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the utility of matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) following introduction for routine laboratory bacterial identification.maldi-tof ms was evaluated prospectively in a diagnostic laboratory. 927 organisms were tested in triplicate; 2351/2781 (85%) species and 2681/2781 (96%) genus identifications were correct. known issues such as the misidentification of α-haemolytic streptococci as streptococcus pneumonia were easily corrected. identifications cost $aud0.45 per isolate and were available in minutes. maldi-tof ms is rapid, accurate and inexpensive.201121632894
blastocystis sp. subtype 4 is common in danish blastocystis-positive patients presenting with acute diarrhea.abstract. fecal samples from 444 danish patients presenting with acute diarrhea were tested for blastocystis and positive samples were subtyped to investigate the prevalence and subtype distribution of blastocystis in this patient group. a total of 25 patients (5.6%) were positive, and 19 of these patients (76.0%) were positive for blastocystis sp. st4. because the relative prevalence of st4 in other patients presenting with other types of diarrhea (persistent, travel-related, and human immunode ...201121633023
genomic species are ecological species as revealed by comparative genomics in agrobacterium tumefaciens.the definition of bacterial species is based on genomic similarities, giving rise to the operational concept of genomic species, but the reasons of the occurrence of differentiated genomic species remains largely unknown. we used the agrobacterium tumefaciens species complex, and particularly the genomic species presently called genomovar g8, which includes the sequenced strain c58, to test the hypothesis of genomic species having specific ecological adaptations possibly involved in the speciati ...201121795751
a model for the effect of homologous recombination on microbial diversification.the effect of homologous recombination (hr) on the evolution of microbial genomes remains contentious as competing hypotheses seek to explain the evolutionary dynamics of microbial species. evidence for hr between microbial genomes is widespread, and this process has been proposed to act as a cohesive force that can constrain the diversification of microbial lineages. we seek to characterize the evolutionary dynamics of sympatric populations to explore the impact of hr on microbial speciation. w ...201122071790
fate and survival of campylobacter coli in swine manure at various temperatures.campylobacter coli is the most common campylobacter species found in pig (95%), but the ability of this bacterium to survive in swine manure as well as the potential for causing human illness are poorly understood. we present here laboratory-scale experiments to investigate the effect of temperature on the survival of c. coli in spiked swine manure samples at temperatures from 4 to 52°c. the survival of c. coli during storage for 30 days was studied by three different methods: bacterial culture ...201122207868
temporal variation and host association in the campylobacter population in a longitudinal ruminant farm study.campylobacter jejuni and c. coli was quantified and typed using multi-locus sequence typing (mlst) from fecal samples collected from a mixed cattle and sheep farm during summer. cattle had a significantly higher prevalence than sheep (21.9 % (74/338) and 14.0 % (30/214), respectively) but both reduced over time. there were no differences in the average campylobacter concentrations shed between cattle (600 cfu g(-1)) and sheep (820 cfu g(-1)), although sheep did show a significant temporal reduct ...201121784915
niche segregation and genetic structure of campylobacter jejuni populations from wild and agricultural host species.bacterial populations can display high levels of genetic structuring but the forces that influence this are incompletely understood. here, by combining modelling approaches with multilocus sequence data for the zoonotic pathogen campylobacter, we investigated how ecological factors such as niche (host) separation relate to population structure. we analysed seven housekeeping genes from published c. jejuni and c. coli isolate collections from a range of food and wild animal sources as well as abi ...201121762392
helicobacter pylori relies primarily on the purine salvage pathway for purine nucleotide biosynthesis.helicobacter pylori is a chronic colonizer of the gastric epithelium and plays a major role in the development of gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric cancer. in its co-evolution with humans, a streamlining of the h. pylori genome has resulted in a significant reduction in metabolic pathways, one being purine nucleotide biosynthesis. bioinformatic analysis revealed that h. pylori lacks the enzymatic machinery for de novo production of inosine monophosphate (imp), the first purine nucleot ...201122194455
sequencing and validation of the genome of a campylobacter concisus reveals intra-species diversity.campylobacter concisus is an emerging pathogen of the human gastrointestinal tract. its role in different diseases remains a subject of debate; this may be due to strain to strain genetic variation. here, we sequence and analyze the genome of a c. concisus from a biopsy of a child with crohn's disease (unswcd); the second such genome for this species. a 1.8 mb genome was assembled with paired-end reads from a next-generation sequencer. this genome is smaller than the 2.1 mb c. concisus reference ...201121829448
allelic diversity and population structure of bacillus sphaericus as revealed by multilocus sequence typing.the genetic diversity of 35 bacillus sphaericus strains was analyzed by a newly developed multilocus sequence typing (mlst) scheme, toxin gene pool survey, and mosquito bioassay. the results demonstrated that strains assigned to the same sequence type (st) had the same occurrence of toxin genes. further sequence analysis revealed that toxic strains presented a nearly clonal population structure, whereas nontoxic strains had a high level of heterogeneity and were significantly distinct from toxic ...201121685170
Occurrence of virulence genes among Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolates from domestic animals and children.The presence of the flaA, cadF, cdtB and iam genes of Campylobacter spp. was determined with the PCR method. The materials to investigate were 56 C. jejuni and 23 C. coli strains isolated from clinical samples (children and domestic animals). It was found that all of the Campylobacter spp. isolates from children with diarrhoea and domestic animals had cadF gene, responsible for adherence. The flaA gene was present in all Campylobacter spp. isolates derived from children and cats. Occurrence of f ...201121721403
genome sequence of campylobacter jejuni strain 327, a strain isolated from a turkey slaughterhouse.campylobacter is one of the leading causes of food-borne gastroenteritis and has a high prevalence in poultry. campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni 327 is a subspecies of the genus campylobacter of the family campylobacteraceae in the phylum proteobacteria. the microaerophilic, spiral shaped, catalase positive bacterium obtains energy from the metabolism of amino acids and krebs cycle intermediates. strain 327 was isolated from a turkey slaughter production line and is considered environmentally s ...201121677848
prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of campylobacter in broiler flocks in japan.campylobacter was isolated from 67 (47.2%) of 142 broiler flocks between september 2009 and february 2010. the prevalence of campylobacter in broiler flocks was significantly lower during january and february than it was from september to december. campylobacter colonization was more common in flocks that were not provided with a disinfected water supply, which was consistent with the findings of a previous study. the prevalence of antimicrobial drug-resistant campylobacter spp. was investigated ...201122103704
biosecurity-based interventions and strategies to reduce campylobacter spp. on poultry farms.the prevention and control of campylobacter colonization of poultry flocks are important public health strategies for the control of human campylobacteriosis. a critical review of the literature on interventions to control campylobacter in poultry on farms was undertaken using a systematic approach. although the focus of the review was on aspects appropriate to the united kingdom poultry industry, the research reviewed was gathered from worldwide literature. multiple electronic databases were em ...201121984249
genetic organisation, mobility and predicted functions of genes on integrated, mobile genetic elements in sequenced strains of clostridium difficile.clostridium difficile is the leading cause of hospital-associated diarrhoea in the us and europe. recently the incidence of c. difficile-associated disease has risen dramatically and concomitantly with the emergence of 'hypervirulent' strains associated with more severe disease and increased mortality. c. difficile contains numerous mobile genetic elements, resulting in the potential for a highly plastic genome. in the first sequenced strain, 630, there is one proven conjugative transposon (ctn) ...201121876735
hygienic quality and antibiotic resistance profile of sliced butchery.in order to investigate the microbiological quality of different meat products on the greek market, 200 samples were collected from the following preparations: boiled turkey (n=50), boiled pork ham (n=50), smoked turkey (n=50) and smoked pork ham (n=50). in all cold meat preparations clostridium perfringens vegetative and spore forms, staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli and other clostridium sp lec(-), as well as lactobacillus, bacillus sp. and salmonella sp. were recovered. for instance bac ...201121722746
Prevalence of Campylobacter and Salmonella in raw chicken on retail sale in the republic of Ireland.To assess the current risks to consumers from Campylobacter and Salmonella in raw chicken products sold in the Republic of Ireland, a retail survey was undertaken to define their prevalence. Samples (n = 510) were analyzed using protocols based on ISO 10272-1:2006 and ISO 6579:2002. Processor codes on pack labels showed that 67% of samples were produced in the Republic of Ireland and 25% in the United Kingdom. Salmonella was present in 5.1% of samples, but the eight serovars found caused less t ...201122054193
a comparison between hippurate hydrolysis and multiplex pcr for differentiating campylobacter coli and campylobacter jejuni.species identification is important for epidemiological, clinical and treatment purposes. the aim of this study was to find out whether hippurate hydrolysis is a reliable test for differentiating between campylobacter coli and campylobacter jejuni. to achieve this, hippurate hydrolysis test was compared with multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mpcr) for their ability to speciate c. coli and c. jejuni. eighteen campylobacter strains from poultry samples were used for this study. the results from ...201124575212
role of the pjm1 plasmid-encoded transport proteins fatb, c and d in ferric anguibactin uptake in the fish pathogen vibrio anguillarum.vibrio anguillarum serotype o1 is part of the natural flora in the aquatic habitat, but under certain circumstances it can cause terminal haemorrhagic septicemia in marine and fresh water fish due to the action of the anguibactin iron uptake system encoded by the virulence plasmid pjm1. this plasmid harbours the genes for the biosynthesis of the siderophore anguibactin and the ferric anguibactin transport proteins fatd, c, b and a encoded in the iron transport operon. the fata protein is the out ...201021304833
adherence, invasion, toxigenic, and chemotactic properties of mexican campylobacter strains.to determine the virulence factors of mexican wild-type strains of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli, 31 wild-type strains were isolated from food and from humans. the production of cytolethal distending toxin and the adherence and invasion capabilities of these strains were assayed in vero cells. hard agar plugs with repellents and attractants were used to examine chemotaxis. mueller-hinton agar with supplements was used for motility analysis and to measure hemolytic activity. nine st ...201021219724
influence of tetracycline resistance on the transport of manure-derived escherichia coli in saturated porous media.in this research, tetracycline resistant (tet(r)) and tetracycline susceptible (tet(s)) escherichia coli isolates were retrieved from dairy manure and the influence of tetracycline resistance on the transport of e. coli in saturated porous media was investigated through laboratory column transport experiments. experimental results showed that tet(r)e. coli strains had higher mobility than the tet(s) strains in saturated porous media. measurements of cell surface properties suggested that tet(r)e ...201021211813
influence of tetracycline resistance on the transport of manure-derived escherichia coli in saturated porous media.in this research, tetracycline resistant (tet(r)) and tetracycline susceptible (tet(s)) escherichia coli isolates were retrieved from dairy manure and the influence of tetracycline resistance on the transport of e. coli in saturated porous media was investigated through laboratory column transport experiments. experimental results showed that tet(r)e. coli strains had higher mobility than the tet(s) strains in saturated porous media. measurements of cell surface properties suggested that tet(r)e ...201021211813
prevalence and risk factors associated with campylobacter infections in broiler flocks in shiraz, southern iran.campylobacter species are among the most common bacterial causes of human gastroenteritis in many countries, and poultry meat is considered as a major source of human campylobacteriosis. the present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of infection by campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli in broiler flocks in shiraz and to investigate the possible risk factors for the campylobacter infections in this area. for detection of campylobacter, multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mpcr ...201021131089
in vitro activity and single-step mutational analysis of rifamycin sv tested against enteropathogens associated with traveler's diarrhea and clostridium difficile.rifamycin sv is a broad-spectrum, poorly absorbed antimicrobial agent that, when coupled with mmx technology, is being targeted for the oral treatment of traveler's diarrhea (td) and clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad). rifamycin sv was tested for activity against 911 td-associated enteropathogens and 30 c. difficile isolates collected from several global surveillance studies. rifamycin sv demonstrated similar antimicrobial activity levels against the enterobacteriaceae, with mic₅₀ v ...201021149623
