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recent advances in the genetic transformation of coffee.coffee is one of the most important plantation crops, grown in about 80 countries across the world. the genus coffea comprises approximately 100 species of which only two species, that is, coffea arabica (commonly known as arabica coffee) and coffea canephora (known as robusta coffee), are commercially cultivated. genetic improvement of coffee through traditional breeding is slow due to the perennial nature of the plant. genetic transformation has tremendous potential in developing improved coff ...201222970380
elicitation of andrographolide in the suspension cultures of andrographis paniculata.andrographis paniculata belonging to the family acanthaceae produces a group of diterpene lactones, one of which is the pharmaceutically important-andrographolide. it is known to possess various important biological properties like anticancer, anti-hiv, anti-inflammatory, etc. this is the first report on the production of andrographolide in the cell suspension cultures of andrographis paniculata by 'elicitation'. elicitation was attempted to enhance the andrographolide content in the suspension ...201223001530
two direct targets of cytokinin signaling regulate symbiotic nodulation in medicago truncatula.cytokinin regulates many aspects of plant development, and in legume crops, this phytohormone is necessary and sufficient for symbiotic nodule organogenesis, allowing them to fix atmospheric nitrogen. to identify direct links between cytokinins and nodule organogenesis, we determined a consensus sequence bound in vitro by a transcription factor (tf) acting in cytokinin signaling, the nodule-enhanced medicago truncatula mt rr1 response regulator (rr). among genes rapidly regulated by cytokinins a ...201223023168
rhizobia species: a boon for "plant genetic engineering".since past three decades new discoveries in plant genetic engineering have shown remarkable potentials for crop improvement. agrobacterium ti plasmid based dna transfer is no longer the only efficient way of introducing agronomically important genes into plants. recent studies have explored a novel plant genetic engineering tool, rhizobia sp., as an alternative to agrobacterium, thereby expanding the choice of bacterial species in agricultural plant biotechnology. rhizobia sp. serve as an open l ...201123024417
two putative-aquaporin genes are differentially expressed during arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in lotus japonicus.arbuscular mycorrhizas (am) are widespread symbioses that provide great advantages to the plant, improving its nutritional status and allowing the fungus to complete its life cycle. nevertheless, molecular mechanisms that lead to the development of am symbiosis are not yet fully deciphered. here, we have focused on two putative aquaporin genes, ljnip1 and ljxip1, which resulted to be upregulated in a transcriptomic analysis performed on mycorrhizal roots of lotus japonicus.201223046713
effect of l-phenylalanine on pal activity and production of naphthoquinone pigments in suspension cultures of arnebia euchroma (royle) johnst.the effects of l-phenylalanine (phe) on cell growth and production of shikonin and its derivatives, acetylshikonin (acs) and isobutyrylshikonin (ibs), in suspension cultures of arnebia euchroma were examined. supplementing media using phe have been successfully utilized to enhance shikonin production in cell cultures of other species of boraginaceae. l-phenylalanine, the key compound in the phenylpropanoid pathway, is converted by phenylalanine ammonia lyase (pal) to trans-cinnamic acid, which i ...201223049233
14-3-3 proteins sgf14c and sgf14l play critical roles during soybean nodulation.the soybean (glycine max) genome contains 18 members of the 14-3-3 protein family, but little is known about their association with specific phenotypes. here, we report that the glyma0529080 soybean g-box factor 14-3-3c (sgf14c) and glyma08g12220 (sgf14l) genes, encoding 14-3-3 proteins, appear to play essential roles in soybean nodulation. quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western-immunoblot analyses showed that sgf14c mrna and protein levels were specifically inc ...201223060368
two micrornas linked to nodule infection and nitrogen-fixing ability in the legume lotus japonicus.legumes overcome nitrogen shortage by developing root nodules in which symbiotic bacteria fix atmospheric nitrogen in exchange for host-derived carbohydrates and mineral nutrients. nodule development involves the distinct processes of nodule organogenesis, bacterial infection, and the onset of nitrogen fixation. these entail profound, dynamic gene expression changes, notably contributed to by micrornas (mirnas). here, we used deep-sequencing, candidate-based expression studies and a selection of ...201223071252
medicago truncatula ern transcription factors: regulatory interplay with nsp1/nsp2 gras factors and expression dynamics throughout rhizobial infection.rhizobial nodulation factors (nfs) activate a specific signaling pathway in medicago truncatula root hairs that involves the complex interplay of nodulation signaling pathway1 (nsp1)/nsp2 gras and ethylene response factor required for nodulation1 (ern1) transcription factors (tfs) to achieve full enod11 transcription. ern1 acts as a direct transcriptional regulator of enod11 through the activation of the nf-responsive "nf box." here, we show that nsp1, when combined with nsp2, can act as a stron ...201223077241
efficiency of different agrobacterium rhizogenes strains on hairy roots induction in solanum mammosum.this article presents the abilities and efficiencies of five different strains of agrobacterium rhizogenes (strain atcc 31798, atcc 43057, ar12, a4 and a13) to induce hairy roots on solanum mammosum through genetic transformation. there is significant difference in the transformation efficiency (average number of days of hairy root induction) and transformation frequency for all strains of a. rhizogenes (p < 0.05). both a. rhizogenes strain ar12 and a13 were able to induce hairy root at 6 days o ...201323090845
one-step agrobacterium mediated transformation of eight genes essential for rhizobium symbiotic signaling using the novel binary vector system phuge.advancement in plant research is becoming impaired by the fact that the transfer of multiple genes is difficult to achieve. here we present a new binary vector for agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation, phuge-red, in concert with a cloning strategy suited for the transfer of up to nine genes at once. this vector enables modular cloning of large dna fragments by employing gateway technology and contains dsred1 as visual selection marker. furthermore, an r/rs inducible recombination sy ...201223112864
analysis of tomato gene promoters activated in syncytia induced in tomato and potato hairy roots by globodera rostochiensis.the potato cyst nematode (globodera rostochiensis) induces feeding sites (syncytia) in tomato and potato roots. in a previous study, 135 tomato genes up-regulated during g. rostochiensis migration and syncytium development were identified. five genes (cyp97a29, dfr, fls, nik and pmei) were chosen for further study to examine their roles in plant-nematode interactions. the promoters of these genes were isolated and potential cis regulatory elements in their sequences were characterized using bioi ...201223129482
