Publications

the pto kinase conferring resistance to tomato bacterial speck disease interacts with proteins that bind a cis-element of pathogenesis-related genes.	in tomato, the pto kinase confers resistance to bacterial speck disease by recognizing the expression of a corresponding avirulence gene, avrpto, in the pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. using the yeast two-hybrid system, we have identified three genes, pti4, pti5 and pti6, that encode proteins that physically interact with the pto kinase. pti4/5/6 each encode a protein with characteristics that are typical of transcription factors and are similar to the tobacco ethylene-responsive eleme ...	1997	9214637
[the properties of the proteins and nucleic acids of 3 pseudomonas syringae phages].	the 9b, 123, 788/8 pseudomonas syringae phages were investigated. paag electrophoretic profiles of phage proteins were identical for all three phages except the minor polypeptide having molecular weight 35,000 da. the band corresponding to this protein was present only in 9b and 788/8 phage protein profiles. amino acid composition of phage proteins varied insignificantly showing prevalence of asp, glu, ala, leu. phage dna fragments electrophoresis, carried out after processing with specific endo ...	1997	9480014
evidence that the pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae hrp-linked hrma gene encodes an avr-like protein that acts in an hrp-dependent manner within tobacco cells.	a 25-kb dna region, previously cloned from pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae 61 in cosmid phir11, enables nonpathogenic bacteria such as pseudomonas fluorescens and escherichia coli to elicit the hypersensitive response (hr) in tobacco (nicotiana tabacum). hrma is located within this region, adjacent to a conserved cluster of hrp genes, and is essential for nonpathogens to elicit the hr. dna sequence analysis suggested that hrma was the second of two genes in an operon and was preceded by an ope ...	1997	9204563
the presence of hrp genes on the pathogenicity-associated plasmid of the tumorigenic bacterium erwinia herbicola pv. gypsophilae.	the pathogenicity-associated plasmid (ppath) of erwinia herbicola pv. gypsophilae (ehg), which is present only in pathogenic strains, contains a gene cluster encoding indole-3-acetic acid and cytokinin biosynthesis. the transposon-reporter tn3-spice was used to generate nonpathogenic mutants on two overlapping cosmids, pla150 and pla352, of the ppath. a cluster of such mutations, which spanned 16 kb, mapped approximately 15 kb from the gene cluster involved in phytohormone biosynthesis. non-path ...	1997	9204571
hctr1: a human gene for copper uptake identified by complementation in yeast.	the molecular mechanisms responsible for the cellular uptake of copper in mammalian cells are unknown. we describe isolation of a human gene involved in this process by complementation of the yeast high-affinity copper uptake mutant, ctr1. besides complementing ctr1 growth defect on nonfermentable media, the human gene also rescues iron transport and sod1 defects in ctr1 yeast. overexpression of the gene in yeast leads to vulnerability to the toxicity of copper overload. in addition, its express ...	1997	9207117
analysis of the syrp gene, which regulates syringomycin synthesis by pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae.	syringomycin is a lipodepsinonapeptide phytotoxin synthesized by pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae on multienzymatic peptide synthetases. sequence analysis of the interval between the syrb and syrd genes of p. syringae pv. syringae strain b301d revealed a 1,059-bp open reading frame (orf), designated syrp. the predicted product of this orf was a 39.6-kda protein consisting of 353 amino acid residues. searches of protein sequence databases demonstrated that syrp was most similar to histidine kina ...	1997	9212424
enhanced tolerance to bacterial pathogens caused by the transgenic expression of barley lipid transfer protein ltp2.	purified lipid transfer protein ltp2 from barley applied on tobacco leaves eliminated symptoms caused by infiltration of pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci 153. growth of the pathogen in leaves of transgenic tobacco plants was retarded when compared with non-transformed controls. the percentage of inoculation points that showed necrotic lesions was greatly reduced in transgenic tobacco (17-38% versus 78%) and the average size of these lesions was 61-81% that of control. the average total lesion are ...	1997	9351251
sequencing of regions downstream of adda (98 degrees) and citg (289 degrees) in bacillus subtilis.	the nucleotide sequence of 17.3 kbp downstream of adda (98 degrees) on the bacillus subtilis chromosome was determined. twenty putative orfs were identified. three of them coincided with known b. subtilis genes, adda, sbcd and wpra. the product of four other orfs showed similarity to sbcc of clostridium perfringens, coth of b. subtilis, 2-hydroxyhepta-2,4-diene-1,7-diodate isomerase of methanococcus jannaschi and a putative orf of pseudomonas syringae. in addition, a sequence of 7.6 kbp downstre ...	1997	9353931
specific binding of the syringolide elicitors to a soluble protein fraction from soybean leaves.	syringolides are glycolipid elicitors produced by gram-negative bacteria expressing pseudomonas syringae avirulence gene d. the syringolides mediate gene-for-gene complementarity, inducing the hypersensitive response only in soybean plants carrying the rpg4 disease resistance gene. a site(s) for 125i-syringolide 1 was detected in the soluble protein fraction from soybean leaves, but no evidence for ligand-specific binding to the microsomal fraction was obtained. the kd value for syringolide 1 bi ...	1997	12237390
gene-expression patterns and levels of jasmonic acid in rice treated with the resistance inducer 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid.	acquired disease resistance can be induced in rice (oryza sativa) by a number of synthetic or natural compounds, but the molecular mechanisms behind the phenomenon are poorly understood. one of the synthetic inducers of resistance, 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (ina), efficiently protected rice leaves from infection by the rice blast fungus magnaporthe grisea (hebert) barr. a comparison of gene-expression patterns in plants treated with ina versus plants inoculated with the compatible pathogen m ...	1997	12223792
observations of ice nucleation and propagation in plants using infrared video thermography.	we evaluated the use of infrared (ir) video thermography to observe directly ice nucleation and propagation in plants. an imaging radiometer with an hgcdte long-wave (8-12 [mu]m) detector was utilized to image the thermal response of plants during freezing. ir images were analyzed in real time and recorded on videotape. information on the videotape was subsequently accessed and analyzed utilizing ir image analysis software. freezing of water droplets as small as 0.5 [mu]l was clearly detectable ...	1997	12223611
salicylic acid is needed in hypersensitive cell death in soybean but does not act as a catalase inhibitor.	the function of salicylic acid (sa) in hypersensitive cell death was studied in a soybean (glycine max)-pseudomonas syringae pv glycinea system. the infection of cell cultures with bacteria leads to a hypersensitive reaction (hr), which is dependent on an appropriate avirulence gene and on low concentrations of sa. the requirement for sa is essential for a process shortly before the onset of the hr-caused cell death 5 to 6 h after infection with bacteria. sa given 10 to 12 h after infection or p ...	1997	12223807
