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evolution by leaps: gene duplication in bacteria.sequence related families of genes and proteins are common in bacterial genomes. in escherichia coli they constitute over half of the genome. the presence of families and superfamilies of proteins suggest a history of gene duplication and divergence during evolution. genome encoded protein families, their size and functional composition, reflect metabolic potentials of the organisms they are found in. comparing protein families of different organisms give insight into functional differences and ...200919930658
iron sources used by the nonpathogenic lactic acid bacterium lactobacillus sakei as revealed by electron energy loss spectroscopy and secondary-ion mass spectrometry.lactobacillus sakei is a lactic acid bacterium naturally found on meat. although it is generally acknowledged that lactic acid bacteria are rare species in the microbial world which do not have iron requirements, the genome sequence of l. sakei 23k has revealed quite complete genetic equipment dedicated to transport and use of this metal. here, we aimed to investigate which iron sources could be used by this species as well as their role in the bacterium's physiology. therefore, we developed a m ...201019933352
iron sources used by the nonpathogenic lactic acid bacterium lactobacillus sakei as revealed by electron energy loss spectroscopy and secondary-ion mass spectrometry.lactobacillus sakei is a lactic acid bacterium naturally found on meat. although it is generally acknowledged that lactic acid bacteria are rare species in the microbial world which do not have iron requirements, the genome sequence of l. sakei 23k has revealed quite complete genetic equipment dedicated to transport and use of this metal. here, we aimed to investigate which iron sources could be used by this species as well as their role in the bacterium's physiology. therefore, we developed a m ...201019933352
the multifunctional protein in peroxisomal beta-oxidation: structure and substrate specificity of the arabidopsis thaliana protein mfp2.plant fatty acids can be completely degraded within the peroxisomes. fatty acid degradation plays a role in several plant processes including plant hormone synthesis and seed germination. two multifunctional peroxisomal isozymes, mfp2 and aim1, both with 2-trans-enoyl-coa hydratase and l-3-hydroxyacyl-coa dehydrogenase activities, function in mouse ear cress (arabidopsis thaliana) peroxisomal beta-oxidation, where fatty acids are degraded by the sequential removal of two carbon units. a deficien ...201020463021
virulence and immunomodulatory roles of bacterial outer membrane vesicles.outer membrane (om) vesicles are ubiquitously produced by gram-negative bacteria during all stages of bacterial growth. om vesicles are naturally secreted by both pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria. strong experimental evidence exists to categorize om vesicle production as a type of gram-negative bacterial virulence factor. a growing body of data demonstrates an association of active virulence factors and toxins with vesicles, suggesting that they play a role in pathogenesis. one of the most ...201020197500
isolation and characterization of bacteria resistant to metallic copper surfaces.metallic copper alloys have recently attracted attention as a new antimicrobial weapon for areas where surface hygiene is paramount. currently it is not understood on a molecular level how metallic copper kills microbes, but previous studies have demonstrated that a wide variety of bacteria, including escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, and clostridium difficile, are inactivated within minutes or a few hours of exposure. in this study, we show that bacteria isolated from copper alloy coins ...201020048058
comparison of two optical-density-based methods and a plate count method for estimation of growth parameters of bacillus cereus.quantitative microbiological models predicting proliferation of microorganisms relevant for food safety and/or food stability are useful tools to limit the need for generation of biological data through challenge testing and shelf-life testing. the use of these models requires quick and reliable methods for the generation of growth data and estimation of growth parameters. growth parameter estimation can be achieved using methods based on plate counting and methods based on measuring the optical ...201020081006
pseudomonas spp. convert metmyoglobin into deoxymyoglobin.meat 'reddening' by bacteria was observed in chilled beef. to identify the reddening bacteria, isolates were inoculated onto beef and the changes in cie l*a*b* values monitored. as a result, two pseudomonas spp., including pseudomonas fragi which is commonly observed in raw meat, were selected and identified as reddening bacteria. the reddening was coincidentally occurred with the appearance of slime, and the increase in thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (tbars) was simultaneously suppress ...201020374775
widespread head-to-head hydrocarbon biosynthesis in bacteria and role of olea.previous studies identified the oleabcd genes involved in head-to-head olefinic hydrocarbon biosynthesis. the present study more fully defined the oleabcd protein families within the thiolase, alpha/beta-hydrolase, amp-dependent ligase/synthase, and short-chain dehydrogenase superfamilies, respectively. only 0.1 to 1% of each superfamily represents likely ole proteins. sequence analysis based on structural alignments and gene context was used to identify highly likely ole genes. selected microor ...201020418421
crystal structure of liganded rat peroxisomal multifunctional enzyme type 1: a flexible molecule with two interconnected active sites.the crystal structure of the full-length rat peroxisomal multifunctional enzyme, type 1 (rpmfe1), has been determined at 2.8 a resolution. this enzyme has three catalytic activities and two active sites. the n-terminal part has the crotonase fold, which builds the active site for the delta(3),delta(2)-enoyl-coa isomerase and the delta(2)-enoyl-coa hydratase-1 catalytic activities, and the c-terminal part has the (3s)-hydroxyacyl-coa dehydrogenase fold and makes the (3s)-hydroxyacyl-coa dehydroge ...201020463028
bioinformatic analysis of the genome of infectious salmon anemia virus associated with outbreaks with high mortality in chile.the infectious salmon anemia virus (isav), an orthomyxovirus, is the major cause of outbreaks of high mortality rates in salmon in chile. it has been proposed that the virulence of isav isolates lies mainly in hemagglutinin-esterase and fusion glycoproteins. however, based on current information, the contribution of other viral genes cannot be ruled out. to study this, we isolated and determined the complete coding sequence of two high-prevalence chilean isolates associated with outbreaks of hig ...201020810724
different molecular types of pseudomonas fragi have the same overall behaviour as meat spoilers.the functional diversity of a population of sixty-five different strains of p. fragi isolated from fresh and spoiled meat was studied in order to evaluate the population heterogeneity related to meat spoilage potential. the strains were characterized for the proteolytic activity at 4 degrees c on beef sarcoplasmic proteins and only 9 strains were found to be proteolytic. an iron-dependent growth behaviour was shown when each strain was grown in citrate medium containing either myoglobin, haemogl ...201020627208
