membrane-bound aldehyde dehydrogenase and terminal oxidase activities involved in the aldehyde oxidase electron transport system of acetic acid bacteria. the ...	1998	9692195
bacterial cellulose-binding domain modulates in vitro elongation of different plant cells	recombinant cellulose-binding domain (cbd) derived from the cellulolytic bacterium clostridium cellulovorans was found to modulate the elongation of different plant cells in vitro. in peach (prunus persica l.) pollen tubes, maximum elongation was observed at 50 &mgr;g ml-1 cbd. pollen tube staining with calcofluor showed a loss of crystallinity in the tip zone of cbd-treated pollen tubes. at low concentrations cbd enhanced elongation of arabidopsis roots. at high concentrations cbd dramatically ...	1998	9701575
three cdg operons control cellular turnover of cyclic di-gmp in acetobacter xylinum: genetic organization and occurrence of conserved domains in isoenzymes.	cyclic di-gmp (c-di-gmp) is the specific nucleotide regulator of beta-1,4-glucan (cellulose) synthase in acetobacter xylinum. the enzymes controlling turnover of c-di-gmp are diguanylate cyclase (dgc), which catalyzes its formation, and phosphodiesterase a (pdea), which catalyzes its degradation. following biochemical purification of dgc and pdea, genes encoding isoforms of these enzymes have been isolated and found to be located on three distinct yet highly homologous operons for cyclic diguany ...	1998	9721278
description of acetobacter oboediens sp. nov. and acetobacter pomorum sp. nov., two new species isolated from industrial vinegar fermentations.	two strains of acetobacter sp., lth 2460t and lth 2458t, have been isolated from running red wine and cider vinegar fermentations, respectively. taxonomic characteristics of the isolates were investigated. comparative analysis of the 165 rrna sequences revealed > 99% similarity between strain lth 2460t and the type strains of the related species acetobacter europaeus and acetobacter xylinus and between strain lth 2458t and acetobacter pasteurianus. on the other hand, low levels of dna relatednes ...	1998	9734049
o-demethylase from ap6tobacterium dehalogenans--cloning, sequencing, and active expression of the gene encoding the corrinoid protein.	the ether-cleaving o-demethylase from the strictly anaerobic homoacetogen acetobacterium dehalogenans catalyses the methyltransfer from 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-benzoate (vanillate) to tetrahydrofolate. in the first step a vanillate :corrinoid protein methyltransferase (methyltransferase i) mediates the methylation of a 25-kda corrinoid protein with the cofactor reduced to cob(i)alamin. the methyl group is then transferred to tetrahydrofolate by the action of a methylcorrinoid protein:tetrahydrofolat ...	1998	9826201
effect of high sugar concentration on nitrogenase activity of acetobacter diazotrophicus.	acetobacter diazotrophicus is a nitrogen-fixing bacterium that growth inside sugar cane plant tissue where the sucrose concentration is approximately 10%. the influence of high sugar content on nitrogenase was measured in the presence of oxygen and of nitrogen added in the form of ammonium and amino acids. in all parameters analyzed, 10% sucrose protected nitrogenase against inhibition by oxygen, ammonium, some amino acids, and also to some extent by salt stress. the oxygen concentration at whic ...	1998	9871014
phylogenetic identification of two major nitrogen-fixing bacteria associated with sugarcane.	acetobacter diazotrophicus and herbaspirillum seropedicae were identified by genetic methods based on 16s rrna sequences. a specific pcr method in combination with probing was developed for a. diazotrophicus. the pcr system includes four primers, of which the primers named ac (ctgtttcccgcaagggac) and di (gcgccccattgctgggtt) generated an 445 bp amplicon in all of the 11 a. diazotrophicus strains tested. the phylogenetic position of h. seropedicae was determined. h. seropedicae forms with oxalobac ...	1998	9924818
evidence that a beta-1,4-endoglucanase secreted by acetobacter xylinum plays an essential role for the formation of cellulose fiber.	cellulose-producing acetobacter xylinum has been known to secrete a cellulose-hydrolyzing beta-1,4-endoglucanase (cmcax). when antibodies to recombinant cmcax were added to the culture medium, the formation of cellulose fiber was severely inhibited. western blot analysis using the antibody showed that this enzyme was secreted into the medium even by a cellulose non-producing strain (cel-). these results indicate that beta-1,4-endoglucanase in the medium plays a critical role in the formation of ...	1998	9972249
functional bradyrhizobium japonicum nifa expression under a hybrid nptii-nifh promoter in e. coli and acetobacter diazotrophicus srt4.	a hybrid promoter consisting of the in tandem fusion of the tn5 nptii and the klebsiella pneumoniae nifh promoters was constructed to study the functionality of the nif genes transcriptional activator nifa from bradyrhizobium japonicum in two different host bacteria. beta-galactosidase experiments in e. coli revealed that the hybrid nptii-nifh promoter can behave as a constitutive or a nifa-inducible promoter depending on the aeration conditions. expression of the b. japonicum nifa from the hybr ...	1998	10932742
a new insertion sequence from sinorhizobium meliloti with homology to is1357 from methylobacterium sp. and is1452 from acetobacter pasteurianus.	the insertion sequence isrm8 was identified by sequence analysis of the cryptic plasmid prmegr4b of sinorhizobium meliloti gr4. isrm8 is 1451 bp in length and carries 22/24-bp terminal imperfect inverted repeats with seven mismatches and a direct target site duplication of 3 bp. isrm8 carries a unique open reading frame whose putative protein showed significant similarity to the insertion sequences is1357 and is1452, isolated from methylobacterium sp. and acetobacter pasteurianus, respectively. ...	1998	9453160
a recipe for cellulose.		1998	9471727
decolourization and biodegradation of n,n'-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine by klebsiella pneumoniae rs-13 and acetobacter liquefaciens s-1.	klebsiella pneumoniae rs-13 and acetobacter liquefaciens s-1, both methyl red (mr)-degrading bacterial strains, degraded n,n'-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine (dmpd) under aerobic conditions. dmpd, a toxic and mutagenic aromatic amine, is formed during the reductive cleavage of azo dyes such as mr. the effects of physical parameters, such as temperature and aeration, and chemical parameters, such as ph and concentrations of glucose, ethanol and ammonium sulphate in the culture medium, on the degradat ...	1998	9721658
