Publications

a voltage clamp inhibits chemotaxis of spirochaeta aurantia.	anaerobic conditions were employed to study the relationship between membrane potential and chemotaxis in spirochaeta aurantia. when cells were grown anaerobically and suspended in anaerobic potassium phosphate buffer (ph 5.5), membranes did not appear to be polarized. nevertheless, motility was supported by a transmembrane ph gradient, and the anaerobic cells exhibited d-xylose taxis. introduction of trace amounts of air into anaerobic cell suspensions resulted in a transient membrane polarizat ...	1983	6822479
[anaerobic oro-pharyngeal flora and immunopathology (author's transl)].		1980	6933683
[experimental induction of foot rot in sheep].	by means of local strains bacteroides nodusus was reproduced experimentally a case of foot-rot with sheep. for the appearance and the development of the disease it was necessary, before the infection, to keep the sheep in damp and uncleaned from fecal impurities room. besides that, of decisive importance was the scarification of the skin-horny junction in the interungular slit. the combination of bacteroides nodusus with spirohaeta penorta and corynebacterium piogenes resulted in more serious ch ...	1980	7023019
distribution of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase activities among treponema pallidum and other spirochetes.	representative members of spirochaetales were surveyed for their content of superoxide dismutase (sod), catalase, and peroxidase activities. only leptospira exhibited peroxidase activity. obligately anaerobic cultivable treponema and spirochaeta possessed no sod or peroxidative capabilities. upon polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, spirochaeta aurantia, borrelia hermsi, and five leptospira biflexa serovars showed sod activity associated with one electrophoretic band which was inhibited by h2o2, ...	1981	7024127
[spirochetes. i. metabolism and physiology].		1980	7024582
physiological diversity of rumen spirochetes.	bovine rumen fluid contained relatively large numbers of spirochetes capable of fermenting polymers commonly present in plant materials. polymers such as xylan, pectin, and arabinogalactan served as fermentable substrates for the spirochetes, whereas cellulose did not. furthermore, spirochetes cultured from rumen fluid utilized as growth substrates hydrolysis products of plant polymers (e.g., d-xylose, l-arabinose, d-galacturonic acid, d-glucuronic acid, cellobiose), but did not ferment amino ac ...	1982	7073277
identification of treponema hyodysenteriae by a rapid slide agglutination test.	a rapid slide agglutination (sa) test was developed to identify the spirochaete treponema hyodysenteriae, the causative organism of swine dysentery. the specificity of the antiserum was increased by a single absorption with two intestinal spirochaetes. using this test, it was possible to identify 30 out of 31 spirochaetes which were beta-haemolytic and gave a positive reaction in growth inhibition (gi) tests with t hyodysenteriae antiserum. all except one of these spirochaetes were isolated from ...	1981	7210456
chemotaxis of spirochaeta aurantia: involvement of membrane potential in chemosensory signal transduction.	the effects of valinomycin and nigericin on sugar chemotaxis in spirochaeta aurantia were investigated by using a quantitative capillary assay, and the fluorescent cation, 3,3'-dipropyl-2,2'-thiodicarbocyanine iodide was used as a probe to study effects of chemoattractants on membrane potential. addition of a chemoattractant, d-xylose, to cells in either potassium or sodium phosphate buffer resulted in a transient membrane depolarization. in the presence of valinomycin, the membrane potential of ...	1981	7309678
isolation of intestinal spirochaetes from homosexuals.	spirochaetes were isolated from rectal swabs of two homosexuals and the faeces of a third, using simple isolation techniques not previously applied to specimens of this type. the ease of culture of these organisms will enable their distribution and pathogenicity to be studied, particularly in relation to their significance in homosexuals.	1981	7328186
involvement of periplasmic fibrils in motility of spirochetes.	nonmotile (mot-) strains of spirochaeta aurantia and spirochaeta halophila were isolated with a procedure involving mutagenesis of motile wild-type cells. electron microscopy showed that a mot- mutant strain of s. halophia possessed incomplete periplasmic fibrils, inasmuch as most or all of the filamentous portion of the periplasmic fibrils was absent. some of the cells of this mot-, fibril-defective mutant strain lacked the filamentous portion of the periplasmic fibrils and formed proximal hook ...	1980	7354002
sterol requirement for the growth of treponema hyodysenteriae.	the addition of cholesterol to a liquid medium containing bovine serum albumin (bsa) fraction v or acetone-delipidized bsa fraction v instead of serum stimulated the growth of treponema hyodysenteriae, a serum-requiring spirochaete associated with swine dysentery. as little as 1.25 micrograms cholesterol ml-1 increased viable counts about 1000-fold. sitosterol and cholestanol, but not pregnenalone, cholestenone or stigmasteriol, produced a growth response comparable to that of cholesterol. the r ...	1980	7373284
production of diarrhoea and dysentery in pigs by feeding pure cultures of a spirochaete differing from treponema hyodysenteriae.	a weakly beta-haemolytic spirochaete, isolate p43/6/78, was isolated from a pig with diarrhoea and found not to fluoresce with a specific fluorescent antiserum to treponema hyodysenteriae. pure cultures of this spirochaete were used to inoculate experimental pigs. diarrhoea, containing clear mucus, and, in one case, blood occurred in four of the eight animals inoculated. colitis was present in six of the eight inoculated pigs at necropsy. excess clear mucus and punctate haemorrhages were seen on ...	1980	7376384
undulipodia, flagella and cilia.	the term flagella is ambiguous. it refers to bacterial structures composed of flagellin protein and to eukaryotic structures composed of microtubule proteins and atpase (tubulin and dynein). the fact that cilia are nearly identical to eukaryotic flagella and have nothing in common with prokaryotic flagella is not apparent from the terminology. it is proposed that the 30-year old suggestion of smagina and reiterated by kuznicki and others, be adopted: that cilia and eukaryotic flagella be called ...	1980	7378551
relationship between proton motive force and motility in spirochaeta aurantia.	the effects of various metabolic inhibitors on the motility of spirochaeta aurantia were investigated. after 15 min in sodium arsenate buffer, 90% of cells remained motile even though adenosine triphosphate levels dropped from 5.6 to 0.1 nmol/mg (dry weight) of cells. after 70 min in sodium arsenate, 5% of cells were motile. addition of phenazine methosulfate plus ascorbate at this time resulted in motility of 95% of cells, but adenosine triphosphate levels remained at 0.1 nmol/mg of cell dry we ...	1980	7410320
antiquity of the lyme-disease spirochaete in europe.		1995	7475797
