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polar lipids of burkholderia pseudomallei induce different host immune responses.melioidosis is a disease in tropical and subtropical regions of the world that is caused by burkholderia pseudomallei. in endemic regions the disease occurs primarily in humans and goats. in the present study, we used the goat as a model to dissect the polar lipids of b. pseudomallei to identify lipid molecules that could be used for adjuvants/vaccines or as diagnostic tools. we showed that the lipidome of b. pseudomallei and its fractions contain several polar lipids with the capacity to elicit ...201324260378
non-dietary forms of treatment for adult celiac disease.at present, treatment for celiac disease includes a strict gluten-free diet. compliance, however, is difficult and gluten-free food products are costly, and, sometimes very inconvenient. a number of potential alternative measures have been proposed to either replace or supplement gluten-free diet therapy. in the past, non-dietary forms of treatment were used (e.g., corticosteroids) by some clinicians, often to supplement a gluten-free diet in patients that appeared to be poorly responsive to a g ...201324199026
comparison of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (maldi-tof) mass spectrometry platforms for the identification of gram-negative rods from patients with cystic fibrosis.we evaluated the performance of the bruker biotyper and the biomérieux vitek ms with both the saramis v4.09 and knowledge base v2.0 databases for the identification of 203 non-glucose-fermenting gram-negative rods that had previously been identified by 16s rrna gene sequencing. including those that underwent repeat testing, 96.6%, 90.1%, and 93.6% of isolates, respectively, had identifications that agreed with the previous identification.201323966494
matrix assisted laser desorption ionization imaging mass spectrometry workflow for spatial profiling analysis of n-linked glycan expression in tissues.a new matrix assisted laser desorption ionization imaging mass spectrometry (maldi-ims) method to spatially profile the location and distribution of multiple n-linked glycan species in tissues is described. application of an endoglycosidase, peptide n-glycosidase f (pngasef), directly on tissues followed by incubation releases n-linked glycan species amenable to detection by maldi-ims. the method has been designed to simultaneously profile the multiple glycan species released from intracellular ...201324050758
n-/o-glycosylation analysis of human fviia produced in the milk of transgenic rabbits.human coagulation factor viia is a glycoprotein that promotes haemostasis through activation of the coagulation cascade extrinsic pathway. most haemophilia a/b patients with inhibitors are treated by injection of plasma-derived or recombinant fviia. the use of recombinant products raises questions about the ability of the host cell to produce efficiently post-translationally modified proteins. glycosylation is especially critical considering that it can modulate protein safety and efficacy. the ...201324092837
nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli other than pseudomonas aeruginosa and acinetobacter spp. causing respiratory tract infections in a tertiary care center.nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli have emerged as important healthcare-associated pathogens. it is important to correctly identify all clinically significant nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli considering the intrinsic multidrug resistance exhibited by these bacteria.201324672175
elizabethkingia meningoseptica bacteremia in immunocompromised hosts: the first case series from india.although elizabethkingia meningoseptica (chryseobacterium meningosepticum) infections in immunocompromised hosts have been recognised, clinical data detailing these infections remain limited, especially from india. antimicrobial susceptibility data on e. meningoseptica remain very limited, with no established breakpoints by clinical and laboratory standards institute (clsi). the organism is usually multidrug resistant to antibiotics usually prescribed for treating gram-negative bacterial infecti ...201324455635
immunocompromised hosts: infections and biomarkers. 201324455632
endos2 is a unique and conserved enzyme of serotype m49 group a streptococcus that hydrolyses n-linked glycans on igg and α1-acid glycoprotein.many bacteria have evolved ways to interact with glycosylation functions of the immune system of their hosts. streptococcus pyogenes [gas (group a streptococcus)] secretes the enzyme endos that cleaves glycans on human igg and impairs the effector functions of the antibody. the ndos gene, encoding endos, has, until now, been thought to be conserved throughout the serotypes. however, in the present study, we identify endos2, an endoglycosidase in serotype m49 gas strains. we characterized endos2 ...201323865566
elizabethkingia meningoseptica: emerging nosocomial pathogen in bedside hemodialysis patients.elizabethkingia meningoseptica, a ubiquitous gram-negative aerobic bacillus, is an emerging hospital acquired pathogen in patients on dialysis. it has been isolated in the hospital environment in water supplies, disinfectants, and medical devices. we present here an analysis of eight healthcare-acquired infections with this organism in adults. to the best of our our knowledge, this is the first report of infections with this organism in patients on hemodialysis.201324339643
serine lipids of porphyromonas gingivalis are human and mouse toll-like receptor 2 ligands.the total cellular lipids of porphyromas gingivalis, a known periodontal pathogen, were previously shown to promote dendritic cell activation and inhibition of osteoblasts through engagement of toll-like receptor 2 (tlr2). the purpose of the present investigation was to fractionate all lipids of p. gingivalis and define which lipid classes account for the tlr2 engagement, based on both in vitro human cell assays and in vivo studies in mice. specific serine-containing lipids of p. gingivalis, cal ...201323836823
identification and characterization of an oleate hydratase-encoding gene from bifidobacterium breve.bifidobacteria are common commensals of the mammalian gastrointestinal tract. previous studies have suggested that a bifidobacterial myosin cross reactive antigen (mcra) protein plays a role in bacterial stress tolerance, while this protein has also been linked to the biosynthesis of conjugated linoleic acid (cla) in bifidobacteria. in order to increase our understanding on the role of mcra in bifidobacteria we created and analyzed an insertion mutant of the mcra-encoding gene of b. breve ncfb 2 ...201323851389
characterization of the carbohydrate components of taenia solium oncosphere proteins and their role in the antigenicity.this study examines the carbohydrate composition of taenia solium whole oncosphere antigens (woas), in order to improve the understanding of the antigenicity of the t. solium. better knowledge of oncosphere antigens is crucial to accurately diagnose previous exposure to t. solium eggs and thus predict the development of neurocysticercosis. a set of seven lectins conjugates with wide carbohydrate specificity were used on parasite fixations and somatic extracts. lectin fluorescence revealed that d ...201323982308