evidence for intermolecular binding between deacetylated acetan and the glucomannan konjac mannan.	binary mixtures of deacetylated acetan and konjac mannan form thermoreversible gels under conditions for which the individual components do not gel. such synergistic behaviour is normally attributed to intermolecular binding between the two polysaccharides. x-ray diffraction data obtained from oriented fibres prepared from deacetylated acetan-konjac mannan gels provides direct evidence for intermolecular binding between the two polysaccharides. the novel heterotypic junction zones appear to be s ...	1998	9764469
characterisation of the polysaccharide produced by acetobacter xylinum strain cr1/4 by light scattering and atomic force microscopy.	the molecular weight of the extracellular polysaccharide (cr1/4) produced by acetobacter xylinum strain cr1/4 has been shown to be dependent upon growth conditions. under normal growth conditions a high molecular weight polysaccharide ( > 1 x 10(6) da) is produced. maintaining the ph at 5 results in an order of magnitude increase in the total yield of polysaccharide, but also an order of magnitude decrease in molecular weight. analysis of the cr1/4 polysaccharides by the techniques of atomic for ...	1998	9849626
nucleotide sequence of the nifh gene coding for nitrogen reductase in the acetic acid bacterium acetobacter diazotrophicus.	the nifh gene sequence of the nitrogen-fixing bacterium acetobacter diazotrophicus was determined with the use of the polymerase chain reaction and universal degenerate oligonucleotide primers. the gene shows highest pair-wise similarity to the nifh gene of azospirillum brasilense. the phylogenetic relationships of the nifh gene sequences were compared with those inferred from 16s rrna gene sequences. knowledge of the sequence of the nifh gene contributes to the growing database of nifh gene seq ...	1998	9489028
analysis of hopanoids in bacteria involved in food technology and food contamination.	hopanoids are pentacyclic triterpenoids which are believed to act as reinforcers of membranes in certain prokaryotic microorganisms. a rapid and sensitive method for their screening in bacteria was elaborated, involving extraction of nonsaponifiable lipids and the analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, selectively monitoring the ion of m/z = 191. using the method, hopanoids were detected in strains of acetobacter pasteurianus, but were found to be absent in lactic acid bacteria (lacto ...	1998	9503615
intramolecular electron transport in quinoprotein alcohol dehydrogenase of acetobacter methanolicus: a redox-titration study	quinohemoprotein-cytochrome c complex alcohol dehydrogenase (adh) of acetic acid bacteria consists of three subunits, of which subunit i contains pyrroloquinoline quinone (pqq) and heme c, and subunit ii contains three heme c components. the pqq and heme c components are believed to be involved in the intramolecular electron transfer from ethanol to ubiquinone. to study the intramolecular electron transfer in adh of acetobacter methanolicus, the redox potentials of heme c components were determi ...	1998	9526036
acetobacter intermedius, sp. nov.	strains of a new species in the genus acetobacter, for which we propose the name a. intermedius sp. nov., were isolated and characterized in pure culture from different sources (kombucha beverage, cider vinegar, spirit vinegar) and different countries (switzerland, slovenia). the isolated strains grow in media with 3% acetic acid and 3% ethanol as does a. europaeus, do, however, not require acetic acid for growth. these characteristics phenotypically position a. intermedius between a. europaeus ...	1998	13678040
the low biomass yields of the acetic acid bacterium acetobacter pasteurianus are due to a low stoichiometry of respiration-coupled proton translocation.	growth energetics of the acetic acid bacterium acetobacter pasteurianus were studied with aerobic, ethanol-limited chemostat cultures. in these cultures, production of acetate was negligible. carbon limitation and energy limitation were also evident from the observation that biomass concentrations in the cultures were proportional to the concentration of ethanol in the reservoir media. nevertheless, low concentrations of a few organic metabolites (glycolate, citrate, and mannitol) were detected ...	1997	16535681
acetobacter cellulosic biofilms search for new modulators of cellulogenesis and native membrane treatments.	since natural substances like pseudoxanthins exert a positive effect on the cellulogenic ability of acetobacter xylinum when producing cellulosic pellicles suitable for skin burn therapy, new defined and complex modulators were sought. ca2+ and mg2+ (4 mm) were strongly stimulatory. na+ had no effect and k+ was inhibitory. ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (0.12 g/l) ensured the same nitrogen supply as the same concentration of yeast extract as measured by cellomembrane dry wt./yield albeit higher y ...	1997	18576091
effect of deacetylation on the synergistic interaction of acetan with locust bean gum or konjac mannan.	it has been discovered that deacetylation of the bacterial polysaccharide acetan promotes synergistic interactions with either locust bean gum (lbg) or konjac mannan (km). acetan is similar in structure to xanthan, and adopts a similar 5-fold conformation in the solid state. like xanthan, it shows a thermally reversible order (helix)-disorder (coil) transition in solution. both polymers have a cellulosic backbone with charged (anionic) sidechains attached at o-3 of alternate glucosyl residues, b ...	1997	9534230
the production of a new water-soluble polysaccharide by acetobacter xylinum nci 1005 and its structural analysis by nmr spectroscopy.	a new water-soluble polysaccharide (wsp) was isolated from a culture of acetobacter xylinum nci 1005 grown on sucrose. the structure of the wsp was analysed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and determined to be a beta-(2-->6)-linked polyfructan, which is structurally different from the polymer synthesized from glucose instead of sucrose by the same strain. the discovery of this new polysaccharide has revealed that the bacterium is able to synthesize two different kinds of water-soluble ...	1997	9534231
the phylogeny of acetic acid bacteria based on the partial sequences of 16s ribosomal rna: the elevation of the subgenus gluconoacetobacter to the generic level.	thirty-six strains of acetic acid bacteria classified in the genera acetobacter, gluconobacter, and acidomonas were examined for their partial base sequences in positions 1220 through 1375, 156 bases, of 16s rrna. the strains of the q10-equipped gluconobacter species examined were divided into two subgroups, which included the type strains of gluconobacter oxydans, the type species of the genus gluconobacter, and of a second species, gluconobacter cerinus, respectively. the base differences numb ...	1997	9301103
