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comparative analysis of different xanthan samples by atomic force microscopy.the polysaccharide xanthan which is produced by the γ-proteobacterium xanthomonas campestris is used as a food thickening agent and rheologic modifier in numerous food, cosmetics and technical applications. its great commercial importance stimulated biotechnological approaches to optimize the xanthan production. by targeted genetic modification the metabolism of xanthomonas can be modified in such a way that the xanthan production efficiency and/or the shear-thickening potency is optimized. usin ...201627919690
molecular functions of xanthomonas type iii effector avrbst and its plant interactors in cell death and defense signaling.xanthomonas effector avrbst interacts with plant defense proteins and triggers cell death and defense response. this review highlights our current understanding of the molecular functions of avrbst and its host interactor proteins. the avrbst protein is a member of a growing family of effector proteins in both plant and animal pathogens. xanthomonas type iii effector avrbst, a member of the yopj/avrrxv family, suppresses plant defense responses in susceptible hosts, but triggers cell death signa ...201727928637
effect of arginine on oligomerization and stability of n-acetylglutamate synthase.n-acetylglutamate synthase (nags; e.c.2.3.1.1) catalyzes the formation of n-acetylglutamate (nag) from acetyl coenzyme a and glutamate. in microorganisms and plants, nag is the first intermediate of the l-arginine biosynthesis; in animals, nag is an allosteric activator of carbamylphosphate synthetase i and iii. in some bacteria bifunctional n-acetylglutamate synthase-kinase (nags-k) catalyzes the first two steps of l-arginine biosynthesis. l-arginine inhibits nags in bacteria, fungi, and plants ...201627934952
non-host resistance induced by the xanthomonas effector xopq is widespread within the genus nicotiana and functionally depends on eds1.most gram-negative plant pathogenic bacteria translocate effector proteins (t3es) directly into plant cells via a conserved type iii secretion system, which is essential for pathogenicity in susceptible plants. in resistant plants, recognition of some t3es is mediated by corresponding resistance (r) genes or r proteins and induces effector triggered immunity (eti) that often results in programmed cell death reactions. the identification of r genes and understanding their evolution/distribution b ...201627965697
characterization of xanthan gum produced from glycerol by a mutant strain xanthomonas campestris cctcc m2015714.xanthan gum was produced by a mutant strain x. campestris cctcc m2015714 with glycerol as the sole carbon source. the monosaccharide composition and molar ratio of xanthan gum produced from glycerol are glucose: mannose: glucuronic acid=2.0:1.65:1.0. meanwhile, chemical structure of xanthan gum produced from glycerol is similar to that of the commercial xanthan through ft-ir and nmr. remarkably, the molecular weight of xanthan gum produced using our method (3.0±0.14×10(6)da) is about half that o ...201727987957
the use of stable and unstable green fluorescent proteins for studies in two bacterial models: agrobacterium tumefaciens and xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris.fluorescent proteins have been used to track plant pathogens to understand their host interactions. to be useful, the transgenic pathogens must present similar behaviour than the wild-type isolates. herein, a gfp marker was used to transform two plant pathogenic bacteria, agrobacterium and xanthomonas, to localize and track the bacteria during infection. the transgenic bacteria were evaluated to determine whether they showed the same fitness than the wild-type strains or whether the expression o ...201627995281
two-component signaling system vgrrs directly senses extracytoplasmic and intracellular iron to control bacterial adaptation under iron depleted stress.both iron starvation and excess are detrimental to cellular life, especially for animal and plant pathogens since they always live in iron-limited environments produced by host immune responses. however, how organisms sense and respond to iron is incompletely understood. herein, we reveal that in the phytopathogenic bacterium xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, vgrs (also named cols) is a membrane-bound receptor histidine kinase that senses extracytoplasmic iron limitation in the periplasm, w ...201628036380
the pseudomonas putida t6ss is a plant warden against phytopathogens.bacterial type vi secretion systems (t6sss) are molecular weapons designed to deliver toxic effectors into prey cells. these nanomachines have an important role in inter-bacterial competition and provide advantages to t6ss active strains in polymicrobial environments. here we analyze the genome of the biocontrol agent pseudomonas putida kt2440 and identify three t6ss gene clusters (k1-, k2- and k3-t6ss). besides, 10 t6ss effector-immunity pairs were found, including putative nucleases and pore-f ...201728045455
