Publications

infectious agent and immune response characteristics of chronic enterocolitis in captive rhesus macaques.	chronic enterocolitis is the leading cause of morbidity in colonies of captive rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta). this study's aim was to identify the common enteric pathogens frequently associated with chronic enterocolitis in normal, immunocompetent rhesus monkeys and to elucidate the influence of this clinical syndrome on the host immune system. we analyzed the fecal specimens from 100 rhesus macaques with or without clinical symptoms of chronic diarrhea. retrospective analysis revealed an inc ...	2003	12819098
comparison of eight phenotypic methods for subspecies characterization of thermophilic campylobacter spp. isolated from pig liver.	four hundred pork livers from bacon pigs (37 herds) obtained at six pig-processing plants were studied to assess the campylobacter contamination rate. deep tissue areas were sampled immediately after evisceration. approximately 6% of livers were infected with campylobacter spp., including campylobacter coli (67%), campylobacter jejuni (30%), and campylobacter lari (3%). the 60 resulting isolates (39 c. coli isolates, 19 c. jejuni isolates, and 2 c. lari isolates) employed in this study were char ...	2003	12801013
helicobacter pylori preferentially induces interleukin 12 (il-12) rather than il-6 or il-10 in human dendritic cells.	dendritic cells are potent antigen-presenting cells that are present in the gastrointestinal tract and are required for the induction of a th1 t-cell acquired immune response. since infection with the gastric pathogen helicobacter pylori elicits a th1 cell response, the interaction of these organisms with dendritic cells should reflect the th1 bias. we incubated h. pylori with cultured human dendritic cells and measured the cytokine induction profile, comparing the response to that induced by sa ...	2003	12819109
the complete genome sequence of the carcinogenic bacterium helicobacter hepaticus.	helicobacter hepaticus causes chronic hepatitis and liver cancer in mice. it is the prototype enterohepatic helicobacter species and a close relative of helicobacter pylori, also a recognized carcinogen. here we report the complete genome sequence of h. hepaticus atcc51449. h. hepaticus has a circular chromosome of 1,799,146 base pairs, predicted to encode 1,875 proteins. a total of 938, 953, and 821 proteins have orthologs in h. pylori, campylobacter jejuni, and both pathogens, respectively. h. ...	2003	12810954
campylobacter coli - an important foodborne pathogen.	campylobacters are the most common bacterial cause of infectious intestinal disease (iid) in temperate countries. c. jejuni is the predominant cause of campylobacter iid, but the impact of other, less prevalent species has largely been ignored. here, we present estimates of the burden of indigenously acquired foodborne disease (ifd) due to campylobacter coli, the second most common cause of human campylobacteriosis.	2003	12850159
[antibody response following campylobacter infections determined by elisa].	an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was adapted to measure immunoglobulin g (igg), igm, and iga classes of human serum antibody to campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli. a total of 631 sera from 210 patients with verified campylobacter enteritis were examined at various intervals after infection, and a control group of 164 sera were tested to determine the cut-off for negative results. with 90 percentile specificity, igg, igm, and iga showed a sensitivity of 71, 60, and 80%, respe ...	2003	12872469
sources of campylobacter colonization in broiler chickens.		2003	12902214
comparison of campylobacter isolates from poultry and humans: association between in vitro virulence properties, biotypes, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis clusters.	the in vitro virulence properties of 197 temporally and geographically related campylobacter isolates from chicken broilers and humans were compared. comparisons of the virulence properties associated with genotypes and biotypes were made. all isolates adhered to, and 63% invaded, int-407 cells, whereas 13% were cytotoxic for cho cells. cho cell-cytotoxic extracts were also cytotoxic for int-407 cells, but the sensitivity for vero cells was variable. the proportion of isolates demonstrating a hi ...	2003	14532099
antimicrobial resistance in campylobacter from broilers: association with production type and antimicrobial use.	the isolation and antimicrobial resistance of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli strains from broilers arriving in french slaughterhouses, were analysed according to production types (i.e. standard, export or free-range) and antimicrobial (i.e. coccidiostats, growth promoters or therapeutic agents) administration in flocks. prevalence was 56.6% in standard, 51.3% in export and 80.0% in free-range broilers. three hundred and ninety-three strains were identified. two-thirds of the strains ...	2003	14559174
natural transformation of campylobacter jejuni requires components of a type ii secretion system.	the human pathogen campylobacter jejuni is one of more than 40 naturally competent bacterial species able to import macromolecular dna from the environment and incorporate it into their genomes. however, in c. jejuni little is known about the genes involved in this process. we used random transposon mutagenesis to identify genes that are required for the transformation of this organism. we isolated mutants with insertions in 11 different genes; most of the mutants are affected in the dna uptake ...	2003	12949093
toward an international standard for pcr-based detection of food-borne thermotolerant campylobacters: assay development and analytical validation.	as part of a european research project (food-pcr), we developed a standardized and robust pcr detection assay specific for the three most frequently reported food-borne pathogenic campylobacter species, c. jejuni, c. coli, and c. lari. fifteen published and unpublished pcr primers targeting the 16s rrna gene were tested in all possible pairwise combinations, as well as two published primers targeting the 23s rrna gene. a panel of 150 strains including target and nontarget strains was used in an ...	2003	12957958
molecular structure and evolution of the conjugative multiresistance plasmid pre25 of enterococcus faecalis isolated from a raw-fermented sausage.	plasmid pre25 from enterococcus faecalis transfers resistances against kanamycin, neomycin, streptomycin, clindamycin, lincomycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin, roxithromycin, tylosin, chloramphenicol, and nourseothricin sulfate by conjugation in vitro to e. faecalis jh2-2, lactococcus lactis bu2, and listeria innocua l19. its nucleotide sequence of 50237 base pairs represents the largest, fully sequenced conjugative multiresistance plasmid of enterococci (plasmid 46 (2001) 170). t ...	2003	14597005