in vitro activity and single-step mutational analysis of rifamycin sv tested against enteropathogens associated with traveler's diarrhea and clostridium difficile.rifamycin sv is a broad-spectrum, poorly absorbed antimicrobial agent that, when coupled with mmx technology, is being targeted for the oral treatment of traveler's diarrhea (td) and clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad). rifamycin sv was tested for activity against 911 td-associated enteropathogens and 30 c. difficile isolates collected from several global surveillance studies. rifamycin sv demonstrated similar antimicrobial activity levels against the enterobacteriaceae, with mic₅₀ v ...201021149623
description and burden of travel-related cases caused by enteropathogens reported in a canadian community.risk of infections by enteropathogens among individuals traveling outside their country of residence is considered important. such travel-related cases (trc) have been poorly estimated and described in canada.201021199137
drinking water as the source of campylobacter coli infection in grandparent heavy breeders.the aim of the present study was the molecular identification of a common source of infection of campylobacter coli in two grandparent breeder farms. campylobacter jejuni and c. coli were isolated from well water and cloacal swabs from grandparent chickens. colonies were genotyped using restriction fragment length polymorphism-flaa gene, pulsed field gel electrophoresis and multi-locus sequence typing. the same genotype of c. coli was found in both farms and in the well from which drinking water ...201021154058
typing of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli isolated from live broilers and retail broiler meat by flaa-rflp, mlst, pfge and rep-pcr.we analyzed 100 campylobacter spp. isolates (c. jejuni and c. coli) from grenada, puerto rico and alabama, which were collected from live broilers or retail broiler meat. we analyzed these isolates with four molecular typing methods: restriction fragment length polymorphism of the flaa gene (flaa-rflp), multilocus sequence typing (mlst), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge), and automated repetitive extragenic palindromic polymerase chain reaction (rep-pcr) using the diversilab system. all me ...201021130125
evaluation of salmonella-vectored campylobacter peptide epitopes for reduction of campylobacter jejuni in broiler chickens.campylobacter is a leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in humans and is often linked to contaminated poultry products. live salmonella vectors expressing three linear peptide epitopes from campylobacter proteins cj0113 (omp18/cjad), cj0982c (cjaa), and cj0420 (ace393) were administered to chicks by oral gavage on the day of hatch, and the chicks were challenged with campylobacter jejuni on day 21. all three candidate vaccines produced consistent humoral immune responses with high levels o ...201021177910
evaluation of salmonella-vectored campylobacter peptide epitopes for reduction of campylobacter jejuni in broiler chickens.campylobacter is a leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in humans and is often linked to contaminated poultry products. live salmonella vectors expressing three linear peptide epitopes from campylobacter proteins cj0113 (omp18/cjad), cj0982c (cjaa), and cj0420 (ace393) were administered to chicks by oral gavage on the day of hatch, and the chicks were challenged with campylobacter jejuni on day 21. all three candidate vaccines produced consistent humoral immune responses with high levels o ...201021177910
interbacterial macromolecular transfer by the campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis type iv secretion system.we report here the first demonstration of intra- and interspecies conjugative plasmid dna transfer for campylobacter fetus. gene regions carried by a campylobacter coli plasmid were identified that are sufficient for conjugative mobilization to escherichia coli and c. fetus recipients. a broader functional range is predicted. efficient dna transfer involves the virb9 and vird4 genes of the type iv bacterial secretion system encoded by a pathogenicity island of c. fetus subsp. venerealis. complem ...201021115658
genetic similarity of campylobacter isolates in humans, food, and water sources in central poland.campylobacter spp. is an important cause of gastroenteritis in humans throughout the world. however, sources of these infections are often difficult to identify. therefore, this study aimed at analyzing the genetic relatedness of campylobacter isolates from environmental and food samples as well as stool specimens of diarrheal patients obtained in a single geographic region in poland. only a few campylobacter jejuni isolates (4/18, 22%) could be assigned to one cluster, whereas the majority were ...201020001328
independent evolution of the core and accessory gene sets in the genus neisseria: insights gained from the genome of neisseria lactamica isolate 020-06.the genus neisseria contains two important yet very different pathogens, n. meningitidis and n. gonorrhoeae, in addition to non-pathogenic species, of which n. lactamica is the best characterized. genomic comparisons of these three bacteria will provide insights into the mechanisms and evolution of pathogenesis in this group of organisms, which are applicable to understanding these processes more generally.201021092259
enteric campylobacteria and rna viruses associated with healthy and diarrheic humans in the chinook health region of southwestern alberta, canada.the presence of campylobacter species and enteric rna viruses in stools from diarrheic (n = 442) and healthy (n = 58) humans living in southwestern alberta was examined (may to october 2005). a large number of diarrheic individuals who were culture negative for c. jejuni (n = 54) or c. coli (n = 19) were pcr positive for these taxa. overall detection rates for c. jejuni and c. coli in diarrheic stools were 29% and 5%, respectively. in contrast, 3% and 0% of stools from healthy humans were positi ...201021106791
enteric campylobacteria and rna viruses associated with healthy and diarrheic humans in the chinook health region of southwestern alberta, canada.the presence of campylobacter species and enteric rna viruses in stools from diarrheic (n = 442) and healthy (n = 58) humans living in southwestern alberta was examined (may to october 2005). a large number of diarrheic individuals who were culture negative for c. jejuni (n = 54) or c. coli (n = 19) were pcr positive for these taxa. overall detection rates for c. jejuni and c. coli in diarrheic stools were 29% and 5%, respectively. in contrast, 3% and 0% of stools from healthy humans were positi ...201021106791
campylobacter genotypes from poultry transportation crates indicate a source of contamination and transmission.crates used to transport live poultry can be contaminated with campylobacter, despite periodic sanitization, and are potential vectors for transmission between flocks. we investigated the microbial contamination of standard and silver ion containing crates in normal use and the genetic structure of associated campylobacter populations.201021059158
survival of campylobacter jejuni under conditions of atmospheric oxygen tension with the support of pseudomonas spp.campylobacter jejuni is a major food-borne pathogen. despite causing enteritis in humans, it is a well-adapted intestinal microorganism in animals, hardly ever generating disease symptoms. nevertheless, as a true microaerophilic microorganism it is still puzzling how campylobacter cells can survive on chicken meat, the main source of human infection. in this study, we demonstrate that c. jejuni is able to withstand conditions of atmospheric oxygen tension when cocultured with pseudomonas species ...201020639377
