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a comprehensive evaluation of colonic mucosal isolates of sutterella wadsworthensis from inflammatory bowel disease.inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) arises in genetically susceptible individuals as a result of an unidentified environmental trigger, possibly a hitherto unknown bacterial pathogen. twenty-six clinical isolates of sutterella wadsworthensis were obtained from 134 adults and 61 pediatric patients undergoing colonoscopy, of whom 69 and 29 respectively had ibd. s. wadsworthensis was initially more frequently isolated from ibd subjects, hence this comprehensive study was undertaken to elucidate its ro ...201122073125
Improvement of Modified Charcoal-Cefoperazone-Deoxycholate Agar by Supplementation with a High Concentration of Polymyxin B for the Detection of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli in Chicken Carcass Rinse.Modified charcoal-cefoperazone-deoxycholate agar (mCCDA) was improved by supplementation with a high concentration of polymyxin B. The ability of the supplemented medium to isolate Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli from chicken carcass rinse was compared to that of Campy-Cefex agar and mCCDA. Modification of mCCDA with increased polymyxin B yielded significantly (p < 0.05) better isolation rate and selectivity than those achieved on using Campy-Cefex agar and mCCDA.201122210208
prevalence of campylobacter species in adult crohn's disease and the preferential colonization sites of campylobacter species in the human intestine.crohn's disease (cd) and ulcerative colitis (uc) are the two major forms of inflammatory bowel disease (ibd). a high prevalence of campylobacter concisus was previously detected in paediatric cd and adult uc. currently, the prevalence of c. concisus in adult cd and the preferential colonization sites of campylobacter species in the human intestine are unknown. in this study, we examined the prevalence of campylobacter species in biopsies collected from multiple anatomic sites of adult patients w ...201121966525
Development of a rapid and sensitive method combining a cellulose ester microfilter and a real-time qPCR assay to detect Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in 20 liters of drinking water or low turbidity waters.Investigation of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in samples of drinking water suspected of being at the origin of outbreak very often leads to negative results. One of the reasons for this failure is the small volume of water typically used for detecting these pathogens (10 to 1000 mL). Efficiency of three microfilters and different elution procedures were determined using real-time qPCR to propose a procedure allowing detection of Campylobacter in 20 L drinking water or low turbidit ...201122138985
A Nationwide Study of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli bacteremia in Finland over a 10-year period, 1998-2007, with special reference to clinical characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibility.Campylobacter bacteremia is an uncommon condition, usually diagnosed in elderly and immunocompromised patients.201121921217
genotypes and antibiotic resistance of campylobacter coli in fattening pigs.campylobacter coli is a food-borne zoonotic pathogen causing human gastroenteritis worldwide. the organism is a commensal in the intestine of many food production animals including fattening pigs. the role of the pig as a potential reservoir for c. coli affecting human either directly or via poultry has hardly been investigated and genetic characterization of porcine strains is needed to address this question. for this aim multilocus sequence typing (mlst) and flab typing was applied to 256 c. c ...201121899961
evaluation of novel agars for the enumeration of campylobacter spp. in poultry retail samples.the purpose of this study was to examine the performance of novel agars for the identification and enumeration of campylobacter species. the analytical sensitivity and specificity of campylobacter selective agar (casa), brilliance campycount agar (bcca) and campyfoodidagar (cfa) for 84 campylobacter spp. isolates and 50 non-campylobacter spp. isolates from 37 distinct genera were of 100% sensitivity, with a 98% specificity for bcca and cfa, and a 100% specificity for casa. the application of the ...201122226753
the zinc-ribbon domain of helicobacter pylori hp0958: requirement for rpon accumulation and possible roles of homologs in other bacteria.helicobacter pylori hp0958 protein (flgz) prevents the rapid turnover of rpon (σ(54)), a transcription factor required for expression of several flagellar genes in h. pylori. flgz possesses a zinc-ribbon domain (duf164) that contains two conserved cxxc motifs which coordinate a zinc ion and is thought to interact with nucleic acids or proteins. two conserved cysteine residues in flgz (cys-202 and cys-223) were replaced with serine to assess their significance in flgz function. after confirming t ...201122408721
welcome to microbial informatics and experimentation. 201122587655
human isolates of cronobacter sakazakii bind efficiently to intestinal epithelial cells in vitro to induce monolayer permeability and apoptosis.cronobacter sakazakii (cs) is an emerging opportunistic pathogen that causes life-threatening infections in infants. this pathogen has been implicated in the outbreaks of necrotizing enterocolitis (nec) with associated rates of high mortality and morbidity. in this study, we compared the abilities of cs strains isolated from human and environmental sources to bind to intestinal epithelial cells and trigger apoptosis.201122221600
human isolates of cronobacter sakazakii bind efficiently to intestinal epithelial cells in vitro to induce monolayer permeability and apoptosis.cronobacter sakazakii (cs) is an emerging opportunistic pathogen that causes life-threatening infections in infants. this pathogen has been implicated in the outbreaks of necrotizing enterocolitis (nec) with associated rates of high mortality and morbidity. in this study, we compared the abilities of cs strains isolated from human and environmental sources to bind to intestinal epithelial cells and trigger apoptosis.201122221600
identification of genes involved in the glycosylation of modified viosamine of flagellins in pseudomonas syringae by mass spectrometry.previously we revealed that flagellin proteins in pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci 6605 (pta 6605) were glycosylated with a trisaccharide, modified viosamine (mvio)-rhamnose-rhamnose and that glycosylation was required for virulence. we further identified some glycosylation-related genes, including vioa, viob, viot, fgt1, and fgt2. in this study, we newly identified vior and viom in a so-called viosamine island as biosynthetic genes for glycosylation of mvio in pta 6605 by the mass spectrometry ( ...201124710292
defining the causes of diarrhea: novel approaches.diarrheal disease causes substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide; however, defining the microbiologic causes are challenging due to the large number of potential enteropathogens that require testing, insensitivity of existing conventional methods, the frequent occurrence of mixed infections, and high rates of background carriage in many communities.201121844805