toward an international standard for pcr-based detection of food-borne thermotolerant campylobacters: validation in a multicenter collaborative trial.	as part of a european research project, the performance of a pcr assay to detect food-borne thermotolerant campylobacters (campylobacter jejuni, c. coli, and c. lari) was evaluated through an international collaborative trial involving 12 participating laboratories. dna from 10 target and 8 nontarget strains was tested, and the results were reported as the presence of a positive signal after gel electrophoresis. the overall inclusivity (sensitivity) was 93.7%, and the exclusivity (specificity) w ...	2003	12957959
hazards of healthy living: bottled water and salad vegetables as risk factors for campylobacter infection.		2003	14609455
characterization of waterborne outbreak-associated campylobacter jejuni, walkerton, ontario.		2003	14609457
microarray-based identification of thermophilic campylobacter jejuni, c. coli, c. lari, and c. upsaliensis.	dna microarrays are an excellent potential tool for clinical microbiology, since this technology allows relatively rapid identification and characterization of microbial and viral pathogens. in the present study, an oligonucleotide microarray was developed and used for the analysis of thermophilic campylobacter spp., the primary food-borne pathogen in the united states. we analyzed four campylobacter species: campylobacter jejuni, c. coli, c. lari, and c. upsaliensis. our assay relies on the pcr ...	2003	12958228
prevalence of campylobacter within a swine slaughter and processing facility.	in this work, the occurrence of campylobacter in a swine slaughter and processing facility was studied. thirty composite carcass samples, representing 360 swine carcasses, were taken immediately after exsanguination, immediately after polishing, after the final wash, and after overnight chilling at 2 degrees c. thirty matching composite rectal samples were also taken immediately after exsanguination, and 60 nonmatching individual colon samples were collected from the same lot of swine during evi ...	2003	14503704
detection and enumeration of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli by indirect impedimetry with an oxygen scavenging system.	six strains of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli were shown to grow in a variety of media, but, with one exception, they were unable to produce sufficient change in the electrical properties of the medium to allow their detection by impedance monitoring. with the use of an indirect method based on absorption of evolved carbon dioxide and a medium containing the oxygen scavenger oxyrase, all strains were detectable, and correlations between time to detection and the logarithm of the ino ...	2003	14503735
disinfectant susceptibility testing of avian and swine campylobacter isolates by a filtration method.	the susceptibility testing of disinfectants against campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli strains from broilers and pigs was investigated. the filtration method european standard en 1040 was adapted to campylobacter cultures and validated with reference strains. two disinfectants were tested: 1% benzalkonium chloride active matter, as quaternary ammonium compound, and 0.63% sodium hypochlorite as chlorine-releasing agent. both disinfectants were effective against the 34 campylobacter strai ...	2003	14516706
simultaneous detection of mutations associated with resistance to macrolides and quinolones in campylobacter jejuni and c. coli using a pcr-line probe assay.	quinolone and macrolide resistance of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli mainly depend on a mutation in gyra and in 23s rdna, respectively. in order to detect quinolone and/or macrolide resistant c. jejuni and c. coli strains, a macrolide and quinolone line probe assay (mq-lipa) was developed and 42 c. jejuni and c. coli strains were tested to evaluate the efficiency of the assay. profiles of the mutations in 23s rdna and in gyra characterized by mq-lipa agreed with resistance to macrol ...	2003	14522100
ribotyping characterisation of campylobacter isolates randomly collected from different sources in italy.	in this study the potential for using the automated psti ribotyping as a primary library typing method to survey campylobacter and for identification of two thermophilic campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli species was evaluated. a total of 158 isolates randomly collected in italy from different sources were analyzed. a large percentage of chicken (28%), turkey (27%) and turkey meat (25%) isolates shared their ribotyping profiles (ribotypes) with those of humans, whereas the swine isolate ...	2003	14522511
the iron-responsive regulator fur is transcriptionally autoregulated and not essential in neisseria meningitidis.	fur is a well-known iron-responsive repressor of gene transcription, which is used by many bacteria to respond to the low-iron environment that pathogens encounter during infection. the fur gene in neisseria meningitidis has been described as an essential gene that may regulate a broad array of genes. we succeeded in obtaining an n. meningitidis mutant with the fur gene knocked out and used it to undertake studies of fur-mediated iron regulation. we show that expression of both fur and the trans ...	2003	14526014
effect of incubation temperature on isolation of campylobacter jejuni genotypes from foodstuffs enriched in preston broth.	preston broth and agar incubated at either 37 or 42 degrees c have been widely used to isolate campylobacters from foodstuffs. the consequences of using either incubation temperature were investigated. retail packs of raw chicken (n = 24) and raw lamb liver (n = 30) were purchased. samples were incubated in preston broth at 37 and 42 degrees c and then streaked onto preston agar and incubated as before. two campylobacter isolates per treatment were characterized. poultry isolates were genotyped ...	2003	12902254
comparison of the bax system with a multiplex pcr method for simultaneous detection and identification of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli in environmental samples.	the campylobacter detection is performed by conventional culture methods and the identification of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli is principally based on the hippurate hydrolysis test. the two major drawbacks of this biochemical test for species identification include the inconsistency of the results and the presence of atypical strains, which can lead to the misidentification of an isolate. as an alternative, multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mpcr) protocols for the simultaneous ...	2003	14527799
description of a "phoenix" phenomenon in the growth of campylobacter jejuni at temperatures close to the minimum for growth.	when campylobacter jejuni cultures that had been grown in broth at 39 degrees c were subcultured into fresh medium at 30 degrees c, there was a transient period of growth followed by a decline in viable-cell numbers before growth resumed once more. we propose that this complex behavior is the net effect of the growth of inoculum cells followed by a loss of viability due to oxidative stress and the subsequent emergence of a spontaneously arising mutant population that takes over the culture.	2003	12902294