detection of gyra mutation among clinical isolates of campylobacter jejuni isolated in egypt by mama-pcr.campylobacter spp are the major cause of enteritis in humans and more than 90% of reported infections are caused by campylobacter jejuni. fluoroquinolones such as ciprofloxacin are the antibiotics of choice for treatment. an increase in the frequency of ciprofloxacin-resistant campylobacter has been reported globally due to a single base mutation (c-257 to t) in codon 86 of the quinolone resistance determining region (qrdr) of the gyra gene altering the amino acid sequence from threonine at posi ...201021045366
prevalence, numbers and antimicrobial susceptibilities of salmonella serovars and campylobacter spp. in retail poultry in phnom penh, cambodia.salmonella and campylobacter are common bacterial pathogens associated with human gastro-enteritis; and raw poultry is considered to be an important source of these bacteria. to evaluate whether the salmonella serovars and campylobacter spp. bacteria could be monitored for the purpose of microbial presence, enumeration and antimicrobial resistance in raw poultry, 152 poultry carcasses were randomly selected from 10 markets in retail outlets of phnom penh during march 2006 to february 2007. the m ...201021060246
microbiological quality of blue mussels (mytilus edulis) in nunavik, quebec: a pilot study.this pilot study was aimed at documenting the presence of fecal indicators and enteric pathogens in blue mussels (mytilus edulis) from 6 communities in nunavik, quebec. one to four 2 kg samples of mussels were collected at low tide in each community. samples were investigated by enumeration methods for the fecal indicators enterococci, escherichia coli, f-specific coliphages, clostridium perfringens, and by molecular identification for the pathogens norovirus, salmonella spp., campylobacter jeju ...201021076488
comparison of pcr binary typing (p-bit), a new approach to epidemiological subtyping of campylobacter jejuni, with serotyping, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and multilocus sequence typing methods.to overcome some of the deficiencies with current molecular typing schema for campylobacter spp., we developed a prototype pcr binary typing (p-bit) approach. we investigated the distribution of 68 gene targets in 58 campylobacter jejuni strains, one campylobacter lari strain, and two campylobacter coli strains for this purpose. gene targets were selected on the basis of distribution in multiple genomes or plasmids, and known or putative status as an epidemicity factor. strains were examined wit ...201020023103
activation of human and chicken toll-like receptors by campylobacter spp.campylobacter infection in humans is accompanied by severe inflammation of the intestinal mucosa, in contrast to colonization of chicken. the basis for the differential host response is unknown. toll-like receptors (tlrs) sense and respond to microbes in the body and participate in the induction of an inflammatory response. thus far, the interaction of campylobacter with chicken tlrs has not been studied. here, we investigated the potential of four campylobacter strains to activate human tlr1/2/ ...201020038539
activation of human and chicken toll-like receptors by campylobacter spp.campylobacter infection in humans is accompanied by severe inflammation of the intestinal mucosa, in contrast to colonization of chicken. the basis for the differential host response is unknown. toll-like receptors (tlrs) sense and respond to microbes in the body and participate in the induction of an inflammatory response. thus far, the interaction of campylobacter with chicken tlrs has not been studied. here, we investigated the potential of four campylobacter strains to activate human tlr1/2/ ...201020038539
epidemiologic investigation of immune-mediated polyradiculoneuropathy among abattoir workers exposed to porcine brain.in october 2007, a cluster of patients experiencing a novel polyradiculoneuropathy was identified at a pork abattoir (plant a). patients worked in the primary carcass processing area (warm room); the majority processed severed heads (head-table). an investigation was initiated to determine risk factors for illness.201020333310
antimicrobial susceptibilities of multidrug-resistant campylobacter jejuni and c. coli strains: in vitro activities of 20 antimicrobial agents.there is a paucity of information regarding antimicrobial agents that are suitable to treat severe infections caused by multidrug-resistant campylobacter spp. our aim was to identify agents that are potentially effective against multiresistant campylobacter strains. the in vitro activities of 20 antimicrobial agents against 238 campylobacter strains were analyzed by determining mics by the agar plate dilution method or the etest. these strains were selected from 1,808 campylobacter isolates coll ...201020038624
understanding the molecular epidemiology of the footrot pathogen dichelobacter nodosus to support control and eradication programs.the gram-negative anaerobe dichelobacter nodosus is the primary etiologic agent of ovine footrot. few studies of the genetic diversity and epidemiology of d. nodosus have been done, despite the economic cost and welfare implications of the disease. this study examined a large collection of australian isolates; 735 isolates from footrot-infected sheep from 247 farms in western australia (wa) were tested by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge), and a subset of 616 isolates was tested by infrequ ...201020071558
the internal transcribed spacer region, a new tool for use in species differentiation and delineation of systematic relationships within the campylobacter genus.the campylobacter genus consists of a number of important human and animal pathogens. although the 16s rrna gene has been used extensively for detection and identification of campylobacter species, there is currently limited information on the 23s rrna gene and the internal transcribed spacer (its) region that lies between the 16s and 23s rrna genes. we examined the potential of the 23s rrna gene and the its region to be used in species differentiation and delineation of systematic relationships ...201020348308
evidence for a lineage of virulent bacteriophages that target campylobacter.our understanding of the dynamics of genome stability versus gene flux within bacteriophage lineages is limited. recently, there has been a renewed interest in the use of bacteriophages as 'therapeutic' agents; a prerequisite for their use in such therapies is a thorough understanding of their genetic complement, genome stability and their ecology to avoid the dissemination or mobilisation of phage or bacterial virulence and toxin genes. campylobacter, a food-borne pathogen, is one of the organi ...201020353581
high-throughput identification of bacteria and yeast by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry in conventional medical microbiology laboratories.matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) is suitable for high-throughput and rapid diagnostics at low costs and can be considered an alternative for conventional biochemical and molecular identification systems in a conventional microbiological laboratory. first, we evaluated maldi-tof ms using 327 clinical isolates previously cultured from patient materials and identified by conventional techniques (vitek-ii, api, and biochemical tests). discre ...201020053859