characterizing o-linked glycopeptides by electron transfer dissociation: fragmentation rules and applications in data analysis.studying protein o-glycosylation remains an analytical challenge. different from n-linked glycans, the o-glycosylation site is not within a known consensus sequence. additionally, o-glycans are heterogeneous with numerous potential modification sites. electron transfer dissociation (etd) is the method of choice in analyzing these glycopeptides since the glycan side chain remains intact in etd, and the glycosylation site can be localized on the basis of the c and z fragment ions. nonetheless, new ...201323909558
dna-dna hybridization study of strains of chryseobacterium, elizabethkingia and empedobacter and of other usually indole-producing non-fermenters of cdc groups iic, iie, iih and iii, mostly from human clinical sources, and proposals of chryseobacterium bernardetii sp. nov., chryseobacterium carnis sp. nov., chryseobacterium lactis sp. nov., chryseobacterium nakagawai sp. nov. and chryseobacterium taklimakanense comb. nov.the taxonomic classification of 182 phenotypically similar isolates was evaluated using dna-dna hybridization and 16s rrna gene sequence analysis. these bacterial isolates were mainly derived from clinical sources; all were gram-negative non-fermenters and most were indole-producing. phenotypically, they resembled species from the genera chryseobacterium, elizabethkingia or empedobacter or belonged to cdc groups iic, iie, iih and iii. based on these analyses, four novel species are described: ch ...201323934253
identification of c-terminal phosphorylation sites of n-formyl peptide receptor-1 (fpr1) in human blood neutrophils.accumulation, activation, and control of neutrophils at inflammation sites is partly driven by n-formyl peptide chemoattractant receptors (fprs). occupancy of these g-protein-coupled receptors by formyl peptides has been shown to induce regulatory phosphorylation of cytoplasmic serine/threonine amino acid residues in heterologously expressed recombinant receptors, but the biochemistry of these modifications in primary human neutrophils remains relatively unstudied. fpr1 and fpr2 were partially i ...201323873933
the glycosylation of agp and its associations with the binding to methadone.methadone remains the most common form of pharmacological therapy for opioid dependence; however, there is a lack of explanation for the reports of its relatively low success rate in achieving complete abstinence. one hypothesis is that in vivo binding of methadone to the plasma glycoprotein alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (agp), to a degree dependent on the molecular structure, may render the drug inactive. this study sought to determine whether alterations present in the glycosylation pattern of agp ...201323936770
draft genome sequences of elizabethkingia meningoseptica.elizabethkingia meningoseptica is ubiquitous in nature, exhibits a multiple-antibiotic resistance phenotype, and causes rare opportunistic infections. we now report two draft genome sequences of e. meningoseptica type strains that were sequenced independently in two laboratories.201323846266
n-glycosylation profile of undifferentiated and adipogenically differentiated human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells: towards a next generation of stem cell markers.mesenchymal stem cells (mscs) are multipotent cells that are easy to isolate and expand, develop into several tissues, including fat, migrate to diseased organs, have immunosuppressive properties and secrete regenerative factors. this makes mscs ideal for regenerative medicine. for application and regulatory purposes, knowledge of (bio)markers characterizing mscs and their development stages is of paramount importance. the cell surface is coated with glycans that possess lineage-specific nature, ...201323829188
the galectin cvgal1 from the eastern oyster (crassostrea virginica) binds to blood group a oligosaccharides on the hemocyte surface.the galectin cvgal1 from the eastern oyster (crassostrea virginica), which possesses four tandemly arrayed carbohydrate recognition domains, was previously shown to display stronger binding to galactosamine and n-acetylgalactosamine relative to d-galactose. cvgal1 expressed by phagocytic cells is "hijacked" by the parasite perkinsus marinus to enter the host, where it proliferates and causes systemic infection and death. in this study, a detailed glycan array analysis revealed that cvgal1 prefer ...201323824193
intraoperative cerebrospinal fluid sample from first ventriculoperitoneal shunt operation: is it indicated? 201324044006
genetic requirement for hemagglutinin glycosylation and its implications for influenza a h1n1 virus evolution.influenza a virus has evolved and thrived in human populations. since the 1918 influenza a pandemic, human h1n1 viruses had acquired additional n-linked glycosylation (nlg) sites within the globular head region of hemagglutinin (ha) until the nlg-free ha head pattern of the 1918 h1n1 virus was renewed with the swine-derived 2009 pandemic h1n1 virus. moreover, the ha of the 2009 h1n1 virus appeared to be antigenically related to that of the 1918 h1n1 virus. hence, it is possible that descendants ...201323637398
modification of glycosylation mediates the invasive properties of murine hepatocarcinoma cell lines to lymph nodes.among the various posttranslational modification reactions, glycosylation is the most common, and nearly 50% of all known proteins are thought to be glycosylated. in fact, changes in glycosylation readily occur in carcinogenesis, invasion and metastasis. this report investigated the modification of glycosylation mediated the invasive properties of hca-f and hca-p murine hepatocarcinoma cell lines, which have high, low metastatic potential in the lymph nodes, respectively. analysis revealed that ...201323840320
angling for uniqueness in enzymatic preparation of glycosides.in the early days of biocatalysis, limitations of an enzyme modeled the enzymatic applications; nowadays the enzyme can be engineered to be suitable for the process requirements. this is a general bird's-eye view and as such cannot be specific for articulated situations found in different classes of enzymes or for selected enzymatic processes. as far as the enzymatic preparation of glycosides is concerned, recent scientific literature is awash with examples of uniqueness related to the features ...201324970171
comparative analysis of glycoside hydrolases activities from phylogenetically diverse marine bacteria of the genus arenibacter.a total of 16 marine strains belonging to the genus arenibacter, recovered from diverse microbial communities associated with various marine habitats and collected from different locations, were evaluated in degradation of natural polysaccharides and chromogenic glycosides. most strains were affiliated with five recognized species, and some presented three new species within the genus arenibacter. no strains contained enzymes depolymerizing polysaccharides, but synthesized a wide spectrum of gly ...201323752354