cloning of the acef gene encoding the phosphomannose isomerase and gdp-mannose pyrophosphorylase activities involved in acetan biosynthesis in acetobacter xylinum.	the acef gene from acetobacter xylinum was identified and cloned from a genomic dna library. the complete dna sequence was determined and computer analysis of the translated gene sequence revealed homology with the deduced amino acid sequence of xanb from xanthomonas campestris. therefore acef is likely to encode a bifunctional enzyme with mannose-6-phosphate isomerase (pmi) and gdp-mannose pyrophosphorylase (gmp) activities. pmi and gmp activities were detected in strains of escherichia coli ex ...	1997	9311139
resonance raman, infrared, and epr investigation on the binuclear site structure of the heme-copper ubiquinol oxidases from acetobacter aceti: effect of the heme peripheral formyl group substitution.	acetobacter aceti produces two different terminal ubiquinol oxidases (cytochromes a1 and o) depending on the culture conditions. two types of oxidases share a common protein moiety but with different heme components at the binuclear center (heme a for cytochrome a1 and heme o for cytochrome o). we investigated the structure of the binuclear site of the two oxidases using resonance raman, fourier transform-infrared (ft-ir), and epr spectroscopies to clarify the interactions of heme a formyl group ...	1997	9335565
acetate-specific stress response in acetate-resistant bacteria: an analysis of protein patterns.	many metabolic byproducts have toxic effects on bacteria, and acetic acid is an excellent model for such molecules. the negative effects of acetate, which include decreased growth rates and specific productivities, appear for escherichia coli at acetate concentrations lower than 5 g/l. acetic acid bacteria, however, are naturally resistant to the detrimental effects of acetate in their surroundings; they remain active at acetate levels well over 40 g/l. this study investigated the response to ac ...	1997	9336975
studies on recombinant acetobacter xylinum alpha-phosphoglucomutase.	the phosphoglucomutase (pgm) from acetobacter xylinum, which had been cloned and expressed in escherichia coli, has been studied. after expression, the enzyme was purified from the e. coli in a three-step process consisting of (nh4)2so4 precipitation, gel filtration and anion-exchange chromatography. the purified enzyme gave one band on gel electrophoresis and was judged essentially free of impurities, although it was unstable when diluted without the addition of 15 microm bsa. the isoelectric p ...	1997	9337869
sequence analysis of a 1296-nucleotide plasmid from xylella fastidiosa.	a cryptic plasmid from xylella fastidiosa strain atcc 35868 was cloned, sequenced, and the sequence entered into genbank (u71220). the plasmid is 1296 nucleotides in length with 55% gc content and three open reading frames. a plasmid with sequence homology was found in only one other strain of x. fastidiosa, atcc 35878. searches of the genbank reveal nucleotide sequence homology with plasmid pnkh43 from stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and amino acid sequence homology with phage pf3 from pseudomona ...	1997	9351204
coffea arabica l., a new host plant for acetobacter diazotrophicus, and isolation of other nitrogen-fixing acetobacteria.	acetobacter diazotrophicus was isolated from coffee plant tissues and from rhizosphere soils. isolation frequencies ranged from 15 to 40% and were dependent on soil ph. attempts to isolate this bacterial species from coffee fruit, from inside vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi spores, or from mealybugs (planococcus citri) associated with coffee plants were not successful. other acid-producing diazotrophic bacteria were recovered with frequencies of 20% from the coffee rhizosphere. these n2-f ...	1997	9293018
improved broad-host-range rk2 vectors useful for high and low regulated gene expression levels in gram-negative bacteria.	this report describes the construction and use of improved broad-host-range expression vectors based on the previously constructed pjb137 and pjb653 plasmids (blatny et al., 1997). these vectors contain the minimal replicon of rk2 and the inducible pu or pm promoters together with their regulatory xylr or xyls genes, respectively, from the pseudomonas putida tol plasmid pwwo. a set of atg vectors were derived from pjb653, and these vectors are characterized by the relatively small size, the pres ...	1997	9281494
characterization of microbial cellulose from a high-producing mutagenized acetobacter pasteurianus strain.	a wild-type acetobacter pasteurianus was subjected to chemical mutagenesis for the induction and isolation of a cellulose overproducing strain. a mutagenized strain capable of synthesizing double amounts of cellulose compared to the wild type was obtained. cellulose, both from the wild-type and the mutagenized strain, was extracted and purified for chemical characterization and investigation of its physico-chemical properties. the comparison of the two microbial polysaccharides shows that the pu ...	1997	9305792
a beta-glucosidase gene downstream of the cellulose synthase operon in cellulose-producing acetobacter.	an open reading frame was found 214 bp downstream of the cellulose synthase operon of acetobacter. the encoded amino acid sequence was found to be similar to some beta-glucosidases (g3ases). we detected g3ase activity in the culture medium and analysis of the n-terminal amino acid sequence showed that this gene encodes the enzyme. therefore, it is possible that this region is a gene cluster for cellulose synthesis.	1997	9362130
purification and properties of citrate synthase from acetobacter europaeus.	citrate synthase (ec 4.1.3.7) was purified from the acidophilic bacterium acetobacter europaeus to electrophoretic homogeneity. the specific activity was 228 units/mg of protein during the exponential ethanol-oxidation growth phase. the enzyme has a molecular mass of 280 kda and is a hexamer with a subunit size of 46 kda. the apparent k(m) values were 20 microm for oxaloacetate and 51 microm for acetyl-coa. unlike citrate synthase from other gram-negative bacteria, the activity of the enzyme was ...	1997	8997706