adaptation to cold and proteomic responses of the psychrotrophic biopreservative lactococcus piscium strain cncm i-4031.there is considerable interest in the use of psychrotrophic bacteria for food biopreservation and in the understanding of cold adaptation mechanisms. the psychrotrophic biopreservative lactococcus piscium strain cncm i-4031 was studied for its growth behavior and proteomic responses after cold shock and during cold acclimation. growth kinetics highlighted the absence of growth latency after cold shock, suggesting a very high promptness in cold adaptation, a behavior that has never been described ...201020935127
multiple fadd acyl-coa synthetases contribute to differential fatty acid degradation and virulence in pseudomonas aeruginosa.a close interconnection between nutrient metabolism and virulence factor expression contributes to the pathophysiology of pseudomonas aeruginosa as a successful pathogen. p. aeruginosa fatty acid (fa) degradation is complicated with multiple acyl-coa synthetase homologs (fadds) expressed in vivo in lung tissue during cystic fibrosis infections. the promoters of two genetically linked p. aeruginosa fadd genes (fadd1 and fadd2) were mapped and northern blot analysis indicated they could exist on t ...201021042406
pseudomonas deceptionensis sp. nov., a new psychrotolerant bacterium from the antarctic.during the taxonomic investigation of cold-adapted bacteria from samples collected in the antarctic area of the south shetland islands one gram-negative, cold-adapted aerobic bacterium, designated strain m1(t) was isolated from marine sediment collected on deception island. the organism was rod-shaped, catalase- and oxidase positive and motile by means of a single polar flagellum. this psychrotolerant strain grew at -4°c to 34°c. the 16s rrna gene phylogenetic studies confirmed that the antarcti ...201021062736
aerobic degradation of mercaptosuccinate by the gram-negative bacterium variovorax paradoxus strain b4.the gram-negative bacterium variovorax paradoxus strain b4 was isolated from soil under mesophilic and aerobic conditions to elucidate the so far unknown catabolism of mercaptosuccinate (ms). during growth with ms this strain released significant amounts of sulfate into the medium. tn5::mob-induced mutagenesis was successfully employed and yielded nine independent mutants incapable of using ms as a carbon source. in six of these mutants, tn5::mob insertions were mapped in a putative gene encodin ...201021075928
aerobic degradation of mercaptosuccinate by the gram-negative bacterium variovorax paradoxus strain b4.the gram-negative bacterium variovorax paradoxus strain b4 was isolated from soil under mesophilic and aerobic conditions to elucidate the so far unknown catabolism of mercaptosuccinate (ms). during growth with ms this strain released significant amounts of sulfate into the medium. tn5::mob-induced mutagenesis was successfully employed and yielded nine independent mutants incapable of using ms as a carbon source. in six of these mutants, tn5::mob insertions were mapped in a putative gene encodin ...201021075928
application of a depositional facies model to an acid mine drainage site.lower red eyes is an acid mine drainage site in pennsylvania where low-ph fe(ii) oxidation has created a large, terraced iron mound downstream of an anoxic, acidic, metal-rich spring. aqueous chemistry, mineral precipitates, microbial communities, and laboratory-based fe(ii) oxidation rates for this site were analyzed in the context of a depositional facies model. depositional facies were defined as pools, terraces, or microterracettes based on cm-scale sediment morphology, irrespective of the d ...201021097582
application of a depositional facies model to an acid mine drainage site.lower red eyes is an acid mine drainage site in pennsylvania where low-ph fe(ii) oxidation has created a large, terraced iron mound downstream of an anoxic, acidic, metal-rich spring. aqueous chemistry, mineral precipitates, microbial communities, and laboratory-based fe(ii) oxidation rates for this site were analyzed in the context of a depositional facies model. depositional facies were defined as pools, terraces, or microterracettes based on cm-scale sediment morphology, irrespective of the d ...201021097582
survival of campylobacter jejuni under conditions of atmospheric oxygen tension with the support of pseudomonas spp.campylobacter jejuni is a major food-borne pathogen. despite causing enteritis in humans, it is a well-adapted intestinal microorganism in animals, hardly ever generating disease symptoms. nevertheless, as a true microaerophilic microorganism it is still puzzling how campylobacter cells can survive on chicken meat, the main source of human infection. in this study, we demonstrate that c. jejuni is able to withstand conditions of atmospheric oxygen tension when cocultured with pseudomonas species ...201020639377
analysis of isoaspartic acid by selective proteolysis with asp-n and electron transfer dissociation mass spectrometry.a ubiquitous yet underappreciated protein post-translational modification, isoaspartic acid (isoasp, isod, or beta-asp), generated via the deamidation of asparagine or isomerization of aspartic acid in proteins, plays a diverse and crucial role in aging, as well as autoimmune, cancer, neurodegeneration, and other diseases. in addition, formation of isoasp is a major concern in protein pharmaceuticals, as it may lead to aggregation or activity loss. the scope and significance of isoasp have, up t ...201020712325
peroxisomal plant 3-ketoacyl-coa thiolase structure and activity are regulated by a sensitive redox switch.the breakdown of fatty acids, performed by the beta-oxidation cycle, is crucial for plant germination and sustainability. beta-oxidation involves four enzymatic reactions. the final step, in which a two-carbon unit is cleaved from the fatty acid, is performed by a 3-ketoacyl-coa thiolase (kat). the shortened fatty acid may then pass through the cycle again (until reaching acetoacetyl-coa) or be directed to a different cellular function. crystal structures of kat from arabidopsis thaliana and hel ...201020463027
biological functions and biogenesis of secreted bacterial outer membrane vesicles.gram-negative bacteria produce outer membrane vesicles (omvs) that contain biologically active proteins and perform diverse biological processes. unlike other secretion mechanisms, omvs enable bacteria to secrete insoluble molecules in addition to and in complex with soluble material. omvs allow enzymes to reach distant targets in a concentrated, protected, and targeted form. omvs also play roles in bacterial survival: their production is a bacterial stress response and important for nutrient ac ...201020825345
influence of storage conditions on the growth of pseudomonas species in refrigerated raw milk.the refrigerated storage of raw milk throughout the dairy chain prior to heat treatment creates selective conditions for growth of psychrotolerant bacteria. these bacteria, mainly belonging to the genus pseudomonas, are capable of producing thermoresistant extracellular proteases and lipases, which can cause spoilage and structural defects in pasteurized and ultra-high-temperature-treated milk (products). to map the influence of refrigerated storage on the growth of these pseudomonads, milk samp ...201021115713
the unique biosynthetic route from lupinus beta-conglutin gene to blad.during seed germination, beta-conglutin undergoes a major cycle of limited proteolysis in which many of its constituent subunits are processed into a 20 kda polypeptide termed blad. blad is the main component of a glycooligomer, accumulating exclusively in the cotyledons of lupinus species, between days 4 and 12 after the onset of germination.201020066045
