Publications

level of awareness regarding some zoonotic diseases, among dog owners of ithaca, new york.	worldwide, dogs and cats are the two most common household companion animals. because of this, they can be direct or indirect source of many human infections. fortunately, most of these zoonotic infections can be clinically prevented by appropriate prophylactic interventions.	0	25657956
spatially-explicit simulation modeling of ecological response to climate change: methodological considerations in predicting shifting population dynamics of infectious disease vectors.	poikilothermic disease vectors can respond to altered climates through spatial changes in both population size and phenology. quantitative descriptors to characterize, analyze and visualize these dynamic responses are lacking, particularly across large spatial domains. in order to demonstrate the value of a spatially explicit, dynamic modeling approach, we assessed spatial changes in the population dynamics of ixodes scapularis, the lyme disease vector, using a temperature-forced population mode ...	0	24772388
human infections with borrelia miyamotoi, japan.	we confirmed infection of 2 patients with borrelia miyamotoi in japan by retrospective surveillance of lyme disease patients and detection of b. miyamotoi dna in serum samples. one patient also showed seroconversion for antibody against recombinant glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase of b. miyamotoi. indigenous relapsing fever should be considered a health concern in japan.	0	25061761
human exposure to tickborne relapsing fever spirochete borrelia miyamotoi, the netherlands.		0	24963562
seasonal prevalence of lyme disease spirochetes in a heterothermic mammal, the edible dormouse (glis glis).	in europe, dormice serve as competent reservoir hosts for particular genospecies of the tick-borne agent of lyme disease (ld) and seem to support them more efficiently than do mice or voles. the longevity of edible dormice (glis glis) and their attractiveness for ticks may result in a predominance of ld spirochetes in ticks questing in dormouse habitats. to investigate the role of edible dormice in the transmission cycle of ld spirochetes, we sampled skin tissue from the ear pinnae of dormice in ...	0	24705325
bartonella spp. bacteremia and rheumatic symptoms in patients from lyme disease-endemic region.	bartonella spp. infection has been reported in association with an expanding spectrum of symptoms and lesions. among 296 patients examined by a rheumatologist, prevalence of antibodies against bartonella henselae, b. koehlerae, or b. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii (185 [62%]) and bartonella spp. bacteremia (122 [41.1%]) was high. conditions diagnosed before referral included lyme disease (46.6%), arthralgia/arthritis (20.6%), chronic fatigue (19.6%), and fibromyalgia (6.1%). b. henselae bacteremia w ...	0	22516098
geographical and environmental factors driving the increase in the lyme disease vector ixodes scapularis.	the population densities of many organisms have changed dramatically in recent history. increases in the population density of medically relevant organisms are of particular importance to public health as they are often correlated with the emergence of infectious diseases in human populations. our aim is to delineate increases in density of a common disease vector in north america, the blacklegged tick, and to identify the environmental factors correlated with these population dynamics. empirica ...	0	24371541
neurologic abnormalities of lyme disease.		1979	449663
cases of lyme disease in the united states: locations correlated with distribution of ixodes dammini.	lyme disease, defined by erythema chronicum migrans and sometimes followed by neurologic, cardiac, or joint involvement, is known to have affected 512 patients in the united states. the disease seems to occur in three distinct foci: along the northeastern coast, in wisconsin, and in california and oregon, a distribution that correlates closely with that of ixodes dammini in the first two areas and with ixodes pacificus in the last. the implicated tick, saved by six patients in the northeast, was ...	1979	496106
[erythema chronicum migrans with arthritis (author's transl)].	in a 46-year-old woman arthritis developed in several large joints eight weeks after the onset of erythema chronicum migrans. the joints of the leg were swollen and painful. in addition there was painful involvement bilaterally of knee, hip and elbow joints. circulating immune complexes were demonstrated in serum and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate was moderately increased. all other laboratory and radiological tests were within normal limits. on symptomatic treatment the arthritis regressed ...	1980	7439072