effects of specific expression of iaal gene in tobacco tapetum on pollen embryogenesis.	the indoleacetic-acid-lysine synthetase (iaal) gene from pseudomonas syringae subsp. savastanoi was fused to tobacco tapetum-specific expression promoter ta29, and introduced into tobacco. the expression pattern of this chimeric gene was studied, and the endogenous indoleacetic acid (iaa) levels in different organs were assayed. the results demonstrated that ta29 promoter was only able to direct the specific expression of iaal gene in transgenic tobacco anther, and resulted in the decrease of en ...	1997	18762878
detection of new ethylene-producing bacteria, pseudomonas syringae pvs. cannabina and sesami, by pcr amplification of genes for the ethylene-forming enzyme.	abstract strains of pseudomonas syringae (78 strains and 43 pathovars) and other strains (79) of plant and insect origin were examined for the presence of the ethylene-forming enzyme gene (efe) by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay. the sequence of the efe gene of p. syringae pv. phaseolicola pk2 was used to design two primer sets for amplification of the gene. in addition to p.syringae pv. phaseolicola (the "kudzu strain") and p.syringae pv. glycinea, which were efficient ethylene producers, ...	1997	18945017
expression of an engineered cecropin gene cassette in transgenic tobacco plants confers disease resistance to pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci.	abstract a chimeric gene fusion cassette, consisting of a secretory sequence from barley alpha-amylase joined to a modified cecropin (mb39) coding sequence and placed under control of the promoter and terminator from the potato proteinase inhibitor ii (piii) gene, was introduced into tobacco by agrobacterium-mediated transformation. transgenic and control plants reacted differently when inoculated with tobacco wildfire pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci at various cell concentrations. with ...	1997	18945103
elicitor-stimulated ion fluxes and o2- from the oxidative burst are essential components in triggering defense gene activation and phytoalexin synthesis in parsley.	fungal elicitor stimulates a multicomponent defense response in cultured parsley cells (petroselinum crispum). early elements of this receptor-mediated response are ion fluxes across the plasma membrane and the production of reactive oxygen species (ros), sequentially followed by defense gene activation and phytoalexin accumulation. omission of ca2+ from the culture medium or inhibition of elicitor-stimulated ion fluxes by ion channel blockers prevented the latter three reactions, all of which w ...	1997	9114072
organization of an arabidopsis thaliana gene cluster on chromosome 4 including the rps2 gene, in the brassica nigra genome.	genetic and physical maps, consisting of a large number of dna markers for arabidopsis thaliana chromosomes, represent excellent tools to determine the organization of related genomes such as those of brassica. in this paper we report the chromosomal localization and physical analysis by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) of a well-defined gene complex of a. thaliana in the brassica nigra genome (b genome n=8). this complex is approximately 30 kb in length in a. thaliana and contains a clus ...	1998	24710886
syntheses and potato tuber-inducing activity of coronafacic acid analogues.	coronafacic acid (1) is an acid component of coronatine, and has been isolated from several pathovars of pseudomonas syringae. syntheses of c6-non- and c6-alkyl-substituted analogues of 1 were accomplished via intramolecular 1,6-conjugate addition as the key step. among them, 1 and four c6-alkyl-substituted analogues exhibited potato tuber-inducing activity, but the c6-non-substituted analogue did not. it was revealed that a certain length of the c6-alkyl group was necessary to exhibit activity.	1998	27392555
changes in salicylic acid and antioxidants during induced thermotolerance in mustard seedlings	heat-acclimation or salicylic acid (sa) treatments were previously shown to induce thermotolerance in mustard (sinapis alba l.) seedlings from 1.5 to 4 h after treatment. in the present study we investigated changes in endogenous sa and antioxidants in relation to induced thermotolerance. thirty minutes into a 1-h heat-acclimation treatment glucosylated sa had increased 5.5-fold and then declined during the next 6 h. increases in free sa were smaller (2-fold) but significant. changes in antioxid ...	1998	9847121
biosynthesis of camalexin from tryptophan pathway intermediates in cell-suspension cultures of arabidopsis.	camalexin (3-thiazol-2'-yl-indole) is the principal phytoalexin that accumulates in arabidopsis after infection by fungi or bacteria. camalexin accumulation was detectable in arabidopsis cell-suspension cultures 3 to 5 h after inoculation with cochliobolus carbonum (race 1), and then increased rapidly from 7 to 24 h after inoculation. levels of radioactivity incorporated into camalexin during a 1.5-h pulse labeling with [14c]anthranilate also increased with time after fungal inoculation. the lev ...	1998	9847113
ozone sensitivity in hybrid poplar is correlated with a lack of defense-gene activation	ozone is a major gaseous pollutant thought to contribute to forest decline. although the physiological and morphological responses of forest trees to ozone have been well characterized, little is known about the molecular basis for these responses. our studies compared the response to ozone of ozone-sensitive and ozone-tolerant clones of hybrid poplar (populus maximowizii x populus trichocarpa) at the physiological and molecular levels. gas-exchange analyses demonstrated clear differences betwee ...	1998	9847098
rapid reorganization of resistance gene homologues in cereal genomes.	we used conserved domains in the major class (nucleotide binding site plus leucine-rich repeat) of dicot resistance (r) genes to isolate related gene fragments via pcr from the monocot species rice and barley. peptide sequence comparison of dicot r genes and monocot r-like genes revealed shared motifs but provided no evidence for a monocot-specific signature. mapping of these genes in rice and barley showed linkage to genetically characterized r genes and revealed the existence of mixed clusters ...	1998	9419382
the molecular mechanisms responsible for resistance in plant-pathogen interactions of the gene-for-gene type function more broadly than previously imagined.		1998	9707538
parallel changes in h2o2 and catalase during thermotolerance induced by salicylic acid or heat acclimation in mustard seedlings	spraying mustard (sinapis alba l.) seedlings with salicylic acid (sa) solutions between 10 and 500 &mgr;m significantly improved their tolerance to a subsequent heat shock at 55 degreesc for 1.5 h. the effects of sa were concentration dependent, with higher concentrations failing to induce thermotolerance. the time course of thermotolerance induced by 100 &mgr;m sa was similar to that obtained with seedlings acclimated at 45 degreesc for 1 h. we examined the hypothesis that induced thermotoleran ...	1998	9536052
directed changes in the number of double-stranded rna genomic segments in bacteriophage phi6.	bacteriophage phi6 has a genome of three segments of double-stranded rna. the segments are designated s, m, and l. each segment has a unique packaging site, pac, near the 5' end of the plus strand. the plus strands of the segments are normally packaged in the order s, m, l. chimeras of segment m and s in which segment m is at the 5' end of the plus strand can be stably incorporated into the virion; however, an independent segment s must be included along with normal segment l, even if it contain ...	1998	9520468