inadequacies of minimum spanning trees in molecular epidemiology.minimum spanning trees (msts) are frequently used in molecular epidemiology research to estimate relationships among individual strains or isolates. nevertheless, there are significant caveats to mst algorithms that have been largely ignored in molecular epidemiology studies and that have the potential to confound or alter the interpretation of the results of those analyses. specifically, (i) presenting a single, arbitrarily selected mst illustrates only one of potentially many equally optimal s ...201121849692
cytolethal distending toxin: a conserved bacterial genotoxin that blocks cell cycle progression, leading to apoptosis of a broad range of mammalian cell lineages.cytolethal distending toxin (cdt) is a heterotrimeric ab-type genotoxin produced by several clinically important gram-negative mucocutaneous bacterial pathogens. irrespective of the bacterial species of origin, cdt causes characteristic and irreversible cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in a broad range of cultured mammalian cell lineages. the active subunit cdtb has structural homology with the phosphodiesterase family of enzymes including mammalian dnase i, and alone is necessary and sufficient ...201121565933
a comparison between hippurate hydrolysis and multiplex pcr for differentiating campylobacter coli and campylobacter jejuni.species identification is important for epidemiological, clinical and treatment purposes. the aim of this study was to find out whether hippurate hydrolysis is a reliable test for differentiating between campylobacter coli and campylobacter jejuni. to achieve this, hippurate hydrolysis test was compared with multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mpcr) for their ability to speciate c. coli and c. jejuni. eighteen campylobacter strains from poultry samples were used for this study. the results from ...201124575212
evolution of the oligopeptide transporter family.the oligopeptide transporter (opt) family of peptide and iron-siderophore transporters includes members from both prokaryotes and eukaryotes but with restricted distribution in the latter domain. eukaryotic members were found only in fungi and plants with a single slime mold homologue clustering with the fungal proteins. all functionally characterized eukaryotic peptide transporters segregate from the known iron-siderophore transporters on a phylogenetic tree. prokaryotic members are widespread, ...201121347612
microbial efflux pump inhibition: tactics and strategies.traditional antimicrobials are increasingly suffering from the emergence of multidrug resistance among pathogenic microorganisms. to overcome these deficiencies, a range of novel approaches to control microbial infections are under investigation as potential alternative treatments. multidrug efflux is a key target of these efforts. efflux mechanisms are broadly recognized as major components of resistance to many classes of chemotherapeutic agents as well as antimicrobials. efflux occurs due to ...201121470111
methods for determining disease burden and calibrating national surveillance data in the united kingdom: the second study of infectious intestinal disease in the community (iid2 study).infectious intestinal disease (iid), usually presenting as diarrhoea and vomiting, is frequently preventable. though often mild and self-limiting, its commonness makes iid an important public health problem. in the mid 1990s around 1 in 5 people in england suffered from iid a year, costing around pound0.75 billion. no routine information source describes the uk's current community burden of iid. we present here the methods for a study to determine rates and aetiology of iid in the community, pre ...201020444246
risk assessment of growth hormones and antimicrobial residues in meat.growth promoters including hormonal substances and antibiotics are used legally and illegally in food producing animals for the growth promotion of livestock animals. hormonal substances still under debate in terms of their human health impacts are estradiol-17β, progesterone, testosterone, zeranol, trenbolone, and melengestrol acetate (mga) . many of the risk assessment results of natural steroid hormones have presented negligible impacts when they are used under good veterinary practices. for ...201024278538
abc transporters involved in export of cell surface glycoconjugates.complex glycoconjugates play critical roles in the biology of microorganisms. despite the remarkable diversity in glycan structures and the bacteria that produce them, conserved themes are evident in the biosynthesis-export pathways. one of the primary pathways involves representatives of the atp-binding cassette (abc) transporter superfamily. these proteins are responsible for the export of a wide variety of cell surface oligo- and polysaccharides in both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteri ...201020805402
the era of molecular and other non-culture-based methods in diagnosis of sepsis.sepsis, a leading cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world, is a clinical syndrome with signs and symptoms relating to an infectious event and the consequent important inflammatory response. from a clinical point of view, sepsis is a continuous process ranging from systemic inflammatory response syndrome (sirs) to multiple-organ-dysfunction syndrome (mods). blood cultures are the current "gold standard" for diagnosis, and they are based on the detection of viable microorganisms pres ...201020065332
tir domain-containing adaptor sarm is a late addition to the ongoing microbe-host dialog.toll/interleukin-1 receptor (tir) domain-containing proteins play important roles in defense against pathogens in both animals and plants, connecting the immunity signaling pathways via a chain of specific protein-protein interactions. among them is sarm, the only tir domain-containing adaptor that can negatively regulate tlr signaling. by extensive phylogenetic analysis, we show here that sarm is closely related to bacterial proteins with tir domains, suggesting that this family has a different ...201021110998
molecular characterization of the 16s rrna gene of helicobacter fennelliae isolated from stools and blood cultures from paediatric patients in south africa.forty strains of h. fennelliae collected from paediatric blood and stool samples over an 18 year period at a children's hospital in cape town, south africa, were amplified by pcr of the 16s rrna. two distinct genotypes of h. fennelliae were identified based on the phylogenetic analysis. this was confirmed by sequencing a portion of the beta subunit of the rna polymerase (rpob) gene. all isolates from south africa clustered with a proposed novel helicobacter strain (accession number af237612) iso ...201022567323
flagellin as an adjuvant: cellular mechanisms and potential.flagellin is a potent activator of a broad range of cell types involved in innate and adaptive immunity. an increasing number of studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of flagellin as an adjuvant, as well as its ability to promote cytokine production by a range of innate cell types, trigger a generalized recruitment of t and b lymphocytes to secondary lymphoid sites, and activate tlr5(+)cd11c(+) cells and t lymphocytes in a manner that is distinct from cognate ag recognition. the plasticity ...201021048152
molecular characterization of the 16s rrna gene of helicobacter fennelliae isolated from stools and blood cultures from paediatric patients in south africa.forty strains of h. fennelliae collected from paediatric blood and stool samples over an 18 year period at a children's hospital in cape town, south africa, were amplified by pcr of the 16s rrna. two distinct genotypes of h. fennelliae were identified based on the phylogenetic analysis. this was confirmed by sequencing a portion of the beta subunit of the rna polymerase (rpob) gene. all isolates from south africa clustered with a proposed novel helicobacter strain (accession number af237612) iso ...201022567323