physicochemical and antimicrobial properties of copaiba oil: implications on product quality control.the copaiba oil is a common natural product used in cosmetic industry and as a nutraceutical product. however, lack of quality control and scarce knowledge about its antimicrobial activity is a point of concern. the proposal of this study was to investigate the physicochemical properties and the antimicrobial activity of five commercial brands of copaiba oil.201728068029
correction for ryan et al., cell-cell signal-dependent dynamic interactions between hd-gyp and ggdef domain proteins mediate virulence in xanthomonas campestris. 201728137834
inducible expression of bs2 r gene from capsicum chacoense in sweet orange (citrus sinensis l. osbeck) confers enhanced resistance to citrus canker disease.transgenic expression of the pepper bs2 gene confers resistance to xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (xcv) pathogenic strains which contain the avrbs2 avirulence gene in susceptible pepper and tomato varieties. the avrbs2 gene is highly conserved among members of the xanthomonas genus, and the avrbs2 of xcv shares 96% homology with the avrbs2 of xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (xcc), the causal agent of citrus canker disease. a previous study showed that the transient expression of pepper bs ...201728155188
microbial interactions in the phyllosphere increase plant performance under herbivore biotic stress.the phyllosphere supports a tremendous diversity of microbes and other organisms. however, little is known about the colonization and survival of pathogenic and beneficial bacteria alone or together in the phyllosphere across the whole plant life-cycle under herbivory, which hinders our ability to understand the role of phyllosphere bacteria on plant performance. we addressed these questions in experiments using four genetically and biogeographically diverse accessions of arabidopsis thaliana, t ...201728163703
immunity at cauliflower hydathodes controls infection by xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris.hydathodes are water pores found on leaves of a wide range of vascular plants and are the sites of guttation. we report here on the detailed anatomy of cauliflower and arabidopsis hydathodes. hydathode surface presents pores resembling stomata giving access to large cavities. beneath, the epithem is composed of a lacunar and highly vascularized parenchyma offering a direct connection between leaf surface and xylem vessels. arabidopsis hydathode pores were responsive to aba and light similar to s ...201728184011
identification of a novel type iii secretion-associated outer membrane-bound protein from xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris.many bacterial pathogens employ the type iii secretion system (t3ss) to translocate effector proteins into eukaryotic cells to overcome host defenses. to date, most of our knowledge about the t3ss molecular architecture comes from the studies on animal pathogens. in plant pathogens, nine hrc proteins are believed to be structural components of the t3ss, of which hrcc and hrcj form the outer and inner rings of the t3ss, respectively. here, we demonstrated that a novel outer membrane-bound protein ...201728198457
active multi-enzyme assemblies for long-chain olefinic hydrocarbon biosynthesis.bacteria from different phyla produce long-chain olefinic hydrocarbons derived from an olea-catalyzed claisen condensation of two fatty acyl-coa substrates, followed by reduction and oxygen elimination reactions catalyzed by the proteins oleb, olec, and oled. in this report, olea, oleb, olec, and oled were individually purified as soluble proteins, and all were found to be essential for reconstituting hydrocarbon biosynthesis. recombinant co-expression of tagged oleabcd proteins from xanthomonas ...201728223313
synthetic investigation, physicochemical characterization and antibacterial evaluation of ternary bi(iii) systems with hydroxycarboxylic acid and aromatic chelator substrates.due to its physical and chemical properties, bismuth (bi(iii)) is widely used in the treatment of several gastrointestinal and skin diseases, and infections caused by bacteria. herein, its known antimicrobial potential was taken into consideration in the synthesis of two new hybrid ternary materials of bi(iii) with the physiological α-hydroxycarboxylic glycolic acid and 1,10-phenanthroline (phen), [bi2(c2h2o3)2(c2h3o3)(no3)]n(.) nh2o (1) and [bi(c12h8n2)(no3)4](c10h8n4) (2), aiming at improving ...201728231455
the expanding role of type ii secretion in bacterial pathogenesis and beyond.type ii secretion (t2s) is one means by which gram-negative pathogens secrete proteins into the extracellular milieu and/or host organisms. based upon recent genome sequencing, it is clear that t2s is largely restricted to the proteobacteria, occurring in many, but not all genera in the α-, β-, γ-, and δ- classes. prominent human and/or animal pathogens that express a t2s system(s) include acinetobacter baumannii, burkholderia pseudomallei, chlamydia trachomatis, escherichia coli, klebsiella pne ...201728264910
high production of xanthan gum by a glycerol-tolerant strain xanthomonas campestris wxlb-006.the superior properties of xanthan gum make it an industrial aginomoto used in many industries, especially in oil recovery. in the present work, xanthan production from glycerol by a mutant strain xanthomonas campestris wxlb-006 reached as high as 17.8 g/l in flask culture. with the adoption of ph control, varied aeration and agitation, and varied glycerol feeding strategy, xanthan production reached 33.9 g/l in a 7-l fermenter and fermentation time decreased to 60 hr. instead of difficultly and ...201728267413