direct bacterial identification in positive blood cultures by use of two commercial matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry systems.matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) for the identification of bacteria and fungi was recently introduced in microbiology laboratories. this technology could greatly improve the clinical management of patients and guidance for chemotherapy. in this study, we used a commercial maldi sepsityper extraction method to evaluate the performance of two commercial maldi-tof ms systems, the vitek ms ivd (biomérieux) and the microflex lt biotyper (bruk ...201323515548
antibiotic consumption and healthcare-associated infections caused by multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacilli at a large medical center in taiwan from 2002 to 2009: implicating the importance of antibiotic stewardship.better depicting the relationship between antibiotic consumption and evolutionary healthcare-associated infections (hais) caused by multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacilli (mdr-gnb) may help highlight the importance of antibiotic stewardship.201323738018
comparative glycomic profiling of isotopically permethylated n-glycans by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.mass spectrometry based comparative glycomics is essential for disease biomarker discovery. however, developing a reliable quantification method is still a challenging task.201323495056
automated annotation and quantification of glycans using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.as a common post-translational modification, protein glycosylation plays an important role in many biological processes, and it is known to be associated with human diseases. mass spectrometry (ms)-based glycomic profiling techniques have been developed to measure the abundances of glycans in complex biological samples and applied to the discovery of putative glycan biomarkers. to automate the annotation of glycomic profiles in the liquid chromatography-ms (lc-ms) data, we present here a user-fr ...201323610369
from soil to structure, a novel dimeric β-glucosidase belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 3 isolated from compost using metagenomic analysis.a recent metagenomic analysis sequenced a switchgrass-adapted compost community to identify enzymes from microorganisms that were specifically adapted to switchgrass under thermophilic conditions. these enzymes are being examined as part of the pretreatment process for the production of "second-generation" biofuels. among the enzymes discovered was jmb19063, a novel three-domain β-glucosidase that belongs to the gh3 (glycoside hydrolase 3) family. here, we report the structure of jmb19063 in com ...201323580647
rare elizabethkingia meningosepticum meningitis case in an immunocompetent adult.though elizabethkingia meningosepticum typically causes meningitis in neonates, its occurrence in adult is rare, with sixteen cases described worldwide. we report a case of e. meningosepticum meningitis in an immunocompetent adult. bacterial identification was made a day earlier than conventional method by using matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (maldi-tof) vitek mass spectrometry ruo (vms), which resulted in successful treatment with rifampin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxaz ...201326038458
usefulness of a selective neutrophil elastase inhibitor, sivelestat, in acute lung injury patients with sepsis.neutrophil elastase plays a crucial role in the development of acute lung injury (ali) in patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (sirs). the clinical efficacy of the neutrophil elastase inhibitor, sivelestat, for patients with ali associated with sirs has not been convincingly demonstrated. the aim of this study was to determine if there are clinical features of patients with this condition that affect the efficacy of sivelestat.201323596346
septic shock caused by elizabethkingia meningoseptica: a case report and review of literature.a 70-year-old woman, resident of a nursing home presented with complaints of fever for 1 day. initial history, physical examination and laboratory tests were consistent with the diagnosis of systemic inflammatory response syndrome; blood culture from peripheral and central perm catheter were sent. patient was started on empiric antibiotics and aggressive hydration. blood cultures from peripheral access and central perm catheter grew elisabethkingia meningoseptica on the second day. patient was t ...201323559661
glycomic profiling of tissue sections by lc-ms.because routine preparation of glycan samples involves multiple reaction and cleaning steps at which sample loss occurs, glycan analysis is typically performed using large tissue samples. this type of analysis yields no detailed molecular spatial information and requires special care to maintain proper storage and shipping conditions. we describe here a new glycan sample preparation protocol using minimized sample preparation steps and optimized procedures. tissue sections and spotted samples fi ...201323438902
platelets recognize brain-specific glycolipid structures, respond to neurovascular damage and promote neuroinflammation.platelets respond to vascular damage and contribute to inflammation, but their role in the neurodegenerative diseases is unknown. we found that the systemic administration of brain lipid rafts induced a massive platelet activation and degranulation resulting in a life-threatening anaphylactic-like response in mice. platelets were engaged by the sialated glycosphingolipids (gangliosides) integrated in the rigid structures of astroglial and neuronal lipid rafts. the brain-abundant gangliosides gt1 ...201323555611
exo- and endoglycosidases revisited.many glycosidases, which work as useful reagents for the studies of structures and functions of free and conjugated oligosaccharides, have been found and thoroughly purified. these enzymes are classified into exo- and endoglycosidases by their glycon specificities. their usefulness and limits as reagents are explained in detail in this review.endoglycosidases, which were originally found in the culture fluid of bacteria and in the extracts of plants, are now widely found in the mammals including ...201323474886
keratitis with elizabethkingia meningoseptica occurring after contact lens wear: a case report.to report keratitis with elizabethkingia meningoseptica, which occurred in a healthy patient after wearing contact lenses for 6 months. a 24-year-old male patient visited our hospital with ocular pain. this patient had a history of wearing soft contact lenses for 6 months, about 10 hours per day. at initial presentation, slit lamp examination showed corneal stromal infiltrations and small epithelial defect. microbiological examinations were performed from corneal scrapings, contact lenses, and t ...201323543626