tir domain-containing adaptor sarm is a late addition to the ongoing microbe-host dialog.toll/interleukin-1 receptor (tir) domain-containing proteins play important roles in defense against pathogens in both animals and plants, connecting the immunity signaling pathways via a chain of specific protein-protein interactions. among them is sarm, the only tir domain-containing adaptor that can negatively regulate tlr signaling. by extensive phylogenetic analysis, we show here that sarm is closely related to bacterial proteins with tir domains, suggesting that this family has a different ...201021110998
successful treatment of cryptosporidiosis in 2 common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) by using paromomycin.two pair-housed, 1-y-old common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) had intermittent loose feces and weight loss for approximately 2 mo. cryptosporidum parvum was identified by elisa in the feces of both animals. cbc and blood chemistry values, including liver enzymes, were within normal range. both marmosets were treated with the antibiotic paromomycin (15 mg/kg po) twice daily for 28 d. resolution of clinical signs coincided with treatment. three follow-up samples, taken 2 wk apart after treatment ...201021205457
simultaneous screening of 24 target genes of foodborne pathogens in 35 foodborne outbreaks using multiplex real-time sybr green pcr analysis.a set of 8 multiplex real-time sybr green pcr (sg-pcr) assays including 3 target primers and an internal amplification control (iac) primer was simultaneously evaluated in 3 h or less with regard to detection of 24 target genes of 23 foodborne pathogens in 7 stool specimens of foodborne outbreak using a 96-well reaction plate. this assay, combined with dna extraction (qiaamp dna stool mini kit), offered detection of greater than 10(3)-10(4) foodborne pathogens per g in stool specimens. the produ ...201020936159
solexaqa: at-a-glance quality assessment of illumina second-generation sequencing data.illumina's second-generation sequencing platform is playing an increasingly prominent role in modern dna and rna sequencing efforts. however, rapid, simple, standardized and independent measures of run quality are currently lacking, as are tools to process sequences for use in downstream applications based on read-level quality data.201020875133
microbial diagnostic microarray for food- and water-borne pathogens.a microbial diagnostic microarray for the detection of the most relevant bacterial food- and water-borne pathogens and indicator organisms was developed and thoroughly validated. the microarray platform based on sequence-specific end labelling of oligonucleotides and the pyhylogenetically robust gyrb marker gene allowed a highly specific (resolution on genus/species level) and sensitive (0.1% relative and 10(4) cfu absolute detection sensitivity) detection of the target pathogens. validation was ...201021255342
pulsed field gel electrophoresis typing of human and retail foodstuff campylobacters: an irish perspective.campylobacter enteritis is a zoonosis, an infectious disease transmissible under normal conditions from vertebrate animals to man, presenting a major global public health burden. in this study, pulsed field gel electrophoresis (pfge) was employed to identify common genotypes in a collection of 600 campylobacter isolates in order to investigate if profiles obtained from retail samples of foodstuffs matched genotypes causing illness in the community in ireland. the campylobacters were isolated fro ...201021356447
characterization of erythromycin-resistant porcine isolates of campylobacter coli.erythromycin-resistant campylobacter organisms were isolated from swine, and their resistance to the antibiotic was characterized. one hundred fourteen campylobacter organisms were isolated from 572 swine intestinal samples. all isolates were identified as campylobacter coli by sequence analysis of 16s rrna gene and polymerase chain reactions with primers specific to hippuricase gene in campylobacter jejuni and aspartokinase gene in c. coli. minimal inhibitory concentrations (mics) of erythromyc ...201020735175
genotype and antibiotic resistance analyses of campylobacter isolates from ceca and carcasses of slaughtered broiler flocks.to obtain genetic information about campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli from broilers and carcasses at slaughterhouses, we analyzed and compared 340 isolates that were collected in 2008 from the cecum right after slaughter or from the neck skin after processing. we performed rpob sequence-based identification, multilocus sequence typing (mlst), and flab sequence-based typing; we additionally analyzed mutations within the 23s rrna and gyra genes that confer resistance to macrolide and qui ...201020709846
phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity of campylobacter coli within individual pigs at farm and slaughter in the us.the aim of this study was to determine the phenotypic and genotypic diversity of multiple campylobacter isolates (n = 3 per sample) present within individual (heterogeneity) pig faecal and carcass samples at farm and slaughter, respectively. we isolated 1459 campylobacter coli (1110 on farm and 349 from slaughter) from 908 pigs and 757 carcasses and characterized them for their antimicrobial susceptibility profile to a panel of six antimicrobials using the agar dilution method. overall, we detec ...201021083823
the glycerophospho metabolome and its influence on amino acid homeostasis revealed by brain metabolomics of gde1(-/-) mice.gde1 is a mammalian glycerophosphodiesterase (gde) implicated by in vitro studies in the regulation of glycerophophoinositol (gropins) and possibly other glycerophospho (grop) metabolites. here, we show using untargeted metabolomics that gropins is profoundly (>20-fold) elevated in brain tissue from gde1(-/-) mice. furthermore, two additional grop metabolites not previously identified in eukaryotic cells, glycerophosphoserine (gropser) and glycerophosphoglycerate (gropgate), were also highly ele ...201020797612
ribosomal operon intergenic sequence region (isr) heterogeneity in campylobacter coli and campylobacter jejuni.the intergenic sequence regions (isr) between the 16s and 23s genes of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli are markedly different for each species. however, in the genomic sequence for camp. coli rm2228, two rrna operons have an isr that is characteristic of camp. coli, and the third operon is characteristic of camp. jejuni. the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of isr heterogeneity in these organisms.201020849393
the in vivo efficacy of two administration routes of a phage cocktail to reduce numbers of campylobacter coli and campylobacter jejuni in chickens.poultry meat is one of the most important sources of human campylobacteriosis, an acute bacterial enteritis which is a major problem worldwide. campylobacter coli and campylobacter jejuni are the most common campylobacter species associated with this disease. these pathogens live in the intestinal tract of most avian species and under commercial conditions they spread rapidly to infect a high proportion of the flock, which makes their treatment and prevention very difficult. bacteriophages (phag ...201020809975