erratum: proteomics analysis of the regulatory role of rpf/dsf cell-to-cell signaling system in the virulence of xanthomonas campestris. 201728301313
growth of bacterial phytopathogens in animal manures.animal manures are routinely applied to agricultural lands to improve crop yield, but the possibility to spread bacterial phytopathogens through field fertilization has not been considered yet. we monitored 49 cattle, horse, swine, sheep or chicken manure samples collected in 14 polish voivodeships for the most important plant pathogenic bacteria - ralstonia solanacearum (rsol), xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (xcc), pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (pcc), pectobacterium atros ...201728319994
identification of genes associated with black rot resistance in cabbage through suppression subtractive hybridization.the suppression subtractive hybridization was employed to elucidate the resistance mechanism in brassica oleracea var. capitata upon infection with xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. a cdna library was constructed enriched in differentially expressed transcripts in the resistant cultivar pusa mukta. a total of 150 unigenes were classified into five functional categories. the present study indicates that the defense-related unigenes accounted for the 35 % of the total unigenes studied. confir ...201528324416
fatty acid dsf binds and allosterically activates histidine kinase rpfc of phytopathogenic bacterium xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris to regulate quorum-sensing and virulence.as well as their importance to nutrition, fatty acids (fa) represent a unique group of quorum sensing chemicals that modulate the behavior of bacterial population in virulence. however, the way in which full-length, membrane-bound receptors biochemically detect fa remains unclear. here, we provide genetic, enzymological and biophysical evidences to demonstrate that in the phytopathogenic bacterium xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, a medium-chain fa diffusible signal factor (dsf) binds direc ...201728369120
functional characterization and transcriptional analysis of icd2 gene encoding an isocitrate dehydrogenase of xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris.isocitrate dehydrogenase (idh) catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate. in the genome of xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, the phytopathogen that causes black rot in cruciferous plants, two putative idh genes, icd1 and icd2, have been annotated. their physiological roles in x. campestris pv. campestris are unclear. in this study, the icd2 gene from x. campestris pv. campestris was characterized in detail. we demonstrated genetically that icd2 gene encode ...201728378142
internalisation of escherichia coli o157:h7 gfp+ in rocket and swiss chard baby leaves as affected by abiotic and biotic damage.internalisation of human pathogens in edible parts of vegetables eaten raw is a major concern, since once internalised they are protected from sanitising treatments. in this study, we examined invasion of gfp-labelled e. coli o157:h7 into intact and biotically (infection with xanthomonas campestris/pseudomonas syringae) and abiotically (grating with silicon carbide) damaged leaves of wild rocket (diplotaxis tenuifolia) and swiss chard (beta vulgaris subsp. cicla) using laser scanning confocal mi ...201728397273
retraction statement: dynamic complex formation between hd-gyp, ggdef and pilz domain proteins regulates motility in xanthomonas campestris.the following article from molecular microbiology (2012) 86(3), 557-567, 'dynamic complex formation between hd-gyp, ggdef and pilz domain proteins regulates motility in xanthomonas campestris' by robert p. ryan, yvonne mccarthy, patrick a. kiely, rosemary o'connor, chuck s. farah, judith p. armitage and j. maxwell dow published online in wiley online library (wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been retracted by agreement between the authors, the journal editor-in-chief, john d helmann, and john wiley ...201728421674
dissecting virulence function from recognition: cell death suppression in nicotiana benthamiana by xopq/hopq1-family effectors relies on eds1-dependent immunity.many gram-negative plant pathogenic bacteria express effector proteins of the xopq/hopq1 family which are translocated into plant cells via the type iii secretion system during infection. in nicotiana benthamiana, recognition of xopq/hopq1 proteins induces an effector-triggered immunity (eti) reaction which is not associated with strong cell death but renders plants immune against pseudomonas syringae and xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria strains. additionally, xopq suppresses cell death in ...201728423458