characterization of host-cell line specific glycosylation profiles of early transmitted/founder hiv-1 gp120 envelope proteins.glycosylation plays an essential role in regulating protein function by modulating biological, structural, and therapeutic properties. however, due to its inherent heterogeneity and diversity, the comprehensive analysis of protein glycosylation remains a challenge. as part of our continuing effort in the analysis of glycosylation profiles of recombinant hiv-1 envelope-based immunogens, we evaluated and compared the host-cell specific glycosylation pattern of recombinant hiv-1 surface glycoprotei ...201323339644
efficacy of oral ribavirin in hematologic disease patients with paramyxovirus infection: analytic strategy using propensity scores.few antiviral agents are available for treating paramyxovirus infections, such as those involving respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), parainfluenza virus (piv), and human metapneumovirus (hmpv). we evaluated the effect of oral ribavirin on clinical outcomes of paramyxovirus infections in patients with hematological diseases. all adult patients with paramyxovirus were retrospectively reviewed over a 2-year period. patients who received oral ribavirin were compared to those who received supportive ...201323229488
in vivo deglycosylation of recombinant proteins in plants by co-expression with bacterial pngase f.at present, several eukaryotic expression systems including yeast, insect and mammalian cells and plants are used for the production of recombinant proteins. proteins with potential n-glycosylation sites are efficiently glycosylated when expressed in these systems. however, the ability of the eukaryotic expression systems to glycosylate may be not desirable for some proteins. if target proteins that do not carry n-linked glycans in the native host contain potential n-linked glycosylation sites, ...201323328084
simple approach to assign disulfide connectivity using extracted ion chromatograms of electron transfer dissociation spectra.increasing interest in production of protein-based pharmaceuticals (biotherapeutics) is accompanied by an increased need for verification of protein folding and correct disulfide bonding. recombinant protein expression may produce aberrant disulfide bonds and could result in safety concerns or decreased efficacy. thus, the thorough analysis of disulfide bonding is a necessity for protein therapeutics. the use of electron transfer dissociation (etd) facilitates this analysis because disulfide bon ...201323210856
a method to produce and purify full-length recombinant alpha dystroglycan: analysis of n- and o-linked monosaccharide composition in cho cells with or without large overexpression.α dystroglycan (αdg) is part of the dystrophin-associated glycoprotein (dag) complex, a series of cytoskeletal, transmembrane, and membrane-associated proteins that serve to link the extracellular matrix (ecm) surrounding individual skeletal myofibers to the intracellular f-actin cytoskeleton. glycosylation and ecm protein binding to αdg are regulated by a number of genes that, when defective, give rise to congenital or limb-girdle forms of muscular dystrophy termed dystroglycanopathies. one suc ...201323390591
structural separations by ion mobility-ms for glycomics and glycoproteomics.this chapter describes the utility of ion mobility-mass spectrometry (im-ms) for the detection and characterization of glycoproteins and associated glycoconjugates. im-ms provides separations in two dimensions; one on the basis of molecular surface area or structure, and the other on molecular mass which creates the ability to differentiate biomolecular classes and isobaric species. when applied to the characterization of glycoproteins, im-ms separates peptides from the associated glycans in the ...201323296531
structural insights into the subclass b3 metallo-β-lactamase smb-1 and the mode of inhibition by the common metallo-β-lactamase inhibitor mercaptoacetate.a novel subclass b3 metallo-β-lactamase (mbl), smb-1, recently identified from a serratia marcescens clinical isolate, showed a higher hydrolytic activity against a wide range of β-lactams than did the other subclass b3 mbls, i.e., bjp-1 and fez-1, from environmental bacteria. to identify the mechanism underlying the differences in substrate specificity among the subclass b3 mbls, we determined the structure of smb-1, using 1.6-å diffraction data. consequently, we found that smb-1 reserves a spa ...201323070156
a rare polymicrobial keratitis involving chryseobacterium meningosepticum and delftia acidovorans in a cosmetic contact lens wearer.to report an unusual case of keratitis in a cosmetic contact lens wearer caused by two rare organisms.201322223162
nosocomial infections caused by elizabethkingia meningoseptica: an emergent pathogen.we hereby describe the clinical and epidemiological features and, outcomes of nine patients with elizabethkingia meningoseptica infections in two hospitals over a 2-year period. all infections caused by this pathogen were nosocomial, or healthcare associated infections, in hemodialysis settings whereas none was correlated with hospital outbreaks.201324055393
bad design, bad practices, bad bugs: frustrations in controlling an outbreak of elizabethkingia meningoseptica in intensive care units.elizabethkingia meningoseptica is a nosocomial-adapted gram-negative bacillus intrinsically resistant to antibiotics commonly used in the intensive care setting. an outbreak investigation commenced when five patients developed e. meningoseptica infection in two intensive care units (icus).201323958153
elizabethkingia meningoseptica: an emerging pathogen causing meningitis in a hospitalized adult trauma patient.a 23-year-old male patient who was a follow-up case of neurosurgery presented to our emergency department with a history of high-grade fever and clinical features of meningitis for 1 week. the cerebrospinal fluid (csf) was sent to our laboratory for culture. the culture demonstrated growth of 1-2 mm in diameter light yellow coloured colonies of gram-negative bacilli on chocolate and blood agar. there was no growth on macconkey agar. the bacterium was multidrug resistant. based upon the growth ch ...201323883720
elizabethkingia meningoseptica: emergent bacteria causing pneumonia in a critically ill child.elizabethkingia meningoseptica is an unusual, highly resistant, gram- negative bacillus. while e. meningoseptica-associated meningitis outbreaks have been well-documented in hospital neonatal wards and among immunocompromised adults, reports describing this microorganism in critically ill children are scarce. the purpose of this report was to describe a case of a 3 year-old girl who developed pneumonia caused by e. meningoseptica in the setting of previous use of broad-spectrum antibiotics and t ...201323679162
16s rrna gene-based identification of elizabethkingia meningoseptica (flavobacteriales: flavobacteriaceae) as a dominant midgut bacterium of the asian malaria vector anopheles stephensi (dipteria: culicidae) with antimicrobial activities.following their transmission from the human to the mosquito with the bloodmeal, malaria parasites have to persevere in the mosquito midgut for approximately 1 d. during this period the parasites are highly vulnerable to factors of the mosquito midgut, including bacteria. we here aimed at determining the microbial diversity of gut bacteria of the asian malaria vector anopheles stephensi (liston) during development and under different feeding regimes, including feeds on malaria parasite-infected b ...201323540130