a combined top-down and bottom-up ms approach for the characterization of hemoglobin variants in rhesus monkeys.sickle cell disease is caused by one of the 1200 known hemoglobin variations. a single-point mutation β6(a3)glu→val leads to sickling of red blood cells, which in turn causes a lack of oxygen supply to tissue and organs. although sickle cell disease is well understood, treatment options are currently underdeveloped. the only food and drug administration-approved drug is hydroxyurea, an inducer of fetal γ-hemoglobin, which is known to have a higher oxygen affinity than adult hemoglobins and thus ...201020848672
isolation, cdna cloning, and structure-based functional characterization of oryctin, a hemolymph protein from the coconut rhinoceros beetle, oryctes rhinoceros, as a novel serine protease inhibitor.we isolated oryctin, a 66-residue peptide, from the hemolymph of the coconut rhinoceros beetle oryctes rhinoceros and cloned its cdna. oryctin is dissimilar to any other known peptides in amino acid sequence, and its function has been unknown. to reveal that function, we determined the solution structure of recombinant (13)c,(15)n-labeled oryctin by heteronuclear nmr spectroscopy. oryctin exhibits a fold similar to that of kazal-type serine protease inhibitors but has a unique additional c-termi ...201020630859
antibiotic resistance characteristics of environmental bacteria from an oxytetracycline production wastewater treatment plant and the receiving river.we characterized the bacterial populations in surface water receiving effluent from an oxytetracycline (otc) production plant. additional sampling sites included the receiving river water 5 km upstream and 20 km downstream from the discharge point. high levels of otc were found in the wastewater (ww), and the antibiotic was still detectable in river water downstream (rwd), with undetectable levels in river water upstream (rwu). a total of 341 bacterial strains were isolated using nonselective me ...201020400569
post-mortem volatiles of vertebrate tissue.volatile emission during vertebrate decay is a complex process that is understood incompletely. it depends on many factors. the main factor is the metabolism of the microbial species present inside and on the vertebrate. in this review, we combine the results from studies on volatile organic compounds (vocs) detected during this decay process and those on the biochemical formation of vocs in order to improve our understanding of the decay process. micro-organisms are the main producers of vocs, ...201121720824
microbial deterioration of vacuum-packaged chilled beef cuts and techniques for microbiota detection and characterization: a review.gas production from microbial deterioration in vacuum-packs of chilled meat leads to pack distension, which is commonly referred as blown pack. this phenomenon is attributed to some psychrophilic and psychrotrophic clostridium species, as well as enterobacteria. the ability of these microorganisms to grow at refrigeration temperatures makes the control by the meat industry a challenge. this type of deterioration has been reported in many countries including some plants in the midwestern and sout ...201124031598
Biomimetic CO2 sequestration using purified carbonic anhydrase from indigenous bacterial strains immobilized on biopolymeric materials.The present study deals with immobilization of purified CA and whole cell of Pseudomonas fragi, Micrococcus lylae, and Micrococcus luteus 2 on different biopolymer matrices. Highest enzyme immobilization was achieved with P. fragi CA (89%) on chitosan-KOH beads, while maximum cell immobilization was achieved with M. lylae (75%) on chitosan-NH(4)OH beads. A maximum increase of 1.08-1.18 fold stability between 35 and 55°C was observed for M. lylae immobilized CA. The storage stability was improved ...201122112959
insights into folate/fad-dependent trna methyltransferase mechanism: role of two highly conserved cysteines in catalysis.the flavoprotein trmfo methylates specifically the c5 carbon of the highly conserved uridine 54 in trnas. contrary to most methyltransferases, the 1-carbon unit transferred by trmfo derives from 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate and not from s-adenosyl-l-methionine. the enzyme also employs the fad hydroquinone as a reducing agent of the c5 methylene u54-trna intermediate in vitro. by analogy with the catalytic mechanism of thymidylate synthase thya, a conserved cysteine located near the fad isoallo ...201121846722
hydrolytic potential of a psychrotrophic pseudomonas isolated from refrigerated raw milk.the production of extracellular hydrolases by a psychrotrophic bacterium isolated from refrigerated raw milk, and identified as a pseudomonas sp. belonging to the pseudomonas jenssenii group, was studied. this bacterium produced proteolytic and lipolytic enzymes in all media investigated (skim milk, cheese whey, casein broth, and tryptone soy broth). high levels of α-glucosidase were produced in skim milk broth. hydrolytic enzymes detected in skim milk broth are of particular concern, indicating ...201124031781
the influence of external factors on bacteriophages--review.the ability of bacteriophages to survive under unfavorable conditions is highly diversified. we summarize the influence of different external physical and chemical factors, such as temperature, acidity, and ions, on phage persistence. the relationships between a phage's morphology and its survival abilities suggested by some authors are also discussed. a better understanding of the complex problem of phage sensitivity to external factors may be useful not only for those interested in pharmaceuti ...201121625877
a novel cold-active lipase from candida albicans: cloning, expression and characterization of the recombinant enzyme.a novel lipase gene lip5 from the yeast candida albicans was cloned and sequenced. alignment of amino acid sequences revealed that 86-34% identity exists with lipases from other candida species. the lipase and its mutants were expressed in the yeast pichia pastoris, where alternative codon usage caused the mistranslation of 154-ser and 293-ser as leucine. 154-ser to leucine resulted in loss of expression of lip5, and 293-ser to leucine caused a marked reduction in the lipase activity. lip5-dm, w ...201121747717
dolichol phosphate mannose synthase1 mediates the biogenesis of isoprenyl-linked glycans and influences development, stress response, and ammonium hypersensitivity in arabidopsis.the most abundant posttranslational modification in nature is the attachment of preassembled high-mannose-type glycans, which determines the fate and localization of the modified protein and modulates the biological functions of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored and n-glycosylated proteins. in eukaryotes, all mannose residues attached to glycoproteins from the luminal side of the endoplasmic reticulum (er) derive from the polyprenyl monosaccharide carrier, dolichol p-mannose (dol-p-man), whi ...201121558543
microbial metabolites and bacterial diversity in beef stored in different packaging conditions monitored by pyrosequencing, pcr-dgge, spme-gc/ms and 1hnmr.beef chops were stored at 4°c in different conditions: air (a); modified atmosphere packaging (map); vacuum (v); bacteriocin-activated antimicrobial packaging (av). after 0 to 45 days of storage, analyses were performed to determine loads of spoilage microorganisms, microbial metabolites by spme-gc/ms and (1)hnmr, microbial diversity by pcr-dgge and pyrosequencing. the microbiological shelf-life of meat increased with increasing selectivity of storage conditions. the culture-independent analysis ...201121803905