distribution of the smpa gene from serpulina hyodysenteriae among intestinal spirochaetes.	forty intestinal spirochaete strains were investigated for nucleotide sequences related to the smpa locus from serpulina hyodysenteriae by southern hybridization of chromosomal dna using the smpa locus from s. hyodysenteriae strain p18a as a probe and by pcr using primers internal to the smpa gene. the intensity of the hybridization signal at high stringency and positive pcr results suggested that 12 s. hyodysenteriae strains possessed a similar nucleotide sequence. pcr was negative for another ...	1995	7496514
the use of 16s rdna sequence analysis to investigate the phylogeny of leptospiraceae and related spirochaetes.	the 16s rdna sequences from 15 leptospiraceae were determined by automated pcr-directed cycle sequencing. nucleotide comparisons, including those from published sequences for leptospira canicola moulton and serpulina spp., were used to construct phylogenetic trees. serpulina hyodysenteriae and s. innocens were related to each other but were distinct from the leptospiraceae comprising leptospira parva incertae sedis (turneria parva h), leptonema illini and leptospira spp. the pathogenic and the s ...	1993	7506293
16s rdna sequence and phylogenetic position of an uncultivated spirochete from the hindgut of the termite mastotermes darwiniensis froggatt.	we have analyzed the 16s rdna sequence and the phylogenetic position of an uncultivated spirochete from the hindgut contents of the australian termite mastotermes darwiniensis froggatt. the 16s rrna genes of bacteria from the hindgut contents of mastotermes darwiniensis were amplified by polymerase chain reaction. the amplification products were cloned and sequenced. the sequences were compared to known homologous primary structures. two of the clones (mds1 and mds3) had an insert of 1498 nucleo ...	1994	7527363
induction of cytoskeletal rearrangements and loss of volume regulation in epithelial cells by treponema denticola.	the early responses of oral epithelial cells to the adhesion of the oral spirochaete treponema denticola were studied as a model of microbial perturbation of the plasma membrane. kb cell (atcc ccl 17) monolayers were incubated with t. denticola (atcc 35405) in alpha-mem (minimal essential medium) for periods of 1-4 h at 37 degrees c without serum. control cultures were exposed to bacteria-conditioned alpha-mem without serum or bacteria or to alpha-mem alone. at the end of each incubation, detach ...	1995	7541623
prevalence of ticks in relation to their role as vector of borrelia burgdorferi under autochthone conditions.	a total of 59 (78.7%) of 75 areas were found to be inhabitated by ticks; all the 4335 collected ticks were identified as ixodes ricinus. both nymphs and adults were found to be more active during the late spring and early summer months. ticks of 29 recreation areas were found to be carrying spirochaetes. considering the total number of 75 recreation areas examined and the total number of 59 areas inhabitated by ticks the percentage was 38.7 and 49.2 respectively. the positivity rate by dark fiel ...	1995	7550446
a monoclonal antibody reacting with the cell envelope of spirochaetes isolated from cases of intestinal spirochaetosis in pigs and humans.	a monoclonal antibody (mab) designed bjl/ac1 was prepared against the cell envelope of an intestinal spirochaete (strain 3295) that was isolated from a pig with intestinal spirochaetosis. the mab reacted with a band of approximately 29 kda in cell envelope preparations from 13 porcine and 11 human spirochaetes isolated from cases of intestinal spirochaetosis, but did not react with preparations made from a range of other intestinal spirochaetes. immunogold labelling demonstrated that the reactiv ...	1995	7557328
[diagnosis of lyme borreliosis].	lyme borreliosis is an infectious disease, caused by the spirochaete borrelia burgdorferi and transmitted by ticks, in our regions by the tick ixodes ricinus. the disease mainly affects skin, nervous system, joints and heart. lyme borreliosis develops in three stages, and the various clinical manifestations may assigned to the respective stages. as far as skin is concerned, in stage i typically appears erythema chronicum migrans, very often accompanied by flu-like symptoms; in stage iii, months ...	1995	7610528
ability of transovarially and subsequent transstadially infected ixodes hexagonus ticks to maintain and transmit borrelia burgdorferi in the laboratory.	in a previous study, transstadial and transovarial survival of borrelia burgdorferi in ixodes hexagonus and transmission to laboratory mice via the bite of infected females were demonstrated. here, we report the ability of i. hexagonus progeny infected transovarially to maintain and transmit the spirochaete to the host. ticks were examined for spirochaetes by direct immunofluorescence antibody test. i. hexagonus larvae derived from the parental transstadially infected females were fed on two whi ...	1993	7628234
acquisition of borrelia burgdorferi by ixodes ricinus ticks fed on the european hedgehog, erinaceus europaeus l.	a hedgehog, erinaceus europaeus, was found to be heavily infested with larval and nymphal ixodes ricinus in a forest park in co. galway, ireland. a large proportion of the ticks that engorged and detached were infected with the spirochaete, borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of human lyme borreliosis. the identity of these spirochaetes was confirmed by immunofluorescent assay with b. burgdorferi-specific monoclonal antibody and by polymerase chain reaction test and they were transmitted f ...	1994	7628256
the spatial distribution of borrelia burgdorferi-infected ixodes ricinus in the connemara region of county galway, ireland.	studies were carried out in the connemara area of county galway in the west of ireland in order to determine the abundance and distribution of the tick, ixodes ricinus and the prevalence of its infection with borrelia burgdorferi. the tick was very abundant locally, in particular when associated with cattle, sheep and enclosed red deer. large numbers of ticks not only occurred on the pastures, but also on adjacent roadside verges. no infections with b. burgdorferi could be demonstrated when nymp ...	1995	7634971
lyme disease: a review.	lyme disease is an uncommon multisystem spirochaetal infection that has attracted public and media attention in the united kingdom during the last few years. the spirochaete, borrelia burgdorferi, is transmitted through the bite of an infected tick. ticks are found throughout the uk in rural habitats and areas of urban parkland which attract many visitors. the illness can present with skin, nervous system, joint or other manifestations although infection may be asymptomatic. the risk of infectio ...	1993	7693167
[scientific raisins from 125 years smw (swiss medical weekly). a brief report on the discovery of the pathogen (spirochaeta icterohaemorrhagiae nov. sp.) of so-called weil's disease in japan and on current studies of the disease. 1916].		1995	7732354
expression of truncated and full-length forms of the lyme disease borrelia outer surface protein a in escherichia coli.	the lipidated major outer surface protein, ospa, of the lyme disease spirochaete may be important in the pathogenesis during lyme borreliosis. to produce sufficient amounts of purified ospa variants to perform pathogenesis studies in vivo and in vitro, different recombinant ospa expression systems in escherichia coli were constructed. recombinant ospa variants were produced as a full-length molecule, as a truncated variant lacking the n-terminal lipidated cysteine, or as a fusion protein with th ...	1995	7756835