application of host-specific bacteriophages to the surface of chicken skin leads to a reduction in recovery of campylobacter jejuni.	retail poultry products are widely purported as the major infection vehicle for human campylobacteriosis. numerous intervention strategies have sought to reduce campylobacter contamination on broiler carcasses in the abattoir. this study reports the efficacy of bacteriophage in reducing the number of recoverable campylobacter jejuni cells on artificially contaminated chicken skin.	2003	14532096
prevalence of multiple antibiotic resistance in 443 campylobacter spp. isolated from humans and animals.	in view of recent findings that a multidrug efflux pump cmeabc exists in campylobacter jejuni, 391 c. jejuni and 52 campylobacter coli of human and animal origin were examined for a multidrug resistance phenotype.	2003	12917241
rapid detection of campylobacter jejuni in chicken rinse water by melting-peak analysis of amplicons in real-time polymerase chain reaction.	five dna extraction protocols for the detection of campylobacter spp. by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) were compared. a method involving triton x-100 produced template dna of sufficient quality to allow the detection of campylobacter jejuni at levels of 100 cfu/ml in pure culture. primers were designed on the basis of the cadf gene sequence. with a sybr green i real-time pcr assay, these primers amplified only sequences present in c. jejuni to produce a product with a melting temperature of 81 ...	2003	12929818
comparison of human and porcine strains of campylobacter coli.		2003	12930063
sequence analysis of a cryptic plasmid pcj419 from campylobacter jejuni and construction of an escherichia coli-campylobacter shuttle vector.	a small cryptic plasmid, pcj419, was identified in a human clinical isolate of campylobacter jejuni, cloned and sequenced. pcj419 is a circular molecule of 4013 bp with a g+c content of 27.1%. the products of four open reading frames (orfs) share significant sequence similarity with putative proteins from known c. jejuni and campylobacter coli plasmids. orf-1 encodes a putative mobilisation protein (mob). orf-2 and orf-3 encode proteins that have high identity to putative repa and repb proteins, ...	2003	12932741
production of cytolethal distending toxins by pathogenic escherichia coli strains isolated from human and animal sources: establishment of the existence of a new cdt variant (type iv).	three types of cytolethal distending toxin (cdt), namely, cdt-i, cdt-ii, and cdt-iii, have been described in escherichia coli. using primers designed for the detection of sequences common to the cdtb genes, we analyzed by pcr a set of 21 cdt-producing e. coli strains of intestinal and extraintestinal origins isolated from human and different animal species in several european countries and in the united states. on the basis of the existing differences in the cdtb genes, cdt-i-, cdt-ii-, and cdt- ...	2003	12958258
in vitro activities of new fluoroquinolones against campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli isolates obtained from humans in 1980 to 1982 and 1997 to 2001.	the antibacterial activities of three newly developed fluoroquinolones (gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin) against a total of 307 gastrointestinal human isolates of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli collected during 1980 to 1982 and 1997 to 2001 were examined and compared to those of ciprofloxacin and the unrelated antibacterial agents, clarithromycin, erythromycin, and tetracycline by using the agar plate dilution method. all of the fluoroquinolones exhibited a good activit ...	2003	12936999
resistance to quinolones in campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli from danish broilers at farm level.	to investigate the prevalence of quinolone resistance among campylobacter jejuni and camp. coli isolates from danish poultry at the farm level, as well as for the whole country.	2003	12492931
association of helicobacter pylori antioxidant activities with host colonization proficiency.	to assess the importance of two separate antioxidant activities in helicobacter pylori, we tested the abilities of strains with mutations in either tpx (encoding thiolperoxidase) or ahpc (encoding alkyl hydroperoxide reductase [ahpc]) to colonize the stomachs of mice. the tpx strain was clearly more sensitive than the parent strain to both oxygen and cumene hydroperoxide. the strain colonized only 5% of the inoculated mice. two different classes of oxygen-sensitive ahpc mutants in the type strai ...	2003	12496216
antimicrobial susceptibilities of campylobacter strains isolated from finnish subjects infected domestically or from those infected abroad.	the in vitro susceptibilities of 678 campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli strains isolated from stool samples of the same number of finnish subjects were studied. a total of 523 patients, representing inhabitants from throughout finland, had not traveled abroad within the 2 weeks prior to becoming ill, whereas 155 persons had presumably acquired their infections abroad. the antimicrobial agents studied were erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, trovafloxacin, and moxifloxacin. the mi ...	2003	12499176
enhanced surveillance of campylobacter infection in the north west of england 1997-1999.	to identify sources and routes of infection for sporadic cases of campylobacter infection in the north west of england.	2003	12504607
survival and resuscitation of ten strains of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli under acid conditions.	the culturability of 10 strains of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli was studied after the bacteria were exposed to acid conditions for various periods of time. campylobacter cells could not survive 2 h under acid conditions (formic acid at ph 4). the 10 campylobacter strains could not be recovered, even when enrichment media were used. viable cells, however, could be detected by a double-staining (5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride [ctc]-4',6'-diamidino-2-phenylindole [dapi]) te ...	2003	12514068
molecular assays for detection of human metapneumovirus.	the recent description of the respiratory pathogen human metapneumovirus (hmpv) has highlighted a deficiency in current diagnostic techniques for viral agents associated with acute lower respiratory tract infections. we describe two novel approaches to the detection of viral rna by use of reverse transcriptase pcr (rt-pcr). the pcr products were identified after capture onto a solid-phase medium by hybridization with a sequence-specific, biotinylated oligonucleotide probe. the assay was applied ...	2003	12517833
evaluation of 11 pcr assays for species-level identification of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli.	we examined the sensitivity and specificity of 11 pcr assays described for the species identification of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli by using 111 type, reference, and field strains of c. jejuni, c. coli, and campylobacter lari. for six assays, an additional 21 type strains representing related campylobacter, arcobacter, and helicobacter species were also included. pcr tests were initially established in the laboratory by optimizing conditions with respect to five type and referen ...	2003	12517869