construction and use of a versatile set of broad-host-range cloning and expression vectors based on the rk2 replicon.	the plasmid vectors described in this report are derived from the broad-host-range rk2 replicon and can be maintained in many gram-negative bacterial species. the complete nucleotide sequences of all of the cloning and expression vectors are known. important characteristics of the cloning vectors are as follows: a size range of 4.8 to 7.1 kb, unique cloning sites, different antibiotic resistance markers for selection of plasmid-containing cells, orit-mediated conjugative plasmid transfer, plasmi ...	1997	9023917
cloning and expression of aatii restriction-modification system in escherichia coli.	the genes encoding the aatii restriction endonuclease and methylase from acetobacter aceti have been cloned and expressed in escherichia coli. the nucleotide sequences of aatiim and aatiir genes were determined. the aatiim and aatiir genes are 996 bp and 1038 bp, respectively, encoding the 331-aa methylase with a predicted molecular mass of 36.9 kda, and the 345-aa aatii restriction endonuclease with a predicted molecular mass of 38.9 kda. the two genes overlap by 4 base pairs and are transcribe ...	1997	9034320
a new insertion sequence is1452 from acetobacter pasteurianus.	a new insertion sequence element, is1452, was found to be associated with inactivation of the alcohol dehydrogenase by insertion in the adhs gene encoding subunit iii of the three-component membrane-bound alcohol dehydrogenase complex in acetobacter pasteurianus. cloning and sequencing analyses of the mutated subunit iii gene locus revealed that is1452 was inserted at or near the ribosome-binding sequence of adhs. analysis of transcription using the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene as the ...	1997	9043130
characterization of the genes encoding the three-component membrane-bound alcohol dehydrogenase from gluconobacter suboxydans and their expression in acetobacter pasteurianus.	the three-component membrane-bound alcohol dehydrogenase (adh) of gluconobacter suboxydans ifo12528 was purified, and the nh2-terminal amino acid sequence of each subunit was determined. on the basis of the amino acid sequences, the genes adha, encoding the 72-kda dehydrogenase, adhb, encoding the 44-kda cytochrome c-553 (a co-binding cytochrome c), and adhs, encoding a 15-kda protein, were cloned and the amino acid sequences of their products were deduced from the nucleotide sequences. the dehy ...	1997	9055427
characterization of an insertion sequence, is12528, from gluconobacter suboxydans.	a novel insertion sequence element, is12528, was found to be associated with inactivation of the alcohol dehydrogenase by insertion in the adha gene, which encodes the primary dehydrogenase subunit of the three-component membrane-bound alcohol dehydrogenase complex in gluconobacter suboxydans. cloning and sequencing analyses revealed that is12528 was 905 bp in length and had a terminal inverted repeat of 18 bp. in addition, is12528 was found to generate a 3-bp duplication (tma, where m represent ...	1997	9055428
effect of acetic acid bacterium on ethanol oxidation in vivo.	we investigated the possible effects of acetic acid bacterium on ethanol oxidation in vivo by monitoring the blood ethanol level after injecting 5% ethanol with (treated group) or without (control group) a freeze-dried bacterial cell suspension directly into the stomach of anesthesized rats. paired comparison t-tests of the results indicate that the blood ethanol concentration of the rats in the treated group was significantly (p < 0.07) lower than that in the control group. when measured 10 min ...	1997	9058979
structure of the repeating oligosaccharide from the lipopolysaccharide of the nitrogen-fixing bacterium acetobacter diazotrophicus strain pal 5.	acetobacter diazotrophicus is an acid-tolerant nitrogen-fixing bacterium found in roots, rhizosphere, stems, and leaves of sugar cane (saccharum officinarum) cultivated in brazil. the o-polysaccharide from the lipopolysaccharide of the root isolate strain pal 5 has been determined by a combination of methylation analysis and two-dimensional high field nmr spectroscopy. the pentasaccharide repeat has the structure: [formula: see text] minor resonances in the nmr spectra are consistent with the pr ...	1997	9098959
endo-beta-glucanase from acetobacter xylinum: purification andcharacterization	a cellulose-producing acetic acid bacterium,acetobacter xylinum ku-1, abundantly produces an extracellularendo-beta-glucanase (ec 3.2.1.4) in the culture broth. the enzyme was purifiedto homogeneity by deae- and cm- toyopearl 650m ion-exchange chromatography,butyl-toyopearl 650m hydrophobic chromatography, and toyopearl hw-50 gelfiltration. the purified enzyme showed the maximum activity at ph 5 and50°c: it was stable up to 50°c at ph 5, activated by co2+, andcompetitively inhibited by h ...	1997	9099632
the toxicity of substituted phenolic compounds to a detoxifying and an acetic acid bacterium.	in the detoxifying bacterium acinetobacter calcoaceticus 69-v and in the acetic acid bacterium acetobacter methanolicus mb 58, glucose and xylose are oxidized, respectively, via pqq-dependent membrane-bound dehydrogenases, which are linked to the respiratory chain in a manner enabling energy conservation via electron transport phosphorylation (etp) in the cytoplasmic membrane. neither the glucose and gluconic acid nor the xylose and xylonic acid are metabolized. therefore, measurements of sugar ...	1997	9143455
cloning and sequence analysis of a novel insertion element from plasmids harbored by the carbofuran-degrading bacterium, sphingomonas sp. cfo6.	sphingomonas sp. cfo6 (a member of the alpha group of proteobacteria) was isolated from a washington soil by enrichment on the insecticide carbofuran as a sole source of carbon and energy. this strain has been shown to harbor five plasmids, at least some of which are required for catabolism of carbofuran. rearrangements, deletions, and loss of individual plasmids resulting in the loss of the carbofuran-degrading phenotype were observed following treatment with heat or introduction of tn5. severa ...	1997	9200220
influence of substituent of direct dye having bisphenylenebis(azo) skeletal structure on structure of nascent cellulose produced by acetobacter xylinum [i]: different influence of direct red 28, blue 1 and 15 on nascent structure.	the difference of influence of a certain kind of direct dye on the structure of nascent microbial cellulose was examined, with direct red 28 have a biphenylenebis(azo) skeletal structure; direct blue 1 having two hydroxyl, two methoxy and two sulfonate groups more than direct red 28; and direct blue 15 whose sulfonate groups position are different compared to direct blue 1. it became clear that the product in the presence of a direct dye (in particular, direct red 28) has the structure in which ...	1997	9218171