[acute meningoencephalitis--diagnosis and therapy].	meningoencephalitis is still associated with a mortality rate of up to 30% and early selective treatment is extremely important. whenever the disease is suspected, lumbar puncture should be performed immediately with the aim of differentiating on the basis of the cell count and cell picture between the various forms of inflammation namely bacterial, viral, and other special forms (tuberculous, leptospiral, spirochaete-associated or fungus-associated infections). bacterial meningoencephalitis req ...	1995	7759039
comparative study of the enzyme activities of borrelia burgdorferi and other non-intestinal and intestinal spirochaetes.	comparative analysis of the enzymatic profiles of 58 spirochaetal isolates clearly differentiated borrelias from leptospires, serpulinas and a treponeme. strains of both borrelia burgdorferi and borrelia hermsii characteristically produced significant amounts of leucine arylamidase. this enzyme activity was not unique to borrelias but was also detected amongst pathogenic and non-pathogenic leptospira serovars. this fact, however, did not hamper a correct differentiation of borrelias from these s ...	1995	7760753
roxithromycin in the treatment of lyme disease--update and perspectives.	spirochaetal infections have been successfully treated with penicillin; more recently, erythromycin has been used in cases with known penicillin allergy. the discovery of the spirochaete borrelia burgdorferi and the elaboration of a new generation of macrolides with properties that differ from older macrolides have led to new ways of treating spirochaetal disease with these compounds. this paper presents data on the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of a combination of roxithromycin and co-trimoxazo ...	1995	7782115
canine lyme disease in belgium.	lyme borreliosis is a multisystem disease caused by the tick-borne spirochaete borrelia burgdorferi. in addition to causing human illness, borreliosis has been recorded in many species of mammals, including domestic animals which come into contact with the infected tick vector. this paper describes the first two cases to the authors' knowledge of lyme borreliosis in dogs in belgium. both animals suffered recurrent lameness and general prostration. in addition, one of the dogs had recurrent paral ...	1995	7785179
conservation of gene arrangement and an unusual organization of rrna genes in the linear chromosomes of the lyme disease spirochaetes borrelia burgdorferi, b. garinii and b. afzelii.	physical maps of the chromosomes of the lyme disease spirochaetes borrelia garinii and borrelia afzelii have been elucidated for the enzymes cspi, sgrai, i-ceui, smai, eagi, bsshii, mlui and apai by two-dimensional pulsed-field gel electrophoresis techniques. the maps contain 42 sites for b. garinii and 32 for b. afzelii. the mapping studies showed that the two chromosomes are linear dna molecules of 953 and 948 kbp, respectively. a comparison of the physical maps of b. garinii and b. afzelii an ...	1994	7812434
identification of a new intestinal spirochete with pathogenicity for chickens.	two intestinal spirochete isolates obtained from chickens with diarrhea were examined by electron microscopy, biochemical tests, rrna gene restriction pattern analysis, and multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. one isolate (strain 91-1207/c1) was pathogenicity tested in vivo in chickens. the chicken spirochetes were morphologically indistinguishable from serpulina innocens and serpulina hyodysenteriae and phenotypically similar to s. innocens. however, the chicken spirochetes could be distinguished ...	1995	7822007
evidence for the transmission of the lyme disease spirochaete to sheep in cumbria.		1994	7831744
should we routinely screen for lyme disease in patients with asymmetrical hearing loss?	asymmetrical sensorineural hearing loss is usually investigated thoroughly but a diagnosis is often elusive. it is important to identify any treatable causes. lyme disease is a tick-borne infection caused by the spirochaete borrelia burgdorferi, which has been shown to cause asymmetrical sensorineural hearing loss, and has been successfully treated. its incidence varies regionally; it occurs where there is a suitable environment for the tick and its animal hosts. we conducted a prospective study ...	1994	7841889
[lyme disease].	the history of lyme disease, a contagious condition caused by borrelia burgdorferi transmitted to man by ticks offers infectiologists a formidable lesson on how medicine progresses. clinical description started in europe at the turn of the century with pick's description of what was then labelled chronic atrophic acrodermatitis. fifty years later hauser noted the affection was transmitted by ticks. independently, afzelius, then lipschutz, described erythema chronicum migrans and its relationship ...	1995	7899351
[gastric syphilis. report on first 2 cases in cuba].	two 28 and 25 year old female patients were studied. endoscopic analysis of their stomachs showed an hyperemic mammillation picture, neoplasia compatible, in the first patient, and an ulcerous lesion in the second one. both findings were the result of a positive serological test to discard syphilis. all this, together with a cutaneous and epidemiological history, represented an assumed diagnosis of a secondary stage syphilis with gastric disorders. although it was not necessary, one case was sub ...	1994	7916774
borrelia burgdorferi-induced ultrastructural alterations in human phagocytes: a clue to pathogenicity?	a chronic infection with the spirochaete borrelia burgdorferi typically results in a multistage, multisystem illness. thus, lyme borreliosis may provide an interesting model to study the pathomechanisms of microbial persistence. in the present investigation, human peripheral blood monocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and synovial macrophages were incubated with b. burgdorferi and examined by light and electron microscopy. it was found that incubation with the spirochaetes induced distinct fe ...	1994	7931847
linear plasmids and chromosomes in bacteria.	linear plasmids and chromosomes were unknown in prokaryotes until recently but have now been found in spirochaetes, gram-positive bacteria, and gram-negative bacteria. two structural types of bacterial linear dna have been characterized. linear plasmids of the spirochaete borrelia have a covalently closed hairpin loop at each end and linear plasmids of the gram-positive filamentous streptomyces have a covalently attached protein at each end. replicons with similar structures are more frequent in ...	1993	7934868
[relationship between melkersson-rosenthal syndrome and spirochetes infection].	by using warthin-starry spirochete special stain method and a transmission electron microscope for the first time, we detected spirochetes separately in lesions of 23 cases of mrs and 5 cases of mrs. their shapes and distributive places were described. 11 cases were treated by high dose of penicillin, and 10 were responsive. this result provided further basis for a conjecture that the attack of mrs may be related to the infection of spirochetes.	1994	8069729