characterization of a 34-kda soybean binding protein for the syringolide elicitors.	syringolides are water-soluble, low-molecular-weight elicitors that trigger defense responses in soybean cultivars carrying the rpg4 disease-resistance gene but not in rpg4 cultivars. 125i-syringolide 1 previously was shown to bind to a soluble protein(s) in extracts from soybean leaves. a 34-kda protein that accounted for 125i-syringolide 1 binding activity was isolated with a syringolide affinity-gel column. partial sequences of internal peptides of the 34-kda protein were identical to p34, a ...	1998	9501258
the biosynthesis of salicylic acid in potato plants	spraying potato (solanum tuberosum l.) leaves with arachidonic acid (aa) at 1500 &mgr;g ml-1 led to a rapid local synthesis of salicylic acid (sa) and accumulation of a sa conjugate, which was shown to be 2-o-beta-glucopyranosylsalicylic acid. radiolabeling studies with untreated leaves showed that sa was synthesized from phenylalanine and that both cinnamic and benzoic acid were intermediates in the biosynthesis pathway. using radiolabeled phenylalanine as a precursor, the specific activity of ...	1998	9662552
systemin potentiates the oxidative burst in cultured tomato cells	plants that have been wounded by insects or other herbivores may be more susceptible to infection by adventitious microbes. wound-induced signal molecules, which serve to induce responses in the plant that retard further feeding, might also act to prepare a plant for possible pathogen attack. we have examined the effect of a wound-generated systemic messenger (systemin) on a pathogen-stimulated defense-response marker, the oxidative burst. we observed that neither systemin nor its inactive analo ...	1998	9662546
differential expression of a novel gene in response to coronatine, methyl jasmonate, and wounding in the coi1 mutant of arabidopsis.	coronatine is a phytotoxin produced by some plant-pathogenic bacteria. it has been shown that coronatine mimics the action of methyl jasmonate (meja) in plants. meja is a plant-signaling molecule involved in stress responses such as wounding and pathogen attack. in arabidopsis thaliana, meja is essential for pollen grain development. the coi1 (for coronatine-insensitive) mutant of arabidopsis, which is insensitive to coronatine and meja, produces sterile male flowers and shows an altered respons ...	1998	9501136
relationship between co2 assimilation, photosynthetic electron transport, and active o2 metabolism in leaves of maize in the field during periods of low temperature	measurements of the quantum efficiencies of photosynthetic electron transport through photosystem ii (phipsii) and co2 assimilation (phico2) were made simultaneously on leaves of maize (zea mays) crops in the united kingdom during the early growing season, when chilling conditions were experienced. the activities of a range of enzymes involved with scavenging active o2 species and the levels of key antioxidants were also measured. when leaves were exposed to low temperatures during development, ...	1998	9490760
identification of tomato leaf factors that activate toxin gene expression in pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000.	abstract coronatine is a non-host-specific chlorosis-inducing phytotoxin produced by the tomato and crucifer pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000. how the chromosomal gene cluster controlling toxin synthesis in this strain is regulated in planta is unknown. ice nucleation-active cor:inaz marker-exchange derivatives of strain dc3000 were used to determine coronatine gene expression in various host and nonhost plants and in a minimal medium supplemented with selected tomato plant consti ...	1998	18944822
occurrence of indole-3-acetic acid-producing bacteria on pear trees and their association with fruit russet.	abstract a relatively high percentage of epiphytic bacteria on pear leaf and fruit surfaces had the ability to produce indole-3-acetic acid (iaa) in culture media supplemented with tryptophan. while over 50% of the strains produced at least small amounts of iaa in culture, about 25% of the strains exhibited high iaa production as evidenced by both colorimetric and high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of culture supernatants. a majority of the strains that produced high amounts of iaa ...	1998	18944847
mixtures of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria enhance biological control of multiple cucumber pathogens.	abstract plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (pgpr) strains inr7 (bacillus pumilus), gb03 (bacillus subtilis), and me1 (curtobacterium flaccumfaciens) were tested singly and in combinations for biological control against multiple cucumber pathogens. investigations under greenhouse conditions were conducted with three cucumber pathogens-colletotrichum orbiculare (causing anthracnose), pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans (causing angular leaf spot), and erwinia tracheiphila(causing cucurbit wilt ...	1998	18944848
bacterial apical necrosis of mango in southern spain: a disease caused by pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae.	abstract a necrotic bacterial disease of mango trees (mangifera indica) in spain affecting buds, leaves, and stems is described for the first time. necrosis of flower and vegetative buds on commercial trees during winter dormancy was the most destructive symptom of the disease. the apical necrosis is caused by pseudomonas syringae, which was always isolated from mango trees with disease symptoms. of 95 bacterial strains isolated from symptomatic tissues and characterized from 1992 to 1997, over ...	1998	18944933
a conjugative plasmid carrying the efe gene for the ethylene-forming enzyme isolated from pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea.	abstract previous work suggested that the efe gene encoding the ethylene-forming enzyme was present in the plasmids of three pathovars of pseudomonas syringae including glycinea, phaseolicola (kudzu strains), and cannabina. however, no direct evidence to support this assumption had been presented. in the current study, we isolated the conjugative plasmid harboring the efe gene (ethylene plasmid) designated peth2 from p. syringae pv. glycinea maff301683. peth2 was detected by southern blot hybrid ...	1998	18944855
description of the bacterium causing blight of leek as pseudomonas syringae pv. porri (pv. nov.).	abstract forty bacterial strains isolated from leek blight (allium porrum) in france and other countries were studied by conventional biochemical methods, serological reactions, numerical taxonomy, dna-dna hybridization, and ice nucleation activity, as well as by pathogenicity on leek and other host plants. they were compared with reference strains of pseudomonas, mainly pathotype strains of p. syringae pathovars and strains of p. syringae pv. syringae isolated from various host plants including ...	1998	18944892
compost and compost water extract-induced systemic acquired resistance in cucumber and arabidopsis.	abstract a biocontrol agent-fortified compost mix, suppressive to several diseases caused by soilborne plant pathogens, induced systemic acquired resistance (sar) in cucumber against anthracnose caused by colletotrichum orbiculare and in arabidopsis against bacterial speck caused by pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola kd4326. a peat mix conducive to soilborne diseases did not induce sar. the population size of p. syringae pv. maculicola kd4326 was significantly lower in leaves of arabidopsis pla ...	1998	18944926
glucosylation of salicylic acid in nicotiana tabacum cv. xanthi-nc.	abstract salicylic acid (sa) is a key regulatory component of disease resistance in plants. in tobacco mosaic virus (tmv)-inoculated tobacco (nicotiana tabacum cv. xanthi-nc nn genotype), newly synthesized sa is converted primarily to sa 2-o-beta-d-glucoside (sag) and glucosyl salicylate (gs), a relatively minor metabolite. similar patterns in the formation of gs and sag were observed in tobacco inoculated with pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola, suggesting the accumulation of two glucosylate ...	1998	18944942