biochemical and genetic characterization of the acetaldehyde dehydrogenase complex from acetobacter europaeus.	the aldehyde dehydrogenase complex, which catalyzes the oxidation of acetaldehyde to acetic acid, was purified to apparent homogeneity from the membrane fraction of the industrial vinegar-producing strain acetobacter europaeus. the determined km for acetaldehyde was 2.1 mm. sds-page of the enzyme complex showed the presence of three different subunits with molecular masses of 79, 46, and 17 kda, respectively. the two larger subunits contained heme. the difference spectrum indicated a cytochrome ...	1997	9238099
controlled secretion into the culture medium of a hybrid beta-glucanase by acetobacter methanolicus mediated by the kil gene of escherichia coli located on a tn5-derived transposon.	a tn5-based transposon bearing the kil gene (killing protein), mediating controlled export of periplasmic proteins into the culture medium, was constructed (tn5-kil3). this transposon contained the kil gene of the colel plasmid under the growth-phase-dependent promoter of the fic gene (filamentation induced by camp) of escherichia coli, an interposon located upstream of kil, a kanamycin/neomycin-resistance gene, a multiple cloning site and the mob site. the transposition of tn5-kil3 to acetobact ...	1997	9210342
c-di-gmp-binding protein, a new factor regulating cellulose synthesis in acetobacter xylinum.	a protein which specifically binds cyclic diguanylic acid (c-di-gmp), the reversible allosteric activator of the membrane-bound cellulose synthase system of acetobacter xylinum, has been identified in membrane preparations of this organism. c-di-gmp binding is of high affinity (kd 20 nm), saturable and reversible. the equilibrium of the reaction is markedly and specifically shifted towards the binding direction by k+. the c-di-gmp binding protein, structurally associated with the cellulose synth ...	1997	9369216
identification of structural genes involved in bacterial exopolysaccharide production.		1996	8948107
genetic analysis of the acetan biosynthetic pathway in acetobacter xylinum: nucleotide sequence analysis of the aceb, acec, aced and acee genes.	sequence analysis of a 5.323 kb chromosomal dna fragment from acetobacter xylinum involved in the biosynthesis of the exopolysaccharide acetan, revealed the presence of four ace genes designated aceb, acec, aced and acee. comparison of translated gene sequences to the databanks was used to assign putative gene functions. aceb displayed strong homology to a glucose-diphosphoprenyl beta, d-glucose transferase from xanthomonas campestris, while acec was homologous to a cellobiosyl-diphosphoprenyl a ...	1996	8988363
sequence-specific dna modification in acetobacter xylinum.	two cryptic plasmids have been discovered in acetobacter xylinum b42 and in its derivative pea-1, a cellulose defective mutant. these two plasmids were designated pax1 and pax2 (50 and 105 kb in size, respectively). a restriction map was constructed for pax1. attempts to cure these plasmids were unsuccessful. enzyme restriction analysis showed that these plasmids contain protected ecori and apoi sites. using southern blot and hybridization techniques, the protection was extended to chromosomal d ...	1996	8832107
higher plants contain homologs of the bacterial cela genes encoding the catalytic subunit of cellulose synthase.	in spite of much effort, no one has succeeded in isolating and characterizing the enzyme(s) responsible for synthesis of cellulose, the major cell wall polymer of plants. we have characterized two cotton (gossypium hirsutum) cdna clones and identified one rice (oryza sativa) cdna that are homologs of the bacterial cela genes that encode the catalytic subunit of cellulose synthase. three regions in the deduced amino acid sequences of the plant cela gene products are conserved with respect to the ...	1996	8901635
function of multiple heme c moieties in intramolecular electron transport and ubiquinone reduction in the quinohemoprotein alcohol dehydrogenase-cytochrome c complex of gluconobacter suboxydans.	alcohol dehydrogenase (adh) of acetic acid bacteria functions as the primary dehydrogenase of the ethanol oxidase respiratory chain, where it donates electrons to ubiquinone. adh is a membrane-bound quinohemoprotein-cytochrome c complex which consists of subunits i (78 kda), ii (48 kda), and iii (14 kda) and contains several hemes c as well as pyrroloquinoline quinone as prosthetic groups. to understand the role of the heme c moieties in the intramolecular electron transport and the ubiquinone r ...	1996	8617755
molecular characterization of the levansucrase gene from the endophytic sugarcane bacterium acetobacter diazotrophicus srt4.	the acetobacter diazotrophicus srt4 gene encoding levansucrase (ec 2.4.1.10) (isda) was isolated from a genomic library. the nucleotide sequence of a 2.3 kb dna fragment sufficient for complementation of a levansucrase-deficient mutant (obtained by ems treatment) was determined. the isda gene (1751 bp) coded for a polypeptide of molecular mass 64.9 kda with an isoelectric point of 5.2. the n-terminal amino acid sequence of the extracellular levansucrase indicated the presence of a precursor prot ...	1996	8704949
mass spectrometric studies of the thermal decomposition of carbohydrates using 13c-labeled cellulose and glucose.	the mechanism of the thermal decomposition of carbohydrates is very important to the development of fuels, fibers, and paper products. to help gain more insight into the pyrolysis chemistry of cellulose, we have carried out experimental studies using acetobacter xylinum cellulose grown on d-(1-13c)-glucose medium with incorporation levels of 1-13c of 14%, as determined by 13c nmr analysis. samples of the labeled cellulose, as well as d-(1-13c)- and d-(2-13c)-glucose, were pyrolyzed under fast-he ...	1996	8721146
16s-23s ribosomal rna spacer regions of acetobacter europaeus and a. xylinum, trna genes and antitermination sequences.	the 16s-23s ribosomal rna spacer regions of acetobacter europaeus dsm 6160, a. xylinum ncib 11664 and a. xylinum cl27 were amplified by pcr. specific pcr products were obtained from each strain and their nucleotide sequences determined. the spacer region of a. europaeus comprises 768 nucleotides (nt), that of a. xylinum 778 nt and that of a. xylinum cl27 759 nt. genes encoding trnaile and trnaala were identified. putative antitermination sequences were found between the trnaala sequence and the ...	1996	8759788