lyme disease: a search for a causative agent in ticks in south-eastern australia.	attempts were made to identify the causative organism of lyme disease in australia from possible tick vectors. ticks were collected in coastal areas of new south wales, australia, from localities associated with putative human infections. the ticks were dissected; a portion of the gut contents was examined for spirochaetes by microscopy, the remaining portion inoculated into culture media. the detection of spirochaetes in culture was performed using microscopy, and immunochemical and molecular ( ...	1994	8150011
the 'tubulin-like' s1 protein of spirochaeta is a member of the hsp65 stress protein family.	a 65-kda protein (called s1) from spirochaeta bajacaliforniensis was identified as 'tubulin-like' because it cross-reacted with at least four different antisera raised against tubulin and was isolated, with a co-polymerizing 45-kda protein, by warm-cold cycling procedures used to purify tubulin from mammalian brain. furthermore, at least three genera of non-cultivable symbiotic spirochetes (pillotina, diplocalyx, and hollandina) that contain conspicuous 24-nm cytoplasmic tubules displayed a stro ...	1993	8155849
antigens of lyme disease of spirochaete borrelia burgdorferi inhibits antigen or mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation.	modulation of cellular immune responses by the spirochaete borrelia burgdorferi, the bacteria that causes lyme disease, was demonstrated. when cultured in the presence of sonicated borrelia preparation (bb), the mitogen- or antigen-stimulated proliferative responses of normal lymphocytes were consistently lowered. bb caused the greatest reduction in concanavalin a (cona) or antigen-stimulated proliferation, where almost 100% reduction in proliferation could be achieved. bb also reduced phytohema ...	1994	8173554
genetic characterisation of intestinal spirochaetes and their association with disease.	multilocus enzyme electrophoresis was used to assess genetic relationships amongst 175 isolates of anaerobic intestinal spirochaetes, including 72 isolates from individuals living in different parts of the world, 102 from pigs and one from a dog. amongst porcine isolates belonging to the genus serpulina, a possible new species was identified. all but one of the isolates from man were clustered with the canine isolate and 59 porcine isolates in a distinct group that we have previously called "ang ...	1994	8176724
[neuroborreliosis: diagnostic difficulties].	borreliosis is a condition caused by spirochaete-borrelia burgdorferi, characterised by multiorgan changes and prolonged course with three consecutive stages. the number of diagnosed cases in poland tends to increase. this is due to the availability of diagnosis tests. owing to the analysis of blood and csf by the fluorimetric method 3m igg/igm fastlyme, neuroborreliosis was confirmed in 5 patients (hospitalised in neurological clinic of medical academy in białystok). three of the cases were cha ...	1993	8232732
16 kda envelope proteins in non-serpulina hyodysenteriae spirochaetes isolated from pigs.	spirochaetes isolated from field samples of diarrhoea, 'colitis' and mucoid diarrhoea from pigs were examined by a series of cultural, biochemical and serological tests. in addition sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to determine whether the organisms possessed a 16 kda protein thought to distinguish serpulina hyodysenteriae from s innocens. spirochaetal isolates which differed culturally and biochemically from s hyodysenteriae were found to possess a 16 kda prot ...	1993	8236639
analysis of intra-specific variation in the fatty acid profiles of borrelia burgdorferi.	analysis of the fatty acid methyl esters (fames) of bacteria is a commonly used chemotaxonomic technique. application of this methodology to spirochaetes associated with lyme borreliosis revealed distinct clusters corresponding to three genetically distinguished groups: borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, b. garinii, and the vs461 group. however, b. garinii formed a common group with b. hermsii, a relapsing fever spirochaete, and vs461 grouped with b. turicatae and b. parkeri, two other relapsin ...	1993	8245844
comparative analysis of the pc194 group of rolling circle plasmids.	pc194-type plasmids have been isolated from widely divergent species of bacteria: gram positive, proteobacteria, spirochaetes and cyanobacteria. we have examined the three essential replication elements of these plasmids, i.e., the rep protein, and the origins of double and single stranded synthesis. comparative analysis of rep protein sequences from these plasmids indicates that they are highly divergent. those isolated from gram positive species fall into five groups: a bacillus group, a lacto ...	1993	8302927
[gastric ulcers: a rare manifestation of secondary syphilis].	gastric lesions in the progression of syphilis are very rare and they have several forms of presentation resembling lesions of different nature. we describe a case of secondary syphilis in an heterosexual patient, with persistent gastric ulcers and hepatic affection, in which the evolution and the observations with laparotomy suggested neoplasia. in the gastric biopsy, an infiltration of plasmatic and neutrophil cells was observed and in the hepatic biopsy, necrotic nodules and granulomas. the s ...	1993	8334207
the role of hemolysin(s) in the pathogenesis of serpulina hyodysenteriae.	serpulina (treponema) hyodysenteriae, an anaerobic beta hemolytic spirochaete, is the etiologic agent of swine dysentery. not much is known at present about the virulence factors of s. hyodysenteriae. however, the hemolysin production of this bacterium is generally accepted to be a virulence factor. to study the exact role of hemolysin production in the pathogenesis of swine dysentery, the gene encoding a hemolysin, tly, was cloned and its nucleotide sequence determined. after inactivation of th ...	1993	8347935
[what mouse contributed the first representation of the adrenal cortex x zone?].	the x zone, innermost cortex of the mouse adrenal, was first represented by kiyoshi masui and yasushige tamura in the japanese in 1924 and in the english in 1926. all the mice used by them were reared by themselves at the laboratory of veterinary anatomy, faculty of agriculture, imperial university of tokyo. they were the first scientists in japan that attempted to breed mice in their own laboratory and used them for scientific researches in the literature. the importance of the breeding of labo ...	1993	8354350
analysis of the spirochaeta aurantia flaa gene and transcript.	the flaa gene, which codes for the spirochaeta aurantia flagellar filament outer layer polypeptide, flaa, was cloned, sequenced and analysed. the gene appears to be transcribed into a monocistronic mrna from a sigma 70-like promoter. the translational start is 31 base pairs after the start of the transcript, the open reading frame is 1011 base pairs, and a rho-independent-like transcription terminator sequence begins about 19 base pairs after the translational stop codon. the deduced amino acid ...	1993	8454190