campylobacter genotypes from poultry transportation crates indicate a source of contamination and transmission.crates used to transport live poultry can be contaminated with campylobacter, despite periodic sanitization, and are potential vectors for transmission between flocks. we investigated the microbial contamination of standard and silver ion containing crates in normal use and the genetic structure of associated campylobacter populations.201021059158
prevalence of campylobacter jejuni, campylobacter coli and enteric helicobacter in domestic and free living birds in north-western italy.in order to investigate the prevalence of some thermophilic campylobacter (c. jejuni and c. coli) and enteric helicobacter (h. pullorum and h. canadensis) in domestic and wild birds, a total of 278 bird caecal samples were analyzed over a 2 year period in north-western italy. samples were collected from poultry raised in intensive farming at the slaughterhouse (n=102, group a) and in small scale rural farms (n=60, group b) as well as from wild birds (n=116, group c). pcr amplifications were carr ...201020814861
direction of neutrophil movements by campylobacter-infected intestinal epithelium.campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli together represent the leading bacterial cause of human enteritis. however, the pathogenesis of this disease is poorly understood. infection results in the formation of crypt abscesses resulting from the migration of neutrophils across the intestinal epithelium and into the intestinal crypts. in this study, we model this process in vitro and show that campylobacter infection of epithelium results in a quantifiable increase in the directed movement of n ...201020934530
survival of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli on retail broiler meat stored at -20, 4, or 12 degrees c and development of weibull models for survival.survival of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli isolated from broiler meat was investigated and modeled on retail breast meat. meat portions were inoculated with c. jejuni or c. coli at 6.4 to 6.8 log cfu/g followed by storage at -20 degrees c for 84 days or at 4 or 12 degrees c for 14 days. kinetic data within a species and temperature were fitted to the weibull model. when >or=70% of the residuals were in an acceptable prediction zone from -1 (fail-safe) to 0.5 (fail-dangerous) log uni ...201020819353
differences in methylation at gatc sites in genomic dna of campylobacter coli from turkeys and swine.a significant fraction (46/108, 43%) of swine isolates of campylobacter coli but none of 81 isolates of c. coli from turkeys had genomic dna that was resistant to digestion by mboi, suggesting methylation of adenines at gatc sites. no consistent association was noted between antimicrobial resistance and mboi resistance. seven swine-associated multilocus sequence typing-based sequence types (sts) were detected among multiple isolates with mboi-resistant dna. the data suggest host-associated dna m ...201020833787
prevalence, antibiograms, and transferable tet(o) plasmid of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli isolated from raw chicken, pork, and human clinical cases in korea.the antibiotic resistance patterns and prevalence of the transferable tet(o) plasmid were investigated in campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli isolates from raw chicken, pork, and humans with clinical campylobacteriosis. a total of 180 c. jejuni and c. coli isolates were identified, and the prevalence rates of c. jejuni and c. coli in raw chicken samples were 83% (83 of 100) and 73% (73 of 100), respectively. twelve percent (6 of 50) and 10% (5 of 50) of pork samples were contaminated wit ...201020819352
independent evolution of the core and accessory gene sets in the genus neisseria: insights gained from the genome of neisseria lactamica isolate 020-06.the genus neisseria contains two important yet very different pathogens, n. meningitidis and n. gonorrhoeae, in addition to non-pathogenic species, of which n. lactamica is the best characterized. genomic comparisons of these three bacteria will provide insights into the mechanisms and evolution of pathogenesis in this group of organisms, which are applicable to understanding these processes more generally.201021092259
prevalence, numbers and antimicrobial susceptibilities of salmonella serovars and campylobacter spp. in retail poultry in phnom penh, cambodia.salmonella and campylobacter are common bacterial pathogens associated with human gastro-enteritis; and raw poultry is considered to be an important source of these bacteria. to evaluate whether the salmonella serovars and campylobacter spp. bacteria could be monitored for the purpose of microbial presence, enumeration and antimicrobial resistance in raw poultry, 152 poultry carcasses were randomly selected from 10 markets in retail outlets of phnom penh during march 2006 to february 2007. the m ...201021060246
obstacles of multiplex real-time pcr for bacterial 16s rdna: primer specifity and dna decontamination of taq polymerase.background: the detection of a broad range of bacteria by pcr is applied for the screening of blood and blood products with special attention to platelet concentrates. for practical use it is desirable that detection systems include gram-positive, gram-negative and non-gram-stainable bacteria. it is quite challenging to achieve high sensitivity along with a clear negative control with pcr reagents, because especially taq polymerase is contaminated with traces of bacterial dna. methods: bacterial ...201020737013
prevalence and characterization of campylobacter spp. isolated from domestic and imported poultry meat in korea, 2004–2008.campylobacteriosis in humans is primarily caused by handling or consuming contaminated poultry or their products. the aims of this study were to estimate the prevalence of campylobacter spp. in domestic and imported poultry meat in korea and to further characterize the obtained isolates. from 2004 to 2008, a total of 475 domestic and 867 imported raw poultry meat samples were examined for the presence of campylobacter spp. among 475 domestic poultry meat samples, campylobacter jejuni and campylo ...201020939742
molecular characterization and environmental mapping of campylobacter isolates in a subset of intensive poultry flocks in ireland.irish breeder and intensive broiler flocks together with the corresponding poultry farm environment were sampled for the presence of campylobacter with the aim of identifying potential sources and transmission routes of poultry flock contamination. the genetic diversity of a subset of campylobacter isolates was examined by analysis of the flaa-short variable region (svr). additional discrimination for a further subset of these isolates was achieved using multilocus sequence typing (mlst) analysi ...201021039133
antimicrobial resistance of campylobacter isolates from retail meat in the united states between 2002 and 2007.the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in campylobacter spp. has been a growing public health concern globally. the objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility, and genetic relatedness of campylobacter spp. recovered by the national antimicrobial resistance monitoring system (narms) retail meat program. retail meat samples (n = 24,566) from 10 u.s. states collected between 2002 and 2007, consisting of 6,138 chicken breast, 6,109 ground turkey, 6,171 ...201020971875