analysis of tomato gene promoters activated in syncytia induced in tomato and potato hairy roots by globodera rostochiensis.the potato cyst nematode (globodera rostochiensis) induces feeding sites (syncytia) in tomato and potato roots. in a previous study, 135 tomato genes up-regulated during g. rostochiensis migration and syncytium development were identified. five genes (cyp97a29, dfr, fls, nik and pmei) were chosen for further study to examine their roles in plant-nematode interactions. the promoters of these genes were isolated and potential cis regulatory elements in their sequences were characterized using bioi ...201223129482
horizontal gene transfer from genus agrobacterium to the plant linaria in nature.genes can be transferred horizontally between prokaryotes and eukaryotes in nature. the best-studied examples occur between agrobacterium rhizogenes and certain nicotiana spp. to investigate possible additional cases of horizontal gene transfer in nature between agrobacterium and plants, a real-time polymerase chain reaction-based approach was employed to screen 127 plant species, belonging to 38 families of dicotyledones, for the presence of oncogenes homologous to the transfer dna fragments (t ...201223134518
nodule root and cochleata maintain nodule development and are legume orthologs of arabidopsis blade-on-petiole genes.during their symbiotic interaction with rhizobia, legume plants develop symbiosis-specific organs on their roots, called nodules, that house nitrogen-fixing bacteria. the molecular mechanisms governing the identity and maintenance of these organs are unknown. using medicago truncatula nodule root (noot) mutants and pea (pisum sativum) cochleata (coch) mutants, which are characterized by the abnormal development of roots from the nodule, we identified the noot and coch genes as being necessary fo ...201223136374
the national bioresource project (nbrp) lotus and glycine in japan.the objective of the national bioresource project (nbrp) in japan is to collect, conserve and distribute biological materials for life sciences research. the project consists of twenty-eight bioresources, including animal, plant, microorganism and dna resources. nbrp lotus and glycine aims to support the development of legume research through the collection, conservation, and distribution of these bioresources. lotus japonicus is a perennial legume that grows naturally throughout japan and is wi ...201223136485
rna silencing as a tool to uncover gene function and engineer novel traits in soybean.rna silencing refers collectively to diverse rna-mediated pathways of nucleotide-sequence-specific inhibition of gene expression. it has been used to analyze gene function and engineer novel traits in various organisms. here, we review the application of rna silencing in soybean. to produce soybean lines, in which a particular gene is stably silenced, researchers have frequently used a transgene that transcribes inverted repeats of a target gene segment. suppression of gene expression in develop ...201223136487
recent advances in soybean transformation and their application to molecular breeding and genomic analysis.herbicide-resistant transgenic soybean plants hold a leading market share in the usa and other countries, but soybean has been regarded as recalcitrant to transformation for many years. the cumulative and, at times, exponential advances in genetic manipulation have made possible further choices for soybean transformation. the most widely and routinely used transformation systems are cotyledonary node-agrobacterium-mediated transformation and somatic embryo-particle-bombardment-mediated transform ...201223136488
agrobacterium rhizogenes-induced cotton hairy root culture as an alternative tool for cotton functional genomics.although well-accepted as the ultimate method for cotton functional genomics, agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated cotton transformation is not widely used for functional analyses of cotton genes and their promoters since regeneration of cotton in tissue culture is lengthy and labor intensive. in certain cases, a. rhizogenes-induced hairy root culture has been a suitable molecular tool for functional analyses of genes and promoters for plants that are difficult to regenerate by a. tumefaciens-medi ...201323143493
allelic differences in medicago truncatula nip/latd mutants correlate with their encoded proteins' transport activities in planta.medicago truncatula nip/latd gene, required for symbiotic nitrogen fixing nodule and root architecture development, encodes a member of the nrt1(ptr) family that demonstrates high-affinity nitrate transport in xenopus laevis oocytes. of three mtnip/latd mutant proteins, one retains high-affinity nitrate transport in oocytes, while the other two are nitrate-transport defective. to further examine the mutant proteins' transport properties, the missense mtnip/latd alleles were expressed in arabidop ...201223154505
allelic differences in medicago truncatula nip/latd mutants correlate with their encoded proteins' transport activities in planta.medicago truncatula nip/latd gene, required for symbiotic nitrogen fixing nodule and root architecture development, encodes a member of the nrt1(ptr) family that demonstrates high-affinity nitrate transport in xenopus laevis oocytes. of three mtnip/latd mutant proteins, one retains high-affinity nitrate transport in oocytes, while the other two are nitrate-transport defective. to further examine the mutant proteins' transport properties, the missense mtnip/latd alleles were expressed in arabidop ...201223154505
involvement of dna methylation in the regulation of sts10 gene expression in vitis amurensis.dna methylation is known to play an important role in various developmental processes and defense mechanisms in plants and other organisms. however, it is not known whether dna methylation is implicated in the genetic regulation of plant secondary metabolism, including resveratrol biosynthesis. resveratrol is a naturally occurring polyphenol that is present in grapes, peanuts, and other plant sources, and it exhibits a wide range of valuable biologically active properties. the transformation of ...201323179442
different roles of the mevalonate and methylerythritol phosphate pathways in cell growth and tanshinone production of salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots.salvia miltiorrhiza has been widely used in the treatment of coronary heart disease. tanshinones, a group of diterpenoids are the main active ingredients in s. miltiorrhiza. two biosynthetic pathways were involved in tanshinone biosynthesis in plants: the mevalonate (mva) pathway in the cytosol and the methylerythritol phosphate (mep) pathway in the plastids. the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase (hmgr) is the rate-limiting enzyme of the mva pathway. the 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosph ...201223209548
uncovering the salt response of soybean by unraveling its wild and cultivated functional genomes using tag sequencing.soil salinity has very adverse effects on growth and yield of crop plants. several salt tolerant wild accessions and cultivars are reported in soybean. functional genomes of salt tolerant glycine soja and a salt sensitive genotype of glycine max were investigated to understand the mechanism of salt tolerance in soybean. for this purpose, four libraries were constructed for tag sequencing on illumina platform. we identify around 490 salt responsive genes which included a number of transcription f ...201223209559
the non-specific lipid transfer protein n5 of medicago truncatula is implicated in epidermal stages of rhizobium-host interaction.the symbiotic interaction between leguminous plants and rhizobia involves two processes: bacterial infection, resulting in the penetration of bacteria in epidermal and cortical cells, and root nodule organogenesis. root nodule symbiosis is activated by rhizobial signalling molecules, called nodulation factors (nfs). nf perception induces the expression of several genes called early nodulins. the early nodulin n5 of medicago truncatula is a lipid transfer protein that has been shown to positively ...201223217154