spoilage-related activity of carnobacterium maltaromaticum strains in air-stored and vacuum-packed meat.one hundred and three isolates of carnobacterium spp. from raw meat were analyzed by rapd-pcr and identified by 16s rrna gene sequencing. forty-five strains of c. maltaromaticum were characterized for their growth capability at different temperatures, nacl concentrations and ph values and for in vitro lipolytic and proteolytic activities. moreover, their spoilage potential in meat was investigated by analyzing the release of volatile organic compounds (vocs) in meat stored in air or vacuum pack. ...201121784913
subcellular targeting of salmonella virulence proteins by host-mediated s-palmitoylation.several pathogenic bacteria utilize type iii secretion systems (ttss) to deliver into host cells bacterial virulence proteins with the capacity to modulate a variety of cellular pathways. once delivered into host cells, the accurate targeting of bacterial effectors to specific locations is critical for their proper function. however, little is known about the mechanisms these virulence effectors use to reach their subcellular destination. here we show that the salmonella ttss effector proteins s ...201121767808
identification and characterization of a new true lipase isolated through metagenomic approach.abstract: background: metagenomics, the application of molecular genomics to consortia of non-cultivated microbes, has the potential to have a substantial impact on the search for novel industrial enzymes such as esterases (carboxyl ester hydrolases, ec 3.1.1.1) and lipases (triacylglycerol lipases, ec 3.1.1.3). in the current work, a novel lipase gene was identified from a fosmid metagenomic library constructed with the "prokaryotic-enriched" dna from a fat-contaminated soil collected from a wa ...201121762508
microbiological and sensory effects of the combined application of hot-cold organic acid sprays and steam condensation at subatmospheric pressure for decontamination of inoculated pig tissue surfaces.we studied microbiological and sensory effects of treating pig tissue for 15 s with 55 and 10-¦c sprays of acetic acid (aa; 0.15 to 0.3 m) and lactic acid (la; 0.1 to 0.2 m) solutions prior to the tissue being subjected to steam condensation (18 s at 65-¦c or 10 s at 75-¦c). la or aa spraying and then steam treatment resulted in 3- to 4-log average reductions of pseudomonas fragi and yersinia enterocolitica inocula (6 to 7 log cfu/cm(2)), regardless of acid temperature or concentration. buffered ...201121819663
n-glycans modulate the function of human corticosteroid-binding globulin.human corticosteroid-binding globulin (cbg), a heavily glycosylated protein containing six n-linked glycosylation sites, transports cortisol and other corticosteroids in blood circulation. here, we investigate the biological importance of the n-glycans of cbg derived from human serum by performing a structural and functional characterisation of cbg n-glycosylation. lc-ms/ms based glycoproteomics and glycomics combined with exoglycosidase treatment revealed 26 complex type n-glycoforms, all of wh ...201121558494
seafood quality analysis: molecular identification of dominant microbiota after ice storage on several general growth media.this study points out the limitations of several general growth media frequently used in seafood research by a systematic identification of the microorganisms on fish samples during ice storage unable to grow on those media. aerobic psychrotrophic count (apc), replication on various general media and total cultivable microbial community denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (dgge) analysis revealed that many potential spoilage microorganisms were overlooked. those microorganisms overlooked by ...201121645815
quinolones: from antibiotics to autoinducers.since quinine was first isolated, animals, plants and microorganisms producing a wide variety of quinolone compounds have been discovered, several of which possess medicinally interesting properties ranging from antiallergenic and anticancer to antimicrobial activities. over the years, these have served in the development of many synthetic drugs, including the successful fluoroquinolone antibiotics. pseudomonas aeruginosa and related bacteria produce a number of 2-alkyl-4(1h)-quinolones, some of ...201120738404
Characterisation of histamine-producing bacteria from farmed blackspot seabream (Pagellus bogaraveo) and turbot (Psetta maxima).Turbot (Psetta maxima) and blackspot seabream (Pagellus bogaraveo) represent two of the most important emerging farmed fish species in European countries. However, no information of the presence and development of histamine-producing bacteria on them has been reported so far. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to isolate and identify the main histamine-producing bacteria in farmed turbot and blackspot seabream. For this study, 24 isolates (12 from turbot and 12 from blackspot seabream) were ...201121925757
quinolones: from antibiotics to autoinducers.since quinine was first isolated, animals, plants and microorganisms producing a wide variety of quinolone compounds have been discovered, several of which possess medicinally interesting properties ranging from antiallergenic and anticancer to antimicrobial activities. over the years, these have served in the development of many synthetic drugs, including the successful fluoroquinolone antibiotics. pseudomonas aeruginosa and related bacteria produce a number of 2-alkyl-4(1h)-quinolones, some of ...201120738404
in silico sequence analysis and molecular modeling of the three-dimensional structure of dahp synthase from pseudomonas fragi.the shikimate pathway is involved in production of aromatic amino acids in microorganisms and plants. the enzymes of this biosynthetic pathway are a potential target for the design of antimicrobial compounds and herbicides. 3-deoxy-d-arabinoheptulosonate-7-phosphate synthase (dahps) catalyzes the first step of the pathway. the gene encoding dahps was cloned and sequenced from pseudomonas fragi, the bacterium responsible for spoilage of milk, dairy products and meat. amino acid sequence deduced f ...201120517625
monitoring the succession of the biota grown on a selective medium for pseudomonads during storage of minced beef with molecular-based methods.in the present study, the succession of the biota grown on a selective medium for pseudomonads (pseudomonas agar based medium - pab) during the storage of meat under different conditions was monitored. thus, minced beef was stored aerobically and under modified atmosphere packaging in the presence (map+) and absence (map-) of oregano essential oil at 0, 5, 10 and 15 °c. a total of 267 pure cultures were recovered from pab throughout the storage period and subjected to pcr-denaturing gradient gel ...201223498179
microbial d-xylonate production.d-xylonic acid is a versatile platform chemical with reported applications as complexing agent or chelator, in dispersal of concrete, and as a precursor for compounds such as co-polyamides, polyesters, hydrogels and 1,2,4-butanetriol. with increasing glucose prices, d-xylonic acid may provide a cheap, non-food derived alternative for gluconic acid, which is widely used (about 80 kton/year) in pharmaceuticals, food products, solvents, adhesives, dyes, paints and polishes. large-scale production h ...201222875400
quorum sensing in the context of food microbiology.food spoilage may be defined as a process that renders a product undesirable or unacceptable for consumption and is the outcome of the biochemical activity of a microbial community that eventually dominates according to the prevailing ecological determinants. although limited information are reported, this activity has been attributed to quorum sensing (qs). consequently, the potential role of cell-to-cell communication in food spoilage and food safety should be more extensively elucidated. such ...201222706047