detection of gyra mutation among clinical isolates of campylobacter jejuni isolated in egypt by mama-pcr.campylobacter spp are the major cause of enteritis in humans and more than 90% of reported infections are caused by campylobacter jejuni. fluoroquinolones such as ciprofloxacin are the antibiotics of choice for treatment. an increase in the frequency of ciprofloxacin-resistant campylobacter has been reported globally due to a single base mutation (c-257 to t) in codon 86 of the quinolone resistance determining region (qrdr) of the gyra gene altering the amino acid sequence from threonine at posi ...201021045366
campylobacter genotypes from poultry transportation crates indicate a source of contamination and transmission.crates used to transport live poultry can be contaminated with campylobacter, despite periodic sanitization, and are potential vectors for transmission between flocks. we investigated the microbial contamination of standard and silver ion containing crates in normal use and the genetic structure of associated campylobacter populations.201021059158
microbiological quality of blue mussels (mytilus edulis) in nunavik, quebec: a pilot study.this pilot study was aimed at documenting the presence of fecal indicators and enteric pathogens in blue mussels (mytilus edulis) from 6 communities in nunavik, quebec. one to four 2 kg samples of mussels were collected at low tide in each community. samples were investigated by enumeration methods for the fecal indicators enterococci, escherichia coli, f-specific coliphages, clostridium perfringens, and by molecular identification for the pathogens norovirus, salmonella spp., campylobacter jeju ...201021076488
prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli isolated from cattle between 2002 and 2006 in france.feces from 2,255 cattle (calves, young beef cattle, and culled cows) were collected at slaughter from nine departments across france. campylobacter was recovered from 16.5% of the 2,255 samples (c. jejuni from 12.8% and c. coli from 3.7%), predominantly from calves. antimicrobial resistance to six antibiotics of medical and/or veterinary interest was tested with the e-test. resistance to tetracycline was found in most isolates (52.8% of c. jejuni isolates and 88.1% of c. coli isolates) in contra ...201020501032
enteric campylobacteria and rna viruses associated with healthy and diarrheic humans in the chinook health region of southwestern alberta, canada.the presence of campylobacter species and enteric rna viruses in stools from diarrheic (n = 442) and healthy (n = 58) humans living in southwestern alberta was examined (may to october 2005). a large number of diarrheic individuals who were culture negative for c. jejuni (n = 54) or c. coli (n = 19) were pcr positive for these taxa. overall detection rates for c. jejuni and c. coli in diarrheic stools were 29% and 5%, respectively. in contrast, 3% and 0% of stools from healthy humans were positi ...201021106791
enteric campylobacteria and rna viruses associated with healthy and diarrheic humans in the chinook health region of southwestern alberta, canada.the presence of campylobacter species and enteric rna viruses in stools from diarrheic (n = 442) and healthy (n = 58) humans living in southwestern alberta was examined (may to october 2005). a large number of diarrheic individuals who were culture negative for c. jejuni (n = 54) or c. coli (n = 19) were pcr positive for these taxa. overall detection rates for c. jejuni and c. coli in diarrheic stools were 29% and 5%, respectively. in contrast, 3% and 0% of stools from healthy humans were positi ...201021106791
simple and rapid detection of campylobacter spp. in naturally contaminated chicken-meat samples by combination of a two-step enrichment method with an immunochromatographic assay.a simple and rapid method to detect campylobacter spp. in chicken-meat samples was established. this method consisted of a combination of a two-step enrichment method with a commercially available immunochromatographic assay, named nh immunochromato campylobacter (nh ic campy, nippon meat packers, ibaraki, japan), which is able to detect campylobacter antigen in an enrichment culture within 15 min. the enrichment method did not require much blood or a particular system of generating a microaerob ...201020621373
isolation and characterization of campylobacter spp. from antarctic fur seals (arctocephalus gazella) at deception island, antarctica.the presence of campylobacter spp. was investigated in 41 antarctic fur seals (arctocephalus gazella) and 9 weddell seals (leptonychotes weddellii) at deception island, antarctica. infections were encountered in six antarctic fur seals. the isolates, the first reported from marine mammals in the antarctic region, were identified as campylobacter insulaenigrae and campylobacter lari.201020639356
prevalence and antimicrobial resistance in campylobacter spp. isolated from retail chicken in two health units in ontario.campylobacter is an important enteric pathogen of humans and can cause diarrhea, fever, and abdominal pain. campylobacter infections have frequently been associated with the handling and consumption of raw and undercooked poultry. antimicrobial resistance among campylobacter strains is of concern in the treatment of campylobacteriosis in vulnerable populations. a 2-year multidisciplinary study was conducted in the perth and wellington-dufferin-guelph public health units in ontario, canada, to in ...201020615345
evolutionary dynamics of complete campylobacter pan-genomes and the bacterial species concept.defining bacterial species and understanding the relative cohesiveness of different components of their genomes remains a fundamental problem in microbiology. bacterial species tend to be comprised of both a set of core and dispensable genes, with the sum of these two components forming the species pan-genome. the role of the core and dispensable genes in defining bacterial species and the question of whether pan-genomes are finite or infinite remain unclear. here we demonstrate, through the ana ...201020688752
study of the molecular mechanisms involved in high-level macrolide resistance of spanish campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli strains.to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in the high-level erythromycin resistance of clinical spanish campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli strains.201020647243
implications of faecal indicator bacteria for the microbiological assessment of roof-harvested rainwater quality in southeast queensland, australia.the study aimed to evaluate the suitability of escherichia coli, enterococci, and clostridium perfringens for assessing the microbiological quality of roof-harvested rainwater and assessing whether the concentrations of these faecal indicators can be used to predict the presence or absence of specific zoonotic bacterial or protozoan pathogens. from a total of 100 samples tested, 58%, 83%, and 46% of samples were found to be positive for, respectively, e. coli, enterococci, and clostridium perfri ...201020657617
fluoroquinolone resistance in campylobacter.campylobacter is a commensal in poultry, and therefore, poultry and poultry products are major sources of campylobacter infections in humans. fluoroquinolones inhibit the growth of campylobacter and other microorganisms by binding to bacterial dna gyrase and dna topoisomerase iv. these enzymes are associated with bacterial transcription, replication, and chromosome condensation and segregation. selection pressure in the presence of fluoroquinolones rapidly leads to resistance in campylobacter, d ...201020537275