cell autonomous and non-cell autonomous control of rhizobial and mycorrhizal infection in medicago truncatula.legumes can form a nitrogen fixing symbiosis with soil bacteria called rhizobia (the rl symbiosis). they can also, like most plants, form symbiotic associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) fungi, which facilitate plants' phosphate nutrition. in both interactions, the symbionts are hosted inside the plant root. nitrogen-fixing rhizobia are housed in intracellular symbiotic structures within nodules, while am fungi form intracellular symbiotic structures, called arbuscules, within cortical ro ...201223221781
cell autonomous and non-cell autonomous control of rhizobial and mycorrhizal infection in medicago truncatula.legumes can form a nitrogen fixing symbiosis with soil bacteria called rhizobia (the rl symbiosis). they can also, like most plants, form symbiotic associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) fungi, which facilitate plants' phosphate nutrition. in both interactions, the symbionts are hosted inside the plant root. nitrogen-fixing rhizobia are housed in intracellular symbiotic structures within nodules, while am fungi form intracellular symbiotic structures, called arbuscules, within cortical ro ...201223221781
genetic elicitation by inducible expression of β-cryptogein stimulates secretion of phenolics from coleus blumei hairy roots.the accumulation of phenolic compounds in plants is often part of the defense response against stress and pathogen attack, which can be triggered and activated by elicitors. oomycetal proteinaceous elicitor, β-cryptogein, induces hypersensitive response and systemic acquired resistance against some pathogens. in order to test the effect of endogenously synthesized cryptogein protein on phenolic compounds accumulation in tissue, and secretion into the culture medium, coleus blumei hairy roots wer ...201323265315
effects of phytohormones and jasmonic acid on glucosinolate content in hairy root cultures of sinapis alba and brassica rapa.although some study have established hairy root cultures from brassicaceous plants with glucosinolates (gs) as characteristic secondary metabolite, studies are missing which compare hairy roots with the corresponding mother plants. therefore, two different plant species-sinapis alba and brassica rapa subsp. rapa pygmeae teltoviensis-were transformed with the agrobacterium rhizogenes strain a4. aliphatic and indolyl gs were present in b. rapa, exhibiting larger quantities in leaves than in roots. ...201323269631
genomic basis of broad host range and environmental adaptability of rhizobium tropici ciat 899 and rhizobium sp. prf 81 which are used in inoculants for common bean (phaseolus vulgaris l.).rhizobium tropici ciat 899 and rhizobium sp. prf 81 are α-proteobacteria that establish nitrogen-fixing symbioses with a range of legume hosts. these strains are broadly used in commercial inoculants for application to common bean (phaseolus vulgaris) in south america and africa. both strains display intrinsic resistance to several abiotic stressful conditions such as low soil ph and high temperatures, which are common in tropical environments, and to several antimicrobials, including pesticides ...201223270491
induction of localized auxin response during spontaneous nodule development in lotus japonicus.in leguminous plants, rhizobial infection of the epidermis triggers proliferation of cortical cells to form a nodule primordium. recent studies have demonstrated that two classic phytohormones, cytokinin and auxin, have important functions in nodulation. the identification of these functions in lotus japonicus was facilitated by use of the spontaneous nodule formation 2 (snf2) mutation of the putative cytokinin receptor lotus histidine kinase 1 (lhk1). analyses using snf2 demonstrated that const ...201323299335
development of transcriptomic resources for interrogating the biosynthesis of monoterpene indole alkaloids in medicinal plant species.the natural diversity of plant metabolism has long been a source for human medicines. one group of plant-derived compounds, the monoterpene indole alkaloids (mias), includes well-documented therapeutic agents used in the treatment of cancer (vinblastine, vincristine, camptothecin), hypertension (reserpine, ajmalicine), malaria (quinine), and as analgesics (7-hydroxymitragynine). our understanding of the biochemical pathways that synthesize these commercially relevant compounds is incomplete due ...201223300689
low ph, aluminum, and phosphorus coordinately regulate malate exudation through gmalmt1 to improve soybean adaptation to acid soils.low ph, aluminum (al) toxicity, and low phosphorus (p) often coexist and are heterogeneously distributed in acid soils. to date, the underlying mechanisms of crop adaptation to these multiple factors on acid soils remain poorly understood. in this study, we found that p addition to acid soils could stimulate al tolerance, especially for the p-efficient genotype hn89. subsequent hydroponic studies demonstrated that solution ph, al, and p levels coordinately altered soybean (glycine max) root grow ...201323341359
the pjan25 vector series: an enhancement of the gateway-compatible vector pgwb533 for broader promoter testing applications.agrobacterium-mediated transformation of plants has enhanced our ability to progress more rapidly in plant genetic engineering. development of binary vectors for agrobacterium has played a major role in advancing plant biology. here, we report new features added to the gateway-compatible vector pgwb533 for promoter testing with the reporter gene encoding β-glucuronidase (gus). the original vector contains the spectinomycin/streptomycin adenylyltransferase (aada) gene for bacterial selection and ...201323353052
the futile cycling of hexose phosphates could account for the fact that hexokinase exerts a high control on glucose phosphorylation but not on glycolytic rate in transgenic potato (solanum tuberosum) roots.the metabolism of potato (solanum tuberosum) roots constitutively over- and underexpressing hexokinase (hk, ec 2.7.1.1) was examined. an 11-fold variation in hk activity resulted in altered root growth, with antisense roots growing better than sense roots. quantification of sugars, organic acids and amino acids in transgenic roots demonstrated that the manipulation of hk activity had very little effect on the intracellular pools of these metabolites. however, adenylate and free pi levels were ne ...201323382859
root exudation of phytochemicals in arabidopsis follows specific patterns that are developmentally programmed and correlate with soil microbial functions.plant roots constantly secrete compounds into the soil to interact with neighboring organisms presumably to gain certain functional advantages at different stages of development. accordingly, it has been hypothesized that the phytochemical composition present in the root exudates changes over the course of the lifespan of a plant. here, root exudates of in vitro grown arabidopsis plants were collected at different developmental stages and analyzed using gc-ms. principle component analysis reveal ...201323383346
trans-specific gene silencing of acetyl-coa carboxylase in a root-parasitic plant.parasitic species of the family orobanchaceae are devastating agricultural pests in many parts of the world. the control of weedy orobanchaceae spp. is challenging, particularly due to the highly coordinated life cycles of the parasite and host plants. although host genetic resistance often provides the foundation of plant pathogen management, few genes that confer resistance to root parasites have been identified and incorporated into crop species. members of the family orobanchaceae acquire wa ...201323383721