real-time pcr assay for rapid and accurate detection of point mutations conferring resistance to clarithromycin in helicobacter pylori.	the main cause of failure of helicobacter pylori eradication therapy is resistance to clarithromycin. the resistance is due to three point mutations in two positions on the 23s rrna (a2142c, a2142g, and a2143g). our aim was to develop a rapid and accurate method to detect these mutations directly on biopsy specimens. we developed a real-time pcr that included a simultaneous detection of the amplicons by hybridization of two probes labeled with lc-red and fluorescein by using the fluorescence res ...	2003	12517879
the gam protein of bacteriophage mu is an orthologue of eukaryotic ku.	mu bacteriophage inserts its dna into the genome of host bacteria and is used as a model for dna transposition events in other systems. the eukaryotic ku protein has key roles in dna repair and in certain transposition events. here we show that the gam protein of phage mu is conserved in bacteria, has sequence homology with both subunits of ku, and has the potential to adopt a similar architecture to the core dna-binding region of ku. through biochemical studies, we demonstrate that gam and the ...	2003	12524520
characterization of helicobacter pylori nickel metabolism accessory proteins needed for maturation of both urease and hydrogenase.	previous studies demonstrated that two accessory proteins, hypa and hypb, play a role in nickel-dependent maturation of both hydrogenase and urease in helicobacter pylori. here, the two proteins were purified and characterized. hypa bound two ni(2+) ions per dimer with positive cooperativity (hill coefficient, approximately 2.0). the dissociation constants k(1) and k(2) for ni(2+) were 58 and 1.3 microm, respectively. studies on purified site-directed mutant proteins in each of the five histidin ...	2003	12533448
the iron-binding protein dps confers hydrogen peroxide stress resistance to campylobacter jejuni.	we identified and characterized the iron-binding protein dps from campylobacter jejuni. electron microscopic analysis of this protein revealed a spherical structure of 8.5 nm in diameter, with an electron-dense core similar to those of other proteins of the dps (dna-binding protein from starved cells) family. cloning and sequencing of the dps-encoding gene (dps) revealed that a 450-bp open reading frame (orf) encoded a protein of 150 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 17,332 da. ami ...	2003	12533477
specific detection of arcobacter and campylobacter strains in water and sewage by pcr and fluorescent in situ hybridization.	the aim of this study was to evaluate pcr and fluorescent in situ hybridization (fish) techniques for detecting arcobacter and campylobacter strains in river water and wastewater samples. both 16s and 23s rrna sequence data were used to design specific primers and oligonucleotide probes for pcr and fish analyses, respectively. in order to assess the suitability of the methods, the assays were performed on naturally and artificially contaminated samples and compared with the isolation of cells on ...	2003	12571045
evaluation of broiler litter with reference to the microbial composition as assessed by using 16s rrna and functional gene markers.	very little is known about the microbial composition of animal bedding wastes, including poultry litter, and what is known has been deduced from standard culture methods, by which some fastidious organisms that exist in the environment may not be detected. we evaluated the bacterial composition of poultry litter by using a combination of culture and molecular detection. total aerobic bacteria in poultry litter were detected by culture at 10(9) cfu/g of material. enteric bacteria such as enteroco ...	2003	12571010
occurrence and resistance to antibiotics of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli in animals and meat in northeastern italy.	a study was carried out in northeastern italy during 2000 and 2001 to investigate the occurrence of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli in animals, cattle, pigs, and broilers, and raw meat, beef, pork, and chicken. campylobacter spp. were detected in 53.9% of the cattle, 63.5% of the pigs, and 82.9% of the broilers examined. chicken meat was frequently contaminated (81.3%), while lower rates were found in pork meat (10.3%) and beef (1.3%). the resistance to antibiotics of the strains was ...	2003	12593931
molecular characterization of fluoroquinolone-resistant campylobacter spp. isolated from poultry.	campylobacteriosis, an infectious disease caused by campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli, is treated by fluoroquinolone antibiotics in clinical practices. however, use of these drugs in animal husbandry may select for fluoroquinolone-resistant campylobacters and, thereby, compromise the clinical treatment of infection. in this study, 21 fluoroquinolone-resistant campylobacters were isolated from poultry samples. morphological and biochemical characteristics indicated that 19 isolates were ...	2003	12619802
comparison of broth microdilution, e test, and agar dilution methods for antibiotic susceptibility testing of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli.	a standardized broth microdilution method was compared to the e test and an agar dilution method for the antimicrobial susceptibility testing of campylobacter jejuni and c. coli isolates. a group of 47 human clinical isolates, 37 isolates from retail poultry, and 29 isolates from living turkeys (total, 113 isolates) was included in the study. these encompassed 92 c. jejuni and 21 c. coli strains. the mics of six antimicrobial agents were determined by the broth microdilution and e test methods, ...	2003	12624030
pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis for detection of point mutations associated with macrolide resistance in campylobacter spp.	a 23s rrna gene fragment in domain v was sequenced from 30 clinical isolates of campylobacter spp., including 22 resistant to macrolides. two point mutations associated with erythromycin resistance were identified at positions 2074 and 2075 on the 23s rrna gene (homologous to a2142c and a2143g mutations in helicobacter pylori) in which an adenine residue is also replaced with a cytosine and a guanine residue, respectively. a combined pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism technique was dev ...	2003	12604552
epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibilities of 111 campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus strains isolated in québec, canada, from 1983 to 2000.	the epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibilities of 111 campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus strains isolated from 103 patients from 1983 to 2000 in québec, canada, were determined. the median number of patients infected annually with this bacteria was seven, with an incidence of 0.1 per 100,000 population. the male-to-female ratio was 1.1 to 1.0. the patients originated from 13 of the 18 québec socioeconomic regions. the age range of the patients was 6 months to 90 years old, 53% being > or = 70 ...	2003	12517895