exploring the n-glycosylation pathway in chlamydomonas reinhardtii unravels novel complex structures.chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a green unicellular eukaryotic model organism for studying biological and biotechnological relevant questions. the availability of large genomic resources and the growing interest for c. reinhardtii as an emerging cell factory for the industrial production of biopharmaceuticals requires an in-depth analysis of protein n-glycosylation in this organism. accordingly, we carried out a comprehensive approach including genomic, glycomic and glycoproteomic techniques to unr ...201323912651
phylum-wide general protein o-glycosylation system of the bacteroidetes.the human gut symbiont bacteroides fragilis has a general protein o-glycosylation system in which numerous extracytoplasmic proteins are glycosylated at a three amino acid motif. in b. fragilis, protein glycosylation is a fundamental and essential property as mutants with protein glycosylation defects have impaired growth and are unable to competitively colonize the mammalian intestine. in this study, we analysed the phenotype of b. fragilis mutants with defective protein glycosylation and found ...201323551589
a guide to utilization of the microbiology laboratory for diagnosis of infectious diseases: 2013 recommendations by the infectious diseases society of america (idsa) and the american society for microbiology (asm)(a).the critical role of the microbiology laboratory in infectious disease diagnosis calls for a close, positive working relationship between the physician and the microbiologists who provide enormous value to the health care team. this document, developed by both laboratory and clinical experts, provides information on which tests are valuable and in which contexts, and on tests that add little or no value for diagnostic decisions. sections are divided into anatomic systems, including bloodstream i ...201323845951
selected emerging diseases of amphibia.this review summarizes the most recent updates on emerging infectious diseases of amphibia. a brief summary of batrachochytrium dendrobatidis history, epidemiology, pathogenesis, life cycle, diagnosis, treatment, and biosecurity is provided. ambystoma tigrinum virus, common midwife toad virus, frog virus 3, rana grylio virus, rana catesbeiana ranavirus, mahaffey road virus, rana esculenta virus, bohle iridovirus, and tiger frog virus ranaviruses are extensively reviewed. emerging bacterial patho ...201323642863
melanotic pathology and vertical transmission of the gut commensal elizabethkingia meningoseptica in the major malaria vector anopheles gambiae.the resident gut flora is known to have significant impacts on the life history of the host organism. endosymbiotic bacterial species in the anopheles mosquito gut are potent modulators of sexual development of the malaria parasite, plasmodium, and thus proposed as potential control agents of malaria transmission.201324098592
bacteria of the genus dyella can chronically colonise the airways of patients with cystic fibrosis and elicit a pronounced antibody response.a patient with cystic fibrosis became chronically colonised with an unusual non-fermenting gram-negative rod that could be cultured on burkholderia cepacia selective agar. phenotypic characterisation by vitek-2 suggested identification as elizabethkingia meningoseptica, however 16s rrna gene sequencing revealed it belonged to a putative novel species of genus dyella. thirty months after the initial detection, the patient produced a high level of precipitating antibodies against the bacterium.201323742822
proposal of a quantitative pcr-based protocol for an optimal pseudomonas aeruginosa detection in patients with cystic fibrosis.the lung of patients with cystic fibrosis (cf) is particularly sensitive to pseudomonas aeruginosa. this bacterium plays an important role in the poor outcome of cf patients. during the disease progress, first acquisition of p. aeruginosa is the key-step in the management of cf patients. quantitative pcr (qpcr) offers an opportunity to detect earlier the first acquisition of p. aeruginosa by cf patients. given the lack of a validated protocol, our goal was to find an optimal molecular protocol f ...201324088260
epidemiology of bacteremia caused by uncommon non-fermentative gram-negative bacteria.prevalence of bacteremia caused by non-fermentative gram-negative bacteria (nfgnb) has been increasing over the past decade. although many studies have already investigated epidemiology of nfgnb bacteremia, most focused only on common nfgnb including pseudomonas aeruginosa (pa) and acinetobacter baumannii (ab). knowledge of uncommon nfgnb bacteremia is very limited. our study aimed to investigate epidemiology and identify factors associated with uncommon nfgnb bacteremia.201323566113
molecular detection of bacteria in plant tissues, using universal 16s ribosomal dna degenerated primers.highly specific, sensitive and rapid tests are required for the detection and identification of covert bacterial contaminations in plant tissue cultures. current methods available for this purpose are tedious, time consuming, highly error prone, expensive, require advanced technical expertise and are sometimes ineffective. we report here the development of a sensitive polymerase chain reaction (pcr) based method for the rapid detection and identification of bacteria occurring in plant tissue cul ...201426019546
distribution, classification, domain architectures and evolution of prolyl oligopeptidases in prokaryotic lineages.prolyl oligopeptidases (pops) are proteolytic enzymes, widely distributed in all the kingdoms of life. bacterial pops are pharmaceutically important enzymes, yet their functional and evolutionary details are not fully explored. therefore, current analysis is aimed at understanding the distribution, domain architecture, probable biological functions and gene family expansion of pops in bacterial and archaeal lineages.201425407321
cloning, expression, sequence analysis and homology modeling of the prolyl endoprotease from eurygaster integriceps puton.eurygaster integriceps puton, commonly known as sunn pest, is a major pest of wheat in northern africa, the middle east and eastern europe. this insect injects a prolyl endoprotease into the wheat, destroying the gluten. the purpose of this study was to clone the full length cdna of the sunn pest prolyl endoprotease (sppep) for expression in e. coli and to compare the amino acid sequence of the enzyme to other known peps in both phylogeny and potential tertiary structure. sequence analysis shows ...201426462938
effect of rothia mucilaginosa enzymes on gliadin (gluten) structure, deamidation, and immunogenic epitopes relevant to celiac disease.rothia mucilaginosa, a natural microbial inhabitant of the oral cavity, cleaves gluten (gliadin) proteins at regions that are resistant to degradation by mammalian enzymes. the aim of this study was to investigate to what extent the r. mucilaginosa cell-associated enzymes abolish gliadin immunogenic properties. degradation of total gliadins and highly immunogenic gliadin 33-mer or 26-mer peptides was monitored by sds-page and rp-hplc, and fragments were sequenced by liquid chromatography and ele ...201425147233