toward stable genetic engineering of human o-glycosylation in plants.glycosylation is the most abundant and complex posttranslational modification to be considered for recombinant production of therapeutic proteins. mucin-type (n-acetylgalactosamine [galnac]-type) o-glycosylation is found in eumetazoan cells but absent in plants and yeast, making these cell types an obvious choice for de novo engineering of this o-glycosylation pathway. we previously showed that transient implementation of o-glycosylation capacity in plants requires introduction of the synthesis ...201222791304
engineering mammalian mucin-type o-glycosylation in plants.mucin-type o-glycosylation is an important post-translational modification that confers a variety of biological properties and functions to proteins. this post-translational modification has a particularly complex and differentially regulated biosynthesis rendering prediction and control of where o-glycans are attached to proteins, and which structures are formed, difficult. because plants are devoid of galnac-type o-glycosylation, we have assessed requirements for establishing human galnac o-gl ...201222334671
examining the fish microbiome: vertebrate-derived bacteria as an environmental niche for the discovery of unique marine natural products.historically, marine invertebrates have been a prolific source of unique natural products, with a diverse array of biological activities. recent studies of invertebrate-associated microbial communities are revealing microorganisms as the true producers of many of these compounds. inspired by the human microbiome project, which has highlighted the human intestine as a unique microenvironment in terms of microbial diversity, we elected to examine the bacterial communities of fish intestines (which ...201222574119
differential biofilm formation and chemical disinfection resistance of sessile cells of listeria monocytogenes strains under monospecies and dual-species (with salmonella enterica) conditions.this study aimed to investigate the possible influence of bacterial intra- and interspecies interactions on the ability of listeria monocytogenes and salmonella enterica to develop mixed-culture biofilms on an abiotic substratum, as well as on the subsequent resistance of sessile cells to chemical disinfection. initially, three strains from each species were selected and left to attach and form biofilms on stainless steel (ss) coupons incubated at 15°c for 144 h, in periodically renewable trypto ...201222307304
infection of orthopedic implants with emphasis on bacterial adhesion process and techniques used in studying bacterial-material interactions.staphylococcus comprises up to two-thirds of all pathogens in orthopedic implant infections and they are the principal causative agents of two major types of infection affecting bone: septic arthritis and osteomyelitis, which involve the inflammatory destruction of joint and bone. bacterial adhesion is the first and most important step in implant infection. it is a complex process influenced by environmental factors, bacterial properties, material surface properties and by the presence of serum ...201223507884
crystal structure of proteus mirabilis lipase, a novel lipase from the proteus/psychrophilic subfamily of lipase family i.1.bacterial lipases from family i.1 and i.2 catalyze the hydrolysis of triacylglycerol between 25-45°c and are used extensively as biocatalysts. the lipase from proteus mirabilis belongs to the proteus/psychrophilic subfamily of lipase family i.1 and is a promising catalyst for biodiesel production because it can tolerate high amounts of water in the reaction. here we present the crystal structure of the proteus mirabilis lipase, a member of the proteus/psychrophilic subfamily of i.1lipases. the s ...201223300806
bactquant: an enhanced broad-coverage bacterial quantitative real-time pcr assay.bacterial load quantification is a critical component of bacterial community analysis, but a culture-independent method capable of detecting and quantifying diverse bacteria is needed. based on our analysis of a diverse collection of 16 s rrna gene sequences, we designed a broad-coverage quantitative real-time pcr (qpcr) assay--bactquant--for quantifying 16 s rrna gene copy number and estimating bacterial load. we further utilized in silico evaluation to complement laboratory-based qpcr characte ...201222510143
lipase improvement: goals and strategies. 201224688646
enhancing functional production of a chaperone-dependent lipase in escherichia coli using the dual expression cassette plasmid.the lipase subfamilies i.1 and i.2 show more than 33% homology in the amino acid sequences and most members share another common property that their genes are clustered with the secondary genes whose protein products are required for folding the lipase into an active conformation and secretion into the culture medium. in previous studies, the lipase (lipa) and its chaperone (lipb) from ralstonia sp. m1 were overexpressed in e. coli and the lipase was successfully refolded in vitro. the purpose o ...201222380513
genome sequences of pseudomonas fragi strains a22 and b25.pseudomonas fragi a22 is a novel isolate that produces bead-like particles (a22b) in its cell wall. to explore the genetic basis for the formation of a22b, p. fragi a22 and the type strain of the species, p. fragi b25, were subjected to genome sequence analysis. here, we report the draft genome sequences and automatic annotation of both strains. these data offer a solid base for related studies of p. fragi, including comparative genomics, proteomics, and gene mining.201222628506
a combination of modified atmosphere and antimicrobial packaging to extend the shelf-life of beefsteaks stored at chill temperature.an antimicrobial polyethylene (pe) film was obtained by coating a nisin-based antimicrobial solution. pe sheets were coated on both sides and were used for the packaging of beefsteaks to be stored in air or modified atmosphere packaging (map, 60% o₂-40% co₂). microbial populations, species diversity, headspace volatile organic compounds, colour and sensory properties were monitored after 0, 1, 7 and 12 days of storage at 4 °c. the viable counts showed that there was an effect of map and antimicr ...201222883207
quantification of yeast and bacterial gene transcripts in retail cheeses by reverse transcription-quantitative pcr.the cheese microbiota contributes to a large extent to the development of the typical color, flavor, and texture of the final product. its composition is not well defined in most cases and varies from one cheese to another. the aim of the present study was to establish procedures for gene transcript quantification in cheeses by reverse transcription-quantitative pcr. total rna was extracted from five smear-ripened cheeses purchased on the retail market, using a method that does not involve prior ...201323124230
reduction of aeromonas hidrophyla biofilm on stainless stell surface by essential oils.this study demonstrates the possibility of using sanitizing detergents based on natural products for the elimination and/or reduction of aeromonas hydrophila biofilm formed on stainless steel surfaces. the goal of this work was to determine the reduction effect of sanitizing detergents containing essential oils of thymus vulgaris (thyme) and cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) on biofilm formed by a. hydrophila on aisi 304 stainless steel coupons, using uht skimmed milk as substratum. there was adh ...201324159286