a lyme borreliosis cycle in seabirds and ixodes uriae ticks.	the lyme disease spirochaete, borrelia burgdorferi s.l., is the only borrelia known to infect both mammals and birds. the main vertebrate reservoirs of b. burgdorferi are thought to be various small and intermediate size mammals, but the importance of birds as a reservoir has not been thoroughly explored. in the northern and southern hemispheres the seabird tick, ixodes uriae, is prevalent and closely associated with many species of colony-nesting marine birds. here we report the presence of spi ...	1993	8455718
phenotypical characterisation of intestinal spirochaetes isolated from pigs.	a combined evaluation of the phenotypical properties of five serpulina type or reference strains and 163 swedish isolates of spirochaetes from pigs and two from birds was made. the porcine isolates were collected from herds with a history of dysentery or severe diarrhoea and from herds chosen at random. on the basis of beta-haemolysis, indole production, hippurate hydrolysis, and alpha-galactosidase, alpha-glucosidase and beta-glucosidase activity, the isolates could be divided into four main gr ...	1995	8525077
general framework for comparative quantitative studies on transmission of tick-borne diseases using lyme borreliosis in europe as an example.	models of tick-borne diseases must take account of the particular biological features of ticks that contrast with those of insect vectors. a general framework is proposed that identifies the parameters of the transmission dynamics of tick-borne diseases to allow a quantitative assessment of the relative contributions of different host species and alternative transmission routes to the basic reproductive number, ro, of such diseases. taking the particular case of the transmission of the lyme borr ...	1995	8551498
spirochaeta alkalica sp. nov., spirochaeta africana sp. nov., and spirochaeta asiatica sp. nov., alkaliphilic anaerobes from the continental soda lakes in central asia and the east african rift.	during a study of microbial communities in athalassic bodies of water, three new species within the genus spirochaeta were described. these are alkaliphilic spirochaeta alkalica sp. nov. z-7491 (dsm 8900) and halophilic s. africana sp. nov. z-7692 (dsm 8902) from the soda-depositing lake magadi in central africa and haloalkaliphilic s. asiatica sp. nov. z-7591 (dsm 8901) from lake khatyn, central asia. these mesophilic spirochetes develop at phs of > 9 as anaerobic saccharolytic dissipotrophs. t ...	1996	8573509
treponema pallidum and the quest for outer membrane proteins.	treponema pallidum, the syphilis spirochaete, has a remarkable ability to evade the humoral and cellular responses it elicits in infected hosts. although formerly attributed to the presence of an outer coat comprised of serum proteins and/or mucopolysaccharides, current evidence indicates that the immuno-evasiveness of this bacterium is largely the result of its unusual molecular architecture. based upon a combination of molecular, biochemical, and ultrastructural data, it is now believed that t ...	1995	8577243
archaeal-eubacterial mergers in the origin of eukarya: phylogenetic classification of life.	a symbiosis-based phylogeny leads to a consistent, useful classification system for all life. "kingdoms" and "domains" are replaced by biological names for the most inclusive taxa: prokarya (bacteria) and eukarya (symbiosis-derived nucleated organisms). the earliest eukarya, anaerobic mastigotes, hypothetically originated from permanent whole-cell fusion between members of archaea (e.g., thermoplasma-like organisms) and of eubacteria (e.g., spirochaeta-like organisms). molecular biology, life-hi ...	1996	8577716
[electron microscopic detection of spirochetes in dermatitis digitalis of cattle].	in typical dermatitis digitalis (d.d.) lesions, spirochaete-like bacteria with variations in spiralization were revealed by electron microscopy. while, in the early stages of the disease, these are found to be associated with fibrillar material of keratocytes, they occur massively in vacuoles at more advanced stages. the spirochaetes carry one pair of endoflagella, originating with a hook from the poles of the bacteria. these flagellae are composed of coiled flagellating fibrils in the pole regi ...	1995	8592909
phylogeny of not-yet-cultured spirochetes from termite guts.	comparisons of 16s rdna sequences were used to determine the phylogeny of not-yet-cultured spirochetes from hindguts of the african higher termite, nasutitermes lujae (wasmann). the 16s rrna genes were amplified directly from spirochete-rich hindguts by using universal primers, and the amplified products were cloned into escherichia coli. clones were screened with a spirochete-specific dna probe. analysis of 1,410 base positions of the 16s rdna insert from one spirochete clone, designated nl1, s ...	1996	8593040
mitomycin c induction of bacteriophages from serpulina hyodysenteriae and serpulina innocens.	a prophage was induced from cells of the pathogenic spirochaete serpulina hyodysenteriae using mitomycin c. five to seven hours after mitomycin c was added (8 micrograms/ml, final concentration) to s. hyodysenteriae b204 cultures in bhis broth (od620 = 0.9) cell lysis was detected as a decrease in culture optical density. bacteriophage particles attached to whole cells and to cell debris were detected by electron microscopic analysis of negatively stained (2% pta, ph 7.0) bacteria harvested by c ...	1995	8593962
microbial genes homologous to the peptidyl-trna hydrolase-encoding gene of escherichia coli.	we have cloned and determined the nucleotide (nt) sequences of the genes encoding peptidyl-trna hydrolase (pth) homologues of salmonella typhi (st) and the lyme disease spirochaete, borrelia burgdorferi (bb). we also completed the nt sequence of a pth homologous gene contained in a chlamydia trachomatis (ct) clone identified in the databanks. the open reading frames (orfs) of the pth homologues encode putative polypeptides of 194 (st), 188 (bb) and 194 (ct) amino acids exhibiting significant ide ...	1996	8635758
characterization of the cytoplasmic filament protein gene (cfpa) of treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum.	treponema pallidum and other members of the genera treponema, spirochaeta, and leptonema contain multiple cytoplasmic filaments that run the length of the organism just underneath the cytoplasmic membrane. these cytoplasmic filaments have a ribbon-like profile and consist of a major cytoplasmic filament protein subunit (cfpa, formerly called tpn83) with a relative molecular weight of approximately 80,000. degenerate dna primers based on n-terminal and cnbr cleavage fragment amino acid sequences ...	1996	8655496
heterogeneity of human intestinal spirochaetes demonstrated by one-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of proteins visualised by (35)s-methionine labelling and coomassie blue staining.	the relatedness of strains of a human intestinal spirochaete was investigated by comparison of electrophoretic protein profiles produced by coomassie blue staining of proteins separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (page) of lysed organisms and by examination of autoradiographs following page of lysed (35)s-methionine-labelled organisms. a wide diversity of strains was revealed by both techniques but clustering of strains was different by the two methods. these findings support the view ...	1996	8667414