structure-function analysis of the gmric1 signal peptide and cle domain required for nodulation control in soybean.legumes control the nitrogen-fixing root nodule symbiosis in response to external and internal stimuli, such as nitrate, and via systemic autoregulation of nodulation (aon). overexpression of the clv3/esr-related (cle) pre-propeptide-encoding genes gmnic1 (nitrate-induced and acting locally) and gmric1 (bradyrhizobium-induced and acting systemically) suppresses soybean nodulation dependent on the activity of the nodulation autoregulation receptor kinase (gmnark). this nodule inhibition response ...201323386683
engineered resistance and hypersusceptibility through functional metabolic studies of 100 genes in soybean to its major pathogen, the soybean cyst nematode.during pathogen attack, the host plant induces genes to ward off the pathogen while the pathogen often produces effector proteins to increase susceptibility of the host. gene expression studies of syncytia formed in soybean root by soybean cyst nematode (heterodera glycines) identified many genes altered in expression in resistant and susceptible roots. however, it is difficult to assess the role and impact of these genes on resistance using gene expression patterns alone. we selected 100 soybea ...201323389673
phosphorylation of hopq1, a type iii effector from pseudomonas syringae, creates a binding site for host 14-3-3 proteins.hopq1 (for hrp outer protein q), a type iii effector secreted by pseudomonas syringae pv phaseolicola, is widely conserved among diverse genera of plant bacteria. it promotes the development of halo blight in common bean (phaseolus vulgaris). however, when this same effector is injected into nicotiana benthamiana cells, it is recognized by the immune system and prevents infection. although the ability to synthesize hopq1 determines host specificity, the role it plays inside plant cells remains u ...201323396834
plant regeneration, genetic fidelity, and active ingredient content of encapsulated hairy roots of picrorhiza kurrooa royle ex benth.among five hairy root lines of picrorhiza kurrooa that were established through agrobacterium rhizogenes, one (h7) was selected for encapsulation due to high accumulation of picrotin and picrotoxinin (8.3 and 47.6 μg/g dw, respectively). re-grown encapsulated roots induced adventitious shoots with 73 % frequency on ms medium supplemented with 0.1 μm 6-benzylaminopurine, following 6 months of storage at 25 °c. regenerated plantlets had 85 % survival after 2 months. regenerants were of similar mor ...201323397268
soybean genetic transformation: a valuable tool for the functional study of genes and the production of agronomically improved plants.transgenic plants represent an invaluable tool for molecular, genetic, biochemical and physiological studies by gene overexpression or silencing, transposon-based mutagenesis, protein sub-cellular localization and/or promoter characterization as well as a breakthrough for breeding programs, allowing the production of novel and genetically diverse genotypes. however, the stable transformation of soybean cannot yet be considered to be routine because it depends on the ability to combine efficient ...201223412849
agrobacterium rhizogenes transformed soybean roots differ in their nodulation and nitrogen fixation response to genistein and salt stress.we evaluated response differences of normal and transformed (so-called 'hairy') roots of soybean (glycine max l. (merr.), cv l17) to the nod-factor inducing isoflavone genistein and salinity by quantifying growth, nodulation, nitrogen fixation and biochemical changes. composite soybean plants were generated using agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation of non-nodulating mutant nod139 (gmnfr5α minus) with complementing a. rhizogenes k599 carrying the wild-type gmnfr5α gene under control ...201323430716
production of pharmaceutical proteins in solanaceae food crops.the benefits of increased safety and cost-effectiveness make vegetable crops appropriate systems for the production and delivery of pharmaceutical proteins. in particular, solanaceae edible crops could be inexpensive biofactories for oral vaccines and other pharmaceutical proteins that can be ingested as minimally processed extracts or as partially purified products. the field of crop plant biotechnology is advancing rapidly due to novel developments in genetic and genomic tools being made avail ...201323434646
proteomic insights into intra- and intercellular plant-bacteria symbiotic association during root nodule formation.over the last several decades, there have been a large number of studies done on the all aspects of legumes and bacteria which participate in nitrogen-fixing symbiosis. the analysis of legume-bacteria interaction is not just a matter of numerical complexity in terms of variants of gene products that can arise from a single gene. bacteria regulate their quorum-sensing genes to enhance their ability to induce conjugation of plasmids and symbiotic islands, and various protein secretion mechanisms; ...201323443347
evolution of land plant genes encoding l-ala-d/l-glu epimerases (aees) via horizontal gene transfer and positive selection.the l-ala-d/l-glu epimerases (aees), a subgroup of the enolase superfamily, catalyze the epimerization of l-ala-d/l-glu and other dipeptides in bacteria and contribute to the metabolism of the murein peptide of peptidoglycan. although lacking in peptidoglycan, land plants possess aee genes that show high similarity to those in bacteria.201323452519
the production of ginsenosides in hairy root cultures of american ginseng, panax quinquefolium l. and their antimicrobial activity.panax quinquefolium, american ginseng, is valued for its triterpene saponins, known as ginsenosides. these constituents possess a number of pharmacological properties and hairy root cultures can synthesize similar saponins to those of field-cultivated roots. the antibacterial activity of extracts from three hairy root clones of p. quinquefolium l. was tested against a range of standard bacterial and yeast strains. the agar diffusion method was used to evaluate inhibition of microbial growth at v ...201223459700
the production of ginsenosides in hairy root cultures of american ginseng, panax quinquefolium l. and their antimicrobial activity.panax quinquefolium, american ginseng, is valued for its triterpene saponins, known as ginsenosides. these constituents possess a number of pharmacological properties and hairy root cultures can synthesize similar saponins to those of field-cultivated roots. the antibacterial activity of extracts from three hairy root clones of p. quinquefolium l. was tested against a range of standard bacterial and yeast strains. the agar diffusion method was used to evaluate inhibition of microbial growth at v ...201223459700
rna interference-mediated repression of s6 kinase 1 impairs root nodule development in soybean.symbiotic nodule formation on legume roots is characterized with a series of developmental reprograming in root tissues, including extensive proliferation of cortical cells. we examined a possible involvement of the target of rapamycin (tor) pathway, a central regulator of cell growth and proliferation in animals and yeasts, during soybean nodule development. our results show that transcription of both gmtor and its key downstream effector, gms6k1, are activated during nodulation, which is paral ...201323475423