insertion sequences.	insertion sequences (iss) constitute an important component of most bacterial genomes. over 500 individual iss have been described in the literature to date, and many more are being discovered in the ongoing prokaryotic and eukaryotic genome-sequencing projects. the last 10 years have also seen some striking advances in our understanding of the transposition process itself. not least of these has been the development of various in vitro transposition systems for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic e ...	1998	9729608
replication and control of circular bacterial plasmids.	an essential feature of bacterial plasmids is their ability to replicate as autonomous genetic elements in a controlled way within the host. therefore, they can be used to explore the mechanisms involved in dna replication and to analyze the different strategies that couple dna replication to other critical events in the cell cycle. in this review, we focus on replication and its control in circular plasmids. plasmid replication can be conveniently divided into three stages: initiation, elongati ...	1998	9618448
biology of moderately halophilic aerobic bacteria.	the moderately halophilic heterotrophic aerobic bacteria form a diverse group of microorganisms. the property of halophilism is widespread within the bacterial domain. bacterial halophiles are abundant in environments such as salt lakes, saline soils, and salted food products. most species keep their intracellular ionic concentrations at low levels while synthesizing or accumulating organic solutes to provide osmotic equilibrium of the cytoplasm with the surrounding medium. complex mechanisms of ...	1998	9618450
superoxide dismutase in arabidopsis: an eclectic enzyme family with disparate regulation and protein localization.	a number of environmental stresses can lead to enhanced production of superoxide within plant tissues, and plants are believed to rely on the enzyme superoxide dismutase (sod) to detoxify this reactive oxygen species. we have identified seven cdnas and genes for sod in arabidopsis. these consist of three cuznsods (csd1, csd2, and csd3), three fesods (fsd1, fsd2, and fsd3), and one mnsod (msd1). the chromosomal location of these seven sod genes has been established. to study this enzyme family, a ...	1998	9765550
chlorosis-inducing products from pseudomonas syringae pathovars: new n-coronafacoyl compounds.	liquid cultures of pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strains that also produced the phytotoxin coronatine, were found to have a new chlorosis-inducing activity, not previously described. bioassay-guided fractionation and hplc analysis revealed two new peaks that were chlorosis-inducing on leaves of bean plants. mass spectrometry and nmr analyses of the compounds led to the derivation of their structures as coronafacoyl-l-serine and coronafacoyl-l-threonine, respectively. the amino acid c-2 configu ...	1998	11711068
a race-specific insertion of transposable element is801 in pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola.	the isolation and cloning of a random amplified polymorphic dna-polymerase chain reaction (rapd-pcr) band specific for pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola race 1 allowed us to design a pair of primers that amplify 1.2-kb race 1-specific and 2.7-kb race 2-specific fragments, providing a rapid method for the identification of races by standard pcr methods. restriction analysis revealed identical endonuclease sites in both fragments but the race 2 fragment contains a 1.5-kb insertion, identified ...	1998	9574509
correlation of defense gene induction defects with powdery mildew susceptibility in arabidopsis enhanced disease susceptibility mutants.	we investigated the relative importance of specific arabidopsis thaliana genes in conferring resistance to bacterial versus fungal pathogens. we first developed a pathosystem involving the infection of arabidopsis accession columbia with a virulent isolate of the obligate biotrophic fungal pathogen erysiphe orontii. e. orontii elicited the accumulation of mrnas corresponding to the defense-related genes pr1, bgl2 (pr2), pr5 and gst1, but did not elicit production of the phytoalexin camalexin or ...	1998	9881167
characterization of the rice pathogen-related protein rir1a and regulation of the corresponding gene.	in rice (oryza sativa l.), local acquired resistance against pyricularia oryzae (cav.), the causal agent of rice blast, can be induced by a preinoculation with the non-host pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. we have cloned a cdna (rir1a) and a closely related gene (rir1b) corresponding to transcripts that accumulate in leaf tissue upon inoculation with p. syringae pv. syringae. the cdna encodes a putative 107 amino acid protein, rir1a, that exhibits a putative signal peptide cleavage si ...	1998	9747803
identification of the gene encoding the tryptophan synthase beta-subunit from chlamydomonas reinhardtii.	we report the isolation of a chlamydomonas reinhardtii cdna that encodes the beta-subunit of tryptophan synthase (tsb). this cdna was cloned by functional complementation of a trp-operon-deleted strain of escherichia coli. hybridization analysis indicated that the gene exists in a single copy. the predicted amino acid sequence showed the greatest identity to tsb polypeptides from other photosynthetic organisms. with the goal of identifying mutations in the gene encoding this enzyme, we isolated ...	1998	9625698
closely related plasmid replicons coexisting in the phytopathogen pseudomonas syringae show a mosaic organization of the replication region and altered incompatibility behavior	many pseudomonas syringae strains contain native plasmids that are important for host-pathogen interactions, and most of them contain several coexisting plasmids (ppt23a-like plasmids) that cross-hybridize to replication sequences from ppt23a, which also carries a gene cluster coding for the phytotoxin coronatine in p. syringae pv. tomato pt23. in this study, three functional ppt23a-like replicons were cloned from p. syringae pv. glycinea race 6, suggesting that the compatibility of highly relat ...	1998	9758824
a newly identified regulator is required for virulence and toxin production in pseudomonas syringae.	the genes lema (which we here redesignate gacs) and gaca encode members of a widely conserved two-component regulatory system. in pseudomonas syringae strain b728a, gacs and gaca are required for lesion formation on bean, as well as for the production of protease and the toxin syringomycin. a gene, designated sala, was discovered that restored syringomycin production to a gacs mutant when present on a multiple-copy plasmid. disruption of chromosomal sala resulted in loss of syringomycin producti ...	1998	9663679
successful search for a resistance gene in tomato targeted against a virulence factor of a fungal pathogen.	the interaction between tomato and its fungal pathogen cladosporium fulvum complies with the gene-for-gene system, in which specific recognition of fungal proteins by plant genotypes with matching resistance genes results in host resistance. two proteins, ecp1 and ecp2, secreted by c. fulvum during infection, are required for full virulence of the fungus on tomato. we chose the most important virulence factor, ecp2, for a targeted search for hypersensitive response (hr)-based resistance among a ...	1998	9671796