isolation and nucleotide sequence of the gdp-mannose:cellobiosyl-diphosphopolyprenol alpha-mannosyltransferase gene from acetobacter xylinum.	a genetic locus from acetobacter xylinum involved in acetan polysaccharide synthesis has been characterized. the chromosomal region was identified by screening a genomic library of a. xylinum in a xanthomonas campestris mutant defective in xanthan polysaccharide synthesis. the a. xylinum cosmid clone can functionally complement a xanthan-negative mutant. the polymer produced by the recombinant strain was found to be indistinguishable from xanthan. insertion mutagenesis and subcloning of the cosm ...	1996	8759843
analysis of 76 kb of the chlorella virus pbcv-1 330-kb genome: map positions 182 to 258.	analysis of 76 kb of newly sequenced dna, located between map positions 182 and 258 kb in the 330-kb chlorella virus pbcv-1 genome, revealed 175 open reading frames (orfs) of 65 codons or longer. one hundred and five of these 175 orfs were considered major orfs. twenty-one of the 105 major orfs resembled proteins in databases including ribonucleotide reductase small subunit, rnase iii, thioredoxin, glutaredoxin, protein disulfide isomerase, deoxynucleoside kinase, frog virus 3 atpase, acetobacte ...	1996	8806566
production of cellulose ii by acetobacter xylinum in the presence of 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile.	this report provides x-ray diffraction and raman spectral evidence that, when 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile is present in the culture medium, acetobacter xylinum, which is a model system for investigation of the biosynthesis of native cellulose, produces cellulose ii, as well as cellulose i. the significance of the observations with respect to the mechanism of biosynthesis of cellulose is discussed briefly.	1996	8842778
physicochemical studies on xylinan (acetan). i. characterization by gel permeation chromatography on sepharose cl-2b coupled with static light scattering and viscometry.	laboratory-made samples of the polysaccharide xylinan (acetan) were fractionated on sepharose cl-2b using 0.1m nacl as eluant. the weight average molar masses and intrinsic viscosities were estimated in the fractions by multiangle laser light scattering (off-line) and capillary viscometry, respectively. the mark-houwink-sakurada plot was found to be indicative of semiflexible coils (a = 0.90). the angular dependence of scattered light was interpreted by fitting with theoretically calculated "mas ...	1996	8875824
identification, cloning and sequencing the acea gene involved in acetan biosynthesis in acetobacter xylinum.	the acea gene from acetobacter xylinum was identified and cloned from a genomic dna library. the complete dna sequence was determined and computer analysis of the translated gene sequence revealed homology with the deduced amino acid sequence of gumd from xanthomonas campestris. therefore acea is likely to encode the phosphate-prenyl glucose l-phosphate transferase catalyzing the first step in acetan biosynthesis in a. xylinum.	1996	8935665
cloning and nucleotide sequence of apali restriction-modification system from acetobacter pasteurianus ifo 13753.	the apali restriction-modification system from acetobacter pasteurianus ifo 13753 recognizes the nucleotide sequence gtgcac. the gene coding for the apali methylase (m.apali) was cloned into escherichia coli dh5 alpha mcr, and the nucleotide sequence of the gene was analyzed. the m.apali gene coded for a protein of 429 amino acid residues (molecular mass, 46,554 daltons). the apali restriction endonuclease (r.apali) gene was analyzed by inverse polymerase chain reaction. the r.apali gene coded f ...	1996	8987585
nmr studies of acetan and the related bacterial polysaccharide, cr1/4, produced by a mutant strain of acetobacter xylinum.	acetan is a bacterial polysaccharide produced by acetobacter xylinum nrrl b42. chemical mutagenesis of a.xylinum allowed selection of a mutant strain which produced a new polysaccharide, cr1/4. 2d nmr methods have been used to assign the 1h and 13c spectra of the two polysaccharides and to determine that cr1/4 has the structure shown below. the total number of o-acetyl groups is slightly less than two per repeating unit. [formula: see text] the pentasaccharide side chain of acetan is truncated t ...	1995	7780996
molecular cloning of the isoquinoline 1-oxidoreductase genes from pseudomonas diminuta 7, structural analysis of iora and iorb, and sequence comparisons with other molybdenum-containing hydroxylases.	the iora and iorb genes from the isoquinoline-degrading bacterium pseudomonas diminuta 7, encoding the heterodimeric molybdo-iron-sulfur-protein isoquinoline 1-oxidoreductase, were cloned and sequenced. the deduced amino acid sequences iora and iorb showed homologies (i) to the small (gamma) and large (alpha) subunits of complex molybdenum-containing hydroxylases (alpha beta gamma/alpha 2 beta 2 gamma 2) possessing a pterin molybdenum cofactor with a monooxo-monosulfido-type molybdenum center, ( ...	1995	7782304
transformation of microorganisms with the plasmid vector with the replicon from pac1 from acetobacter pasteurianus.	a number of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria species was screened for the expression of the gram-negative plasmid pack5 and pact72 with replicon of pac1 plasmid from acetobacter pasteurianus. as was described previously, both plasmids were expressed in escherichia coli, acetobacter pasteurianus, acetobacter aceti, shigella spp. and citrobacter spp. expressions of plasmids were successful in twelve species tested, comamonas terrigena, salmonella typhimurium, serratia marcescens, bacillus ...	1995	7832808
the structure of the quinoprotein alcohol dehydrogenase of acetobacter aceti modelled on that of methanol dehydrogenase from methylobacterium extorquens.	the 1.94 a structure of methanol dehydrogenase has been used to provide a model structure for part of a membrane quinohaemoprotein alcohol dehydrogenase. the basic superbarrel structure and the active-site region are retained, indicating essentially similar mechanisms of action, but there are considerable differences in the external loops, particularly those involved in formation of the shallow funnel leading to the active site.	1995	7772016
nucleotide sequence of a small plasmid isolated from acetobacter pasteurianus.	a 1440-bp plasmid named pap12875 was isolated from acetobacter pasteurianus and its nucleotide sequence determined. an open reading frame was found capable of coding for a protein that has similarity with the replication protein of pvt736-1 from actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and the 32-kda protein of phage pf3 from pseudomonas aeruginosa.	1995	7789800