review article: the meristem in indeterminate root nodules of faboideae.in this review, the anatomy of indeterminate legume root nodule is briefly summarized. next, the indeterminate nodule meristem activity, organization and cell ultrastructure are described in species with a distinct nodule meristem zonation. finally, the putative primary endogenous factors controlling nodule meristem maintenance are discussed in the context of the well-studied root apical meristem (ram) of arabidopsis thaliana.201223482442
review article: the meristem in indeterminate root nodules of faboideae.in this review, the anatomy of indeterminate legume root nodule is briefly summarized. next, the indeterminate nodule meristem activity, organization and cell ultrastructure are described in species with a distinct nodule meristem zonation. finally, the putative primary endogenous factors controlling nodule meristem maintenance are discussed in the context of the well-studied root apical meristem (ram) of arabidopsis thaliana.201223482442
oligogalacturonides: plant damage-associated molecular patterns and regulators of growth and development.oligogalacturonides (ogs) are oligomers of alpha-1,4-linked galacturonosyl residues released from plant cell walls upon partial degradation of homogalacturonan. ogs are able to elicit defense responses, including accumulation of reactive oxygen species and pathogenesis-related proteins, and protect plants against pathogen infections. recent studies demonstrated that ogs are perceived by wall-associated kinases and share signaling components with microbe-associated molecular patterns. for this re ...201323493833
coupling deep transcriptome analysis with untargeted metabolic profiling in ophiorrhiza pumila to further the understanding of the biosynthesis of the anti-cancer alkaloid camptothecin and anthraquinones.the rubiaceae species, ophiorrhiza pumila, accumulates camptothecin, an anti-cancer alkaloid with a potent dna topoisomerase i inhibitory activity, as well as anthraquinones that are derived from the combination of the isochorismate and hemiterpenoid pathways. the biosynthesis of these secondary products is active in o. pumila hairy roots yet very low in cell suspension culture. deep transcriptome analysis was conducted in o. pumila hairy roots and cell suspension cultures using the illumina pla ...201323503598
recovering complete plant root system architectures from soil via x-ray μ-computed tomography.x-ray micro-computed tomography (μct) offers the ability to visualise the three-dimensional structure of plant roots growing in their natural environment - soil. recovery of root architecture descriptions from x-ray ct data is, however, challenging. the x-ray attenuation values of roots and soil overlap, and the attenuation values of root material vary. any successful root identification method must both explicitly target root material and be able to adapt to local changes in root properties.roo ...201323514198
a chimeric cry8ea1 gene flanked by mars efficiently controls holotrichia parallela.peanuts transformed with the synthetic cry8ea1 gene flanked by mars are a potentially effective control strategy against white grubs. cry8ea1 protein levels of the construct containing mars were increased by 2.5 times. white grubs are now recognized as the most important pests of peanut worldwide. a synthetic cry8ea1 gene, which was toxic to holotrichia parallela larvae, was expressed in chimeric peanut roots using an agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation system. the relative mrna and ...201323535868
rhizobial infection is associated with the development of peripheral vasculature in nodules of medicago truncatula.nodulation in legumes involves the coordination of epidermal infection by rhizobia with cell divisions in the underlying cortex. during nodulation, rhizobia are entrapped within curled root hairs to form an infection pocket. transcellular tubes called infection threads then develop from the pocket and become colonized by rhizobia. the infection thread grows toward the developing nodule primordia and rhizobia are taken up into the nodule cells, where they eventually fix nitrogen. the epidermal an ...201323535942
nodule inception directly targets nf-y subunit genes to regulate essential processes of root nodule development in lotus japonicus.the interactions of legumes with symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria cause the formation of specialized lateral root organs called root nodules. it has been postulated that this root nodule symbiosis system has recruited factors that act in early signaling pathways (common sym genes) partly from the ancestral mycorrhizal symbiosis. however, the origins of factors needed for root nodule organogenesis are largely unknown. nodule inception (nin) is a nodulation-specific gene that encodes a putative ...201323555278
specific subunits of heterotrimeric g proteins play important roles during nodulation in soybean.heterotrimeric g proteins comprising gα, gβ, and gγ subunits regulate many fundamental growth and development processes in all eukaryotes. plants possess a relatively limited number of g-protein components compared with mammalian systems, and their detailed functional characterization has been performed mostly in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) and rice (oryza sativa). however, the presence of single gα and gβ proteins in both these species has significantly undermined the complexity and spec ...201323569109
genetic transformation of eucalyptus.eucalyptus is the second most widely planted multipurpose woody tree species in the world. it is a commercially important hardwood tree for paper and wood industries. in the past two decades, various research groups reported different genetic transformation protocols and attempts towards development of transgenic eucalyptus. much of the work related to its genetic improvement through transgenic technology has been undertaken by private companies that keep the data confidential, patented and ofte ...201123572991
regulatory patterns of a large family of defensin-like genes expressed in nodules of medicago truncatula.root nodules are the symbiotic organ of legumes that house nitrogen-fixing bacteria. many genes are specifically induced in nodules during the interactions between the host plant and symbiotic rhizobia. information regarding the regulation of expression for most of these genes is lacking. one of the largest gene families expressed in the nodules of the model legume medicago truncatula is the nodule cysteine-rich (ncr) group of defensin-like (defl) genes. we used a custom affymetrix microarray to ...201323573247
recent advances in the understanding of agrobacterium rhizogenes-derived genes and their effects on stress resistance and plant metabolism.it is commonly accepted that the plant pathogens agrobacterium rhizogenes and agrobacterium tumefaciens, acting via their t-dna oncogenes, disturb hormone metabolism or hormone perception pathways in plants, thereby attaining their aim of successful pathogenesis. in this work, we summarize recent data on the a. rhizogenes rolc and rolb oncogenes in comparison to the a. tumefaciens 6b oncogene with respect to their effects on the physiology of transformed cells. the newly discovered functions of ...201323576052
ectopic expression of atpad4 broadens resistance of soybean to soybean cyst and root-knot nematodes.the gene encoding pad4 (phytoalexin-deficient4) is required in arabidopsis for expression of several genes involved in the defense response to pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola. atpad4 (arabidopsis thaliana pad4) encodes a lipase-like protein that plays a regulatory role mediating salicylic acid signaling.201323617694