characterization of the phytopathogen pseudomonas syringae pathovar ribicola ncppb 963.	in 1939, a bacterial spot caused severe defoliation of ribes aureum (golden currant) the causal agent is now recognized as pseudomonas syringae pathovar ribicola. this communication extends the phenotype of the only identified strain of p. syringae pv. ribicola, which is reminiscent of those of other pathovars, and provides a molecular biological characterization. a minimum size of 5.55 mb for the bacterial genome was obtained using pulsed-field electrophoresis. the sds-page outer-membrane profi ...	1998	9785483
physiological diversity of the rhizosphere diazotroph assemblages of selected salt marsh grasses.	rhizosphere diazotroph assemblages of salt marsh grasses are thought to be influenced by host plant species and by a number of porewater geochemical parameters. several geochemical variables can adversely affect plant productivity and spatial distributions, resulting in strong zonation of plant species and growth forms. this geochemically induced stress may also influence the species compositions and distributions of rhizosphere diazotroph assemblages, but little is currently known about these o ...	1998	9797277
pad4 functions upstream from salicylic acid to control defense responses in arabidopsis.	the arabidopsis pad4 gene was previously shown to be required for synthesis of camalexin in response to infection by the virulent bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv maculicola es4326 but not in response to challenge by the non-host fungal pathogen cochliobolus carbonum. in this study, we show that pad4 mutants exhibit defects in defense responses, including camalexin synthesis and pathogenesis-related pr-1 gene expression, when infected by p. s. maculicola es4 326. no such defects were o ...	1998	9634589
role of ergosterol in growth inhibition of saccharomyces cerevisiae by syringomycin e.	the antifungal activity of the lipodepsipeptide syringomycin e from pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae is modulated by sterols. to study the requirement of the predominant fungal sterol, ergosterol, in syringomycin e action, the sterol composition of saccharomyces cerevisiae sterol auxotroph strain fy-14 was modified and sensitivity to syringomycin e examined. cells containing solely ergosterol, cholesterol, beta-sitosterol or stigmasterol were sensitive to syringomycin e with the latter two bein ...	1998	9809422
mutational analysis of the role of nucleoside triphosphatase p4 in the assembly of the rna polymerase complex of bacteriophage phi6.	bacteriophage phi6 is a complex enveloped double-stranded rna virus with a segmented genome and replication strategy quite similar to that of the reoviridae. an in vitro packaging and replication system using purified components is available. the positive-polarity genomic segments are translocated into a preformed polymerase complex (procapsid) particle. this particle is composed of four proteins: the shell-forming protein p1, the rna polymerase p2, and two proteins active in packaging. protein ...	1998	9811745
solution conformation of the pseudomonas syringae msu 16h phytotoxic lipodepsipeptide pseudomycin a determined by computer simulations using distance geometry and molecular dynamics from nmr data.	pseudomycin a is a cyclic lipodepsinonapeptide phytotoxin produced by a strain of the plant pathogenic bacterium pseudomonas syringae. like other members of this family of bacterial metabolites, it is characterised by a fatty acylated cyclic peptide with mixed chirality and lactonic closure. several biological activities of pseudomycin a are lower than those found for some of its congeners, a difference which might depend on the diverse number and distribution of charged residues in the peptide ...	1998	9826192
cyp76c2, an arabidopsis thaliana cytochrome p450 gene expressed during hypersensitive and developmental cell death.	the characterisation of an arabidopsis thaliana cytochrome p450-encoding cdna clone, b72, preferentially expressed during the hypersensitive response (hr) provoked by the bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae pathovar maculicola, is reported. the b72 cdna clone corresponded to the cyp76c2 gene, which belongs to a small multigene family comprising four genes. hr-triggering bacteria harbouring different avirulence genes induced the accumulation of transcripts of this p450 gene. cyp76c2 gene expr ...	1998	9827554
ralstonia solanacearum pectin methylesterase is required for growth on methylated pectin but not for bacterial wilt virulence	ralstonia (pseudomonas) solanacearum causes bacterial wilt, a serious disease of many crop plants. the pathogen produces several extracellular plant cell wall-degrading enzymes, including polygalacturonases (pgs) and pectin methylesterase (pme). pme removes methyl groups from pectin, thereby facilitating subsequent breakdown of this cell wall component by pgs, which are known bacterial wilt virulence factors. r. solanacearum pgs could not degrade 93% methylated pectin unless the substrate was fi ...	1998	9835583
cloning of genes by mrna differential display induced during the hypersensitive reaction of soybean after inoculation with pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea.	soybean (glycine max [l.] merr.) cell suspension cultures (cv. williams 82) inoculated with the pathogenic bacteria pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea respond with a hypersensitive reaction (hr) when the bacteria express the avirulence gene avra. a mrna differential display was established for this system to allow the identification of genes induced during the hr. six pcr-fragments (dd1-dd6) from the differential display analysis were identified, which are induced during the hr. database searches ...	1998	9869427
insertion specificity and trans-activation of is801.	the transposable element is801, isolated from plasmid pmmc7105 of pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola, transposes in escherichia coli to plasmid targets, expressing a relatively relaxed target specificity. the target sequences are tetramers with homology with the left terminus (gaac) of the transposing unit, the alternative targets being gaac, ggac, caag, and cgac. in the areas flanking is801 in 13 different locations, no similarities other than the target tetramer were observed. the transposa ...	1998	9870703
the synthesis of tabtoxin peptide bond in pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci.		1998	10047897
potentiation of the oxidative burst and isoflavonoid phytoalexin accumulation by serine protease inhibitors	treatment of soybean (glycine max l. cv williams 82) cell-suspension cultures with pseudomonas syringae pv glycinea (psg) harboring an avirulence gene (avra) or with yeast elicitor resulted in an oxidative burst characterized by the accumulation of h2o2. this burst, and the resultant induction of glutathione s-transferase transcripts, occurred more rapidly and was more prolonged if cells were simultaneously treated with serine protease inhibitors such as phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (pmsf) or d ...	1998	9847125
biosynthesis of the pseudomonas polyketide coronafacic acid requires monofunctional and multifunctional polyketide synthase proteins.	coronafacic acid (cfa) is the polyketide component of the phytotoxin coronatine, a virulence factor of the plant pathogen pseudomonas syringae. our current knowledge of polyketide biosynthesis largely is based on the analysis of polyketide synthases (pkss) in actinomycetes and other gram-positive bacteria. consequently, the cloning and characterization of the cfa biosynthetic gene cluster will contribute significantly to our knowledge of polyketide synthesis in pseudomonas. in this report, we de ...	1998	9860992