the yeast spectrum of the 'tea fungus kombucha'.	the tea fungus 'kombucha' is a symbiosis of acetobacter, including acetobacter xylinum as a characteristic species, and various yeasts. a characteristic yeast species or genus has not yet been identified. kombucha is mainly cultivated in sugared black tea to produce a slightly acidulous effervescent beverage that is said to have several curative effects. in addition to sugar, the beverage contains small amounts of alcohol and various acids, including acetic acid, gluconic acid and lactic acid, a ...	1995	8559192
growth phase-dependent induction of stationary-phase promoters of escherichia coli in different gram-negative bacteria.	rsf1010-derived plasmids carrying a fusion of a promoterless lacz gene with the sigma s-dependent growth phase-regulated promoters of escherichia coli, bolap1 and fic, were constructed. the plasmids were mobilized into the gram-negative bacterial species acetobacter methanolicus, xanthomonas campestris, pseudomonas putida, and rhizobium meliloti. the beta-galactosidase activities of bacterial cultures were determined during exponential and stationary growth phases. transcriptional activation of ...	1995	7665531
phylogenetic position of gluconobacter species as a coherent cluster separated from all acetobacter species on the basis of 16s ribosomal rna sequences.	the 16s rrna sequences from the gluconobacter species g. asaii, g. cerinus and g. frateurii were determined and compared with homologous sequences from published databases and sequences of g. oxydans and acetobacter species previously described [sievers, m., ludwig, w. and teuber, m. (1994) system. appl. microbiol. 17, 189-196]. the gluconobacter species have unique 16s rrna sequences and exhibit sequence similarity values of 97.4 to 99.1%, corresponding to 36 to 14 base differences. the phyloge ...	1995	7705603
biocatalysis in organic chemistry (part i): past and present.	methods used in the manufacture of both ethanol and ascorbic acid have been developed over the past 150 years. the early stages of the development of both processes were characterized by the interaction between chemists, biologists and engineers, but social and economic influences also played their part. the history of these two examples illustrates the diversity of skills and influences needed for the application of biological catalysis to large-scale chemical manufacture.	1995	7540395
repression of lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis in escherichia coli by an antisense rna of acetobacter methanolicus phage acm1.	lysogenic acetobacter methanolicus strains carrying the prophage acm1 were found to be unable to synthesize both the capsular polysaccharide (cps) and the o-specific side-chain of lipopolysaccharide (lps) and to represent rough variants of the host bacterium. a 262 bp dna fragment of phage acm1, obviously required for interference with lps biosynthesis, was cloned and expressed in escherichia coli. independently of the o-type, transformation of various e. coli strains with the recombinant dna re ...	1995	7542725
cytotoxic effects of several hopanoids on mouse leukemia l1210 and p388 cells.	the cytotoxic effects of hopanoids, including bacteriohopane-32, 33, 34, 35-tetrol (tetrol), bacteriohopane-32-ol (monol), diploptene, diplopterol and acetylated monol (aco-monol) isolated from acetobacter aceti, were tested against two leukemia cell lines. tetrol and monol have been shown to be toxic to mouse l1210 and p388 compared to the other hopanoids. by measuring the esr spectra of the spin labeled membranes of these cells, it was shown that the incorporation of monol resulted in a decrea ...	1995	7550095
cloning and nucleotide sequencing of the membrane-bound l-sorbosone dehydrogenase gene of acetobacter liquefaciens ifo 12258 and its expression in gluconobacter oxydans.	cloning and expression of the gene encoding acetobacter liquefaciens ifo 12258 membrane-bound l-sorbosone dehydrogenase (sndh) were studied. a genomic library of a. liquefaciens ifo 12258 was constructed with the mobilizable cosmid vector pvk102 (mob+) in escherichia coli s17-1 (tra+). the library was transferred by conjugal mating into gluconobacter oxydans ox4, a mutant of g. oxydans ifo 3293 that accumulates l-sorbosone in the presence of l-sorbose. the transconjugants were screened for sndh ...	1995	7574579
generation mechanism and purification of an inactive form convertible in vivo to the active form of quinoprotein alcohol dehydrogenase in gluconobacter suboxydans.	alcohol dehydrogenase (adh) of acetic acid bacteria is a membrane-bound quinohemoprotein-cytochrome c complex involved in vinegar production. in gluconobacter suboxydans grown under acidic growth conditions, it was found that adh content in the membranes was largely increased but the activity was not much changed, suggesting that such a condition produces an inactive form of adh (inactive adh). a similar phenomenon could be also observed in acetobacter aceti, another genus of acetic acid bacteri ...	1995	7592433
improvement in the long-term stability of an amperometric glucose sensor system by introducing a cellulose membrane of bacterial origin.	classical amperometric glucose sensors that use cellulose membranes of wood origin (cuprophan) suffer from the fact that their long-term stability in blood is short; therefore, their clinical use is limited. in the present study, a classical amperometric glucose sensor was covered with a bacterial cellulose (bc) membrane. its surface in comparison to that of the classical glucose sensor (cuprophan) and its long-term stability were tested in vitro and in vivo. the surface element composition was ...	1995	7856888
genes required for cellulose synthesis in agrobacterium tumefaciens.	a region of the chromosome of agrobacterium tumefaciens 11 kb long containing two operons required for cellulose synthesis and a part of a gene homologous to the fixr gene of bradyrhizobium japonicum has been sequenced. one of the cellulose synthesis operons contained a gene (cela) homologous to the cellulose synthase (bsca) gene of acetobacter xylinum. the same operon also contained a gene (celc) homologous to endoglucanase genes from a. xylinum, cellulomonas uda, and erwinia chrysanthemi. the ...	1995	7860585
isolation and enzymic properties of levansucrase secreted by acetobacter diazotrophicus srt4, a bacterium associated with sugar cane.	acetobacter diazotrophicus, a nitrogen-fixing bacterium associated with sugar cane, secretes a levansucrase (sucrose-2,6-beta-d-fructan 6-beta-d-fructosyltransferase; ec 2.4.1.10). this enzyme is constitutively expressed and represents more than 70% of the total proteins secreted by strain srt4. the purified protein consists of a single 58 kda polypeptide with an isoelectric point of 5.5. its activity is optimal at ph 5.0. it catalyses transfructosylation from sucrose to a variety of acceptors i ...	1995	7619044