lyme disease: a new tick-transmitted illness now recognized in delaware.		1980	7202773
lyme disease.		1980	7423274
lyme carditis: cardiac abnormalities of lyme disease.	we studied 20 patients, mostly young adult men, with cardiac involvement of lyme disease. the commonest abnormality (18 patients) was fluctuating degrees of atrioventricular block; eight of them developed complete heart block. thirteen patients had evidence of more diffuse cardiac involvement: electrocardiographic changes compatible with acute myopericarditis (11 patients), radionuclide evidence of mild left ventricular dysfunction (five of 12 patients tested), or frank cardiomegaly (one patient ...	1980	6967274
antibiotic therapy in lyme disease.	we studied antibiotic efficacy in 113 patients with erythema chronicum migrans, the first manifestation of lyme disease. erythema chronicum migrans and its associated symptoms resolved faster in patients given penicillin or tetracycline (median duration, 4 and 2 days, respectively) than in untreated patients (10 days; p less than 0.001 and p = 0.005, respectively). erythromycin had no significant effect. although the frequency of subsequent neurologic and cardiac abnormalities was similar in all ...	1980	6967272
occurrence of erythema chronicum migrans and lyme disease among children in two noncontiguous connecticut counties.	in may-november 1977 erythema chronicum migrans of lyme arthritis occurred in at least 12 children in new london county, connecticut, east of the original 3-town epidemic focus. the attack rate (0.15 cases per 1,000 persons under 18) was considerably lower than within the focus itself but similar to the rate in towns west of the focus. no cases were identified in litchfield county in northwest connecticut. observed rates of lyme disease varied markedly within connecticut in 1977.	1981	7326064
lyme disease--united states, 1980.		1981	6793824
a case of "lyme disease" acquired in new jersey.		1981	6942167
symptomatic high grade heart block in lyme disease.	we describe an unusual and remediable form of heart block which developed in the course of lyme disease. the diagnosis of lyme disease requires a careful clinical history pertaining to epidemiologic geography or a history of erythema chronicum migrans. in this case, a highly selective cardiac abnormality responded promptly to systemic steroids.	1981	7460660
treatment of lyme disease.		1981	7447210
lyme disease and erythema chronicum migrans in minnesota.		1982	7078540
lyme disease challenges australian clinicians: the implications of australia's first reported case of lyme arthritis.		1982	7132842
demyelinating neuropathy accompanying lyme disease.		1982	6890169
lyme disease.		1982	6815444
lyme disease--"what's new in old lyme?".		1982	7119538
lyme disease in new jersey: a cluster of 4 cases and 13 sporadic cases.		1982	6956739
lyme disease first observed to be aseptic meningitis.		1982	7081166
spirochete isolated in tick vectors of lyme disease.		1982	6807821
lyme disease-a tick-borne spirochetosis?	a treponema-like spirochete was detected in and isolated from adult ixodes dammini, the incriminated tick vector of lyme disease. causally related to the spirochetes may be long-lasting cutaneous lesions that appeared on new zealand white rabbits 10 to 12 weeks after infected ticks fed on them. samples of serum from patients with lyme disease were shown by indirect immunofluorescence to contain antibodies to this agent. it is suggested that the newly discovered spirochete is involved in the etio ...	1982	7043737
lyme disease: additional evidence of widespread distribution. recognition of a tick-borne dermatitis-encephalitis-arthritis syndrome in an area of known ixodes tick distribution.	lyme disease is a process of unknown etiology that has been linked to bites of ticks of the ixodes ricinus complex. central minnesota is an area of known ixodes dammini distribution. this case represents the first recognition of lyme disease from this area. this case presented as a fluctuating meningoencephalitis with superimposed cranial neuropathy. the characteristic skin lesion, erythema chronicum migrans, was recognized by history, and oligoarticular arthritis subsequently developed. physici ...	1982	7072749
lyme disease.		1982	7081002
lyme disease: spirochetes up to old ticks?		1982	7097930