detection of escherichia coli via voc profiling using secondary electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (sesi-ms).escherichia coli o157:h7 (ec o157:h7), as well as its recently emerging non-o157 relatives, are a notorious group of pathogenic bacteria associated with foodborne outbreaks. in this study, we demonstrated that secondary electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (sesi-ms) could be a rapid and accurate detection technology for foodborne pathogens. with sesi-ms volatile organic compound (voc) profiling, we were able to detect and separate a group of eleven e. coli strains from two major foodborne b ...201323541210
structure of mycobacterial β-oxidation trifunctional enzyme reveals its altered assembly and putative substrate channeling pathway.the incidence of tuberculosis is increasing due to the appearance of new drug-resistant variants. a thorough understanding of the disease organism is essential in order to create more effective drugs. in an attempt to understand better the poorly studied lipid metabolism of mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb), we identified and characterized its fatty acid β-oxidation complex (trifunctional enzyme (tfe)). tfe is an α(2)β(2) complex consisting of two types of polypeptides catalyzing three of the fou ...201323496842
dieselzymes: development of a stable and methanol tolerant lipase for biodiesel production by directed evolution.biodiesels are methyl esters of fatty acids that are usually produced by base catalyzed transesterification of triacylglyerol with methanol. some lipase enzymes are effective catalysts for biodiesel synthesis and have many potential advantages over traditional base or acid catalyzed transesterification. natural lipases are often rapidly inactivated by the high methanol concentrations used for biodiesel synthesis, however, limiting their practical use. the lipase from proteus mirabilis is a parti ...201323648063
functional advantages conferred by extracellular prokaryotic membrane vesicles.the absence of subcellular organelles is a characteristic typically used to distinguish prokaryotic from eukaryotic cells. but recent discoveries do not support this dogma. over the past 50 years, researchers have begun to appreciate and characterize gram-negative bacterial outer membrane-derived vesicles and gram-positive and archaeal membrane vesicles. these extracellular, membrane-bound organelles can perform a variety of functions, including binding and delivery of dna, transport of virulenc ...201323615201
characterization of the pseudomonas aeruginosa metalloendopeptidase, mep72, a member of the vfr regulon.pseudomonas aeruginosa vfr (the virulence factor regulator) enhances p. aeruginosa virulence by positively regulating the expression of numerous virulence genes. a previous microarray analysis identified numerous genes positively regulated by vfr in strain pak, including the yet uncharacterized pa2782 and pa2783.201324279383
microbial environment affects innate immunity in two closely related earthworm species eisenia andrei and eisenia fetida.survival of earthworms in the environment depends on their ability to recognize and eliminate potential pathogens. this work is aimed to compare the innate defense mechanisms of two closely related earthworm species, eisenia andrei and eisenia fetida, that inhabit substantially different ecological niches. while e. andrei lives in a compost and manure, e. fetida can be found in the litter layer in forests. therefore, the influence of environment-specific microbiota on the immune response of both ...201324223917
co-culture with listeria monocytogenes within a dual-species biofilm community strongly increases resistance of pseudomonas putida to benzalkonium chloride.biofilm formation is a phenomenon occurring almost wherever microorganisms and surfaces exist in close proximity. this study aimed to evaluate the possible influence of bacterial interactions on the ability of listeria monocytogenes and pseudomonas putida to develop a dual-species biofilm community on stainless steel (ss), as well as on the subsequent resistance of their sessile cells to benzalkonium chloride (bc) used in inadequate (sub-lethal) concentration (50 ppm). the possible progressive a ...201324130873
novel staphylococcal glycosyltransferases sdga and sdgb mediate immunogenicity and protection of virulence-associated cell wall proteins.infection of host tissues by staphylococcus aureus and s. epidermidis requires an unusual family of staphylococcal adhesive proteins that contain long stretches of serine-aspartate dipeptide-repeats (sdr). the prototype member of this family is clumping factor a (clfa), a key virulence factor that mediates adhesion to host tissues by binding to extracellular matrix proteins such as fibrinogen. however, the biological siginificance of the sdr-domain and its implication for pathogenesis remain poo ...201324130480
prevention and treatment of biofilms by hybrid- and nanotechnologies.bacteria growing as adherent biofilms are difficult to treat and frequently develop resistance to antimicrobial agents. to counter biofilms, various approaches, including prevention of bacterial surface adherence, application of device applicators, and assimilation of antimicrobials in targeted drug delivery machinery, have been utilized. these methods are also combined to achieve synergistic bacterial killing. this review discusses various multimodal technologies, presents general concepts, and ...201323946652
metabolic engineering of escherichia coli for the production of xylonate.xylonate is a valuable chemical for versatile applications. although the chemical synthesis route and microbial conversion pathway were established decades ago, no commercial production of xylonate has been obtained so far. in this study, the industrially important microorganism escherichia coli was engineered to produce xylonate from xylose. through the coexpression of a xylose dehydrogenase (xdh) and a xylonolactonase (xylc) from caulobacter crescentus, the recombinant strain could convert 1 g ...201323861757
structure-guided modification of rhizomucor miehei lipase for production of structured lipids.to improve the performance of yeast surface-displayed rhizomucor miehei lipase (rml) in the production of human milk fat substitute (hmfs), we mutated amino acids in the lipase substrate-binding pocket based on protein hydrophobicity, to improve esterification activity. five mutants: asn87ile, asn87ile/asp91val, his108leu/lys109ile, asp256ile/his257leu, and his108leu/lys109ile/asp256ile/his257leu were obtained and their hydrolytic and esterification activities were assayed. using discovery studi ...201323844120
genetic detection of pseudomonas spp. in commercial amazonian fish.brazilian freshwater fish caught from large drainages like the river amazon represent a million ton market in expansion, which is of enormous importance for export to other continents as exotic seafood. a guarantee of bacteriological safety is required for international exports that comprise a set of different bacteria but not any pseudomonas. however, diarrhoea, infections and even septicaemia caused by some pseudomonas species have been reported, especially in immune-depressed patients. in thi ...201324065035