isolation of borrelia burgdorferi genes encoding homologues of dna-binding protein hu and ribosomal protein s20.	linear dna with covalently closed ends is the predominant form of dna in the spirochaete borrelia burgdorferi. all bacteria examined to date have small dna-binding proteins related to the escherichia coli ihf and hu proteins that appear to play roles in dna compaction and replication, but such proteins had not been isolated from bacteria with linear genomes. we found a single gene in b. burgdorferi (named hbb) whose product (named hbb) complements the defects for gamma dna packaging found in e. ...	1996	8828214
single-tube nested polymerase chain reaction assay based on flagellin gene sequences for detection of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato.	an inherent drawback of nested pcr systems to increase sensitivity of pcr-based assays is that tubes must be opened after the first round of amplification in order to transfer template molecules to the second amplification reaction; this procedure introduces the risk of carry-over contamination of negative specimens. to obviate this disadvantage, a nested pcr assay for detection of borrelia burgdorferi in which both amplifications are performed in a single tube that remains closed throughout the ...	1996	8839644
pharmacokinetic optimisation of the treatment of septic arthritis.	early diagnosis and treatment of septic arthritis improves the potential for a favourable outcome. optimal treatment includes the prompt and judicious use of effective antimicrobial agents coupled with prompt drainage of the affected joint. adequate drainage may be accomplished by means of repeated closed large-bore needle aspiration, arthroscopy, or an open surgical procedure. the purpose of this article is to describe optimal antimicrobial therapy based upon available pharmacokinetic data. the ...	1996	8853936
first isolation and characterisation of borrelia garinii, agent of lyme borreliosis, from irish ticks.	nymphal ixodes ricinus, the tick vector of lyme borreliosis, were collected from the edges of paths in muckross demesne, killarney national park, co. kerry, ireland. examination of some of these nymphs by indirect immunofluorescence showed an infection prevalence of 12% with borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the spirochaete agent of lyme borreliosis. gerbils (meriones unguiculatus) were infected by infesting them with other nymphs from the same batch. subsequently uninfected laboratory larvae wer ...	1996	8867493
differentiation of intestinal spirochaetes by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis analysis and 16s rrna sequence comparisons.	multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (mee) analysis and comparisons of nearly complete 16s rrna gene sequences (1416 nucleotide positions) were used to evaluate phylogenetic relationships among serpulina hyodysenteriae strain b78t, s. innocens strain b256t, brachyspira aalborgi strain 513at, and eight uncharacterised strains of swine, avian, and human intestinal spirochaetes. from mee analysis, nine strains could be assigned to five groups containing other intestinal spirochaetes (genetic distances ...	1996	8869502
appendiceal spirochetosis.	appendiceal spirochetosis is rarely described in the literature. we assessed the incidence of spirochetosis in a series of 109 appendectomies (76 adult and 33 pediatric cases) done for either suspected acute appendicitis or as a concurrent procedure. appendiceal spirochetosis was identified on hematoxylin-eosin sections and confirmed by steiner and steiner stain and ultrastructural study in two women and two men. one of these four patients was found to have hiv infection. the hiv status of the o ...	1997	9003819
free-living spirochetes from cape cod microbial mats detected by electron microscopy.	spirochetes from microbial mats and anaerobic mud samples collected in salt marshes were studied by light microscopy, whole mount and thin section transmission electron microscopy. enriched in cellobiose-rifampin medium, selective for spirochaeta bajacaliforniensis, seven distinguishable spirochete morphotypes were observed. their diameters ranged from 0.17 micron to > 0.45 micron. six of these morphotypes came from southwest cape cod, massachusetts: five from microcoleus-dominated mat samples c ...	1996	9018691
oligonucleotide-mediated genetic transformation of borrelia burgdorferi.	we have used short oligonucleotides to genetically transform the lyme disease spirochaete borrelia burgdorferi. the oligonucleotides are derived from the sequence of an arg-133 to ile mutant gyrb (chromosomal) gene that confers resistance to the antibiotic coumermycin a1. oligonucleotides were about 10,000-fold less efficient at transformation, on a molar basis, than longer pcr-generated substrates. all of the transformants tested contained the predicted site-directed silent mutation in their gy ...	1997	9043127
[spirochaeta! myocarditis].		1996	9047821
partial identification of spirochaetes from two dairy cows with digital dermatitis by polymerase chain reaction analysis of the 16s ribosomal rna gene.	specimens taken postmortem from typical lesions of digital dermatitis in two dairy cows were tested by the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for the presence of a spirochaetal 16s rrna gene. seven different assays detected the gene in the samples from both cows. two of the pcr products were sequenced and a comparison of the nucleotide sequences revealed that the spirochaete belonged to the genus treponema and was closely related to treponema denticola. a pcr specific for the detection of the digit ...	1997	9080644
[necrotizing mucosal ulcers cause by anaerobic bacteria. fusiform bacterial and spirochete infections].	vincent's angina (plaut-vincent) is the most prominent disease caused by coinciding infections from fusibacteria and spirochaeta both belonging to obligate anaerobic bacteria. a possible symbiotic infection of both anaerobics may become manifest on the mucous membranes of the oral cavity and the oropharynx beside the tonsillas. the clinical outcome may be different and pose difficulties in the differential diagnosis. we report the case of a 29 year old female patient with necrotizing ulcera of t ...	1996	9081954
lipoproteins of treponema denticola: their effect on human polymorphonuclear neutrophils.	the presence of lipoproteins and lipooligosaccharides in treponema denticola, an oral spirochaete associated with periodontal diseases, was investigated. t. denticola atcc 35404 and the clinical isolate gm-1 were metabolically labeled with [3h]-cis-9-octadecenoic acid and extracted with the non-ionic detergent triton x-114. the extract was phase separated, precipitated with acetone and delipidated to remove non-covalently bound lipid (dlpp). in t. denticola atcc 35404, sodium dodecyl sulfate pol ...	1997	9266497