[erythema migrans disease. a contribution to its clinical features and relation to lyme disease].	a largely prospective study averaging 33 months was undertaken in 30 patients with and one without (chronic) erythema migrans. in one case erythema migrans disappeared spontaneously, in the 29 others it persisted up to six months, but quickly responded to antibiotic treatment. measured from the tick bite in 9 patients or from onset of the erythema migrans, arthritis and arthralgia appeared in ten patients on average 6.5 months (0.7-36), and persisted for eight months (0.2-42). in seven of these ...	1983	6872871
spirochaetal aetiology for lyme disease.		1983	6135024
[lyme disease: a new infectious disease].		1983	6656464
neurologic abnormalities of lyme disease: successful treatment with high-dose intravenous penicillin.	twelve patients were treated with high-dose intravenous penicillin for neurologic abnormalities of lyme disease. headache, stiff neck, and radicular pain usually began to subside by the second day of therapy and were often gone by 7 to 10 days. five of the 12 patients continued to have intermittent mild headache for several more weeks, but no patient relapsed after therapy was stopped. compared to 15 previous patients treated with prednisone alone, the duration of meningitic syndrome was signifi ...	1983	6316826
lymphocytic meningoradiculitis in the united states.	lymphocytic meningoradiculitis (bannwarth's syndrome) is a radicular neuralgia associated with a chronic lymphocytic pleocytosis in cerebrospinal fluid and frequently with unilateral or bilateral peripheral facial weakness. most reported cases have occurred during the summer among adults living in central europe. lymphocytic meningoradiculitis has occurred in the united states in a few patients with lyme disease and erythema chronicum migrans. however, it may occur independently. we describe a w ...	1983	6685240
lyme disease.	lyme disease is a recently described disease of unknown cause that may involve the skin, joints, heart, or nervous system with characteristic symptoms. the disease follows a bite from an ixodes tick. symptoms are generally self-limited and despite the varied and sometimes protracted manifestations, the outcome of the disease is favorable. the epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory features and treatment of lyme disease are reviewed.	1983	6353917
treatment of the early manifestations of lyme disease.	during 1980 and 1981, we compared antibiotic regimens in 108 adult patients with early lyme disease. erythema chronicum migrans and its associated symptoms resolved faster in penicillin- or tetracycline-treated patients than in those given erythromycin (mean duration, 5.4 and 5.7 versus 9.2 days, f = 3.38, p less than 0.05). none of 39 patients given tetracycline developed major late complications (meningoencephalitis, myocarditis, or recurrent attacks of arthritis) compared with 3 of 40 penicil ...	1983	6407378
was it lyme disease?		1983	6880371
the early clinical manifestations of lyme disease.	lyme disease, caused by a tick-transmitted spirochete, typically begins with a unique skin lesion, erythema chronicum migrans. of 314 patients with this skin lesion, almost half developed multiple annular secondary lesions; some patients had evanescent red blotches or circles, malar or urticarial rash, conjunctivitis, periorbital edema, or diffuse erythema. skin manifestations were often accompanied by malaise and fatigue, headache, fever and chills, generalized achiness, and regional lymphadeno ...	1983	6859726
lyme disease in north carolina.	we report two cases of lyme disease in north carolina, further expanding the distribution of known sporadic cases of this predominantly northeastern problem in southern states. physicians in areas where lyme disease has traditionally not been recognized should be alerted to its characteristic rash (erythema chronicum migrans), tick vector (ixodes species), possible severe manifestations (neurologic, arthritic, and cardiac), and response to appropriate antibiotic therapy (penicillin or tetracycli ...	1983	6857306
lyme disease: a new entity.		1983	6573608
simultaneous occurrence of babesiosis and lyme disease.		1983	6682178
lyme disease is a spirochetosis. a review of the disease and evidence for its cause.	fourteen patients with lyme disease showed typical clinical features of erythema chronicum migrans. eighteen biopsy specimens in all were obtained from the cutaneous lesions of these patients. the predominant histologic finding was a superficial and deep perivascular and interstitial infiltrate composed mostly of lymphocytes, or lymphocytes and either plasma cells and eosinophils or both. the plasma cells were found most frequently in biopsy specimens taken from the peripheries of the lesions, w ...	1983	6410931