anti-bacterial activity of recombinant human β-defensin-3 secreted in the milk of transgenic goats produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer.the present study was conducted to determine whether recombinant human β-defensin-3 (rhbd3) in the milk of transgenic goats has an anti-bacterial activity against escherichia coli (e. coli), staphylococcus aureus (s. aureus) and streptococcus agalactiae (s. agalactiae) that could cause mastitis. a hbd3 mammary-specific expression vector was transfected by electroporation into goat fetal fibroblasts which were used to produce fourteen healthy transgenic goats by somatic cell nuclear transfer. the ...201323799010
antibiotic multiresistance analysis of mesophilic and psychrotrophic pseudomonas spp. isolated from goat and lamb slaughterhouse surfaces throughout the meat production process.the aim of this study was to investigate the phenotypic and genotypic antibiotic resistance profiles of pseudomonads isolated from surfaces of a goat and lamb slaughterhouse, which were representative of areas that are possible sources of meat contamination. mesophilic (85 isolates) and psychrotrophic (37 isolates) pseudomonads identified at the species level generally were resistant to sulfamethoxazole, erythromycin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim, rifampin, and ceftazid ...201425172860
use of antimicrobial food additives as potential dipping solutions to control pseudomonas spp. contamination in the frankfurters and ham.this study evaluated the effect of sodium diacetate and sodium lactate solutions for reducing the cell count of pseudomonas spp. in frankfurters and hams. a mixture of pseudomonas aeruginosa (nccp10338, nccp10250, and nccp11229), and pseudomonas fluorescens (kacc10323 and kacc10326) was inoculated on cooked frankfurters and ham. the inoculated samples were immersed into control (sterile distilled water), sodium diacetate (5 and 10%), sodium lactate (5 and 10%), 5% sodium diacetate + 5% sodium la ...201426761492
a selected core microbiome drives the early stages of three popular italian cheese manufactures.mozzarella (m), grana padano (gp) and parmigiano reggiano (pr) are three of the most important traditional italian cheeses. in the three cheese manufactures the initial fermentation is carried out by adding natural whey cultures (nwcs) according to a back-slopping procedure. in this study, nwcs and the corresponding curds from m, gp and pr manufactures were analyzed by culture-independent pyrosequencing of the amplified v1-v3 regions of the 16s rrna gene, in order to provide insights into the mi ...201424586960
the study of nickel resistant bacteria (nirb) isolated from wastewaters polluted with different industrial sources.pollution due to the heavy metals is a problem that may have negative consequences on the hydrosphere. one of the best procedures in removing the toxic metals from the environment is using metal resistant bacteria.201424475932
acrolein modification impairs key functional features of rat apolipoprotein e: identification of modified sites by mass spectrometry.apolipoprotein e (apoe), an antiatherogenic apolipoprotein, plays a significant role in the metabolism of lipoproteins. it lowers plasma lipid levels by acting as a ligand for the low-density lipoprotein receptor (ldlr) family of proteins, in addition to playing a role in promoting macrophage cholesterol efflux in atherosclerotic lesions. the objective of this study is to examine the effect of acrolein modification on the structure and function of rat apoe and to determine the sites and nature o ...201424325674
sequence co-evolution gives 3d contacts and structures of protein complexes.protein-protein interactions are fundamental to many biological processes. experimental screens have identified tens of thousands of interactions, and structural biology has provided detailed functional insight for select 3d protein complexes. an alternative rich source of information about protein interactions is the evolutionary sequence record. building on earlier work, we show that analysis of correlated evolutionary sequence changes across proteins identifies residues that are close in spac ...201425255213
the dual role of microbes in corrosion.corrosion is the result of a series of chemical, physical and (micro) biological processes leading to the deterioration of materials such as steel and stone. it is a world-wide problem with great societal and economic consequences. current corrosion control strategies based on chemically produced products are under increasing pressure of stringent environmental regulations. furthermore, they are rather inefficient. therefore, there is an urgent need for environmentally friendly and sustainable c ...201425259571
nutritional and hygienic quality of raw milk in the mid-northern region of algeria: correlations and risk factors.this paper aims to study the overall quality of raw milk in the mid-northern region of algeria. the analysis results showed a decrease in the average temperature for the delivery of 1,54°c with p<0.001. however, no significant variation (p>0.05) was observed in almost all the physical and nutritional parameters studied (ph, fat content, and protein content) between m1 and m2. the average contamination by total mesophilic aerobic bacteria (tmab), coliforms, yeasts, molds, and different pathogens ...201425374932
the dual role of microbes in corrosion.corrosion is the result of a series of chemical, physical and (micro) biological processes leading to the deterioration of materials such as steel and stone. it is a world-wide problem with great societal and economic consequences. current corrosion control strategies based on chemically produced products are under increasing pressure of stringent environmental regulations. furthermore, they are rather inefficient. therefore, there is an urgent need for environmentally friendly and sustainable c ...201425259571
functional characterization and evaluation of in vitro protective efficacy of murine monoclonal antibodies burk24 and burk37 against burkholderia pseudomallei.burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis has been recognized by cdc as a category b select agent. although substantial efforts have been made for development of vaccine molecules against the pathogen, significant hurdles still remain. with no licensed vaccines available and high relapse rate of the disease, there is a pressing need for development of alternate protection strategies. antibody-mediated passive protection is promising in this regard and our primary interest was ...201424614539
the diversity of bacteria isolated from antarctic freshwater reservoirs possessing the ability to produce polyhydroxyalkanoates.the diversity of polyhydroxyalkanoates-producing bacteria in freshwater reservoirs in the ecology glacier foreland, antarctica, was examined by a cultivation-dependent method. isolated strains were analyzed phylogenetically by 16s rrna gene sequencing, and classified as members of alpha-, beta-, or gammaproteobacteria classes. polymerase chain reaction was used to detect pha synthase genes. potential polyhydroxyalkanoates (phas) producers belonging mainly to pseudomonas sp., and janthinobacteriu ...201424939384
melanin-templated rapid synthesis of silver nanostructures.as a potent antimicrobial agent, silver nanostructures have been used in nanosensors and nanomaterial-based assays for the detection of food relevant analytes such as organic molecules, aroma, chemical contaminants, gases and food borne pathogens. in addition silver based nanocomposites act as an antimicrobial for food packaging materials. in this prospective, the food grade melanin pigment extracted from sponge associated actinobacterium nocardiopsis alba msa10 and melanin mediated synthesis of ...201424885756