role of grey squirrels and pheasants in the transmission of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the lyme disease spirochaete, in the u.k.	in britain, grey squirrels (sciurus carolinensis gmelin) and pheasants (phasianus colchicus linnaeus) are important hosts of larvae and nymphs of ixodes ricinus l., the principal european vector of the lyme disease spirochaete, borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. to test whether squirrels are competent hosts of b. burgdorferi s.l., three females were trapped in the wild and then held in captivity. following treatment, each animal was exposed to uninfected xenodiagnostic i. ricinus ticks. squirrel a ...	1997	9269722
sub-specific differentiation of intestinal spirochaete isolates by macrorestriction fragment profiling.	macrorestriction fragment profile analysis by pfge was used to distinguish intestinal spirochaetes, some of which were isolated from cases of swine dysentery and intestinal spirochaetosis in humans, pigs, mice, chickens and dogs. macrorestriction fragment profiles using smai and sacii restriction enzymes were produced and used in statistical analysis. this permitted the division of the isolates into two major clusters. one cluster contained isolates which were identified as serpulina pilosicoli ...	1997	9308176
spirochaeta smaragdinae sp. nov., a new mesophilic strictly anaerobic spirochete from an oil field.	an obligately anaerobic spirochete designated strain sebr 4228t (t = type strain) was isolated from an oil field of congo, central africa. the strain grew optimally with a sodium chloride concentration of 5% (sodium chloride concentration) growth range 1.0-10%) at 37 degrees c (growth temperature range 20-40 degrees c) and ph of 7.0-7.2 (ph growth range ph 5.5-8.0). strain sebr 4228t grew on carbohydrates (glucose, fructose, ribose, d-xylose, galactose, mannitol and mannose), glycerol, fumarate, ...	1997	9351200
vaccination of natural reservoir hosts with recombinant lipidated ospa induces a transmission-blocking immunity against lyme disease spirochaetes associated with high levels of la-2 equivalent antibodies.	as observed in humans, immune responses in naturally infected reservoir hosts of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato rarely target the outer surface proteins (osp) a and b of lyme disease spirochaetes. the absence of protective immunity in such hosts following tick-borne infection allows them to play an effective role in the maintenance of lyme borreliosis in nature. therefore, the question was addressed whether one of the most prominent natural reservoir host species of b. burgdorferi s.l. in europ ...	1997	9364698
telomeres of the linear chromosomes of lyme disease spirochaetes: nucleotide sequence and possible exchange with linear plasmid telomeres.	bacteria of the spirochaete genus borrelia have linear chromosomes about 950 kbp in size. we report here that these linear chromosomes have covalently closed hairpin structures at their termini that are similar but not identical to those reported for linear plasmids carried by these organisms. nucleotide sequence analysis of the chromosomal telomeric regions indicates that unique, apparently functional genes lie within a few hundred bp of each of the telomeres, and that there is an imperfect 26 ...	1997	9402027
genomic sequence of a lyme disease spirochaete, borrelia burgdorferi.	the genome of the bacterium borrelia burgdorferi b31, the aetiologic agent of lyme disease, contains a linear chromosome of 910,725 base pairs and at least 17 linear and circular plasmids with a combined size of more than 533,000 base pairs. the chromosome contains 853 genes encoding a basic set of proteins for dna replication, transcription, translation, solute transport and energy metabolism, but, like mycoplasma genitalium, it contains no genes for cellular biosynthetic reactions. because b. ...	1997	9403685
transmission cycles of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato involving ixodes ricinus and/or i. hexagonus ticks and the european hedgehog, erinaceus europaeus, in suburban and urban areas in switzerland.	the european hedgehog, erinaceus europaeus linnaeus, 1758, is a common host of ixodes ricinus l. and i. hexagonus leach, vectors of the lyme disease spirochaete, borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. to investigate whether hedgehogs are reservoirs for b. burgdorferi, hedgehogs were captured in a suburban area suitable for both tick species and in an urban area where i. ricinus is absent. the infection status of the hedgehogs was determined by xenodiagnosis using i. ricinus and i. hexagonus larvae. i. ...	1997	9437846
cooperative haemolysis between weakly beta-haemolytic human intestinal spirochaetes and staphylococcus aureus.	weakly beta-haemolytic spirochaetes related to human intestinal spirochaetosis produced a cooperative haemolysis together with s. aureus consisting of an enhanced haemolysis in the zone of the spirochaetal growth which was overlapped by the zone of activity of the staphylococcal beta-haemolysin. the cooperative haemolysis was observed in sheep blood agar media when the concentration of spirochaetes ranged from 1.5 x 10(3) to 1.5 x 10(8) cfu/ml and the concentration of s. aureus from 4 x 10(3) to ...	1997	9440196
chemotaxis in borrelia burgdorferi.	borrelia burgdorferi is a motile spirochete which has been identified as the causative microorganism in lyme disease. the physiological functions which govern the motility of this organism have not been elucidated. in this study, we found that motility of b. burgdorferi required an environment similar to interstitial fluid (e.g., ph 7.6 and 0.15 m nacl). several methods were used to detect and measure chemotaxis of b. burgdorferi. a number of chemical compounds and mixtures were surveyed for the ...	1998	9440510
natural lyme disease cycles maintained via sheep by co-feeding ticks.	we present observational and experimental evidence that cycles of the lyme disease spirochaete, borrelia burgdorferi s.l., can be maintained by sheep in the virtual absence of alternative hosts. a 2-year field study in upland moorland habitats of northwest uk established that sheep feed up to 80% of larval, > 99% of nymphal and all of the adult female tick (ixodes ricinus) population. infection prevalence of b. burgdorferi in questing ticks reaches over 20%, but amplification of infection occurs ...	1997	9488870
distribution of borrelia burgdorferi s.l. spirochaete dna in british ticks (argasidae and ixodidae) since the 19th century, assessed by pcr.	the distribution of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the lyme borreliosis agent, was surveyed in british ticks in the collection of the natural history museum, london. alcohol-preserved specimens of eight species of ticks known to attack humans were studied: ixodes ricinus, i. hexagonus, i. uriae, i. trianguliceps, dermacentor reticulatus, haemaphysalis punctata, rhipicephalus sanguineus and argas vespertilionis. the sample comprised all life stages and originated from a wide range of host speci ...	1998	9513944
isolation of the spirochaete borrelia afzelii from the mosquito aedes vexans in the czech republic.	during the years 1993-1995, a total of 3580 culicine mosquitoes of six species were collected in south moravia, czech republic, and examined by dark-field microscopy for the presence of borreliae. females of aedes cantans, ae. sticticus, ae. vexans, culex pipiens and cx pipiens biotype molestus (but not ae. geniculatus or culiseta annulata) harboured spirochaetes, the frequencies ranging from 0.7% to 7.8%. one isolate (br-53) from ae. vexans was identified as borrelia afzelii genospecies. the po ...	1998	9513946