antimicrobial resistance in campylobacter coli selected by tylosin treatment at a pig farm.limited knowledge is available regarding the dynamics of macrolide resistance under farm conditions with natural campylobacter populations. we examined the dynamics of antimicrobial resistance in campylobacter coli at a large pig farm. faeces were sampled from untreated sows and piglets (n=57), weaned pigs treated with tylosin (n=68) and pigs of the same group 3-5 weeks after withdrawal of tylosin (n=15). additionally, 48 weaned pigs were sampled after tylosin had not been administered for 7 mon ...201020684867
accuracy of the api campy system, the vitek 2 neisseria-haemophilus (nh) card and the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) for the identification of campylobacter and related organisms.abstract biochemical identification of campylobacter and related organisms is not always specific and may lead to diagnostic errors. the api campy, the vitek 2 system and matrix-assisted desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) are commercially available methods that are routinely used for the identification of these microorganisms. in the present study, we used 224 clinical isolates and 10 reference strains previously identified by multiple pcr assays, whole-cell pr ...201020673261
understanding the molecular epidemiology of the footrot pathogen dichelobacter nodosus to support control and eradication programs.the gram-negative anaerobe dichelobacter nodosus is the primary etiologic agent of ovine footrot. few studies of the genetic diversity and epidemiology of d. nodosus have been done, despite the economic cost and welfare implications of the disease. this study examined a large collection of australian isolates; 735 isolates from footrot-infected sheep from 247 farms in western australia (wa) were tested by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge), and a subset of 616 isolates was tested by infrequ ...201020071558
high-throughput identification of bacteria and yeast by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry in conventional medical microbiology laboratories.matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) is suitable for high-throughput and rapid diagnostics at low costs and can be considered an alternative for conventional biochemical and molecular identification systems in a conventional microbiological laboratory. first, we evaluated maldi-tof ms using 327 clinical isolates previously cultured from patient materials and identified by conventional techniques (vitek-ii, api, and biochemical tests). discre ...201020053859
expanded multilocus sequence typing and comparative genomic hybridization of campylobacter coli isolates from multiple hosts.the purpose of this work was to evaluate the evolutionary history of campylobacter coli isolates derived from multiple host sources and to use microarray comparative genomic hybridization to assess whether there are particular genes comprising the dispensable portion of the genome that are more commonly associated with certain host species. genotyping and clonalframe analyses of an expanded 16-gene multilocus sequence typing (mlst) data set involving 85 isolates from 4 different hosts species te ...201020097815
amoebae and algae can prolong the survival of campylobacter species in co-culture.several species of free-living amoebae can cause disease in humans. however, in addition to the direct pathogenicity of e.g. acanthamoebae and naegleria species, they are recognized as environmental hosts, indirectly involved in the epidemiology of many pathogenic bacteria. although several studies have demonstrated intracellular survival of many different bacteria in these species, the extent of such interactions as well as the implications for the epidemiology of the bacterial species involved ...201020056117
characterization of n-linked protein glycosylation in helicobacter pullorum.the first bacterial n-linked glycosylation system was discovered in campylobacter jejuni, and the key enzyme involved in the coupling of glycan to asparagine residues within the acceptor sequon of the glycoprotein is the oligosaccharyltransferase pglb. emerging genome sequence data have revealed that pglb orthologues are present in a subset of species from the deltaproteobacteria and epsilonproteobacteria, including three helicobacter species: h. pullorum, h. canadensis, and h. winghamensis. in ...201020581208
identification and characterization of a new ferric enterobactin receptor, cfrb, in campylobacter.the ferric enterobactin (feent) receptor cfra is present in the majority of campylobacter jejuni isolates and is responsible for high-affinity iron acquisition. our recent work and that of others strongly suggested the existence of another feent uptake system in campylobacter. here we have identified and characterized a new feent receptor (designated cfrb) using both in vitro and in vivo systems. cfrb, a homolog of c. jejuni nctc 11168 cj0444, shares approximately 34% of amino acid identity with ...201020585060
molecular typing of campylobacter jejuni and c. coli from chickens and patients with gastritis or guillain-barré syndrome based on multilocus sequence types and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns.campylobacter jejuni has recently been noted as the most common cause of bacterial foodborne diseases in japan. in the present study, we determined st types of c. jejuni and campylobacter coli isolated from chickens and patients with enteritis or gbs in japan and thailand. c. jejuni from chickens, enteritis, and gbs exhibited divergent st types and included several novel types in addition to worldwide common types. c. coli from enteritis was also divergent. novel st types may represent unidentif ...201020536735
screening for several potential pathogens in feral pigeons (columba livia) in madrid.pathogens with the zoonotic potential to infect humans, such as campylobacter jejuni, campylobacter coli and chlamydophila psittaci, can be found in feral pigeons (columba livia). given the high density of these birds in the public parks and gardens of most cities, they may pose a direct threat to public health.201020569487
role of the pjm1 plasmid-encoded transport proteins fatb, c and d in ferric anguibactin uptake in the fish pathogen vibrio anguillarum.vibrio anguillarum serotype o1 is part of the natural flora in the aquatic habitat, but under certain circumstances it can cause terminal haemorrhagic septicemia in marine and fresh water fish due to the action of the anguibactin iron uptake system encoded by the virulence plasmid pjm1. this plasmid harbours the genes for the biosynthesis of the siderophore anguibactin and the ferric anguibactin transport proteins fatd, c, b and a encoded in the iron transport operon. the fata protein is the out ...201021304833
fragmentation of the large subunit ribosomal rna gene in oyster mitochondrial genomes.discontinuous genes have been observed in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotic nuclei, mitochondria and chloroplasts. gene discontinuity occurs in multiple forms: the two most frequent forms result from introns that are spliced out of the rna and the resulting exons are spliced together to form a single transcript, and fragmented gene transcripts that are not covalently attached post-transcriptionally. within the past few years, fragmented ribosomal rna (rrna) genes have been discovered in bilatera ...201020813041