rapid mitochondrial genome evolution through invasion of mobile elements in two closely related species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (amf) are common and important plant symbionts. they have coenocytic hyphae and form multinucleated spores. the nuclear genome of amf is polymorphic and its organization is not well understood, which makes the development of reliable molecular markers challenging. in stark contrast, their mitochondrial genome (mtdna) is homogeneous. to assess the intra- and inter-specific mitochondrial variability in closely related glomus species, we performed 454 sequencing on tota ...201323637766
linum narbonense: a new valuable tool for biotechnological production of a potent anticancer lignan justicidine b.arylnaphthalene lignan justicidin b is a lead compound in the management of bone cancer and osteoclastogenesis. the compound is the main cytotoxic principle of rare medicinal plant linum narbonense l. (linaceae). however, there have been no reports on the bioreactor production of justicidin b.201323661992
antioxidant activity of selected stilbenoids and their bioproduction in hairy root cultures of muscadine grape (vitis rotundifolia michx.).stilbenoids are polyphenolic phytoalexins with health-related properties in humans. muscadine grape ( vitis rotundifolia ) hairy root cultures were established via agrobacterium rhizogenes -mediated transformation, and the effects of growth regulators (3-indolebutyric acid and 6-benzylaminopurine) and methyl jasmonate (meja) on stilbenoid production were studied. twenty-one-day-old hairy root cultures were treated with 100 μm meja for 24 h, and then the stilbenoids were extracted from the medium ...201323668830
an endogenous artificial microrna system for unraveling the function of root endosymbioses related genes in medicago truncatula.legumes have the unique capacity to undergo two important root endosymbioses: the root nodule symbiosis and the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. medicago truncatula is widely used to unravel the functions of genes during these root symbioses. here we describe the development of an artificial microrna (amir)-mediated gene silencing system for m. truncatula roots.201323679580
enhanced morphinan alkaloid production in hairy root cultures of papaver bracteatum by over-expression of salutaridinol 7-o-acetyltransferase gene via agrobacterium rhizogenes mediated transformation.papaver bracteatum is an important medicinal plant valued for its high content of thebaine and an alternative to p. somniferum for benzylisoquinoline alkaloid production. salutaridinol 7-o-acetyltransferase (salat) is a key gene in morphinan alkaloids biosynthesis pathway. over expression of salat gene was used for metabolic engineering in p. bracteatum hairy root cultures. transcript level of the salutaridinol 7-o-acetyltransferase gene in transgenic hairy root lines increased up to 154 and 128 ...201323681746
antioxidant potential of agrobacterium-transformed and non-transformed physalis ixocarpa plants grown in vitro and ex vitro.oxidative stress is involved in pathogenesis of a number of chronic diseases hence is an increasing interest in plant-derived natural antioxidants with respect to their potential health benefits. plants from the genus physalis are particularly rich in secondary metabolites and show significant antioxidant potential. recent development in transgenic research has opened new possibilities for enhanced production of secondary metabolites with plant cell and organ cultures. the hairy root-regenerated ...201223687216
functional implication of β-carotene hydroxylases in soybean nodulation.legume-rhizobium spp. symbiosis requires signaling between the symbiotic partners and differential expression of plant genes during nodule development. previously, we cloned a gene encoding a putative β-carotene hydroxylase (gmbch1) from soybean (glycine max) whose expression increased during nodulation with bradyrhizobium japonicum. in this work, we extended our study to three gmbchs to examine their possible role(s) in nodule development, as they were additionally identified as nodule specific ...201323700351
genotype delimitation in the nod-independent model legume aeschynomene evenia.research on the nitrogen-fixing symbiosis has been so far focused on two model legumes, medicago truncatula and lotus japonicus, which use a sophisticated infection process involving infection thread formation. however, in 25% of the legumes, the bacterial entry occurs more simply in an intercellular fashion. among them, some semi-aquatic aeschynomene species present the distinctive feature to form nitrogen-fixing nodules on both roots and stems following elicitation by photosynthetic bradyrhizo ...201323717496
fatty acid-and retinol-binding protein, mj-far-1 induces tomato host susceptibility to root-knot nematodes.plant-parasitic nematodes produce at least one structurally unique class of small helix-rich retinol- and fatty-acid-binding proteins that have no counterparts in their plant hosts. herein we describe a protein of the plant-parasitic root-knot nematode meloidogyne javanica, which is a member of the nematode-specific fatty-acid- and retinol-binding (mj-far-1) family of proteins. the mj-far-1 mrna was detected through m. javanica pre-parasitic j2s, migratory and sedentary parasitic stages by quant ...201323717636
abcc1, an atp binding cassette protein from grape berry, transports anthocyanidin 3-o-glucosides.accumulation of anthocyanins in the exocarp of red grapevine (vitis vinifera) cultivars is one of several events that characterize the onset of grape berry ripening (véraison). despite our thorough understanding of anthocyanin biosynthesis and regulation, little is known about the molecular aspects of their transport. the participation of atp binding cassette (abc) proteins in vacuolar anthocyanin transport has long been a matter of debate. here, we present biochemical evidence that an abc prote ...201323723325
cell- and tissue-specific transcriptome analyses of medicago truncatula root nodules.legumes have the unique ability to host nitrogen-fixing rhizobium bacteria as symbiosomes inside root nodule cells. to get insight into this key process, which forms the heart of the endosymbiosis, we isolated specific cells/tissues at different stages of symbiosome formation from nodules of the model legume medicago truncatula using laser-capture microdissection. next, we determined their associated expression profiles using affymetrix medicago genechips. cells were collected from the nodule in ...201323734198
disease resistance or growth: the role of plant hormones in balancing immune responses and fitness costs.plant growth and response to environmental cues are largely governed by phytohormones. the plant hormones ethylene, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid (sa) play a central role in the regulation of plant immune responses. in addition, other plant hormones, such as auxins, abscisic acid (aba), cytokinins, gibberellins, and brassinosteroids, that have been thoroughly described to regulate plant development and growth, have recently emerged as key regulators of plant immunity. plant hormones interact ...201323745126
the arabidopsis hp6 gene is expressed in medicago truncatula lateral roots and root nodule primordia.expression patterns of orthologous genes can be similar between distantly related species, suggesting that developmental programs can be conserved between organisms. here, we show that the promoter of ahp6, a gene which is involved in arabidopsis lateral root development, also drives the expression of the reporter gus gene in lateral roots of medicago truncatula suggesting that similar regulatory elements are involved in lateral root organogenesis in these species. interestingly, the ahp6 promot ...201323759550