comparative genotyping of campylobacter jejuni by amplified fragment length polymorphism, multilocus sequence typing, and short repeat sequencing: strain diversity, host range, and recombination.	three molecular typing methods were used to study the relationships among 184 campylobacter strains isolated from humans, cattle, and chickens. all strains were genotyped by amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp) analysis, multilocus sequence typing (mlst), and sequence analysis of a genomic region with short tandem repeats designated clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (crisprs). mlst and aflp analysis yielded more than 100 different profiles and patterns, respectiv ...	2003	12517820
cecal colonization of chicks by bovine-derived strains of campylobacter.	campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli strains were isolated from feces of dairy cattle at farms with no known problem due to campylobacteria. farms were located in the northeast, desert southwest, and pacific west. twenty isolates were identified by ribotyping with a riboprinter. the ability of these bovine isolates to colonize the ceca of chicks was determined by challenge inoculation and reisolation of the challenge strain from the ceca at 1 and 2 wk after challenge. isolates recovered f ...	2003	14708992
antimicrobial susceptibility trends in campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli isolated from a rural egyptian pediatric population with diarrhea.	comparative and trend analysis was conducted on annual prevalence of antimicrobial susceptibility among campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli recovered from rural egyptian children from 1995 through 2000. c. jejuni and c. coli demonstrated significant decreasing trends in ciprofloxacin susceptibility over the study period (p < 0.001 for both). in general, c. coli demonstrated a higher degree of susceptibility than c. jejuni, however, there was no statistical difference (p = 0.2) comparing ...	2003	14711482
birds, migration and emerging zoonoses: west nile virus, lyme disease, influenza a and enteropathogens.	wild birds are important to public health because they carry emerging zoonotic pathogens, either as a reservoir host or by dispersing infected arthropod vectors. in addition, bird migration provides a mechanism for the establishment of new endemic foci of disease at great distances from where an infection was acquired. birds are central to the epidemiology of west nile virus (wnv) because they are the main amplifying host of the virus in nature. the initial spread of wnv in the u.s. along the ea ...	2003	15931279
routes for campylobacter contamination of poultry meat: epidemiological study from hatchery to slaughterhouse.	from april 1998 to march 2000, 18 broiler flocks were followed from the hatchery to the slaughterhouse. campylobacter was not found in the hatchery, 1-day-old chicks or in the rearing house before the arrival of the chicks. the infection of broiler flocks increased continuously during the rearing time, with a total of seven positive flocks at the end of rearing. farms with campylobacter-positive broilers were characterized by the circulation of campylobacter in the environment (puddles, dung hil ...	2003	14959785
risk factors for antibiotic resistance in campylobacter spp. isolated from raw poultry meat in switzerland.	the world-wide increase of foodborne infections with antibiotic resistant pathogens is of growing concern and is designated by the world health organization as an emerging public health problem. thermophilic campylobacter have been recognised as a major cause of foodborne bacterial gastrointestinal human infections in switzerland and in many other countries throughout the world. poultry meat is the most common source for foodborne cases caused by campylobacter. because all classes of antibiotics ...	2003	14662013
a survey of campylobacter species shed in faeces of beef cattle using polymerase chain reaction.	a polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based survey of campylobacters associated with faeces collected from 382 beef cattle was undertaken. to ensure the removal of pcr inhibitors present in faeces and determine if adequate extraction was achieved, faeces were seeded with internal control dna (i.e., dna designed to amplify with the campylobacter genus primer set, but provide a smaller amplicon) before the extraction procedure. in only two samples (0.5%) were the internal control or campylobacter genu ...	2003	14735214
fluoroquinolone-resistant campylobacter in animal reservoirs: dynamics of development, resistance mechanisms and ecological fitness.	thermophilic campylobacter species, including campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli, are responsible for foodborne campylobacteriosis in humans and are increasingly resistant to fluoroquinolone (fq) antimicrobials. the therapeutic use of fq antimicrobial agents in food animal production, particularly in poultry, has become a concern for public health, because the practice may promote the emergence of fq-resistant campylobacter that can be transmitted to humans through the food chain. recen ...	2003	15134291
characterization of a haemolytic phospholipase a(2) activity in clinical isolates of campylobacter concisus.	a membrane-bound, haemolytic phospholipase a(2) (pla(2)) activity was detected in clinical strains of campylobacter concisus isolated from children with gastroenteritis. the clinical strains were assigned into two molecular groups (genomospecies) based on pcr amplification of their 23s rdna. this calcium-dependent, heat-stable, haemolytic pla(2) activity was detected in strains from both genomospecies. a crude haemolysin extract (che) was initially prepared from cellular outer-membrane proteins ...	2004	15150326
nucleotide sequences and comparison of two large conjugative plasmids from different campylobacter species.	two large tetracycline resistance (tcr) plasmids have been completely sequenced, the ptet plasmid (45.2 kb) from campylobacter jejuni strain 81-176 and a plasmid pcc31 (44.7 kb) from campylobacter coli strain cc31 that was isolated from a human case of severe gastroenteritis in the uk. both plasmids are mosaic in structure, having homologues of genes found in a variety of different commensal and pathogenic bacteria, but nevertheless, showed striking similarities in dna sequence and overall gene ...	2004	15470128
characterization of erythromycin resistance in campylobacter coli and campylobacter jejuni isolated from pig offal in new zealand.	to determine the level and mechanism(s) of antimicrobial resistance in campylobacter isolates obtained from human and environmental sources from south canterbury, new zealand.	2004	15186451
in vitro inhibitory activity of chinese leek extract against campylobacter species.	three aqueous extracts of dietary materials of chinese leek (leek flower stem, soft leek and green leek) and two other reference extracts of allium plants were used to investigate the antibacterial effects against campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli. all the tested strains of campylobacter species were isolated from chickens. the minimum concentration of aqueous leek extracts (ales) required to inhibit the bacterial growth was 2.0 mg/ml. among the plant extracts tested, ales shared the l ...	2004	15193803