identification, characterization, and biofilm formation of clinical chryseobacterium gleum isolates.chryseobacterium gleum is not commonly isolated from clinical source(s). using 16s rrna gene sequencing, we identified 15 c. gleum isolates from the central region hospital alliance, taiwan, which were all misidentified: 14 as chryseobacterium indologenes and 1 as elizabethkingia meningoseptica using the vitek 2 gn card. matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, a rapid and clinically applicable method, was evaluated for the identification of c. gleum, and the ...201424796989
identification and epidemiological relatedness of clinical elizabethkingia meningoseptica isolates from central taiwan.elizabethkingia meningoseptica is an opportunistic pathogen. identification of e. meningoseptica based on conventional methods is rather labor- and time-consuming. the information on epidemiological relatedness and microbiological characteristics of e. meningoseptica isolates from central taiwan was limited.201423726463
mammalian gut immunity.the mammalian intestinal tract is the largest immune organ in the body and comprises cells from non-hemopoietic (epithelia, paneth cells, goblet cells) and hemopoietic (macrophages, dendritic cells, t-cells) origin, and is also a dwelling for trillions of microbes collectively known as the microbiota. the homeostasis of this large microbial biomass is prerequisite to maintain host health by maximizing beneficial symbiotic relationships and minimizing the risks of living in such close proximity. ...201425163502
the sweet tooth of bacteria: common themes in bacterial glycoconjugates.humans have been increasingly recognized as being superorganisms, living in close contact with a microbiota on all their mucosal surfaces. however, most studies on the human microbiota have focused on gaining comprehensive insights into the composition of the microbiota under different health conditions (e.g., enterotypes), while there is also a need for detailed knowledge of the different molecules that mediate interactions with the host. glycoconjugates are an interesting class of molecules fo ...201425184559
membrane lipids in agrobacterium tumefaciens: biosynthetic pathways and importance for pathogenesis.many cellular processes critically depend on the membrane composition. in this review, we focus on the biosynthesis and physiological roles of membrane lipids in the plant pathogen agrobacterium tumefaciens. the major components of a. tumefaciens membranes are the phospholipids (pls), phosphatidylethanolamine (pe), phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine (pc) and cardiolipin, and ornithine lipids (ols). under phosphate-limited conditions, the membrane composition shifts to phosphate-free lipid ...201424723930
bacterial etiologies of five core syndromes: laboratory-based syndromic surveillance conducted in guangxi, china.under the existing national surveillance system in china for selected infectious diseases, bacterial cultures are performed for only a small percentage of reported cases. we set up a laboratory-based syndromic surveillance system to elucidate bacterial etiologic spectrum and detect infection by rare etiologies (or serogroups) for five core syndromes in the given study area.201425360596
structural and functional aspects of the helicobacter pylori secretome.proteins secreted by helicobacter pylori (h. pylori), an important human pathogen responsible for severe gastric diseases, are reviewed from the point of view of their biochemical characterization, both functional and structural. despite the vast amount of experimental data available on the proteins secreted by this bacterium, the precise size of the secretome remains unknown. in this review, we consider as secreted both proteins that contain a secretion signal for the periplasm and proteins tha ...201424587618
aerobic cloacal and pharyngeal bacterial flora in six species of free-living birds.the purpose of this study was to investigate the culturable aerobic pharyngeal and cloacal bacterial flora of free-living birds, to determine the physiological bacterial microbiota, to identify possible interactions between feeding behaviour and the composition of the pharyngeal and cloacal microflora and to investigate the occurrence of pathogenic bacteria.201425176477
massive lipid keratopathy after elizabethkingia meningosepticum keratitis.to report the occurrence of massive lipid deposition in the cornea after elizabethkingia meningoseptica keratitis.201423932229
elizabethkingia meningoseptica as an unusual pathogen causing healthcare-associated bacteriuria.elizabethkingia meningoseptica is recovered from urine samples in very unusual cases, although the clinical significance of its detection remains unclear. four cases of e. meningoseptica bacteriuria were analyzed, and e. meningoseptica was found to be the causative agent of healthcare-associated bacteriuria, including urinary tract infections, asymptomatic bacteriuria and transient bacteriuria, primarily in elderly patients with diabetes. although e. meningoseptica cultured from urine was found ...201425130129
chryseobacterium meningosepticum in a parapneumonic effusion in a chronic kidney disease patient on hemodialysis.chryseobacterium meningosepticum is an uncommon human pathogen, which is an inhabitant of soil and water. it should be included in the list of suspected nosocomial infections, especially in patients with immunocompromised status. c. meningosepticum infections are not common but are clinically important because the organism is naturally resistant to multiple antibiotics. we report a case where the bacterium was isolated from the pleural fluid from a chronic kidney disease patient on hemodialysis, ...201424698165
elizabethkingia meningoseptica: an important emerging pathogen causing healthcare-associated infections.elizabethkingia meningoseptica has been deemed a potentially important threat to patients in critical care areas because of its multidrug-resistant phenotype and its ability to adapt to various environments. this review considers the incidence, factors which predispose to, and clinical features of, e. meningoseptica sepsis, along with antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of clinical e. meningoseptica isolates and reportedly successful measures for the prevention and control of infections caused ...201424680187
highly efficient production of peptides: n-glycosidase f for n-glycomics analysis.peptide: n-glycosidase f (pngase f) is an asparagine amidase produced by flavobacterium meningosepticum that serves as a useful tool in the research on protein n-glycosylation. however, native pngase f purified from f. meningosepticum and recombinant pngase f expressed in escherichia coli are obtained only at low levels, with the culture yield being no more than 15mg/l. here, we report the efficient production of large amounts of recombinant pngase f. first, a codon-optimized sequence encoding f ...201424582822