evaluation of salmonella-vectored campylobacter peptide epitopes for reduction of campylobacter jejuni in broiler chickens.campylobacter is a leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in humans and is often linked to contaminated poultry products. live salmonella vectors expressing three linear peptide epitopes from campylobacter proteins cj0113 (omp18/cjad), cj0982c (cjaa), and cj0420 (ace393) were administered to chicks by oral gavage on the day of hatch, and the chicks were challenged with campylobacter jejuni on day 21. all three candidate vaccines produced consistent humoral immune responses with high levels o ...201021177910
temperature affects sole carbon utilization patterns of campylobacter coli 49941.campylobacter spp. are small, asaccharolytic bacteria exhibiting unique nutritional and environmental requirements. campylobacter spp. exist as commensal organisms in some animal species, yet are estimated to be the most common causative agents of foodborne illness in humans. c. jejuni is most often associated with poultry, while c. coli are more frequently associated with swine. temperature has been suggested to trigger potential colonization or virulence factors in c. jejuni, and recent studie ...201020981547
evaluation of salmonella-vectored campylobacter peptide epitopes for reduction of campylobacter jejuni in broiler chickens.campylobacter is a leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in humans and is often linked to contaminated poultry products. live salmonella vectors expressing three linear peptide epitopes from campylobacter proteins cj0113 (omp18/cjad), cj0982c (cjaa), and cj0420 (ace393) were administered to chicks by oral gavage on the day of hatch, and the chicks were challenged with campylobacter jejuni on day 21. all three candidate vaccines produced consistent humoral immune responses with high levels o ...201021177910
evolution of an agriculture-associated disease causing campylobacter coli clade: evidence from national surveillance data in scotland.the common zoonotic pathogen campylobacter coli is an important cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide but its evolution is incompletely understood. using multilocus sequence type (mlst) data of 7 housekeeping genes from a national survey of campylobacter in scotland (2005/6), and a combined population genetic-phylogenetics approach, we investigated the evolutionary history of c. coli. genealogical reconstruction of isolates from clinical infection, farm animals and the environment, reveal ...201021179537
description and burden of travel-related cases caused by enteropathogens reported in a canadian community.risk of infections by enteropathogens among individuals traveling outside their country of residence is considered important. such travel-related cases (trc) have been poorly estimated and described in canada.201021199137
adherence, invasion, toxigenic, and chemotactic properties of mexican campylobacter strains.to determine the virulence factors of mexican wild-type strains of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli, 31 wild-type strains were isolated from food and from humans. the production of cytolethal distending toxin and the adherence and invasion capabilities of these strains were assayed in vero cells. hard agar plugs with repellents and attractants were used to examine chemotaxis. mueller-hinton agar with supplements was used for motility analysis and to measure hemolytic activity. nine st ...201021219724
prevalence and risk factors associated with campylobacter infections in broiler flocks in shiraz, southern iran.campylobacter species are among the most common bacterial causes of human gastroenteritis in many countries, and poultry meat is considered as a major source of human campylobacteriosis. the present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of infection by campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli in broiler flocks in shiraz and to investigate the possible risk factors for the campylobacter infections in this area. for detection of campylobacter, multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mpcr ...201021131089
evolution and population structure of salmonella enterica serovar newport.salmonellosis caused by salmonella enterica serovar newport is a major global public health concern, particularly because s. newport isolates that are resistant to multiple drugs (mdr), including third-generation cephalosporins (mdr-ampc phenotype), have been commonly isolated from food animals. we analyzed 384 s. newport isolates from various sources by a multilocus sequence typing (mlst) scheme to study the evolution and population structure of the serovar. these were compared to the populatio ...201020935094
influence of tetracycline resistance on the transport of manure-derived escherichia coli in saturated porous media.in this research, tetracycline resistant (tet(r)) and tetracycline susceptible (tet(s)) escherichia coli isolates were retrieved from dairy manure and the influence of tetracycline resistance on the transport of e. coli in saturated porous media was investigated through laboratory column transport experiments. experimental results showed that tet(r)e. coli strains had higher mobility than the tet(s) strains in saturated porous media. measurements of cell surface properties suggested that tet(r)e ...201021211813
influence of tetracycline resistance on the transport of manure-derived escherichia coli in saturated porous media.in this research, tetracycline resistant (tet(r)) and tetracycline susceptible (tet(s)) escherichia coli isolates were retrieved from dairy manure and the influence of tetracycline resistance on the transport of e. coli in saturated porous media was investigated through laboratory column transport experiments. experimental results showed that tet(r)e. coli strains had higher mobility than the tet(s) strains in saturated porous media. measurements of cell surface properties suggested that tet(r)e ...201021211813
comparison of premier campy enzyme immunoassay (eia), prospect campylobacter eia, and immunocard stat! campy tests with culture for laboratory diagnosis of campylobacter enteric infections.campylobacter enteritis is a food-borne or waterborne illness caused almost exclusively by campylobacter jejuni and, to a lesser extent, by campylobacter coli. these organisms produce indistinguishable clinical diseases and together represent the second most common cause of bacterial diarrhea in the united states and the leading cause of enteric infection throughout the world. the conventional approach to the laboratory diagnosis of campylobacter enteritis is based on the recovery of the organis ...201020810765
campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli in children from communities in northeastern brazil: molecular detection and relation to nutritional status.this study determined the prevalence of campylobacter jejuni/coli and its relation with nutritional status in children from northeastern brazil. this was a case-control study design. stool samples were evaluated for hipo (c. jejuni), ask (c. coli), and cdtabc (c. jejuni's cytolethal distending toxin) genes. the nutritional status from these children was assessed by anthropometric measures and z-scores. c. jejuni and c. coli were detected in 9.6% (8/83) and 6.0% (5/83) in the diarrhea group and i ...201020542202
interbacterial macromolecular transfer by the campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis type iv secretion system.we report here the first demonstration of intra- and interspecies conjugative plasmid dna transfer for campylobacter fetus. gene regions carried by a campylobacter coli plasmid were identified that are sufficient for conjugative mobilization to escherichia coli and c. fetus recipients. a broader functional range is predicted. efficient dna transfer involves the virb9 and vird4 genes of the type iv bacterial secretion system encoded by a pathogenicity island of c. fetus subsp. venerealis. complem ...201021115658