differential accumulation of xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris proteins during the interaction with the host plant: contributions of an in vivo system.xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (xcc) is the causal agent of black rot, a highly destructive disease that affects all brassicas. this work aimed to study the interaction xcc-brassica oleracea using an in vivo system in an attempt to identify proteins involved in pathogenicity. we used label-free shotgun 2d-nanouplc/ms(e) to analyze xcc proteins in three conditions: in the interaction with susceptible (rek) and resistant (reu) plants and in culture medium (control condition). a model of xcc ...201728471538
cyclic di-gmp signalling in the virulence and environmental adaptation of xanthomonas campestris. 201728493340
time-resolved energetics of photoprocesses in prokaryotic phytochrome-related photoreceptors.time-resolved photoacoustics (pa) is uniquely able to explore the energy landscape of photoactive proteins and concomitantly detects light-induced volumetric changes (δv) accompanying the formation and decay of transient species in a time window between ca. 20 ns and 5 μs. here, we report pa measurements on diverse photochromic bilin-binding photoreceptors of prokaryotic origin: (1) the chromophore-binding gaf3 domain of the red (r)/green (g) switching cyanobacteriochrome 1393 (slr1393g3) from s ...201728500712
1-methoxypyrrole-2-carboxamide-a new pyrrole compound isolated from streptomyces griseocarneus sww368.a new pyrrole compound, 1-methoxypyrrole-2-carboxamide, was obtained from a culture broth of streptomyces griseocarneus sww368, which was isolated from the rhizospheric soil under a para rubber tree (hevea brasiliensis). the chemical structure was elucidated by 1d nmr, 2d nmr, and ms, as a pyrrole ring with a n-methoxy group and a primary amide group. it exhibited antibacterial properties against kocuria rhizophila, staphylococcus aureus and xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae; however, cytotoxici ...201728502957
refined annotation of the complete genome of the phytopathogenic and xanthan producing xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris strain b100 based on rna sequence data.bioinformatics tools and gene expression data were applied to identify new genes and to enhance the accuracy in genomic feature predictions for xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (xcc) b100, a pathogen of cruciferous plants and model strain for the biosynthesis of xanthan, a polysaccharide with a multitude of commercial applications as a thickening agent. results from 5'-enriched end rna sequencing (rna-seq) and total transcriptome rna-seq experiments were used for this purpose. functional ge ...201728506932
functional roles of the pepper leucine-rich repeat protein and its interactions with pathogenesis-related and hypersensitive-induced proteins in plant cell death and immunity.pepper leucine-rich repeat protein (calrr1) interacts with defense response proteins to regulate plant cell death and immunity. this review highlights the current understanding of the molecular functions of calrr1 and its interactor proteins. plant cell death and immune responses to microbial pathogens are controlled by complex and tightly regulated molecular signaling networks. xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (xcv)-inducible pepper (capsicum annuum) leucine-rich repeat protein 1 (calrr1) ...201728508261
an essential regulatory system originating from polygenic transcriptional rewiring of phop-phoq of xanthomonas campestris.how essential, regulatory genes originate and evolve is intriguing because mutations of these genes not only lead to lethality in organisms, but also have pleiotropic effects since they control the expression of multiple downstream genes. therefore, the evolution of essential, regulatory genes is not only determined by genetic variations of their own sequences, but also by the biological function of downstream genes and molecular mechanisms of regulation. to understand the origin of essential, r ...201728550013
an efficient approach to explore and discriminate anomalous regions in bacterial genomes based on maximum entropy.recently, there has been an increase in the number of whole bacterial genomes sequenced, mainly due to the advancing of next-generation sequencing technologies. in face of this, there is a need to provide new analytical alternatives that can follow this advance. given our current knowledge about the genomic plasticity of bacteria and that those genomic regions can uncover important features about this microorganism, our goal was to develop a fast methodology based on maximum entropy (me) to guid ...201728570142
a robust protocol for the isolation of cellular proteins from xanthomonas campestris to analyze the effect of methionine on xanthan production in 2d-gel experiments.two-dimensional page (2d-page) is a key technique for the separation of complex protein samples to survey the protein inventory of prokaryotic microorganisms. although the preparation of proteins is a critical step in 2d gel experiments, its effect on the outcome of proteome data is often underestimated. in this work, we show that the choice of protein isolation method can have a profound impact on the quality of 2d gels of protein extracts from prokaryotes. based on xanthomonas campestris, a co ...201728605028