quinolone-resistant campylobacter infections: risk factors and clinical consequences.	we integrated data on quinolone and macrolide susceptibility patterns with epidemiologic and typing data from campylobacter jejuni and c. coli infections in two danish counties. the mean duration of illness was longer for 86 patients with quinolone-resistant c. jejuni infections (median 13.2 days) than for 381 patients with quinolone-sensitive c. jejuni infections (median 10.3 days, p = 0.001). foreign travel, eating fresh poultry other than chicken and turkey, and swimming were associated with ...	2004	15207057
molecular characterization of benzimidazole resistance in helicobacter pylori.	a family of benzimidazole derivatives (bi) was shown to possess potent and selective activity against helicobacter pylori, although the precise cellular target of the bis is unknown. spontaneous h. pylori mutants were isolated as resistant to a representative bi (compound a). genomic dna was isolated from a bi-resistant mutant, transformed into a bi-sensitive strain, and found to be sufficient to confer bi resistance. the resistance determinant was localized to a 17-kb clone after screening a la ...	2004	15215104
sensitive and specific detection of yersinia pseudotuberculosis by loop-mediated isothermal amplification.	we developed a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method able to detect yersinia pseudotuberculosis strains in 30 min by using six primers designed by targeting the inv gene. this method is more sensitive than pcr and might be a useful tool for detecting and identifying y. pseudotuberculosis.	2004	15528740
iron acquisition and regulation in campylobacter jejuni.	iron affects the physiology of bacteria in two different ways: as a micronutrient for bacterial growth and as a catalyst for the formation of hydroxyl radicals. in this study, we used dna microarrays to identify the c. jejuni genes that have their transcript abundance affected by iron availability. the transcript levels of 647 genes were affected after the addition of iron to iron-limited c. jejuni cells. several classes of affected genes were revealed within 15 min, including immediate-early re ...	2004	15231804
longitudinal study of campylobacter jejuni bacteriophages and their hosts from broiler chickens.	a longitudinal study of bacteriophages and their hosts was carried out at a broiler house that had been identified as having a population of campylobacter-specific bacteriophages. cloacal and excreta samples were collected from three successive broiler flocks reared in the same barn. campylobacter jejuni was isolated from each flock, whereas bacteriophages could be isolated from flocks 1 and 2 but were not isolated from flock 3. the bacteriophages isolated from flocks 1 and 2 were closely relate ...	2004	15240258
identification of bacterial populations in dairy wastewaters by use of 16s rrna gene sequences and other genetic markers.	hydraulic flush waste removal systems coupled to solid/liquid separators and circulated treatment lagoons are commonly utilized to manage the large amounts of animal waste produced on high-intensity dairy farms. although these systems are common, little is known about the microbial populations that inhabit them or how they change as they traverse the system. using culture-based and non-culture-based methods, we characterized the microbial community structure of manure, water from the separator p ...	2004	15240310
multiplex pcr assay for detection of streptococcus suis species and serotypes 2 and 1/2 in tonsils of live and dead pigs.	a pcr assay was developed for the detection of streptococcus suis serotypes 2 and 1/2. this multiplex pcr is based on the amplification of the gene coding for 16s rrna of s. suis and on the amplification of the cps2j gene coding for the capsule of s. suis serotypes 2 and 1/2. an internal control was constructed and added in this test to monitor the efficiency of amplification in each reaction. to evaluate the specificity of the test, 31 strains of other bacterial species related to s. suis or is ...	2004	15243078
characterization of plasmid-mediated apha-3 kanamycin resistance in campylobacter jejuni.	a total of 254 isolates of campylobacter jejuni and three isolates of campylobacter coli, isolated from sweden, canada, and egypt, were screened for kanamycin resistance. eight strains of c. jejuni contained large plasmids that carried the apha-3 kanamycin-resistance marker. in six plasmids, the apha-3 gene was located downstream of an apparent insertion sequence, designated is607*, which showed a considerable similarity to is607, characterized on the chromosome of some helicobacter pylori strai ...	2004	15256024
campylobacter colonization of sibling turkey flocks reared under different management conditions.	uncertainty exists concerning the key factors contributing to campylobacter colonization of poultry, especially the possible role of vertical transmission from breeder hens to young birds. a longitudinal study of campylobacter colonization was performed in two sibling pairs of turkey flocks (four flocks total). each pair of sibling flocks shared breeder hen populations and was obtained from the same hatchery. one flock of each pair was grown on a commercial farm, and the other was grown in an in ...	2004	15270502
campylobacter prevalence in lactating dairy cows in the united states.	the objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence of intestinal campylobacter in lactating dairy cows from various regions of the united states. participating commercial dairy farms were chosen at random and were part of a national survey to determine e. coli o157:h7 and salmonella prevalence in dairy cows. farms had no previous history of campylobacter problems. fecal samples were collected rectally from 720 cows on farms in the northeast (four farms), in the desert southwest ( ...	2004	15270504
a real-time multiplexed pcr assay for rapid detection and differentiation of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli.	campylobacter species are the leading agents of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. c. jejuni and c. coli together are responsible for more than 95% of all cases of campylobacter-induced diarrheal disease in the united states. detection of campylobacteria in clinical samples by conventional culture is problematic and slow due to their complex taxonomy, fastidious growth requirements, and biochemical inertness. the current study describes a rapid, sensitive, and specific real-time polymerase cha ...	2004	15271389
helicobacter pylori induces apoptosis of human monocytes but not monocyte-derived dendritic cells: role of the cag pathogenicity island.	monocytes are circulating precursors of the dendritic cell subset, professional antigen-presenting cells with a unique ability to initiate the innate and adaptive immune response. in this study, we have investigated the effects of wild-type helicobacter pylori strains and their isogenic mutants with mutations in known bacterial virulence factors on monocytes and monocyte-derived dendritic cells. we show that h. pylori strains induce apoptosis of human monocytes by a mechanism that is dependent o ...	2004	15271906