preparation of diagnostic polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies against outer envelope proteins of serpulina pilosicoli.	the purpose of this study was to prepare specific sera for use in the rapid detection and identification of the intestinal spirochaete serpulina pilosicoli. in western blot analysis, with pig antiserum which was raised against whole cells of s. pilosicoli and absorbed with outer envelope protein extracts from s. hyodysenteriae and s. innocens, a prominent protein with mr of c. 72 kda was consistently identified in outer envelope preparations of s. pilosicoli strains. immunogold labelling demonst ...	1998	9568997
structure and expression of the flaa periplasmic flagellar protein of borrelia burgdorferi.	the spirochete which causes lyme disease, borrelia burgdorferi, has many features common to other spirochete species. outermost is a membrane sheath, and within this sheath are the cell cylinder and periplasmic flagella (pfs). the pfs are subterminally attached to the cell cylinder and overlap in the center of the cell. most descriptions of the b. burgdorferi flagellar filaments indicate that these organelles consist of only one flagellin protein (flab). in contrast, the pfs from other spirochet ...	1998	9573194
seasonal variation in the role of grey squirrels as hosts of ixodes ricinus, the tick vector of the lyme disease spirochaete, in a british woodland.	data are presented on the variable patterns of the seasonal dynamics of ixodes ricinus l. ticks seen questing on the vegetation and feeding on small rodents (mice and voles) and squirrels within a british woodland focus of lyme borreliosis. information on tick infestation levels on pheasants is also presented. the results show a prolonged, unimodal pattern of tick activity, with ticks feeding throughout the year in this sheltered habitat. if host density is taken into account, squirrels are quan ...	1995	9599431
cooperative haemolysis between weakly-beta haemolytic human intestinal spirochaetes and clostridium perfringens.	interactions between human intestinal spirochaetes (his) related to intestinal spirochaetosis and intestinal pathogenic anaerobic bacteria were investigated by searching for the presence of cooperative haemolysis among 39 strains of weakly beta-haemolytic human intestinal spirochaetes and clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin producers on plates carrying six different sheep blood agar media. an area of intense cooperative haemolysis (about 3-10 mm) was observed between all tested spirochaetal stra ...	1998	9638862
the frequent detection of a treponeme in bovine digital dermatitis by immunocytochemistry and polymerase chain reaction.	a study was carried out to determine whether spirochaetes are frequently associated with digital dermatitis in united kingdom (uk) dairy cattle. histopathological examination of lesions using a silver stain showed a large number of unidentified spirochaete-like organisms present in digital dermatitis hoof skin tissue in all examined biopsies. immunocytochemical staining demonstrated that spirochaetes in skin lesions were identified by polyclonal antisera to borrelia burgdorferi, treponema dentic ...	1998	9646459
evaluation of day-old specific pathogen-free chicks as an experimental model for pathogenicity testing of intestinal spirochaete species.	specific pathogen-free chicks aged 1 day were challenged per os with strains of five different species of intestinal spirochaete originally isolated from pigs or human beings. a virulent strain of serpulina hyodysenteriae (wa 15) colonized chicks, causing retarded growth rate and histological changes, including caecal atrophy, epithelial and goblet cell hyperplasia, and crypt elongation. a further strain of s. hyodysenteriae (sa3), which was apparently avirulent for pigs, and a strain of serpuli ...	1998	9651813
interstadial and infestation level-dependent variation in the transmission efficiency of borrelia burgdorferi from mice to ixodes ricinus ticks.	the efficiency with which the spirochaete borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto was transmitted from laboratory mice to larval and nymphal ixodes ricinus ticks was assessed, using the polymerase chain reaction. the transmission efficiency to nymphs was significantly greater than to larvae when both fed together on the same host. increased tick infestation levels of mice were correlated with significantly greater engorgement weights and higher b. burgdorferi transmission coefficients from mice to ny ...	1998	9652097
examination of serpulina pilosicoli for attachment and invasion determinants of enterobacteria.	the spirochaete, serpulina pilosicoli, is the agent of intestinal spirochaetosis, a diarrhoeal disease of humans and other species. by mechanisms as yet unknown, large numbers of these spirochaetes intimately attach to the colonic mucosa by one cell end. in some infected individuals, the spirochaetes may invade the lamina propria and adjacent tissues, and they may cause spirochaetaemia. to examine s. pilosicoli for pathogenic determinants homologous with enterobacteria, dna was extracted from si ...	1998	9711840
serpulina alvinipulli sp. nov., a new serpulina species that is enteropathogenic for chickens.	strain c1t is an anaerobic spirochaete that causes intestinal disease in chickens. multilocus enzyme electrophoresis analysis and 16s rrna sequence comparisons have indicated that this spirochaete is a serpulina strain. in these investigations, various phenotypic and genomic properties useful for establishing a taxonomic identity for strain c1t were studied. as determined by electron microscopy, cells of the spirochaete measured 8-11 x 0.22-0.34 mum and had a typical spirochaete ultrastructure. ...	1998	9734021
differential efficacy of passive immunisation against infection by lyme disease spirochaetes transmitted by partially fed vector ticks.	the efficacy of passive immunisation against tick-transmitted lyme disease spirochaetal infection was determined in relation to the duration of previous feeding of infected vector ticks. thus, mice challenged with spirochaete-infected unfed or partially fed nymphal ticks were passively immunised with monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against the lyme disease spirochaete (borrelia burgdorferi) at various intervals after tick attachment. spirochaetal infection in challenged mice and engorged ti ...	1998	9736159
identification of a gene sequence encoding a putative pyruvate oxidoreductase in serpulina pilosicoli.	serpulina pilosicoli is a recently described species of intestinal spirochaete which can be identified using a species-specific monoclonal antibody bjl/ac1 reactive with a 29-kda protein located in the cell envelope. a genomic library of the type strain of s. pilosicoli p43/6/78t was created in lambda zap express and screened using bjl/ac1. single positive clones were isolated and excised into the phagemid vector pbk-cmv. phagemid dna was purified and a single clone was selected for sequencing. ...	1998	9741089