analysis of the zar1 immune complex reveals determinants for immunity and molecular interactions.plants depend on innate immunity to prevent disease. plant pathogenic bacteria, like pseudomonas syringae and xanthomonas campestris, use the type iii secretion system as a molecular syringe to inject type iii secreted effector (t3se) proteins in plants. the primary function of most t3ses is to suppress immunity; however, the plant can evolve nucleotide-binding domain-leucine-rich repeat domain-containing proteins to recognize specific t3ses. the atzar1 nlr induces strong defense responses again ...201728652264
screening of leaves extracts from calamus aromaticus for their antimicrobial activity by disc diffusion assay.the current research investigates the anti-microbial activities of different solvent extracted samples from the leaves of calamus aromaticus against gram positive, gram negative bacteria and fungi using 500, 1000 and 2000 μg disc(-1) concentrations. escherichia coli, citorbacter freundii and candida albicans showed resistivity to crude methanolic extract and the same microbes were more susceptible to water extracted fractions. maximum activity was measured by hexane extracted fractions against p ...201728653924
xc_0531 encodes a c-type cytochrome biogenesis protein and is required for pathogenesis in xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris.the phytopathogenic xanthomonas campestris pv.campestris is a gram-negative bacterium and the causal agent of black-rot disease of cruciferous crops. many gram-negative bacteria possess a family of proteins, called dsbs, which are involved in disulfide bond formation in certain periplasmic proteins. in our preliminary screening of the virulence to the plants we identified that gene xc_0531 which annotated gene dsbd of xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (xcc) is related to the virulence to the ...201728655353
xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum: a major constraint to banana, plantain and enset production in central and east africa over the past decade.taxonomy: bacteria; phylum proteobacteria; class gammaproteobacteria; order xanthomonadales; family xanthomonadaceae; genus xanthomonas; currently classified as x. campestris pv. musacearum (xcm). however, fatty acid methyl esters analysis, genetic and genomic evidence suggest that this pathogen is x. vasicola and resides in a separate pathovar. isolation and detection: xcm can be isolated on yeast peptone glucose agar (ypga), cellobiose cephalexin agar and yeast tryptone sucrose agar (ytsa) com ...201728677256
hpab-dependent secretion of type iii effectors in the plant pathogens ralstonia solanacearum and xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria.plant pathogenic bacteria exerts their pathogenicity through the injection of large repertoires of type iii effectors (t3es) into plant cells, a mechanism controlled in part by type iii chaperones (t3cs). in ralstonia solanacearum, the causal agent of bacterial wilt, little is known about the control of type iii secretion at the post-translational level. here, we provide evidence that the hpab and hpad proteins do act as bona fide r. solanacearum class ib chaperones that associate with several t ...201728687734
xanthan gum production using jackfruit-seed-powder-based medium: optimization and characterization.xanthan gum (xg) production by xanthomonas campestris ncim 2961 using jackfruit seed powder (jsp) as a novel substrate was reported. central composite design (ccd) of response surface method (rsm) was used to evaluate the linear and interaction effects of five medium variables (jsp, peptone, citric acid, k2hpo4 and kh2po4) for xg production. maximum xg production (51.62 g/l) was observed at the optimum level of jsp (4 g/l), peptone (0.93 g/l), citric acid (0.26 g/l), k2hpo4 (1.29 g/l) and kh2po4 ...201728711983
genetically engineered bananas resistant to xanthomonas wilt disease and nematodes.banana is an important staple food crop feeding more than 100 million africans, but is subject to severe productivity constraints due to a range of pests and diseases. banana xanthomonas wilt caused by xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum is capable of entirely destroying a plantation while nematodes can cause losses up to 50% and increase susceptibility to other pests and diseases. development of improved varieties of banana is fundamental in order to tackle these challenges. however, the ster ...201728713567
combined biotic stresses trigger similar transcriptomic responses but contrasting resistance against a chewing herbivore in brassica nigra.in nature, plants are frequently exposed to simultaneous biotic stresses that activate distinct and often antagonistic defense signaling pathways. how plants integrate this information and whether they prioritize one stress over the other is not well understood.201728716054
chloroplast redox status modulates genome-wide plant responses during the non-host interaction of tobacco with the hemibiotrophic bacterium xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria.non-host resistance is the most ample and durable form of plant resistance against pathogen infection. it includes induction of defense-associated genes, massive metabolic reprogramming, and in many instances, a form of localized cell death (lcd) at the site of infection, purportedly designed to limit the spread of biotrophic and hemibiotrophic microorganisms. reactive oxygen species (ros) have been proposed to act as signals for lcd orchestration. they are produced in various cellular compartme ...201728725231