mutations in the rpsl gene are involved in streptomycin resistance in campylobacter coli.to characterize the mechanisms of streptomycin (str) resistance in campylobacter coli, we chose 17 isolates that were resistant to str, erythromycin (ery), or both, and the putative str resistance target genes rpsl, rrs, and gidb were analyzed for mutations. the presence of the aade gene encoding aminoglycoside 6-adenylyltransferase was also evaluated. to reveal putative connection between ery and str resistance mechanisms, 13 c. coli isolates initially susceptible to str and ery were exposed to ...201020370506
prolonged survival of campylobacter species in bovine manure compost.the persistence of naturally occurring campylobacteria in aerobic compost constructed of manure from beef cattle that were administered chlortetracycline and sulfamethazine (as700) or from cattle not administered antibiotics (control) was examined. although there were no differences in population sizes of heterotrophic bacteria, the temperature of as700 compost was more variable and did not become as high as that of control compost. there were significant differences in water content, total carb ...201020023098
prevalence and biomolecular characterization of campylobacter spp. isolated from retail meat.we estimated the prevalence of campylobacter spp. in retail meat (n = 352 samples; 104 chicken, 106 pork, and 142 beef) collected in campobasso, italy, comparing two microbiological methods. all the isolates were characterized by biomolecular techniques for epidemiological purposes. campylobacter isolation was performed by selective culture and membrane filtration methods. phenotypic and genotypic methods for genus and species identification were evaluated together with antimicrobial resistance ...201020377962
occurrence of thermotolerant campylobacter species in surface waters of a mediterranean area and in its prevailing pollution sources.to determine the prevalence of campylobacter in surface waters of a highly populated mediterranean area.201020408911
amoebae and algae can prolong the survival of campylobacter species in co-culture.several species of free-living amoebae can cause disease in humans. however, in addition to the direct pathogenicity of e.g. acanthamoebae and naegleria species, they are recognized as environmental hosts, indirectly involved in the epidemiology of many pathogenic bacteria. although several studies have demonstrated intracellular survival of many different bacteria in these species, the extent of such interactions as well as the implications for the epidemiology of the bacterial species involved ...201020056117
comparison of campylobacter populations isolated from a free-range broiler flock before and after slaughter.relatively little is known about the campylobacter genotypes colonizing extensively reared broiler flocks and their survival through the slaughter process, despite the increasing demand for free-range and organic products by the consumer. campylobacter isolates from a free-range boiler flock, sampled before and after slaughter, were genotyped by mlst (multilocus sequence typing) and sequence analysis of the flaa short variable region (svr). the campylobacter genotypes isolated before and after s ...201020071049
prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of campylobacter isolates from humans and chickens in bahir dar, ethiopia.in this study, the isolation and antimicrobial resistance of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli strains from chickens and humans in bahir dar, ethiopia, were analyzed. two hundred and ten human and 220 chicken samples were analyzed between october 2007 and april 2008. seventeen human and 160 chicken campylobacter species were isolated. the overall prevalence of thermophilic campylobacters was 8% and 72.7% in humans and chickens, respectively. in humans, 94.1% of the isolates were c. jej ...201020482228
genotyping and pcr detection of potential virulence genes in campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli isolates from different sources in poland.the prevalence of potential virulence markers was determined among the population of polish campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli isolates from children, chickens, pigs and dogs. the presence of the flaa, flab, cdta, cdtb, cdtc, cdtabc, virb11, and cj0588 genes among 74 c. jejuni and 15 c. coli isolates was detected by pcr. high prevalence of five different putative virulence and toxin genes (flaa, cdta, cdtb, cdtc, and cj0588) was found among isolates obtained from children, chickens and ...201020490760
simple and rapid detection of campylobacter spp. in naturally contaminated chicken-meat samples by combination of a two-step enrichment method with an immunochromatographic assay.a simple and rapid method to detect campylobacter spp. in chicken-meat samples was established. this method consisted of a combination of a two-step enrichment method with a commercially available immunochromatographic assay, named nh immunochromato campylobacter (nh ic campy, nippon meat packers, ibaraki, japan), which is able to detect campylobacter antigen in an enrichment culture within 15 min. the enrichment method did not require much blood or a particular system of generating a microaerob ...201020621373
isolation and characterization of campylobacter spp. from antarctic fur seals (arctocephalus gazella) at deception island, antarctica.the presence of campylobacter spp. was investigated in 41 antarctic fur seals (arctocephalus gazella) and 9 weddell seals (leptonychotes weddellii) at deception island, antarctica. infections were encountered in six antarctic fur seals. the isolates, the first reported from marine mammals in the antarctic region, were identified as campylobacter insulaenigrae and campylobacter lari.201020639356
study of the molecular mechanisms involved in high-level macrolide resistance of spanish campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli strains.to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in the high-level erythromycin resistance of clinical spanish campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli strains.201020647243
implications of faecal indicator bacteria for the microbiological assessment of roof-harvested rainwater quality in southeast queensland, australia.the study aimed to evaluate the suitability of escherichia coli, enterococci, and clostridium perfringens for assessing the microbiological quality of roof-harvested rainwater and assessing whether the concentrations of these faecal indicators can be used to predict the presence or absence of specific zoonotic bacterial or protozoan pathogens. from a total of 100 samples tested, 58%, 83%, and 46% of samples were found to be positive for, respectively, e. coli, enterococci, and clostridium perfri ...201020657617
prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profile of campylobacter spp. isolated from conventional and antimicrobial-free swine production systems from different u.s. regions.we conducted a study to compare the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profile of campylobacter isolated from 34 farm-slaughter pair cohorts of pigs raised in conventional and antimicrobial-free (abf) production systems. isolates originated from four different states of two geographic regions (region 1--ohio and michigan; region 2--wisconsin and iowa). a total of 838 fecal and 1173 carcass samples were examined. campylobacter isolates were speciated using multiplex polymerase chain reaction ...201021133777