ectopic expression of mir160 results in auxin hypersensitivity, cytokinin hyposensitivity, and inhibition of symbiotic nodule development in soybean.symbiotic root nodules in leguminous plants result from interaction between the plant and nitrogen-fixing rhizobia bacteria. there are two major types of legume nodules, determinate and indeterminate. determinate nodules do not have a persistent meristem, while indeterminate nodules have a persistent meristem. auxin is thought to play a role in the development of both these types of nodules. however, inhibition of rootward auxin transport at the site of nodule initiation is crucial for the devel ...201323796794
metabolomic analysis and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in hairy root culture of tartary buckwheat cultivars.buckwheat, fagopyrum tataricum gaertn., is an important medicinal plant, which contains several phenolic compounds, including one of the highest content of rutin, a phenolic compound with anti-inflammatory properties. an experiment was conducted to investigate the level of expression of various genes in the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway to analyze in vitro production of anthocyanin and phenolic compounds from hairy root cultures derived from 2 cultivars of tartary buckwheat (hokkai t8 and ...201323799007
a comparison of strategies for multiple-gene co-transformation via hairy root induction.hairy root is a transformed root tissue in which transfer dna (t-dna) is inserted in the genome by agrobacterium rhizogenes. to establish a system for multiple-gene co-transformation in hairy roots, we evaluated four different strategies using a. rhizogenes. the genes gusa and mgfp5 were located in separate plasmids, which were transformed into two different batches of a. rhizogenes (strategy 2ar) or a single batch (strategy 2bv). the two reporter genes were also inserted in one t-dna (strategy ...201323812331
micropropagation of araucaria excelsa r. br. var. glauca carrière from orthotropic stem explants.the objectives of the present work were in vitro propagation of araucaria excelsa r. br. var. glauca carrière (norfolk island pine) with focus on the evaluation of the mean number of shoots per explant (mns/e) and mean length of shoots per explants (mls/e) produced by different parts of the orthotropic stem of a. excelsa r. br. var. glauca in response to plant growth regulators. norfolk island pine axillary meristems responded very well to the 2-iso-pentenyl adenine (2ip) and thidiazuron (tdz) l ...201223814441
transformation of althaea officinalis l. by agrobacterium rhizogenes for the production of transgenic roots expressing the anti-hiv microbicide cyanovirin-n.the marshmallow plant (althaea officinalis l.) has been used for centuries in medicine and other applications. valuable secondary metabolites have previously been identified in agrobacterium rhizogenes-generated transgenic 'hairy' roots in this species. in the present study, transgenic roots were produced in a. officinalis using a. rhizogenes. in addition to wild-type lines, roots expressing the anti-human immunodeficiency virus microbicide candidate, cyanovirin-n (cv-n), were generated. wild-ty ...201323852261
isoflavone production in cyclopia subternata vogel (honeybush) suspension cultures grown in shake flasks and stirred-tank bioreactor.suspension cultures of the endemic south-african plant cyclopia subternata were established for the first time and evaluated for the presence of isoflavones. the influence of light, as well as medium supplementation strategies with phenylalanine, casein hydrolysate and coconut water on biomass growth and isoflavone production were examined. the highest levels of 7-o-β-glucosides of calycosin, pseudobaptigenin and formononetin (275.57, 125.37 and 147.28 mg/100 g dw, respectively) were recorded fo ...201323872960
improvement of agrobacterium-mediated transformation of cucumber (cucumis sativus l.) by combination of vacuum infiltration and co-cultivation on filter paper wicks.an improved method for genetic transformation of cucumber (cucumis sativus l. cv. shinhokusei no. 1) was developed. vacuum infiltration of cotyledonary explants with agrobacterium suspension enhanced the efficiency of agrobacterium infection in the proximal regions of explants. co-cultivation on filter paper wicks suppressed necrosis of explants, leading to increased regeneration efficiency. putative transgenic plants were screened by kanamycin resistance and green fluorescent protein (gfp) fluo ...201223874354
improvement of agrobacterium-mediated transformation of cucumber (cucumis sativus l.) by combination of vacuum infiltration and co-cultivation on filter paper wicks.an improved method for genetic transformation of cucumber (cucumis sativus l. cv. shinhokusei no. 1) was developed. vacuum infiltration of cotyledonary explants with agrobacterium suspension enhanced the efficiency of agrobacterium infection in the proximal regions of explants. co-cultivation on filter paper wicks suppressed necrosis of explants, leading to increased regeneration efficiency. putative transgenic plants were screened by kanamycin resistance and green fluorescent protein (gfp) fluo ...201223874354
molecular characteristics and efficacy of 16d10 sirnas in inhibiting root-knot nematode infection in transgenic grape hairy roots.root-knot nematodes (rkns) infect many annual and perennial crops and are the most devastating soil-born pests in vineyards. to develop a biotech-based solution for controlling rkns in grapes, we evaluated the efficacy of plant-derived rna interference (rnai) silencing of a conserved rkn effector gene, 16d10, for nematode resistance in transgenic grape hairy roots. two hairpin-based silencing constructs, containing a stem sequence of 42 bp (part27-42) or 271 bp (part27-271) of the 16d10 gene, we ...201323874962
in vitro production of alkaloids: factors, approaches, challenges and prospects.the wide diversity of plant secondary metabolites is largely used for the production of various pharmaceutical compounds. in vitro cell tissue or organ culture has been employed as a possible alternative to produce such industrial compounds. tissue culture techniques provide continuous, reliable, and renewable source of valuable plant pharmaceuticals and might be used for the large-scale culture of the plant cells from which these secondary metabolites can be extracted. alkaloids are one of the ...201323922453
a regulatory network-based approach dissects late maturation processes related to the acquisition of desiccation tolerance and longevity of medicago truncatula seeds.in seeds, desiccation tolerance (dt) and the ability to survive the dry state for prolonged periods of time (longevity) are two essential traits for seed quality that are consecutively acquired during maturation. using transcriptomic and metabolomic profiling together with a conditional-dependent network of global transcription interactions, we dissected the maturation events from the end of seed filling to final maturation drying during the last 3 weeks of seed development in medicago truncatul ...201323929721
the in vitro mass-produced model mycorrhizal fungus, rhizophagus irregularis, significantly increases yields of the globally important food security crop cassava.the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis is formed between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (amf) and plant roots. the fungi provide the plant with inorganic phosphate (p). the symbiosis can result in increased plant growth. although most global food crops naturally form this symbiosis, very few studies have shown that their practical application can lead to large-scale increases in food production. application of amf to crops in the tropics is potentially effective for improving yields. however, a main ...201323950975