lyme disease--success for academia and the community.		1983	6828125
spirochetes isolated from the blood of two patients with lyme disease.	we isolated spirochetes from the blood of 2 of 36 patients in long island and westchester county, new york, who had signs and symptoms suggestive of lyme disease. the spirochetes were morphologically similar and serologically identical to organisms recently found to infect lxodes dammini ticks, which are endemic to the area and have been epidemiologically implicated as vectors of lyme disease. in both patients, there was a rise in specific antispirochetal antibodies in paired specimens of serum. ...	1983	6828119
the spirochetal etiology of lyme disease.	we recovered a newly recognized spirochete from the blood, skin lesions (erythema chronicum migrans [ecm]), or cerebrospinal fluid of 3 of 56 patients with lyme disease and from 21 of 110 nymphal or adult lxodes dammini ticks in connecticut. these isolates and the original one from l. dammini appeared to have the same morphologic and immunologic features. in patients, specific igm antibody titers usually reached a peak between the third and sixth week after the onset of disease; specific igg ant ...	1983	6828118
lyme disease in northern california.	lyme disease is a recently described clinical entity with cutaneous, neurologic, articular and cardiac manifestations. since the original description of the disease in 1977, more than 500 cases have been reported. although the vast majority of patients have been from the area near lyme, connecticut, we have seen four patients from northern california with various aspects of lyme disease. this diagnosis should be considered in patients who have traveled to tick regions and who have a distinctive ...	1983	6636745
[lyme disease. a new or newly recognized clinical entity].		1983	6415420
ticks and lyme disease in the united states.		1983	6859709
spirochetes in ixodes dammini and mammals from connecticut.	spirochetes were observed in the midguts of 35% of 147 motile ixodes dammini from three locations in lyme and east haddam, connecticut. positive ticks were removed from eastern chipmunks (tamias striatus), raccoons (procyon lotor), white-footed mice (peromyscus leucopus), and a red squirrel (tamiasciurus hudsonicus). spirochetes were isolated in fortified kelly's medium from nine questing or partially engorged i. dammini adults and nymphs and from the bloods of a raccoon and a white-footed mouse ...	1983	6881431
the spirochete in erythema chronicum migrans. demonstration by light and electron microscopy.	a lesion of erythema chronicum migrans was examined by light and electron microscopy. spirochetes were identified by light microscopy with steiner silver stain. electron microscopy was performed on deparaffinized tissue of the biopsy specimen and a spirochete was identified in the tissue. this treponema-like spirochete has morphological characteristics similar to those described previously for spirochetes obtained from ticks in areas endemic for lyme disease.	1983	6881479
[the spirochetal etiology of erythema chronicum migrans and of meningo-polyneuritis garin-bujadoux-bannwarth].	erythema chronicum migrans and tick-borne meningo-polyneuritis garin-bujadoux-bannwarth are caused by a spirochete transmitted by ixodes ricinus. the same is true for lyme disease, which is the erythema chronicum migrans infection of north-america transmitted by ticks of the same genus. in europe, this etiology is indicated by demonstration of igg and igm antibodies against borrelia duttoni during the course of infection and by immunofluorescence staining of spirochetes in ticks at sites of infe ...	1983	6659638
natural distribution of the ixodes dammini spirochete.	spirochetes believed to be the cause of lyme disease were isolated from white-footed mice and white-tailed deer, the preferred natural hosts of ixodes dammini, the tick vector. evidence suggests that deer act as a reservoir of the disease and provide an overwintering mechanism for both spirochetes and adult ticks. some tick larvae may acquire the spirochete by transovarial passage and the nymphal stage may transmit the disease to humans.	1983	6836274