accuracy of the api campy system, the vitek 2 neisseria-haemophilus (nh) card and the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) for the identification of campylobacter and related organisms.abstract biochemical identification of campylobacter and related organisms is not always specific and may lead to diagnostic errors. the api campy, the vitek 2 system and matrix-assisted desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) are commercially available methods that are routinely used for the identification of these microorganisms. in the present study, we used 224 clinical isolates and 10 reference strains previously identified by multiple pcr assays, whole-cell pr ...201020673261
evolutionary dynamics of complete campylobacter pan-genomes and the bacterial species concept.defining bacterial species and understanding the relative cohesiveness of different components of their genomes remains a fundamental problem in microbiology. bacterial species tend to be comprised of both a set of core and dispensable genes, with the sum of these two components forming the species pan-genome. the role of the core and dispensable genes in defining bacterial species and the question of whether pan-genomes are finite or infinite remain unclear. here we demonstrate, through the ana ...201020688752
comparison of real-time pcr assays for detection, quantification, and differentiation of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli in broiler neck skin samples.we tested the use of multiplex real-time pcr for detection and quantification of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli on broiler carcass neck skin samples collected during 2008 from slaughterhouses in switzerland. results from an established taqman assay based on two different targets (hipo and ceue for c. jejuni and c. coli, respectively) were corroborated with data from a newly developed assay based on a single-nucleotide polymorphism in the fusa gene, which allows differentiation betwe ...201020537260
fluoroquinolone resistance in campylobacter.campylobacter is a commensal in poultry, and therefore, poultry and poultry products are major sources of campylobacter infections in humans. fluoroquinolones inhibit the growth of campylobacter and other microorganisms by binding to bacterial dna gyrase and dna topoisomerase iv. these enzymes are associated with bacterial transcription, replication, and chromosome condensation and segregation. selection pressure in the presence of fluoroquinolones rapidly leads to resistance in campylobacter, d ...201020537275
prevalence of campylobacter jejuni, campylobacter coli and enteric helicobacter in domestic and free living birds in north-western italy.in order to investigate the prevalence of some thermophilic campylobacter (c. jejuni and c. coli) and enteric helicobacter (h. pullorum and h. canadensis) in domestic and wild birds, a total of 278 bird caecal samples were analyzed over a 2 year period in north-western italy. samples were collected from poultry raised in intensive farming at the slaughterhouse (n=102, group a) and in small scale rural farms (n=60, group b) as well as from wild birds (n=116, group c). pcr amplifications were carr ...201020814861
ribosomal operon intergenic sequence region (isr) heterogeneity in campylobacter coli and campylobacter jejuni.the intergenic sequence regions (isr) between the 16s and 23s genes of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli are markedly different for each species. however, in the genomic sequence for camp. coli rm2228, two rrna operons have an isr that is characteristic of camp. coli, and the third operon is characteristic of camp. jejuni. the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of isr heterogeneity in these organisms.201020849393
evolution and population structure of salmonella enterica serovar newport.salmonellosis caused by salmonella enterica serovar newport is a major global public health concern, particularly because s. newport isolates that are resistant to multiple drugs (mdr), including third-generation cephalosporins (mdr-ampc phenotype), have been commonly isolated from food animals. we analyzed 384 s. newport isolates from various sources by a multilocus sequence typing (mlst) scheme to study the evolution and population structure of the serovar. these were compared to the populatio ...201020935094
evolution of an agriculture-associated disease causing campylobacter coli clade: evidence from national surveillance data in scotland.the common zoonotic pathogen campylobacter coli is an important cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide but its evolution is incompletely understood. using multilocus sequence type (mlst) data of 7 housekeeping genes from a national survey of campylobacter in scotland (2005/6), and a combined population genetic-phylogenetics approach, we investigated the evolutionary history of c. coli. genealogical reconstruction of isolates from clinical infection, farm animals and the environment, reveal ...201021179537
the glycerophospho metabolome and its influence on amino acid homeostasis revealed by brain metabolomics of gde1(-/-) mice.gde1 is a mammalian glycerophosphodiesterase (gde) implicated by in vitro studies in the regulation of glycerophophoinositol (gropins) and possibly other glycerophospho (grop) metabolites. here, we show using untargeted metabolomics that gropins is profoundly (>20-fold) elevated in brain tissue from gde1(-/-) mice. furthermore, two additional grop metabolites not previously identified in eukaryotic cells, glycerophosphoserine (gropser) and glycerophosphoglycerate (gropgate), were also highly ele ...201020797612
the in vivo efficacy of two administration routes of a phage cocktail to reduce numbers of campylobacter coli and campylobacter jejuni in chickens.poultry meat is one of the most important sources of human campylobacteriosis, an acute bacterial enteritis which is a major problem worldwide. campylobacter coli and campylobacter jejuni are the most common campylobacter species associated with this disease. these pathogens live in the intestinal tract of most avian species and under commercial conditions they spread rapidly to infect a high proportion of the flock, which makes their treatment and prevention very difficult. bacteriophages (phag ...201020809975
comparison of premier campy enzyme immunoassay (eia), prospect campylobacter eia, and immunocard stat! campy tests with culture for laboratory diagnosis of campylobacter enteric infections.campylobacter enteritis is a food-borne or waterborne illness caused almost exclusively by campylobacter jejuni and, to a lesser extent, by campylobacter coli. these organisms produce indistinguishable clinical diseases and together represent the second most common cause of bacterial diarrhea in the united states and the leading cause of enteric infection throughout the world. the conventional approach to the laboratory diagnosis of campylobacter enteritis is based on the recovery of the organis ...201020810765
prevalence and characterization of campylobacter spp. isolated from domestic and imported poultry meat in korea, 2004–2008.campylobacteriosis in humans is primarily caused by handling or consuming contaminated poultry or their products. the aims of this study were to estimate the prevalence of campylobacter spp. in domestic and imported poultry meat in korea and to further characterize the obtained isolates. from 2004 to 2008, a total of 475 domestic and 867 imported raw poultry meat samples were examined for the presence of campylobacter spp. among 475 domestic poultry meat samples, campylobacter jejuni and campylo ...201020939742