detection of food spoilage and pathogenic bacteria based on ligation detection reaction coupled to flow-through hybridization on membranes.traditional culturing methods are still commonly applied for bacterial identification in the food control sector, despite being time and labor intensive. microarray technologies represent an interesting alternative. however, they require higher costs and technical expertise, making them still inappropriate for microbial routine analysis. the present study describes the development of an efficient method for bacterial identification based on flow-through reverse dot-blot (ft-rdb) hybridization on ...201424818128
population dynamics of vibrio and pseudomonas species isolated from farmed tasmanian atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.): a seasonal study.vibrio and pseudomonas species have been shown to be part of the normal microbiota of atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.), with some strains causing disease in fish. the factors affecting their prevalence and persistence in the salmon gut, however, have not been well studied. in this study, we collected 340 vibrio and 150 pseudomonas isolates from the hindgut of farmed tasmanian atlantic salmon, fed with two commercially available diets. samples were collected every 6-8 weeks between july 2011 and ...201425027277
structure-based conversion of the coenzyme requirement of a short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase involved in bacterial alginate metabolism.the alginate-assimilating bacterium, sphingomonas sp. strain a1, degrades the polysaccharides to monosaccharides through four alginate lyase reactions. the resultant monosaccharide, which is nonenzymatically converted to 4-deoxy-l-erythro-5-hexoseulose uronate (deh), is further metabolized to 2-keto-3-deoxy-d-gluconate by nadph-dependent reductase a1-r in the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (sdr) family. a1-r-deficient cells produced another deh reductase, designated a1-r', with a preference ...201425288804
whole genome and transcriptome analyses of environmental antibiotic sensitive and multi-resistant pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates exposed to waste water and tap water.the fitness of sensitive and resistant pseudomonas aeruginosa in different aquatic environments depends on genetic capacities and transcriptional regulation. therefore, an antibiotic-sensitive isolate pa30 and a multi-resistant isolate pa49 originating from waste waters were compared via whole genome and transcriptome illumina sequencing after exposure to municipal waste water and tap water. a number of different genomic islands (e.g. pagis, papis) were identified in the two environmental isolat ...201425186059
whole genome and transcriptome analyses of environmental antibiotic sensitive and multi-resistant pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates exposed to waste water and tap water.the fitness of sensitive and resistant pseudomonas aeruginosa in different aquatic environments depends on genetic capacities and transcriptional regulation. therefore, an antibiotic-sensitive isolate pa30 and a multi-resistant isolate pa49 originating from waste waters were compared via whole genome and transcriptome illumina sequencing after exposure to municipal waste water and tap water. a number of different genomic islands (e.g. pagis, papis) were identified in the two environmental isolat ...201425186059
microencapsulation, chemical characterization, and antimicrobial activity of mexican (lippia graveolens h.b.k.) and european (origanum vulgare l.) oregano essential oils.the effect of solvent polarity (methanol and pentane) on the chemical composition of hydrodistilled essential oils (eo's) of lippia graveolens h.b.k. (mxo) and origanum vulgare l. (euo) was studied by gc-ms. composition of modified starch microencapsulated eo's was conducted by headspace-solid-phase microextraction (hs-spme). the antimicrobial activity of free and microencapsulated eo's was evaluated. they were tested against salmonella sp., brochothrix thermosphacta, pseudomonas fragi, lactobac ...201425177730
intra- and inter-species interactions within biofilms of important foodborne bacterial pathogens.a community-based sessile life style is the normal mode of growth and survival for many bacterial species. under such conditions, cell-to-cell interactions are inevitable and ultimately lead to the establishment of dense, complex and highly structured biofilm populations encapsulated in a self-produced extracellular matrix and capable of coordinated and collective behavior. remarkably, in food processing environments, a variety of different bacteria may attach to surfaces, survive, grow, and for ...201526347727
contribution of disulfide bridges to the thermostability of a type a feruloyl esterase from aspergillus usamii.the contribution of disulfide bridges to the thermostability of a type a feruloyl esterase (aufaea) from aspergillus usamii e001 was studied by introducing an extra disulfide bridge or eliminating a native one from the enzyme. modip and dbd, two computational tools that can predict the possible disulfide bridges in proteins for thermostability improvement, and molecular dynamics (md) simulations were used to design the extra disulfide bridge. one residue pair a126-n152 was chosen, and the respec ...201525969986
microbiological changes, shelf life and identification of initial and spoilage microbiota of sea bream fillets stored under various conditions using 16s rrna gene analysis.sea bream fillets are one of the most important value-added products of the seafood market. fresh seafood spoils mainly owing to bacterial action. in this study an exploration of initial and spoilage microbiota of sea bream fillets stored under air and commercial modified atmosphere packaging (map) at 0 and 5 °c was conducted by 16s rrna gene sequence analysis of isolates grown on plates. sensory evaluation and enumeration of total viable counts and spoilage microorganisms were also conducted to ...201525312872
residue asn277 affects the stability and substrate specificity of the smg1 lipase from malassezia globosa.thermostability and substrate specificity are important characteristics of enzymes for industrial application, which can be improved by protein engineering. smg1 lipase from malassezia globosa is a mono- and diacylglycerol lipase (mdl) that shows activity toward mono- and diacylglycerols, but no activity toward triacylglycerols. smg1 lipase is considered a potential biocatalyst applied in oil/fat modification and its crystal structure revealed that an interesting residue-asn277 may contribute to ...201525837472
novel food packaging systems with natural antimicrobial agents.a new type of packaging that combines food packaging materials with antimicrobial substances to control microbial surface contamination of foods to enhance product microbial safety and to extend shelf-life is attracting interest in the packaging industry. several antimicrobial compounds can be combined with different types of packaging materials. but in recent years, since consumer demand for natural food ingredients has increased because of safety and availability, these natural compounds are b ...201526396358
chemotherapeutic potential of cow urine: a review.in the grim scenario where presently about 70% of pathogenic bacteria are resistant to at least one of the drugs for the treatment, cue is to be taken from traditional/indigenous medicine to tackle it urgently. the indian traditional knowledge emanates from ayurveda, where bos indicus is placed at a high pedestal for numerous uses of its various products. urine is one of the products of a cow with many benefits and without toxicity. various studies have found good antimicrobial activity of cow's ...201526401404
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