screening method for cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors with herbicidal activity.	a new screening method for inhibitors of cellulose biosynthesis is described. this method utilized three microbial strains; a cellulose-containing fungus phytophthora, and a cellulose non-containing fungus candida, and a bacterial strain of acetobacter, a cellulose-producing acetic acid bacterium. the primary screen examined microbial cultures for selective growth inhibition against phytophthora with no inhibition against candida. the secondary screen tested for herbicidal activity. thirdly, the ...	1995	7649874
differentiation of capsular polysaccharides from acetobacter diazotrophicus strains isolated from sugarcane.	capsular polysaccharides (cpss) from six representative strains of acetobacter diazotrophicus were isolated and fractionated by gel filtration and anion-exchange chromatography. purified cpss obtained in the non-adsorbed fraction of a deae-sephadex a-25 column were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed for sugar composition. uronic acid and amino sugars were not detected in all purified cpss. basically the cpss of a. diazotrophicus are composed of rhamnose, mannose, galactose and glucose. th ...	1995	7651237
cloning, sequencing, and characterization of the gene encoding the smallest subunit of the three-component membrane-bound alcohol dehydrogenase from acetobacter pasteurianus.	the membrane-bound alcohol dehydrogenase (adh) of acetobacter pasteurianus nci1452 consists of three different subunits, a 78-kda dehydrogenase subunit, a 48-kda cytochrome c subunit, and a 20-kda subunit of unknown function. for elucidation of the function of the smallest subunit, this gene was cloned from this strain by the oligonucleotide-probing method, and its nucleotide sequence was determined. comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence and the nh2-terminal sequence determined for the p ...	1995	7665483
identification of a second cellulose synthase gene (acsaii) in acetobacter xylinum.	a second cellulose synthase gene (acsaii) coding for a 175-kda polypeptide that is similar in size and sequence to the acsab gene product has been identified in acetobacter xylinum ay201. evidence for the presence of this gene was obtained during analysis of a. xylinum mutants in which the acsab gene was disrupted (i.m. saxena, k. kudlicka, k. okuda, and r.m. brown, jr., j. bacteriol. 176:5735-5752, 1994). although these mutants produced no detectable cellulose, they exhibited significant cellul ...	1995	7665515
observation of the helical structure of the bacterial polysaccharide acetan by atomic force microscopy.	a method has been developed that has been found to give reproducible images of uncoated polysaccharides by atomic force microscopy (afm). aqueous solutions of the polysaccharide are deposited as drops onto freshly cleaved mica surfaces, air dried, and then imaged under butanol. the method has been used to obtain images of the bacterial polysaccharide acetan. in regions within the deposited sample, where the molecules are aligned side-by-side, it has been possible to observe a periodic structure ...	1995	7711262
the na(+)-translocating atpase of acetobacterium woodii is a f1f0-type enzyme as deduced from the primary structure of its beta, gamma and epsilon subunits.	a 4.5 kbp ecori fragment hybridizing to a fragment of uncd (coding for subunit beta of f1f0-atpases) was cloned from chromosomal dna of acetobacterium woodii. the nucleotide sequence was determined and revealed five open reading frames (orf), four of which were identified to code for subunits of the na(+)-atpase. the deduced amino acid sequences of these orf's are homologous to subunit alpha (partial coding sequence, c-terminal end), gamma, beta and epsilon of f1f0-atpases from various organisms ...	1995	7748890
the host range of rk2 minimal replicon copy-up mutants is limited by species-specific differences in the maximum tolerable copy number.	the minimal replicon of the broad-host-range plasmid rk2 consists of a gene, trfa (trans-acting replication), encoding a protein required for initiation of plasmid replication. the trfa protein binds to iterons in the cis-acting origin of vegetative replication (oriv), but the exact mechanism by which trfa-mediated replication initiation takes place is not known. we report here the isolation and characterization of five mini rk2 trfa mutant plasmids with an elevated plasmid copy number, four in ...	1995	7753906
further evidence that the n(inf2)-fixing endophytic bacterium from the intercellular spaces of sugarcane stems is acetobacter diazotrophicus.	nitrogen-fixing bacteria, isolated from the sugar solution in intercellular spaces of sugarcane stems, were compared with the type strain of acetobacter diazotrophicus (pal-5) and found to be congruent with it in all characters studied. these characters were 37 morphological and biochemical tests, cellular fatty acid composition, and nitrogenase activity. the nitrogenase activity was measured by acetylene reduction and h(inf2) evolution and found to be unusual in that the h(inf2) evolution was s ...	1995	16535026
genetic structure of acetobacter diazotrophicus populations and identification of a new genetically distant group.	a total of 55 isolates of acetobacter diazotrophicus recovered from diverse sucrose-rich host plants and from mealybugs associated with sugarcane plants were characterized by the electrophoretic mobilities of 12 metabolic enzymes. we identified seven different electrophoretic types (ets), six of which are closely related within a genetic distance of 0.195 and exhibit high dna-dna homology. the seventh et was largely divergent, separated at a genetic distance of 0.53, and had only 54% dna homolog ...	1995	16535102
cloning and nucleotide sequencing of the membrane-bound l-sorbosone dehydrogenase gene of acetobacter liquefaciens ifo 12258 and its expression in gluconobacter oxydans.	volume 61, no. 2, p. 419, column 1, lines 15-19: this sentence should read as follows. "the alcohol dehydrogenase and glucose dehydrogenase have a common region reported to be related to pyrroloquinoline quinone binding (2, 10), but sndh does not contain such a region, indicating that sndh is not a quinoprotein." page 419, column 2, line 12: "(table 4)" should read "(table 3)." [this corrects the article on p. 413 in vol. 61.].	1995	16535037