molecular characterization and environmental mapping of campylobacter isolates in a subset of intensive poultry flocks in ireland.irish breeder and intensive broiler flocks together with the corresponding poultry farm environment were sampled for the presence of campylobacter with the aim of identifying potential sources and transmission routes of poultry flock contamination. the genetic diversity of a subset of campylobacter isolates was examined by analysis of the flaa-short variable region (svr). additional discrimination for a further subset of these isolates was achieved using multilocus sequence typing (mlst) analysi ...201021039133
campylobacter genotypes from poultry transportation crates indicate a source of contamination and transmission.crates used to transport live poultry can be contaminated with campylobacter, despite periodic sanitization, and are potential vectors for transmission between flocks. we investigated the microbial contamination of standard and silver ion containing crates in normal use and the genetic structure of associated campylobacter populations.201021059158
characterization of erythromycin-resistant porcine isolates of campylobacter coli.erythromycin-resistant campylobacter organisms were isolated from swine, and their resistance to the antibiotic was characterized. one hundred fourteen campylobacter organisms were isolated from 572 swine intestinal samples. all isolates were identified as campylobacter coli by sequence analysis of 16s rrna gene and polymerase chain reactions with primers specific to hippuricase gene in campylobacter jejuni and aspartokinase gene in c. coli. minimal inhibitory concentrations (mics) of erythromyc ...201020735175
obstacles of multiplex real-time pcr for bacterial 16s rdna: primer specifity and dna decontamination of taq polymerase.background: the detection of a broad range of bacteria by pcr is applied for the screening of blood and blood products with special attention to platelet concentrates. for practical use it is desirable that detection systems include gram-positive, gram-negative and non-gram-stainable bacteria. it is quite challenging to achieve high sensitivity along with a clear negative control with pcr reagents, because especially taq polymerase is contaminated with traces of bacterial dna. methods: bacterial ...201020737013
fluorescence in situ hybridization method using a peptide nucleic acid probe for identification of salmonella spp. in a broad spectrum of samples.a fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) method for the rapid detection of salmonella spp. using a novel peptide nucleic acid (pna) probe was developed. the probe theoretical specificity and sensitivity were both 100%. the pna-fish method was optimized, and laboratory testing on representative strains from the salmonella genus subspecies and several related bacterial species confirmed the predicted theoretical values of specificity and sensitivity. the pna-fish method has been successfully ad ...201020453122
repeated therapeutic dosing selects macrolide-resistant campylobacter spp. in a turkey facility.this study assessed the effects of the therapeutic use of tylan® in a large-scale turkey production facility on the selection of macrolide-resistant campylobacter.201020497488
risk factors for indigenous campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli infections in the netherlands: a case-control study.a case-control study comprising 1315 campylobacter jejuni cases, 121 campylobacter coli cases and 3409 frequency-matched controls was conducted in the netherlands in 2002-2003. risk factors for both c. jejuni and c. coli enteritis were consumption of undercooked meat and barbecued meat, ownership of cats and use of proton pump inhibitors. consumption of chicken was a predominant risk factor for c. jejuni enteritis, but many additional risk factors were identified. unique risk factors for c. coli ...201020223048
fragmentation of the large subunit ribosomal rna gene in oyster mitochondrial genomes.discontinuous genes have been observed in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotic nuclei, mitochondria and chloroplasts. gene discontinuity occurs in multiple forms: the two most frequent forms result from introns that are spliced out of the rna and the resulting exons are spliced together to form a single transcript, and fragmented gene transcripts that are not covalently attached post-transcriptionally. within the past few years, fragmented ribosomal rna (rrna) genes have been discovered in bilatera ...201020813041
detection of campylobacter jejuni by culture and real-time pcr in a french cohort of patients with guillain-barre syndrome.bacteriological culture and real-time pcr (rt-pcr) were used to detect campylobacter jejuni in fecal samples from a french cohort of 237 patients with guillain-barré syndrome (gbs). we provide evidence that diverse serotypes and genotypes of c. jejuni are a major trigger of gbs in france.201020410350
prevalence, antibiograms, and transferable tet(o) plasmid of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli isolated from raw chicken, pork, and human clinical cases in korea.the antibiotic resistance patterns and prevalence of the transferable tet(o) plasmid were investigated in campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli isolates from raw chicken, pork, and humans with clinical campylobacteriosis. a total of 180 c. jejuni and c. coli isolates were identified, and the prevalence rates of c. jejuni and c. coli in raw chicken samples were 83% (83 of 100) and 73% (73 of 100), respectively. twelve percent (6 of 50) and 10% (5 of 50) of pork samples were contaminated wit ...201020819352
survival of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli on retail broiler meat stored at -20, 4, or 12 degrees c and development of weibull models for survival.survival of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli isolated from broiler meat was investigated and modeled on retail breast meat. meat portions were inoculated with c. jejuni or c. coli at 6.4 to 6.8 log cfu/g followed by storage at -20 degrees c for 84 days or at 4 or 12 degrees c for 14 days. kinetic data within a species and temperature were fitted to the weibull model. when >or=70% of the residuals were in an acceptable prediction zone from -1 (fail-safe) to 0.5 (fail-dangerous) log uni ...201020819353
differences in methylation at gatc sites in genomic dna of campylobacter coli from turkeys and swine.a significant fraction (46/108, 43%) of swine isolates of campylobacter coli but none of 81 isolates of c. coli from turkeys had genomic dna that was resistant to digestion by mboi, suggesting methylation of adenines at gatc sites. no consistent association was noted between antimicrobial resistance and mboi resistance. seven swine-associated multilocus sequence typing-based sequence types (sts) were detected among multiple isolates with mboi-resistant dna. the data suggest host-associated dna m ...201020833787
growth phase-dependent activation of the dccrs regulon of campylobacter jejuni.two-component systems are widespread prokaryotic signal transduction devices which allow the regulation of cellular functions in response to changing environmental conditions. the two-component system dccrs (cj1223c-cj1222c) of campylobacter jejuni is important for the colonization of chickens. here, we dissect the dccrs system in more detail and provide evidence that the sensor dccs selectively phosphorylates the cognate effector, dccr. microarray expression profiling, real-time reverse transcr ...201020348251