[chronic erythema migrans and tick-transmitted meningopolyneuritis (garin-bujadoux-bannwarth): borrelia infections?].	antibodies against borrelia duttoni using indirect immunofluorescence could be demonstrated in 6 patients with erythema chronicum migrans and in 8 persons with tick-borne meningopolyneuritis. significant increases of igg and igm antibody titres in the course of the disease and igg antibodies in the csf indicate recent contact with borrelia duttoni or a closely related agent. demonstration by fluorescence serology of spirochaetaceae in ixodes ricinus in two sites of infection equally indicate suc ...	1983	6839977
bacteriophage in the ixodes dammini spirochete, etiological agent of lyme disease.	a bacteriophage with a b-3 morphology was detected by electron microscopy in a spirochete isolated from the tick ixodes dammini. it has a 40- to 50-nm elongated head and a tail 50 to 70 nm in length. it appears devoid of collars or kite-tail structure. the spirochete has been identified as the causative agent of lyme disease.	1983	6853449
antibodies to lyme-disease spirochaete in european lymphocytic meningoradiculitis (bannwarth's syndrome)		1983	6136679
lyme disease spirochetes and ixodid tick spirochetes share a common surface antigenic determinant defined by a monoclonal antibody.	ixodid tick-associated spirochetes have been implicated as the etiological agents of lyme disease. we raised a murine monoclonal antibody (h5332) against a spirochete, strain b31, isolated from ixodes dammini ticks. in indirect immunofluorescence assays and western blot analyses, h5332 reacted with whole cells or isolated components of not only strain b31 but also spirochetes isolated from ixodes ricinus ticks, a field mouse, a raccoon, and patients with lyme disease. in contrast, h5332 did not ...	1983	6192088
"endotoxicity" of the lyme disease spirochete.		1983	6668073
antibodies of patients with lyme disease to components of the ixodes dammini spirochete.	lyme disease is an inflammatory disorder of skin, joints, nervous system, and heart. the disease is associated with a preceding tick bite and is ameliorated by penicillin treatment. a spirochete (ids) isolated from ixodes dammini ticks has been implicated as the etiologic agent of lyme disease. we examined the antibody responses of lyme disease patients to ids lysate components in order to further understand the pathogenesis of this disease. the components were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfat ...	1983	6348092
[the spirochetal etiology of erythema chronicum migrans and garin-bujadoux-bannwarth meningo-polyneuritis].	erythema chronicum migrans and tick-born meningo-polyneuritis garin-bujadoux-bannwarth are caused by a spirochete transmitted by ixodes ricinus. the same is true of lyme disease, the erythema chronicum migrans infection of north america transmitted by ticks of the same genus. in europe demonstration of igg and igm antibodies against borrelia duttoni during the course of infection and by immunofluorescence staining of spirochetes in ticks at sites of infection indicate this etiology. in the usa a ...	1983	6884950
clinical manifestations and descriptive epidemiology of lyme disease in new jersey, 1978 to 1982.	clinical manifestations and epidemiologic characteristics of 117 cases (31 children and 86 adults) of lyme disease in new jersey from 1978 to 1982 are summarized. the male-female sex ratio was 1.9:1. an endemic focus in monmouth county has been recognized. erythema chronicum migrans was present in 93% of cases and was the only clinical manifestation in 25% of patients. nonspecific febrile syndrome, in addition to erythema chronicum migrans, was present in 45% of cases; 26% had arthritis. the pro ...	1984	6708273
lyme disease: prevention of the arthritis syndrome through early recognition and antibiotic therapy.		1984	6427143
[acute, syncopal auriculo-ventricular block in lyme disease].		1984	6231623
leads from the mmwr. update: lyme disease--united states.		1984	6716612
lyme disease.		1984	6741124
lyme disease as an etiology of "unexplained" recurrent monoarthritis.		1984	6472235
lyme disease in north carolina.		1984	6377093
update: lyme disease--united states.		1984	6425627
cellular immune findings in lyme disease. correlation with serum igm and disease activity.	cellular immune findings were studied in 48 patients with various stages of lyme disease. at each stage, some patients, particularly those with neuritis or carditis, had elevated serum igm levels and lymphopenia. during early disease, mononuclear cells tended to respond normally to phytohemagglutinin, and spontaneous suppressor cell activity was greater than normal. later, during active neuritis, carditis, or arthritis, the trend was toward heightened phytohemagglutinin responsiveness and less s ...	1984	6237576