occurrence of campylobacter in retail foods in ireland.	a surveillance study was carried out to determine the prevalence of campylobacter in a range of retail foods purchased in three irish cities over a 20-month period between march 2001 and october 2002. in total 2391 food samples were analysed during this period. campylobacter was isolated from 444 raw chicken (49.9%), 33 turkey (37.5%) and 11 duck samples (45.8%). lower isolation rates of 7/221 (3.2%), 10/197 (5.1%) and 31/262 (11.8%) were observed for raw beef, pork and lamb, respectively. one s ...	2004	15282123
the pattern and kinetics of substrate metabolism of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli.	the main aim was to investigate the patterns and kinetics of substrate oxidation by campylobacter jejuni and c. coli.	2004	15287872
frequency and spatial distribution of environmental campylobacter spp.	humans are exposed to campylobacter spp. in a range of sources via both food and environmental pathways. for this study, we explored the frequency and distribution of thermophilic campylobacter spp. in a 10- by 10-km square rural area of cheshire, united kingdom. the area contains approximately 70, mainly dairy, farms and is used extensively for outdoor recreational activities. campylobacter spp. were isolated from a range of environmental samples by use of a systematic sampling grid. livestock ...	2004	15528512
genotyping of broiler-originated campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli isolates using fla typing and random amplified polymorphic dna methods.	liver and intestine samples taken from 200 broilers at 20 flocks were inoculated onto preston enrichment broth and agar for selective isolation of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli. the isolates were identified by both conventional and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) methods. campylobacter spp. were identified in 102 of 400 samples (200 liver and 200 intestine), 57 (14.25%) of which were identified as c. jejuni and 45 (11.25%) as c. coli. pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism (r ...	2004	15193806
helicobacter pylori flgr is an enhancer-independent activator of sigma54-rna polymerase holoenzyme.	helicobacter pylori flgr activates transcription with sigma54-rna polymerase holoenzyme (sigma54-holoenzyme) from at least five flagellar operons. activators of sigma54-holoenzyme generally bind enhancer sequences located >70 bp upstream of the promoter and contact sigma54-holoenzyme bound at the promoter through dna looping to activate transcription. h. pylori flgr lacks the carboxy-terminal dna-binding domain present in most sigma54-dependent activators. as little as 42 bp of dna upstream of t ...	2004	15231786
insufficient production and tissue delivery of cd4+ memory t cells in rapidly progressive simian immunodeficiency virus infection.	the mechanisms linking human immunodeficiency virus replication to the progressive immunodeficiency of acquired immune deficiency syndrome are controversial, particularly the relative contribution of cd4+ t cell destruction. here, we used the simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) model to investigate the relationship between systemic cd4+ t cell dynamics and rapid disease progression. of 18 rhesus macaques (rms) infected with ccr5-tropic sivmac239 (n=14) or cxcr4-tropic sivmac155t3 (n=4), 4 of the ...	2004	15545355
antimicrobial susceptibilities of campylobacter isolated from food-producing animals on farms (1999-2001): results from the japanese veterinary antimicrobial resistance monitoring program.	nationwide monitoring of antimicrobial resistance in campylobacter isolated from food-producing animals on farms was performed in japan. a total of 468 campylobacter isolates were obtained during the period from june 1999 to march 2001. campylobacter species showed high frequencies of resistance to oxytetracycline and dihydrostreptomycin. the frequencies of resistance in campylobacter coli to aminoglycosides, macrolides, tetracycline and quinolones were higher than those in campylobacter jejuni ...	2004	15325430
antigenicity of the campylobacter coli cjaa protein produced by escherichia coli.	immunogenic c. coli cjaa protein is a candidate for a chicken anti-campylobacter subunit vaccine. in order to enhance its immunogenicity an antigenic determinant of the cjaa protein was identified. thereafter, two copies of the antigenic epitope were cloned in tandem directly or with a flexible hinge between them. all experiments documented that the cjaa protein contained not only linear antigenic epitope/s but also conformational ones.	2004	15330269
use of midi-fatty acid methyl ester analysis to monitor the transmission of campylobacter during commercial poultry processing.	the presence of campylobacter spp. on broiler carcasses and in scald water taken from a commercial poultry processing facility was monitored on a monthly basis from january through june. campylobacter agar, blaser, was used to enumerate campylobacter in water samples from a multiple-tank scalder; on prescalded, picked, eviscerated, and chilled carcasses; and on processed carcasses stored at 4 degrees c for 7 or 14 days. the midi sherlock microbial identification system was used to identify campy ...	2004	15330523
regional risks and seasonality in travel-associated campylobacteriosis.	the epidemiology of travel-associated campylobacteriosis is still largely unclear, and various known risk factors could only explain limited proportions of the recorded cases.	2004	15569393
species identification by genotyping and determination of antibiotic resistance in campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli from humans and chickens in sweden.	campylobacter is today the most common cause of human bacterial enteritis in sweden, as well as in most other industrialized countries. common sources of infection are undercooked chicken meat, unpasteurized milk and contaminated drinking water. one aim with our present study was to identify the species campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli strains from humans and chickens using a polymerase chain reaction/restriction enzyme analysis (pcr/rea) method, as well as traditional hippurate hydro ...	2004	15364471
use of culture, pcr analysis, and dna microarrays for detection of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli from chicken feces.	a dna microarray for detection of campylobacter spp. was recently developed and applied to detect campylobacter spp. directly from chicken feces. sixty-five pooled chicken cloacal swab samples from 650 individual broiler chickens were included in the study. the results of campylobacter sp. detection obtained with dna microarrays were compared to those obtained by conventional culture and gel electrophoresis. by conventional culture, 60% of the samples were positive for either campylobacter jejun ...	2004	15364980