direction of neutrophil movements by campylobacter-infected intestinal epithelium.campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli together represent the leading bacterial cause of human enteritis. however, the pathogenesis of this disease is poorly understood. infection results in the formation of crypt abscesses resulting from the migration of neutrophils across the intestinal epithelium and into the intestinal crypts. in this study, we model this process in vitro and show that campylobacter infection of epithelium results in a quantifiable increase in the directed movement of n ...201020934530
identification of campylobacter jejuni genes involved in its interaction with epithelial cells.campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of infectious gastroenteritis in industrialized nations. its ability to enter and survive within nonphagocytic cells is thought to be very important for pathogenesis. however, little is known about the c. jejuni determinants that mediate these processes. through an extensive transposon mutagenesis screen, we have identified several loci that are required for c. jejuni efficient entry and survival within epithelial cells. among these loci, insertional mut ...201020515930
three-hour molecular detection of campylobacter, salmonella, yersinia, and shigella species in feces with accuracy as high as that of culture.campylobacter jejuni and salmonella, shigella, and yersinia species (along with shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli) are the most common causes of acute bacterial diarrheal disease in the united states. current detection techniques are time-consuming, limiting usefulness for patient care. we developed and validated a panel of rapid pcr assays for the detection and identification of c. jejuni, c. coli, salmonella, and yersinia species and shigella and enteroinvasive e. coli in stool samples. a ...201020519461
antimicrobial resistance of campylobacter isolates from retail meat in the united states between 2002 and 2007.the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in campylobacter spp. has been a growing public health concern globally. the objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility, and genetic relatedness of campylobacter spp. recovered by the national antimicrobial resistance monitoring system (narms) retail meat program. retail meat samples (n = 24,566) from 10 u.s. states collected between 2002 and 2007, consisting of 6,138 chicken breast, 6,109 ground turkey, 6,171 ...201020971875
temperature affects sole carbon utilization patterns of campylobacter coli 49941.campylobacter spp. are small, asaccharolytic bacteria exhibiting unique nutritional and environmental requirements. campylobacter spp. exist as commensal organisms in some animal species, yet are estimated to be the most common causative agents of foodborne illness in humans. c. jejuni is most often associated with poultry, while c. coli are more frequently associated with swine. temperature has been suggested to trigger potential colonization or virulence factors in c. jejuni, and recent studie ...201020981547
molecular typing of campylobacter jejuni and c. coli from chickens and patients with gastritis or guillain-barré syndrome based on multilocus sequence types and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns.campylobacter jejuni has recently been noted as the most common cause of bacterial foodborne diseases in japan. in the present study, we determined st types of c. jejuni and campylobacter coli isolated from chickens and patients with enteritis or gbs in japan and thailand. c. jejuni from chickens, enteritis, and gbs exhibited divergent st types and included several novel types in addition to worldwide common types. c. coli from enteritis was also divergent. novel st types may represent unidentif ...201020536735
campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli in children from communities in northeastern brazil: molecular detection and relation to nutritional status.this study determined the prevalence of campylobacter jejuni/coli and its relation with nutritional status in children from northeastern brazil. this was a case-control study design. stool samples were evaluated for hipo (c. jejuni), ask (c. coli), and cdtabc (c. jejuni's cytolethal distending toxin) genes. the nutritional status from these children was assessed by anthropometric measures and z-scores. c. jejuni and c. coli were detected in 9.6% (8/83) and 6.0% (5/83) in the diarrhea group and i ...201020542202
performance of the oxoid m.i.c.evaluator strips compared with the etest assay and bsac agar dilution.the oxoid m.i.c.evaluator (m.i.c.e; thermo fisher scientific) comprises an antibiotic gradient on a plastic support. we compared its performance with etest--a similar product--using bsac agar dilution as a reference.201020562429
screening for several potential pathogens in feral pigeons (columba livia) in madrid.pathogens with the zoonotic potential to infect humans, such as campylobacter jejuni, campylobacter coli and chlamydophila psittaci, can be found in feral pigeons (columba livia). given the high density of these birds in the public parks and gardens of most cities, they may pose a direct threat to public health.201020569487
characterization of n-linked protein glycosylation in helicobacter pullorum.the first bacterial n-linked glycosylation system was discovered in campylobacter jejuni, and the key enzyme involved in the coupling of glycan to asparagine residues within the acceptor sequon of the glycoprotein is the oligosaccharyltransferase pglb. emerging genome sequence data have revealed that pglb orthologues are present in a subset of species from the deltaproteobacteria and epsilonproteobacteria, including three helicobacter species: h. pullorum, h. canadensis, and h. winghamensis. in ...201020581208
identification and characterization of a new ferric enterobactin receptor, cfrb, in campylobacter.the ferric enterobactin (feent) receptor cfra is present in the majority of campylobacter jejuni isolates and is responsible for high-affinity iron acquisition. our recent work and that of others strongly suggested the existence of another feent uptake system in campylobacter. here we have identified and characterized a new feent receptor (designated cfrb) using both in vitro and in vivo systems. cfrb, a homolog of c. jejuni nctc 11168 cj0444, shares approximately 34% of amino acid identity with ...201020585060
phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity of campylobacter coli within individual pigs at farm and slaughter in the us.the aim of this study was to determine the phenotypic and genotypic diversity of multiple campylobacter isolates (n = 3 per sample) present within individual (heterogeneity) pig faecal and carcass samples at farm and slaughter, respectively. we isolated 1459 campylobacter coli (1110 on farm and 349 from slaughter) from 908 pigs and 757 carcasses and characterized them for their antimicrobial susceptibility profile to a panel of six antimicrobials using the agar dilution method. overall, we detec ...201021083823
proteomic analysis of iron acquisition, metabolic and regulatory responses of yersinia pestis to iron starvation.the gram-negative bacterium yersinia pestis is the causative agent of the bubonic plague. efficient iron acquisition systems are critical to the ability of y. pestis to infect, spread and grow in mammalian hosts, because iron is sequestered and is considered part of the innate host immune defence against invading pathogens. we used a proteomic approach to determine expression changes of iron uptake systems and intracellular consequences of iron deficiency in the y. pestis strain kim6+ at two phy ...201020113483
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