biotechnological approaches for conservation and improvement of rare and endangered plants of saudi arabia.genetic variation is believed to be a prerequisite for the short-and long-term survival of the plant species in their natural habitat. it depends on many environmental factors which determine the number of alleles on various loci in the genome. therefore, it is important to understand the genetic composition and structure of the rare and endangered plant species from their natural habitat to develop successful management strategies for their conservation. however, rare and endangered plant speci ...201123961155
biotechnological approaches for conservation and improvement of rare and endangered plants of saudi arabia.genetic variation is believed to be a prerequisite for the short-and long-term survival of the plant species in their natural habitat. it depends on many environmental factors which determine the number of alleles on various loci in the genome. therefore, it is important to understand the genetic composition and structure of the rare and endangered plant species from their natural habitat to develop successful management strategies for their conservation. however, rare and endangered plant speci ...201123961155
the production of class iii plant peroxidases in transgenic callus cultures transformed with the rolb gene of agrobacterium rhizogenes.the production of plant peroxidases by plant cell cultures is of great interest because of the potential for industrial applications. we used plant cell cultures overexpressing the rolb gene to produce increased amounts of plant class iii peroxidases. the rolb gene ensured the stable and permanent activation of peroxidase activity in the transformed callus cultures of different plants. in particular, the total peroxidase activity in transformed rubia cordifolia cells was increased 23-86-fold, an ...201323965271
long-term cultured hairy roots of chicory-a rich source of hydroxycinnamates and 8-deoxylactucin glucoside.a 12-year-old hairy root culture of cichorium intybus l., a callus culture of the plant as well as roots and leaves of a wild plant of chicory, and roots of two c. intybus l. var. sativum cultivars were examined in respect of their hydroxycinnamate and sesquiterpene lactone compositions and contents. total phenolics and diphenylpicrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity of the examined plant tissues were also analyzed. the most active in radical scavenging were extracts from the hairy roots and ...201323975347
applying horizontal gene transfer phenomena to enhance non-viral gene therapy.horizontal gene transfer (hgt) is widespread amongst prokaryotes, but eukaryotes tend to be far less promiscuous with their genetic information. however, several examples of hgt from pathogens into eukaryotic cells have been discovered and mimicked to improve non-viral gene delivery techniques. for example, several viral proteins and dna sequences have been used to significantly increase cytoplasmic and nuclear gene delivery. plant genetic engineering is routinely performed with the pathogenic b ...201323994344
gene silencing in medicago truncatula roots using rnai.medicago truncatula is used widely as a model system for studies of root symbioses, interactions with parasitic nematodes and fungal pathogens, as well as studies of development and secondary metabolism. in medicago truncatula as well as other legumes, rna interference (rnai) coupled with agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated root transformation, has been used very successfully for analyses of gene function in roots. one of the major advantages of this approach is the ease and relative speed with wh ...201323996315
[effects of methyl jasmonate on accumulation and release of main tropane alkaloids in liquid cultures of datura stramonium hairy root].to study the effects of methyl jasmonate (mj) on the accumulation and release of main secondary metabolites i. e. scopolamine and hyoscyamine in liquid cultures of datura stramonium hairy roots.201324010283
[effects of aba on tanshinones accumulation of salvia miltiorrhiza hairy root].to study the effects of abscisic acid (aba) on the accumulation of tanshinones in suspension cultures of salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots.201324010312
effects of abscisic acid, gibberellin, ethylene and their interactions on production of phenolic acids in salvia miltiorrhiza bunge hairy roots.salvia miltiorrhiza is one of the most important traditional chinese medicinal plants because of its excellent performance in treating coronary heart disease. phenolic acids mainly including caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid and salvianolic acid b are a group of active ingredients in s. miltiorrhiza. abscisic acid (aba), gibberellin (ga) and ethylene are three important phytohormones. in this study, effects of the three phytohormones and their interactions on phenolic production in s. miltiorrhiza h ...201324023778
identification of an antifungal metabolite produced by a potential biocontrol actinomyces strain a01.actinomyces strain a01 was isolated from soil of a vegetable field in the suburb of beijing, china. according to the morphological, cultural, physiological and biochemical characteristics, and 16s rdna sequence analysis, strain a01 was identified as streptomyces lydicus. in the antimicrobial spectrum test strain a01 presented a stable and strong inhibitory activity against several plant pathogenic fungi such as fusarium oxysporum, botrytis cinerea, monilinia laxa, etc. however, no antibacterial ...200824031293
genetic diversity of rhizobia isolates from amazon soils using cowpea (vigna unguiculata) as trap plant.the aim of this work was to characterize rhizobia isolated from the root nodules of cowpea (vigna unguiculata) plants cultivated in amazon soils samples by means of ardra (amplified rdna restriction analysis) and sequencing analysis, to know their phylogenetic relationships. the 16s rrna gene of rhizobia was amplified by pcr (polymerase chain reaction) using universal primers y1 and y3. the amplification products were analyzed by the restriction enzymes hinfi, mspi and ddei and also sequenced wi ...201224031880
multilocus sequence analysis (mlsa) of bradyrhizobium strains: revealing high diversity of tropical diazotrophic symbiotic bacteria.symbiotic association of several genera of bacteria collectively called as rhizobia and plants belonging to the family leguminosae (=fabaceae) results in the process of biological nitrogen fixation, playing a key role in global n cycling, and also bringing relevant contributions to the agriculture. bradyrhizobium is considered as the ancestral of all nitrogen-fixing rhizobial species, probably originated in the tropics. the genus encompasses a variety of diverse bacteria, but the diversity captu ...201224031882
production of oleanolic acid glycosides by hairy root established cultures of calendula officinalis l.in order to initiate hairy root culture initiation cotyledons and hypocotyls of calendula officinalis l. were infected with agrobacterium rhizogenes strain atcc 15834 or the same strain containing pcambia 1381z vector with β-glucuronidase reporter gene under control of promoter of nik (nematode induced kinase) gene. the efficiency of induction of hairy roots reached 33.8% for cotyledons and 66.6% for hypocotyls together for both transformation experiments. finally, eight control and nine modifie ...201324040627
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