campylobacter, from obscurity to celebrity.	after its successful isolation from stools in the 1970s, campylobacter jejuni has rapidly become the most commonly recognised cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in man. reported cases of human campylobacteriosis represent only a small fraction of the actual number. in industrialised countries, the incidence of c. jejuni/campylobacter coli infections peaks during infancy, and again in young adults aged 15-44 years. acute self-limited gastrointestinal illness, characterised by diarrhoea, fever and ...	2004	15373879
a european survey of antimicrobial susceptibility among zoonotic and commensal bacteria isolated from food-producing animals.	to study antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic bacteria isolated from food animals in different countries using uniform methodology.	2004	15375107
swimming and campylobacter infections.	a matched case-control study was conducted to study risk factors for domestically acquired sporadic campylobacter infections in finland. swimming in natural sources of water was a novel risk factor. eating undercooked meat and drinking dug-well water were also independent risk factors for campylobacter infection.	2004	15496253
antimicrobial resistance of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli isolates in japan.		2004	15499812
detection of campylobacter spp. in chicken fecal samples by real-time pcr.	a real-time pcr assay for detecting thermophilic campylobacter spp. directly in chicken feces has been developed. dna was isolated from fecal material by using magnetic beads followed by pcr with a prealiquoted pcr mixture, which had been stored at -18 degrees c. campylobacter could be detected in less than 4 h, with a detection limit of 100 to 150 cfu/ml, in a fecal suspension. a bacterial internal control was added before dna extraction to control both dna isolation and the presence of pcr inh ...	2004	15528705
antimicrobial resistance in campylobacter strains isolated from french broilers before and after antimicrobial growth promoter bans.	the antimicrobial susceptibility of campylobacter strains isolated from standard and free-range broilers in 1992-1996 and 2001-2002 was studied.	2004	15537699
campylobacter insulaenigrae sp. nov., isolated from marine mammals.	phenotypic and phylogenetic studies were performed on four campylobacter-like organisms recovered from three seals and a porpoise. comparative 16s rrna gene sequencing studies demonstrated that the organisms represent a hitherto unknown subline within the genus campylobacter, associated with a subcluster containing campylobacter jejuni, campylobacter coli and campylobacter lari. dna-dna hybridization studies confirmed that the bacteria belonged to a single species, for which the name campylobact ...	2004	15545485
global transposon mutagenesis and essential gene analysis of helicobacter pylori.	we have constructed a genome-saturating mutant library of the human gastric pathogen helicobacter pylori. microarray tracking of transposon mutants (matt) allowed us to map the position of 5,363 transposon mutants in our library. while we generally found insertions well distributed throughout the genome, 344 genes had no detectable transposon insertions, and this list is predicted to be highly enriched for essential genes. comparison to the essential gene set of other bacteria revealed a surpris ...	2004	15547264
pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay for detection of gyra mutations associated with fluoroquinolone resistance in campylobacter coli.	a fragment of the gyra gene was sequenced from 34 isolates of campylobacter coli, including 23 isolates resistant to ciprofloxacin. all ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates examined by dna sequencing carried a point mutation at position thr-86 on the gyra gene product, involving the replacement of thr-86 by ile. a combined pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism technique using rsai was developed to detect this mutation.	2004	15561873
diagnostic real-time pcr for detection of salmonella in food.	a robust 5' nuclease (taqman) real-time pcr was developed and validated in-house for the specific detection of salmonella in food. the assay used specifically designed primers and a probe target within the ttrrsbca locus, which is located near the salmonella pathogenicity island 2 at centisome 30.5. it is required for tetrathionate respiration in salmonella. the assay correctly identified all 110 salmonella strains and 87 non-salmonella strains tested. an internal amplification control, which is ...	2004	15574899
gastroenteritis in nf-kappab-deficient mice is produced with wild-type camplyobacter jejuni but not with c. jejuni lacking cytolethal distending toxin despite persistent colonization with both strains.	campylobacter jejuni continues to be a leading cause of bacterial enteritis in humans. however, because there are no readily available animal models to study the pathogenesis of c. jejuni-related diseases, the significance of potential virulence factors, such as cytolethal distending toxin (cdt), in vivo are poorly understood. mice deficient in nf-kappab subunits (p50(-/-) p65(+/-)) in a c57bl/129 background are particularly susceptible to colitis induced by another enterohepatic microaerobe, he ...	2004	14742559
genotypic and antibiotic susceptibility characteristics of a campylobacter coli population isolated from dairy farmland in the united kingdom.	campylobacter infections are the most common cause of bacterial enteritis in humans, and nearly 8% of such infections are caused by campylobacter coli. most studies have concentrated on campylobacter jejuni, frequently isolated from intensively farmed poultry and livestock production units, and few studies have examined the spread and relatedness of campylobacter across a range of geographical and host boundaries. systematic sampling of a 100-km2 area of mixed farmland in northwest england yield ...	2004	14766560
characterization of campylobacter isolates recovered from clinically healthy pigs and from sporadic cases of campylobacteriosis in humans.	campylobacter spp. were recovered from 660 (77.6%) of 850 swine cecal contents at the abattoir and from 24 (8.6%) of 278 specimens from sporadic cases of human diarrhea during the same period in the same geographical area. campylobacter coli represented 95.7% of campylobacter isolates recovered from pigs and 8.3% of those isolated from humans. genetic profiles were determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) using kpni enzyme to characterize the isolates in combination with phenotypic ...	2004	14968951
distribution and characterization of campylobacter spp. from russian poultry.	the distribution of campylobacter spp. on 13 poultry farms (broiler chicken, quail, pheasant, peacock, and turkey) from eight regions (vladimir, vologda, voronezh, kaluga, liptsk, moscow, orenburg, and orel) in russia was surveyed. intestinal materials were plated onto campylobacter-selective medium and plates were incubated microaerobically at 42 degrees c for 24 or 48 h. identification was based on colonial morphology, microscopic examination, and biochemical tests; latex agglutination assays ...	2004	14968953