typing of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli isolated from live broilers and retail broiler meat by flaa-rflp, mlst, pfge and rep-pcr.we analyzed 100 campylobacter spp. isolates (c. jejuni and c. coli) from grenada, puerto rico and alabama, which were collected from live broilers or retail broiler meat. we analyzed these isolates with four molecular typing methods: restriction fragment length polymorphism of the flaa gene (flaa-rflp), multilocus sequence typing (mlst), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge), and automated repetitive extragenic palindromic polymerase chain reaction (rep-pcr) using the diversilab system. all me ...201021130125
prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profile of campylobacter spp. isolated from conventional and antimicrobial-free swine production systems from different u.s. regions.we conducted a study to compare the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profile of campylobacter isolated from 34 farm-slaughter pair cohorts of pigs raised in conventional and antimicrobial-free (abf) production systems. isolates originated from four different states of two geographic regions (region 1--ohio and michigan; region 2--wisconsin and iowa). a total of 838 fecal and 1173 carcass samples were examined. campylobacter isolates were speciated using multiplex polymerase chain reaction ...201021133777
in vitro activity and single-step mutational analysis of rifamycin sv tested against enteropathogens associated with traveler's diarrhea and clostridium difficile.rifamycin sv is a broad-spectrum, poorly absorbed antimicrobial agent that, when coupled with mmx technology, is being targeted for the oral treatment of traveler's diarrhea (td) and clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad). rifamycin sv was tested for activity against 911 td-associated enteropathogens and 30 c. difficile isolates collected from several global surveillance studies. rifamycin sv demonstrated similar antimicrobial activity levels against the enterobacteriaceae, with mic₅₀ v ...201021149623
in vitro activity and single-step mutational analysis of rifamycin sv tested against enteropathogens associated with traveler's diarrhea and clostridium difficile.rifamycin sv is a broad-spectrum, poorly absorbed antimicrobial agent that, when coupled with mmx technology, is being targeted for the oral treatment of traveler's diarrhea (td) and clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad). rifamycin sv was tested for activity against 911 td-associated enteropathogens and 30 c. difficile isolates collected from several global surveillance studies. rifamycin sv demonstrated similar antimicrobial activity levels against the enterobacteriaceae, with mic₅₀ v ...201021149623
drinking water as the source of campylobacter coli infection in grandparent heavy breeders.the aim of the present study was the molecular identification of a common source of infection of campylobacter coli in two grandparent breeder farms. campylobacter jejuni and c. coli were isolated from well water and cloacal swabs from grandparent chickens. colonies were genotyped using restriction fragment length polymorphism-flaa gene, pulsed field gel electrophoresis and multi-locus sequence typing. the same genotype of c. coli was found in both farms and in the well from which drinking water ...201021154058
characterization of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli strains isolated in the region of nis, serbia.campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli represent one of the main causes of bacterial diarrhoea in humans. although the disease is usually mild and self-limiting, severe chronic sequelae may occur, such as reactive arthritis, guillain-barré and miller fisher syndromes. serotyping is used as an epidemiological marker, while post-infective polyneuropathies are associated with several o serotypes.201021361150
diversity and impact of prokaryotic toxins on aquatic environments: a review.microorganisms are ubiquitous in all habitats and are recognized by their metabolic versatility and ability to produce many bioactive compounds, including toxins. some of the most common toxins present in water are produced by several cyanobacterial species. as a result, their blooms create major threats to animal and human health, tourism, recreation and aquaculture. quite a few cyanobacterial toxins have been described, including hepatotoxins, neurotoxins, cytotoxins and dermatotoxins. these t ...201022069558
prevalence of virulence-associated genes and cytolethal distending toxin production in campylobacter spp. isolated in italy.the prevalence of virulence and cytolethal distending toxin (cdt) genes and the cytotoxic activity in vero and hep-2 cells was estimated in 29 campylobacter jejuni and 36 campylobacter coli from foods, animals and humans isolates. all c. jejuni showed flaa, cadf, cdta, cdtb, cdtc and cdt cluster genes fragments, except for ceue (86.2%) and cdt genes (93.1%). amongst c. coli strains, a lower prevalence of ceue gene (83.3%) was detected than that for cdta, cdtb, cdtc genes (97.2%), cdt gene cluste ...201019195703
inaccuracy of routine susceptibility tests for detection of erythromycin resistance of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli.in the netherlands, both an increase in and regional differences in erythromycin resistance of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli have been reported. to determine the accuracy of routine tests for erythromycin resistance, 48 erythromycin-resistant isolates from various laboratories that participate in the dutch surveillance of campylobacter infections were reinvestigated. initial susceptibility testing for erythromycin had been performed by disk diffusion in six and mic-based methods in ...201019438640
dna identification and characterization of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli isolated from caecal samples of chickens in grenada.to speciate campylobacter strains from the caeca of chickens in grenada using pcr and to evaluate dna-based typing methods for the characterization of these isolates.201019735321
demonstration of persistent strains of campylobacter jejuni within broiler farms over a 1-year period in lithuania.the aim of the study was to investigate the flock prevalence of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli in broiler farms in lithuania and to identify possible persistent strains of camp. jejuni using amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp) typing method.201019709341
diversity of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli genotypes from human and animal sources from rio de janeiro, brazil.to compare the genotypes of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli isolates of human and animal origin collected in rio de janeiro city, 30 c. jejuni and 35 c. coli isolates from animal sources (n=45) and human patients with gastroenteritis (n=20) were genotyped by pcr-based techniques, namely random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd-pcr) and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence (eric-pcr). rapd-pcr identified 50 types and eric-pcr identified 22 genotypes, among the 65 cam ...201019765787
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