enzymatic hydration activity assessed by selective spectrophotometric detection of alcohols: a novel screening assay using oleate hydratase as a model enzyme.hydroxy fatty acids (hfas) are high-added-value compounds, which are incorporated in polymers, lubricants, emulsifiers and stabilizers and have potential medicinal use. in nature, hfas are regio-specifically synthesized by several enzymes, including p450 monooxygenases, lipoxygenases, hydratases, 12-hydroxylases, and diol synthases. the growing demand for hfas warrants the development of simple and efficient analytical methods that enable high-throughput detection of the hydroxylated product in ...201424449561
non-cephalosporin-susceptible, glucose non-fermentative gram-negative bacilli meningitis in post-neurosurgical adults: clinical characteristics and therapeutic outcome.the clinical and laboratory characteristics of non-cephalosporin-susceptible (non-cs) glucose non-fermentative gram-negative (g(-)) infections in adults with postneurosurgical meningitis are rarely examined solely in the literature.201424287342
draft genome sequence of elizabethkingia meningoseptica, isolated from a postoperative endophthalmitis patient.we present the draft genome assembly of an elizabethkingia meningoseptica strain isolated from a 67-year-old postoperative endophthalmitis patient who suffered loss of vision in the right eye. the draft genome assembly has 167 contigs with a total size of 4,019,665 bp encoding multiple drug-resistant genes.201425540348
n-linked (n-) glycoproteomics of urinary exosomes. [corrected].epithelial cells lining the urinary tract secrete urinary exosomes (40-100 nm) that can be targeted to specific cells modulating their functionality. one potential targeting mechanism is adhesion between vesicle surface glycoproteins and target cells. this makes the glycopeptide analysis of exosomes important. exosomes reflect the physiological state of the parent cells; therefore, they are a good source of biomarkers for urological and other diseases. moreover, the urine collection is easy and ...201425452312
n-linked (n-) glycoproteomics of urinary exosomes. [corrected].epithelial cells lining the urinary tract secrete urinary exosomes (40-100 nm) that can be targeted to specific cells modulating their functionality. one potential targeting mechanism is adhesion between vesicle surface glycoproteins and target cells. this makes the glycopeptide analysis of exosomes important. exosomes reflect the physiological state of the parent cells; therefore, they are a good source of biomarkers for urological and other diseases. moreover, the urine collection is easy and ...201425452312
elizabethkingia meningoseptica engodenous endophthalmitis - a case report.elizabethkingia meningoseptica is a nosocomial non-fermenting gram-negative bacillus that has an increasing prevalence in health care settings, especially in intensive care environments. while it has long been recognized as a rare but serious cause of neonatal meningitis and sepsis, its role as a cause of ocular pathology is not well-known. we report the first case of e. meningoseptica endogenous endophthalmitis caused by bacteraemia by the same organism. in view of its aggressiveness and virule ...201425671096
discovery and characterization of a novel extremely acidic bacterial n-glycanase with combined advantages of pngase f and a.peptide-n4-(n-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidases [pngases (peptide n-glycosidases), n-glycanases, ec 3.5.1.52] are essential tools in the release of n-glycans from glycoproteins. we hereby report the discovery and characterization of a novel bacterial n-glycanase from terriglobus roseus with an extremely low ph optimum of 2.6, and annotated it therefore as pngase h+. the gene of pngase h+ was cloned and the recombinant protein was successfully expressed in escherichia coli. the recombina ...201425294009
emerging flavobacterial infections in fish: a review.flavobacterial diseases in fish are caused by multiple bacterial species within the family flavobacteriaceae and are responsible for devastating losses in wild and farmed fish stocks around the world. in addition to directly imposing negative economic and ecological effects, flavobacterial disease outbreaks are also notoriously difficult to prevent and control despite nearly 100 years of scientific research. the emergence of recent reports linking previously uncharacterized flavobacteria to syst ...201426257926
emerging flavobacterial infections in fish: a review.flavobacterial diseases in fish are caused by multiple bacterial species within the family flavobacteriaceae and are responsible for devastating losses in wild and farmed fish stocks around the world. in addition to directly imposing negative economic and ecological effects, flavobacterial disease outbreaks are also notoriously difficult to prevent and control despite nearly 100 years of scientific research. the emergence of recent reports linking previously uncharacterized flavobacteria to syst ...201426257926
neurological complications after neonatal bacteremia: the clinical characteristics, risk factors, and outcomes.neonates with bacteremia are at risk of neurologic complications. relevant information warrants further elucidation.201425364821
biochemical, mechanistic, and spectroscopic characterization of metallo-β-lactamase vim-2.this study examines metal binding to metallo-β-lactamase vim-2, demonstrating the first successful preparation of a co(ii)-substituted vim-2 analogue. spectroscopic studies of the half- and fully metal loaded enzymes show that both zn(ii) and co(ii) bind cooperatively, where the major species present, regardless of stoichiometry, are apo- and di-zn (or di-co) enzymes. we determined the di-zn vim-2 structure to a resolution of 1.55 å, and this structure supports results from spectroscopic studies ...201425356958
posttranslational modifications of ferredoxin-nadp+ oxidoreductase in arabidopsis chloroplasts.rapid responses of chloroplast metabolism and adjustments to photosynthetic machinery are of utmost importance for plants' survival in a fluctuating environment. these changes may be achieved through posttranslational modifications of proteins, which are known to affect the activity, interactions, and localization of proteins. recent studies have accumulated evidence about the crucial role of a multitude of modifications, including acetylation, methylation, and glycosylation, in the regulation o ...201425301888
golgi n-glycan branching n-acetylglucosaminyltransferases i, v and vi promote nutrient uptake and metabolism.nutrient transporters are critical gate-keepers of extracellular metabolite entry into the cell. as integral membrane proteins, most transporters are n-glycosylated, and the n-glycans are remodeled in the golgi apparatus. the golgi branching enzymes n-acetylglucosaminyltransferases i, ii, iv, v and avian vi (encoded by mgat1, mgat2, mgat4a/b/c mgat5 and mgat6), each catalyze the addition of n-acetylglucosamine (glcnac) in n-glycans. here, we asked whether n-glycan branching promotes nutrient tra ...201425395405