a case of lyme disease with cardiac involvement in the netherlands.		1984	27709480
lyme disease--a review of the literature.	it appears that a tick introduces an agent--presumably a spirochete--into the skin (see fig. 1). immune complexes form and become systemic during the rash. some patients (identified by the presence of cryoglobulins containing igm, clq-reactive material, and depressed igg and iga levels) then alter their immune response and may develop neurologic, cardiovascular, or joint involvement. despite systemic clearing in some patients, the immune complexes localize to the joints where a chronic synovitis ...	1984	6233699
hla-dr in meningopolyneuritis of garin-bujadoux-bannwarth: contrast to lyme disease?	sixteen patients with meningopolyneuritis of garin-bujadoux-bannwarth (mpn-gbb) were examined for hla-dr antigens. in contrast to data in lyme disease (ld), which is caused by an identical or closely related spirochete, no significant association was found between the neurological disease and hla-dr. the reported association between neurological disease and hla-dr2 in ld may be due to the inclusion of cases with neurological disease and arthritis, since chronic arthritis in ld seems to be well c ...	1984	6596406
the spirochetal etiology of acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans herxheimer.	spirochetes were recovered from the skin lesion of 1 out of 10 acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans patients (aca). spirochetes from this skin isolate and from ixodes (i.) ricinus and i. dammini spirochetes were used as antigens in indirect immunofluorescence tests. all sera from 17 aca patients showed high antibody titers to the three antigens. seven of the 17 sera which had the highest titers had crossreactive antibodies to treponemal antigen detectable in the fta-abs test. the results indicate ...	1984	6084922
failure to detect endotoxin in sera from patients with lyme disease.		1984	6491371
incidence and cumulative frequency of endemic lyme disease in a community.	we conducted an epidemiological study of the cumulative frequency and incidence of lyme disease in a summer community on fire island, new york, an area endemic for the disease. fifteen (7.5%) of 200 persons studied in the community in 1982 reported a history of lyme disease. an indirect immunofluorescent antibody assay showed that seventeen (9.7%) of 176 persons had serological evidence of exposure to the lyme spirochete, including six of the 15 persons with a history of lyme disease. seven (0.7 ...	1984	6386994
antineural antibodies in guillain-barré syndrome and lymphocytic meningoradiculitis (bannwarth's syndrome).	antineural antibodies occur in guillain-barré syndrome (gbs), but have not been studied in lymphocytic meningoradiculitis (bannwarth's syndrome), which has clinical features in common with gbs. employing a sensitive complement-fixation assay with homogenates of nerve root and brain as antigens, we recorded positive serum reactions to either tissue in 14 of 18 samples from patients with gbs during the first three weeks of the disease. five of nine samples were positive during the fourth to eighth ...	1984	6333863
[lyme disease with av-block in a woman after walking in the woods].		1984	6521574
update on article on lyme disease.		1984	6490408
a focus of lyme disease in monmouth county, new jersey.	an endemic focus of lyme disease is present in colt's neck, howell, freehold, and wall townships in monmouth county, new jersey. cases of lyme disease have occurred in this area from 1978 to 1982. fifty-seven of the 117 persons (49%) who acquired their infection in new jersey from 1978 to 1982 live or work in these four townships, whose population of 82,491 is only 1.1% of the population of the entire state. thirty persons who contracted lyme disease were exposed to ticks at the naval weapons st ...	1984	6475916
update on lyme disease.		1984	6237095
[lyme disease in sweden. a patient with arthralgia associated with chronic erythema migrans].		1984	6471976
variation in a major surface protein of lyme disease spirochetes.	two monoclonal antibodies (h6831 and h5ts) differed in their indirect immunofluorescence reactivity when tested against 14 strains of lyme disease spirochetes. strains were bound by both antibodies, by h6831 or h5ts alone, or by neither. western blot and immunoprecipitation studies revealed that the determinants of both antibodies were associated with abundant proteins with apparent subunit molecular weights of ca. 34,000 (34k-range proteins). the following results indicated that the 34k-range p ...	1984	6735474