the arabidopsis thaliana rpm1 disease resistance gene product is a peripheral plasma membrane protein that is degraded coincident with the hypersensitive response.	disease resistance in plants is often controlled by a gene-for-gene mechanism in which avirulence (avr) gene products encoded by pathogens are specifically recognized, either directly or indirectly, by plant disease resistance (r) gene products. members of the nbs-lrr class of r genes encode proteins containing a putative nucleotide binding site (nbs) and carboxyl-terminal leucine-rich repeats (lrrs). generally, nbs-lrr proteins do not contain predicted transmembrane segments or signal peptides, ...	1998	9861059
structure of the o polysaccharide and immunochemical relationships between the lipopolysaccharides of pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato and pathovar maculicola.	o polysaccharides (ops) of the lipopolysaccharides (lps) of pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato gspb 483 and pathovar maculicola imv 381 were studied by 1h-nmr and 13c-nmr spectroscopy, including two-dimensional cosy, rotating-frame noe spectroscopy (roesy), and h-detected 1h,13c heteronuclear multiple-quantum coherence (hmqc) experiments. the ops from both strains were shown to be chemically identical. two structurally different types of repeating units (o repeats 1 and 2) were elucidated in e ...	1998	9874231
a nitrilase-like protein interacts with gcc box dna-binding proteins involved in ethylene and defense responses.	ethylene-responsive element-binding proteins (erebps) of tobacco (nicotiana tabacum l.) bind to the gcc box of many pathogenesis-related (pr) gene promoters, including osmotin (pr-5). the two gcc boxes on the osmotin promoter are known to be required, but not sufficient, for maximal ethylene responsiveness. erebps participate in the signal transduction pathway leading from exogenous ethylene application and pathogen infection to pr gene induction. in this study erebp3 was used as bait in a yeast ...	1998	9808731
localized changes in peroxidase activity accompany hydrogen peroxide generation during the development of a nonhost hypersensitive reaction in lettuce	peroxidase activity was characterized in lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) leaf tissue. changes in the activity and distribution of the enzyme were examined during the development of a nonhost hypersensitive reaction (hr) induced by pseudomonas syringae (p. s.) pv phaseolicola and in response to an hrp mutant of the bacterium. assays of activity in tissue extracts revealed ph optima of 4.5, 6.0, 5.5 to 6.0, and 6.0 to 6.5 for the substrates tetramethylbenzidine, guaiacol, caffeic acid, and chlorogenic ...	1998	9808752
structural heterogeneity in the o polysaccharide of pseudomonas syringae pv. coriandricola gspb 2028 (ncppb 3780, w-43).	the o polysaccharide (ops) of the lipopolysaccharide of pseudomonas syringae pv. coriandricola gspb 2028 (ncppb 3780, w-43) was studied by smith degradation and 1h-nmr and 13c-nmr spectroscopy, including two-dimensional cosy, tocsy, noesy, and h-detected 1h,13c heteronuclear multiple-quantum coherence (hmqc) experiments. the ops was shown to consist of pentasaccharide o repeats of two types both containing four l-rhamnose and one 3-acetamido-3,6-dideoxy-d-galactose (d-fuc3nac) residue. structure ...	1998	9874239
detection and isolation of novel rhizopine-catabolizing bacteria from the environment	microbial rhizopine-catabolizing (moc) activity was detected in serial dilutions of soil and rhizosphere washes. the activity observed generally ranged between 10(6) and 10(7) catabolic units per g, and the numbers of nonspecific culture-forming units were found to be approximately 10 times higher. a diverse set of 37 isolates was obtained by enrichment on scyllo-inosamine-containing media. however, none of the bacteria that were isolated were found to contain dna sequences homologous to the kno ...	1998	9835587
differential expression of a senescence-enhanced metallothionein gene in arabidopsis in response to isolates of peronospora parasitica and pseudomonas syringae.	the metallothionein gene, lsc54, shows increased expression during leaf senescence in brassica napus and arabidopsis thaliana. a number of abiotic and biotic stresses have been shown to induce senescence-like symptoms in plants and, to investigate this further, the promoter of the lsc54 gene was cloned and fused to the gus gene and transformed into arabidopsis. the promoter was highly induced during leaf senescence and also in response to wounding; histochemical analysis indicated that this indu ...	1998	9839466
cloning and characterization of an outer membrane protein of vibrio vulnificus required for heme utilization: regulation of expression and determination of the gene sequence.	vibrio vulnificus is a halophilic, marine pathogen that has been associated with septicemia and serious wound infections in patients with iron overload and preexisting liver disease. for v. vulnificus, the ability to acquire iron from the host has been shown to correlate with virulence. v. vulnificus is able to use host iron sources such as hemoglobin and heme. we previously constructed a fur mutant of v. vulnificus which constitutively expresses at least two iron-regulated outer membrane protei ...	1998	9632577
genetically engineered broad-spectrum disease resistance in tomato.	resistance in tomato to the bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato requires pto and prf. mutations that eliminate prf show a loss of both pto resistance and sensitivity to the organophosphate insecticide fenthion, suggesting that prf controls both phenotypes. herein, we report that the overexpression of prf leads to enhanced resistance to a number of normally virulent bacterial and viral pathogens and leads to increased sensitivity to fenthion. these plants express levels of sal ...	1998	9707642
different requirements for eds1 and ndr1 by disease resistance genes define at least two r gene-mediated signaling pathways in arabidopsis.	the arabidopsis genes eds1 and ndr1 were shown previously by mutational analysis to encode essential components of race-specific disease resistance. here, we examined the relative requirements for eds1 and ndr1 by a broad spectrum of resistance (r) genes present in three arabidopsis accessions (columbia, landsberg-erecta, and wassilewskija). we show that there is a strong requirement for eds1 by a subset of r loci (rpp2, rpp4, rpp5, rpp21, and rps4), conferring resistance to the biotrophic oomyc ...	1998	9707643
negative regulation of hrp genes in pseudomonas syringae by hrpv.	mutations in the five hrp and hrc genes in the hrpc operon of the phytopathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae 61 have different effects on bacterial interactions with host and nonhost plants. the hrcc gene within the hrpc operon encodes an outer membrane component of the hrp secretion system that is conserved in all type iii protein secretion systems and is required for most pathogenic phenotypes and for secretion of the hrpz harpin to the bacterial milieu. the other four genes (in order), h ...	1998	9721292
a response regulator of cyanobacteria integrates diverse environmental signals and is critical for survival under extreme conditions.	microorganisms must sense their environment and rapidly tune their metabolism to ambient conditions to efficiently use available resources. we have identified a gene encoding a response regulator, nblr, that complements a cyanobacterial mutant unable to degrade its light-harvesting complex (phycobilisome), in response to nutrient deprivation. cells of the nblr mutant (i) have more phycobilisomes than wild-type cells during nutrient-replete growth, (ii) do not degrade phycobilisomes during sulfur ...	1998	9724820