golgi n-glycan branching n-acetylglucosaminyltransferases i, v and vi promote nutrient uptake and metabolism.nutrient transporters are critical gate-keepers of extracellular metabolite entry into the cell. as integral membrane proteins, most transporters are n-glycosylated, and the n-glycans are remodeled in the golgi apparatus. the golgi branching enzymes n-acetylglucosaminyltransferases i, ii, iv, v and avian vi (encoded by mgat1, mgat2, mgat4a/b/c mgat5 and mgat6), each catalyze the addition of n-acetylglucosamine (glcnac) in n-glycans. here, we asked whether n-glycan branching promotes nutrient tra ...201425395405
maldi imaging mass spectrometry profiling of n-glycans in formalin-fixed paraffin embedded clinical tissue blocks and tissue microarrays.a recently developed matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry (maldi-ims) method to spatially profile the location and distribution of multiple n-linked glycan species in frozen tissues has been extended and improved for the direct analysis of glycans in clinically derived formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (ffpe) tissues. formalin-fixed tissues from normal mouse kidney, human pancreatic and prostate cancers, and a human hepatocellular carcinoma tissue microarray were ...201425184632
burden of carbapenem-resistant organisms in the frankfurt/main metropolitan area in germany 2012/2013 - first results and experiences after the introduction of legally mandated reporting.the federal state of hesse, germany, introduced a laboratory-based reporting scheme for carbapenem-resistant organisms (cros).201425139410
polysialylated n-glycans identified in human serum through combined developments in sample preparation, separations, and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry.the n-glycan diversity of human serum glycoproteins, i.e., the human blood serum n-glycome, is both complex and constrained by the range of glycan structures potentially synthesizable by human glycosylation enzymes. the known glycome, however, has been further limited by methods of sample preparation, available analytical platforms, e.g., based upon electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (esi-ms), and software tools for data analysis. in this report several improvements have been implemented ...201425118826
elizabethkingia meningosepticum in a patient with six-year bilateral perma-catheters.elizabethkingia meningosepticum (em) is a saprophyte which is ubiquitous in nature, but not normally present in the human flora. instances of infection are rare in the usa, but em may be an emerging pathogen among immune-compromised patients. em can cause a variety of infections, but nosocomial pneumonia and bacteremia have been the most commonly reported among immune-compromised adults. em has proven difficult to treat with a mortality rate of 23%-41% in adult bacteremia. this is likely due to ...201425161782
wound management in disaster settings.few guidelines exist for the initial management of wounds in disaster settings. as wounds sustained are often contaminated, there is a high risk of further complications from infection, both local and systemic. healthcare workers with little to no surgical training often provide early wound care, and where resources and facilities are also often limited, and clear appropriate guidance is needed for early wound management.201425085100
wound management in disaster settings.few guidelines exist for the initial management of wounds in disaster settings. as wounds sustained are often contaminated, there is a high risk of further complications from infection, both local and systemic. healthcare workers with little to no surgical training often provide early wound care, and where resources and facilities are also often limited, and clear appropriate guidance is needed for early wound management.201425085100
performance of the verigene gram-negative blood culture assay for rapid detection of bacteria and resistance determinants.nonduplicate blood cultures that were positive for gram-negative bacilli (n = 125) were tested by the verigene gram-negative blood culture (bc-gn) assay; 117 (90.7%) isolates were members of the panel. for identification and resistance markers, the agreements with routine methods were 97.4% (114/117) and 92.3% (12/13). the bc-gn assay is a rapid and accurate tool for the detection of pathogens from blood cultures and could be integrated alongside conventional systems to enable faster patient man ...201424899026
lc-ms profiling of n-glycans derived from human serum samples for biomarker discovery in hepatocellular carcinoma.defining clinically relevant biomarkers for early stage hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc) in a high-risk population of cirrhotic patients has potentially far-reaching implications for disease management and patient health. changes in glycan levels have been associated with the onset of numerous diseases including cancer. in the present study, we used liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (lc-esi-ms) to analyze n-glycans in sera from 183 participants recruited ...201425077556
glycosylation and disulfide bond analysis of transiently and stably expressed clade c hiv-1 gp140 trimers in 293t cells identifies disulfide heterogeneity present in both proteins and differences in o-linked glycosylation.the hiv-1 envelope protein (env) mediates viral entry into host cells to initiate infection and is the sole target of antibody-based vaccine development. significant efforts have been made toward the design, engineering, and expression of various soluble forms of hiv env immunogen, yet a highly effective immunogen remains elusive. one of the key challenges in the development of an effective hiv vaccine is the presence of the complex set of post-translational modifications (ptms) on env, namely, ...201425026075
isolation of environmental bacteria from surface and drinking water in mafikeng, south africa, and characterization using their antibiotic resistance profiles.the aim of this study was to isolate and identify environmental bacteria from various raw water sources as well as the drinking water distributions system in mafikeng, south africa, and to determine their antibiotic resistance profiles. water samples from five different sites (raw and drinking water) were analysed for the presence of faecal indicator bacteria as well as aeromonas and pseudomonas species. faecal and total coliforms were detected in summer in the treated water samples from the mod ...201425105027
nmr-based structural analysis of the complete rough-type lipopolysaccharide isolated from capnocytophaga canimorsus.we here describe the nmr analysis of an intact lipopolysaccharide (lps, endotoxin) in water with 1,2-dihexanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine as detergent. when hplc-purified rough-type lps of capnocytophaga canimorsus was prepared, (13)c,(15)n labeling could be avoided. the intact lps was analyzed by homonuclear ((1)h) and heteronuclear ((1)h,(13)c, and (1)h,(31)p) correlated one- and two-dimensional nmr techniques as well as by mass spectrometry. it consists of a penta-acylated lipid a with an α ...201424993825
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