interactions of phagocytes with the lyme disease spirochete: role of the fc receptor.	the phagocytic capacity of murine and human mononuclear and polymorphonuclear phagocytes (including peripheral blood monocytes and neutrophils), rabbit and murine peritoneal exudate cells, and the murine macrophage cell line p388d1 against the lyme disease spirochete was studied. all of these cells were capable of phagocytosing the spirochete; phagocytosis was measured by the uptake of radiolabeled spirochetes, the appearance of immunofluorescent bodies in phagocytic cells, and electron microsco ...	1984	6386995
vectorial capacity of north american ixodes ticks.	ixodes dammini, the vector of lyme disease and babesiosis, is distributed in various locations in the northeastern quadrant of the united states and nearby canada. the life cycle of this tick, which includes larval, nymphal, and adult stages, spans at least two years. the tick over-winters between larval and nymphal feeding. horizontal transmission of pathogens is facilitated by a feeding pattern in which both the larval and nymphal stages feed on the white-footed mouse, peromyscus leucopus, and ...	1984	6516453
discovery of the lyme disease spirochete and its relation to tick vectors.	the various hypotheses concerning the etiologic agent of erythema chronicum migrans of europe and of lyme disease in the united states are reviewed, and an account of events that led to the discovery of the causative spirochetal agent in ixodes dammini is presented. spirochetes morphologically and antigenically similar, if not identical to, the organism detected in i. dammini were also found for the first time in ixodes pacificus and ixodes ricinus, the vectors hitherto incriminated, respectivel ...	1984	6516454
human phagocyte interactions with the lyme disease spirochete.	the interaction between human polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes and the lyme disease spirochete was investigated by incubating phagocytes with microorganisms adherent to plastic or glass surfaces. both cell populations readily phagocytized and killed spirochetes, and antibodies facilitated but were not essential for phagocytosis.	1984	6500703
taxonomy of the lyme disease spirochetes.	morphology, physiology, and dna nucleotide composition of lyme disease spirochetes, borrelia, treponema, and leptospira were compared. morphologically, lyme disease spirochetes resemble borrelia. they lack cytoplasmic tubules present in treponema, and have more than one periplasmic flagellum per cell end and lack the tight coiling which are characteristic of leptospira. lyme disease spirochetes are also similar to borrelia in being microaerophilic, catalase-negative bacteria. they utilize carboh ...	1984	6393605
the antibody response in lyme disease.	we determined the antibody response against the ixodes dammini spirochete in lyme disease patients by indirect immunofluorescence and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). the specific igm response became maximal three to six weeks after disease onset, and then declined, although titers sometimes remained elevated during later disease. specific igm levels correlated directly with total serum igm. the specific igg response, often delayed initially, was nearly always present during neuriti ...	1984	6393607
phagocytic cell responses to in vivo and in vitro exposure to the lyme disease spirochete.	an experimental skin lesion induced in rabbits by the bite of infected adult ixodes dammini showed dense dermal interstitial inflammatory cell infiltrates composed of mononuclear cells (histiocytes and lymphocytes) and granulocytes. the prevalence of phagocytic cells in this experimental lesion motivated a study on the interactions of macrophages and neutrophils with lyme disease spirochetes. interactions as measured by uptake of radiolabeled spirochetes and by indirect immunofluorescence were e ...	1984	6393611
the new zealand white rabbit: an experimental host for infecting ticks with lyme disease spirochetes.	efficiency of the new zealand white rabbit as a host for infecting larval ixodes dammini, i. pacificus, and i. ricinus with lyme disease spirochetes was evaluated. rabbits inoculated with infected midgut suspensions of i. dammini from shelter island, new york, or fed upon by infected ticks from the same area, responded with spirochetemias of sufficient concentrations to infect as many as 30 percent of the ticks. when infected ticks were used as indicators, it appeared that spirochetemias persist ...	1984	6393612