exopolysaccharide ii production is regulated by salt in the halotolerant strain rhizobium meliloti efb1.	the halotolerant strain rhizobium meliloti efb1 modifies the production of extracellular polysaccharides in response to salt. efb1 colonies grown in the presence of 0.3 m nacl show a decrease in mucoidy, and in salt-supplemented liquid medium this organism produces 40% less exopolysaccharides. we isolated transposon-induced mutant that, when grown in the absence of salt, had a colony morphology (nonmucoid) similar to the colony morphology of the wild type grown in the presence of salt. calcofluo ...	1998	9501442
expression of carboxymethylcellulase on the surface of escherichia coli using pseudomonas syringae ice nucleation protein.	ice-nucleation protein (inp), an outer membrane protein from pseudomonas syringae, is able to catalyze the ice crystal formation of supercooled water. it was exploited for anchoring of bacillus subtilis carboxymethylcellulase (cmcase) on the surface of escherichia coli. a surface anchoring vector, pginp21m, was created that contains the multicloning sites including bamhi, smai and ecori at the end of the 3' flanking region encoding the c-terminus of inp instead of the stop codon for subcloning t ...	1998	9549104
a tellurite-resistance genetic determinant from phytopathogenic pseudomonads encodes a thiopurine methyltransferase: evidence of a widely-conserved family of methyltransferases.	a tellurite-resistance genetic determinant was isolated from the pea blight pathogen pseudomonas syringae pathovar pisi by a shotgun strategy involving a tellurite-selective screening in escherichia coli. a 1.65 kb tellurite resistance insert was obtained and analysed. it harbours a single complete and functional orf encoding a deduced protein of 24, 445 da. the deduced aa sequence shows significant similarities with the complete human thiopurine methyltransferase enzyme, a methyltransferase fro ...	1998	9565678
the extracytoplasmic function sigma factors: role and regulation.	alternative sigma factors provide a means of regulating gene expression in response to various extracellular changes. one such class of sigma factors appears to control a variety of functions, including expression of heat-shock genes in escherichia coli, biosynthesis of alginates and carotenoids in pseudomonas aeruginosa and myxococcus xanthus, respectively, iron uptake in e. coli and pseudomonas spp., nickel and cobalt efflux in alcaligenes europhus, plant pathogenicity in pseudomonas syringae ...	1998	9680198
molecular characterization of oxa-20, a novel class d beta-lactamase, and its integron from pseudomonas aeruginosa.	the pseudomonas aeruginosa mus clinical isolate produces oxa-18, a pi 5.5 class d extended-spectrum beta-lactamase totally inhibited by clavulanic acid (l. n. philippon, t. naas, a.-t. bouthors, v. barakett, and p. nordmann, antimicrob. agents chemother. 41:2188-2195, 1997). a second beta-lactamase was cloned, and the recombinant escherichia coli clone ppl10 expressed a pi 7.4 beta-lactamase which conferred high levels of amoxicillin and ticarcillin resistance and which was partially inhibited b ...	1998	9687410
ecophysiological and phylogenetic studies of nevskia ramosa in pure culture.	during the last 100 years, the neuston bacterium nevskia ramosa has been described several times. this bacterium forms conspicuous rosette-like microcolonies at the air-water interface. in this study, pure cultures of nevskia ramosa were obtained for the first time, from a bog lake (strain soe1, dsmz 11499t) and a freshwater ditch (strain ol1, dsmz 11500). the isolates showed special adaptations to life in the epineuston. they formed hydrophobic surface films with a dull appearance. n. ramosa is ...	1998	9572968
processed virb2 is the major subunit of the promiscuous pilus of agrobacterium tumefaciens.	previous studies have implicated the obligatory requirement for the vir regulon (or "virulon") of the ti plasmid for the transfer of oncogenes from agrobacterium tumefaciens to plant cells. the machinery used in this horizontal gene transfer has been long thought to be a transformation or conjugative delivery system. based on recent protein sequence comparisons, the proteins encoded by the virb operon are strikingly similar to proteins involved in the synthesis and assembly of conjugative pili s ...	1998	9573157
nucleotide sequence and spatiotemporal expression of the vibrio cholerae viesab genes during infection.	the ivivii gene of vibrio cholerae was previously identified by a screen for genes induced during intestinal infection. in the present study, nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that ivivii is a 1,659-bp open reading frame, herein designated vieb, that is predicted to be last in a tricistronic operon (viesab). the deduced amino acid sequence of vies exhibited similarity to the sensor kinase component, and those of viea and vieb were similar to the response regulator components, respectively, o ...	1998	9573178
defense activation and enhanced pathogen tolerance induced by h2o2 in transgenic tobacco.	transgenic tobacco deficient in the h2o2-removing enzyme catalase (cat1as) was used as an inducible and noninvasive system to study the role of h2o2 as an activator of pathogenesis-related (pr) proteins in plants. excess h2o2 in cat1as plants was generated by simply increasing light intensities. sustained exposure of cat1as plants to excess h2o2 provoked tissue damage, stimulated salicylic acid and ethylene production, and induced the expression of acidic and basic pr proteins with a timing and ...	1998	9576968
biosynthesis and regulation of coronatine, a non-host-specific phytotoxin produced by pseudomonas syringae.	many p. syringae pathovars are known to produce low-molecular-weight, diffusible toxins in infected host plants. these phytotoxins reproduce some of the symptoms of the relevant bacterial disease and are effective at very low concentrations. phytotoxins generally enhance the virulence of the p. syringae pathovar which produces them, but are not required for pathogenesis. genes encoding phytotoxin production have been identified and cloned from several p. syringae pathovars. with the exception of ...	1998	9594652
a cloned erwinia chrysanthemi hrp (type iii protein secretion) system functions in escherichia coli to deliver pseudomonas syringae avr signals to plant cells and to secrete avr proteins in culture.	the hrp (type iii protein secretion) system is essential for the plant parasitic ability of pseudomonas syringae and most gram-negative bacterial plant pathogens. avrb and avrpto are two p. syringae proteins that have biological activity when produced via heterologous gene expression inside plant cells or when produced by hrp+ bacteria. avr-like proteins, presumably injected by the hrp system on bacterial contact with plant cells, appear to underlie pathogenic interactions, but none has been obs ...	1998	9707625
generation of broad-spectrum disease resistance by overexpression of an essential regulatory gene in systemic acquired resistance.	the recently cloned npr1 gene of arabidopsis thaliana is a key regulator of acquired resistance responses. upon induction, npr1 expression is elevated and the npr1 protein is activated, in turn inducing expression of a battery of downstream pathogenesis-related genes. in this study, we found that npr1 confers resistance to the pathogens pseudomonas syringae and peronospora parasitica in a dosage-dependent fashion. overexpression of npr1 leads to enhanced resistance with no obvious detrimental ef ...	1998	9601001
ethylene-insensitive tobacco lacks nonhost resistance against soil-borne fungi.	enhanced ethylene production is an early response of plants to pathogen attack and has been associated with both resistance and susceptibility to disease. tobacco plants were transformed with the mutant etr1-1 gene from arabidopsis, conferring dominant ethylene insensitivity. besides lacking known ethylene responses, these transformants (tetr) did not slow growth when contacting neighboring plants, hardly expressed defense-related basic pathogenesis-related proteins, and developed spontaneous st ...	1998	9465120