direct quantitative evaluation of disease symptoms on living plant leaves growing under natural light.leaf color is an important indicator when evaluating plant growth and responses to biotic/abiotic stress. acquisition of images by digital cameras allows analysis and long-term storage of the acquired images. however, under field conditions, where light intensity can fluctuate and other factors (shade, reflection, and background, etc.) vary, stable and reproducible measurement and quantification of leaf color are hard to achieve. digital scanners provide fixed conditions for obtaining image data ...201728744185
introgression of black rot resistance from brassica carinata to cauliflower (brassica oleracea botrytis group) through embryo rescue.black rot caused by xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (xcc) is a very important disease of cauliflower (brassica oleracea botrytis group) resulting into 10-50% yield losses every year. since there is a dearth of availability of resistance to black rot disease in b. oleracea (c genome), therefore exploration of a and b genomes was inevitable as they have been reported to be potential reservoirs of gene(s) for resistance to black rot. to utilize these sources, interspecific hybrid and backcros ...201728769959
the type iii secretion chaperone hpab controls the translocation of effector and non-effector proteins from xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria.pathogenicity of the gram-negative bacterium xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria depends on a type iii secretion (t3s) system, which translocates effector proteins into plant cells. effector proteins contain n-terminal t3s and translocation signals and interact with the t3s chaperone hpab, which presumably escorts effectors to the secretion apparatus. the molecular mechanisms underlying the recognition of effectors by the t3s system are not yet understood. in the present study, we analysed t3 ...201728771395
retraction for ryan et al., cell-cell signaling in xanthomonas campestris involves an hd-gyp domain protein that functions in cyclic di-gmp turnover. 201728784774
bacterial diseases of bananas and enset: current state of knowledge and integrated approaches toward sustainable management.bacterial diseases of bananas and enset have not received, until recently, an equal amount of attention compared to other major threats to banana production such as the fungal diseases black leaf streak (mycosphaerella fijiensis) and fusarium wilt (fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense). however, bacteria cause significant impacts on bananas globally and management practices are not always well known or adopted by farmers. bacterial diseases in bananas and enset can be divided into three groups: (1) ...201728785275
systems and synthetic biology perspective of the versatile plant-pathogenic and polysaccharide-producing bacterium xanthomonas campestris.bacteria of the genus xanthomonas are a major group of plant pathogens. they are hazardous to important crops and closely related to human pathogens. being collectively a major focus of molecular phytopathology, an increasing number of diverse and intricate mechanisms are emerging by which they communicate, interfere with host signalling and keep competition at bay. interestingly, they are also biotechnologically relevant polysaccharide producers. systems biotechnology techniques have revealed t ...201728795660
loss of chloroplast localized protein phosphatase 2cs in arabidopsis thaliana leads to enhancement of the plant immunity and resistance to xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris infection.protein phosphatases (pps) counteract kinases in reversible phosphorylation events during numerous signal transduction pathways in eukaryotes. pp2cs, one of the four major classes of serine/threonine specific pps family is greatly expanded in plants. thus pp2c is thought to have a specific role in a signal transduction pathway. some rice pp2cs classified to subgroup k were responsive to the infection by the compatible xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, the causal agent of bacterial blight. in a. tha ...201728815858
xcc2366, a gene encoding a putative tetr family transcriptional regulator, is required for acriflavin resistance and virulence of xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris.xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (xcc) is the phytopathogen that causes black rot disease in cruciferous plants. the xcc2366 gene product is annotated as a protein belonging to the tetr family of transcriptional regulators. in this study, we evaluated the function and expression of the xcc2366 gene. mutational analysis demonstrated that xcc2366 is involved in the resistance to acriflavin and is necessary for virulence in xcc. in addition, the xcc2366 transcription initiation site was mapped ...201728821943
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