infection in rabbits with the lyme disease spirochete.	of 33 rabbits inoculated with lyme disease spirochetes, two developed erythema chronicum migrans at the site of inoculation. spirochetes were seen in skin biopsies of one of the lesions with immunoperoxidase and warthin-starry stains. spirochetes were also recovered from the blood of two additional rabbits two weeks post-inoculation. these findings are characteristic of early lyme disease in humans.	1984	6393613
geographical distribution and density of ixodes dammini (acari: ixodidae) and relationship to lyme disease transmission in new jersey.	as part of continuing studies of lyme disease, deer were surveyed during three hunting seasons in 1981 to obtain information on geographic distribution and density of i. dammini in new jersey. i. dammini occurred throughout central and southern new jersey. four deer management zones (dmzs) were shown to have high tick densities. geographical distribution and density data were independently regressed against 25 environmental and physical factors. elevation was shown to be the most important facto ...	1984	6334941
erythema chronicum migrans of lyme disease.	erythema chronicum migrans (ecm) is the distinctive cutaneous lesion of the multisystem tick-borne spirochetosis, lyme disease. its clinical and histologic pictures are variable. of the 51 patients with ecm of lyme disease, 38 patients (75%) had single lesions, 13 patients (25%) had multiple lesions, and 32 patients (62%) had extracutaneous signs and symptoms. only 15 patients (29%) had symptoms referable to ecm. extracutaneous signs and symptoms were absent in 12 (80%) of the 15 patients. these ...	1984	6465906
[spirochete etiology of erythema chronicum migrans disease].	from ticks of the type ixodes ricinus, 19 strains of a spirochete were isolated at three places of infection of erythema chronicum migrans disease. the spirochete was immunologically related to borrelia duttoni, treponema pallidum and ixodes dammini spirochete, the causative organism of north american erythema chronicum migrans disease (lyme disease). the isolated spirochete differed from the north american one in its reaction with monoclonal antibodies and possibly in its electronmicroscopic st ...	1984	6363033
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and indirect immunofluorescence assay for lyme disease.	the sensitivity and specificity of an indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa) and elisa for lyme disease were estimated. sera from patients with lyme disease, patients with other infections, and healthy individuals were examined. significant cross-reactivity occurred only with sera from patients with syphilis, yaws, and pinta . all tested sera from patients with lyme disease, however, gave negative results in the rapid reagin screening test and the microhemagglutination assay for antibodies to t ...	1984	6371156
antibody response in lyme disease: evaluation of diagnostic tests.	the antibody response to the ixodes dammini spirochete was determined in 41 serial serum samples from 12 patients with lyme disease. by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), 11 of the 12 patients had higher titers of specific igm antibody (greater than 1:200) during early disease than did 40 control subjects. specific igm antibody titers, which correlated with total amounts of igm antibody (p less than .001), sometimes remained elevated throughout the illness. during neuritis, nine of 10 pa ...	1984	6373966
thirteen british cases of erythema chronicum migrans, a spirochaetal disease.	thirteen british cases of erythema chronicum migrans are reported. an antibody to the lyme disease spirochaete was found in three of five recent cases, but lyme disease was not seen. the distribution and life cycle of the tick ixodes ricinus is described and related to the occurrence of erythema chronicum migrans in great britain.	1984	6477830
experimental lyme disease in rabbits: spirochetes found in erythema migrans and blood.	in attempts to produce experimental lyme disease, 33 rabbits were inoculated with lyme spirochetes by tick feeding or from tick organ homogenates or cultures. two rabbits developed erythema chronicum migrans at the site of inoculation, in one instance 2 days after injection of a tick organ homogenate and in the other instance, 17 days after feeding of infected ixodes dammini ticks. spirochetes were seen in skin biopsy specimens of the second lesion with warthin-starry and immunoperoxidase stains ...	1984	6480108
lyme disease: a review.		1984	6394029