reactive oxygen intermediates mediate a systemic signal network in the establishment of plant immunity.	recognition of an avirulent pathogen stimulates an oxidative burst generating o2- and h2o2, and these reactive oxygen intermediates (rois) cue the induction of defense genes and cell death in the development of a restricted lesion. this localized hypersensitive response (hr) is accompanied by the development of systemic acquired resistance to virulent pathogens. here we show that inoculation of arabidopsis leaves with avirulent pseudomonas syringae induces secondary oxidative bursts in discrete ...	1998	9529253
occurrence of thermoregulation of genes involved in coronatine biosynthesis among various pseudomonas syringae strains.	several pathovars of pseudomonas syringae produce the polyketide phytotoxin coronatine (cor). in the bacterial blight pathogen of soybean, p. syringae pv. glycinea pg4180, cor is produced at high levels at 18 degrees c whereas no toxin is synthesized at 28 degrees c. previously, activation of three promoters inside the cor biosynthetic gene cluster by a modified two-component regulatory system was shown to influence thermoregulation of cor biosynthesis. using phenotypic determination of cor synt ...	1998	9542107
analysis of genes involved in biosynthesis of coronafacic acid, the polyketide component of the phytotoxin coronatine.	coronafacic acid (cfa) is the polyketide component of coronatine (cor), a phytotoxin produced by the plant-pathogenic bacterium pseudomonas syringae. the genes involved in cfa biosynthesis are encoded by a single transcript which encompasses 19 kb of the cor gene cluster. in the present study, the nucleotide sequence was determined for a 4-kb region located at the 3' end of the cfa biosynthetic gene cluster. three open reading frames were identified and designated cfa8, cfa9, and tnp1; the predi ...	1998	9642184
a highly selective pcr protocol for detecting 16s rrna genes of the genus pseudomonas (sensu stricto) in environmental samples.	pseudomonas species are plant, animal, and human pathogens; exhibit plant pathogen-suppressing properties useful in biological control; or express metabolic versatilities valued in biotechnology and bioremediation. specific detection of pseudomonas species in the environment may help us gain a more complete understanding of the ecological significance of these microorganisms. the objective of this study was to develop a pcr protocol for selective detection of pseudomonas (sensu stricto) in envir ...	1998	9647828
development of a lipase fermentation process that uses a recombinant pseudomonas alcaligenes strain.	pseudomonas alcaligenes m-1 secretes an alkaline lipase, which has excellent characteristics for the removal of fatty stains under modern washing conditions. a fed-batch fermentation process based on the secretion of the alkaline lipase from p. alcaligenes was developed. due to the inability of p. alcaligenes to grow on glucose, citric acid and soybean oil were applied as substrates in the batch phase and feed phase, respectively. the gene encoding the high-alkaline lipase from p. alcaligenes wa ...	1998	9647843
characterization of the dominant and rare members of a young hawaiian soil bacterial community with small-subunit ribosomal dna amplified from dna fractionated on the basis of its guanine and cytosine composition.	the small-subunit ribosomal dna (rdna) diversity was found to be very high in a hawaiian soil community that might be expected to have lower diversity than the communities in continental soils because the hawaiian soil is geographically isolated and only 200 years old, is subjected to a constant climate, and harbors low plant diversity. since an underlying community structure could not be revealed by analyzing the total eubacterial rdna, we first fractionated the dna on the basis of guanine-plus ...	1998	9546163
copper-binding compounds from methylosinus trichosporium ob3b.	two copper-binding compounds/cofactors (cbcs) were isolated from the spent media of both the wild type and a constitutive soluble methane monooxygenase (smmoc) mutant, pp319 (p. a. phelps et al., appl. environ. microbiol. 58:3701-3708, 1992), of methylosinus trichosporium ob3b. both cbcs are small polypeptides with molecular masses of 1,218 and 779 da for cbc-l1 and cbc-l2, respectively. the amino acid sequence of cbc-l1 is s?mypgs?m, and that of cbc-l2 is spmp?s. copper-free cbcs showed absorpt ...	1998	9658004
differential regulation of rhizobium etli rpon2 gene expression during symbiosis and free-living growth.	the rhizobium etli rpon1 gene, encoding the alternative sigma factor sigma54 (rpon), was recently characterized and shown to be involved in the assimilation of several nitrogen and carbon sources during free-living aerobic growth (j. michiels, t. van soom, i. d'hooghe, b. dombrecht, t. benhassine, p. de wilde, and j. vanderleyden, j. bacteriol. 180:1729-1740, 1998). we identified a second rpon gene copy in r. etli, rpon2, encoding a 54.0-kda protein which displays 59% amino acid identity with th ...	1998	9658006
erwinia amylovora secretes dspe, a pathogenicity factor and functional avre homolog, through the hrp (type iii secretion) pathway.	erwinia amylovora was shown to secrete dspe, a pathogenicity factor of 198 kda and a functional homolog of avre of pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. dspe was identified among the supernatant proteins isolated from cultures grown in an hrp gene-inducing minimal medium by immunodetection with a dspe-specific antiserum. secretion required an intact hrp pathway.	1998	9555912
expression of the transposase gene tnpa of tn4652 is positively affected by integration host factor.	tn4652 is a derivative of the toluene degradation transposon tn4651 that belongs to the tn3 family of transposons (m. tsuda and t. iino, mol. gen. genet. 210:270-276, 1987). we have sequenced the transposase gene tnpa of transposon tn4652 and mapped its promoter to the right end of the element. the deduced amino acid sequence of tnpa revealed 96.2% identity with the putative transposase of tn5041. homology with other tn3 family transposases was only moderate (about 20 to 24% identity), suggestin ...	1998	9603867
homology and functional similarity of an hrp-linked pathogenicity locus, dspef, of erwinia amylovora and the avirulence locus avre of pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato.	the "disease-specific" (dsp) region next to the hrp gene cluster of erwinia amylovora is required for pathogenicity but not for elicitation of the hypersensitive reaction. a 6.6-kb apparent operon, dspef, was found responsible for this phenotype. the operon contains genes dspe and dspf and is positively regulated by hrpl. a blast search revealed similarity in the dspe gene to a partial sequence of the avre locus of pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato. the entire avre locus was sequenced. homolo ...	1998	9448330
accumulation of salicylic acid and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid in phloem fluids of cucumber during systemic acquired resistance is preceded by a transient increase in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity in petioles and stems.	cucumber (cucumis sativa) leaves infiltrated with pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae cells produced a mobile signal for systemic acquired resistance between 3 and 6 h after inoculation. the production of a mobile signal by inoculated leaves was followed by a transient increase in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (pal) activity in the petioles of inoculated leaves and in stems above inoculated leaves; with peaks in activity at 9 and 12 h, respectively, after inoculation. in contrast, pal activity in in ...	1998	9449843