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diversity of ubiquitin and isg15 specificity among nairoviruses' viral ovarian tumor domain proteases.nairoviruses are responsible for numerous diseases that affect both humans and animal. recent work has implicated the viral ovarian tumor domain (votu) as a possible nairovirus virulence factor due to its ability to edit ubiquitin (ub) bound to cellular proteins and, at least in the case of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv), to cleave the ub-like protein interferon-stimulated gene 15 (isg15), a protein involved in the regulation of host immunity. the prospective roles of votus in imm ...201323345508
crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus in ticks from migratory birds, morocco.crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus was detected in ticks removed from migratory birds in morocco. this finding demonstrates the circulation of this virus in northwestern africa and supports the hypothesis that the virus can be introduced into europe by infected ticks transported from africa by migratory birds.023347801
infection and propagation of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus in embryonated chicken eggs.the embryonated chicken egg (ece) provides a convenient, space-saving incubator for the cultivation of many kinds of animal viruses where the egg can be easily observed for viral replication throughout the development of the chicken embryo. within the family bunyaviridae, the embryonated egg has been used as a host system for many viruses such as rift valley fever virus and akabane virus. the current study was conducted to determine the cultivation of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv ...201323352881
[highly contagious diseases with human-to-human transmission].highly contagious diseases are caused by various biological agents that pose a risk to individuals and may have a potential for public health impact. they result in high mortality and morbidity rates, might cause public panic and therefore require special measures. the pathogens that can be easily disseminated or transmitted from person to person are the riskiest for clinicians (ebola virus, marburg virus, lassa virus, crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus, variola major, sars virus and yersinia ...201223386507
lethal crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus infection in interferon α/β receptor knockout mice is associated with high viral loads, proinflammatory responses, and coagulopathy.crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) is a widely distributed viral hemorrhagic fever characterized by rapid onset of flu-like symptoms often followed by hemorrhagic manifestations. cchf virus (cchfv), a bunyavirus in the nairovirus genus, is capable of infecting a wide range of mammalian hosts in nature but so far only causes disease in humans. recently, immunocompromised mice have been reported as cchf disease models, but detailed characterization is lacking. here, we closely followed infecti ...201323417661
serologic evidence of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus infection in hungary.crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv) is a typical tick-borne pathogen that causes an increasing number of severe infections in many parts of africa, asia, the middle east, and the balkans, as well as in some other parts of europe. the virus is transmitted primarily by hyalomma spp., and the spectrum of natural hosts for cchfv is broad, including wild and domestic animals. although, the presence of cchfv was hypothesized in hungary, no significant research activity has been carried out i ...201323421895
the impact of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus on public health.climatic, environmental and economic changes, as well as the steadily increasing global trade and personal mobility provide ample opportunities for emerging pathogens with zoonotic potential to spread to previously unaffected countries. crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv) is considered to be one of the major emerging disease threats spreading to and within the european union following an expanding distribution of its main vector, ticks of the genus hyalomma. every year more than 1000 h ...201323458713
public health and vector-borne diseases - a new concept for risk governance.public health is defined as an interdisciplinary multilevel approach that deals with questions of preventing diseases at the population level. in this context, this paper focuses on vector-borne diseases as an important threat with an increasing impact on human and animal health. emphasis is laid on an integrated health approach ('one-health' initiative) as it recognizes the interrelated nature of both human and animal health. the importance of vector-borne diseases to new and emerging diseases ...201323480672
development and evaluation of loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for detection of crimean congo hemorrhagic fever virus in sudan.crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) virus (cchfv) activity has been detected in kordufan region of the sudan in 2008 with high case-fatality rates in villages and rural hospitals in the region. therefore, in the present study, a reverse transcription (rt) loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assay was developed and compared to nested rt-pcr for rapid detection of cchfv targeting the small (s) rna segment. a set of rt-lamp primers, designed from a highly conserved region of the s s ...201323542058
genetic analysis and epidemiology of crimean congo hemorrhagic fever viruses in baluchistan province of pakistan.pakistan is considered as an endemic country for crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever with numerous outbreaks and sporadic cases reported during the past two decades. majority of cases are reported from baluchistan province with subsequent transmissions to non-endemic regions mainly through infected animals directly or via infested ticks. we hereby describe the molecular investigations of cchf cases reported during 2008 in quetta city of baluchistan province.201323641865
pathogenesis of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever.although crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) is a widespread tick-borne disease, little is known about its pathogenesis. the interaction of the virus with host cells is most likely responsible for the pathogenesis of cchf. the main contributors are endothelial cells (ecs) and immune cells. there are 2 theories underlying the cchf pathogenesis: one is that the virus interacts with the ecs directly and the other that it interacts indirectly via immune cells with subsequent release of soluble me ...201323663164
genome sequence of ex-afghanistan crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus sct strain, from an imported united kingdom case in october 2012.crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) virus is a serious human pathogen causing severe hemorrhagic disease with a fatality rate of up to approximately 30%. we have determined the viral genomic sequence from an isolate that caused a fatal case of imported cchf in the united kingdom in october 2012.201323682136
the seroprevalance of crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever in people living in the same environment with crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever patients in an endemic region in turkey.crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever (cchf) is endemic in turkey, and since 2004 many cases have been reported from different regions of turkey. there are limited data about the seroprevalence of the disease in household members of patients or persons sharing the same environment. we evaluated seroprevalence of cchf in the immediate neighbourhood and in household members of patients living in the same environment as confirmed cases of cchf in an endemic area of turkey. a total of 625 healthy subject ...201423688370
a seroepidemiological survey of crimean congo hemorrhagic fever among cattle in north kordufan state, sudan.crimean congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf), caused by cchf virus (ccfv), may cause a fatal hemorrhagic illness in humans with mortality rate of approximately 30%. however, in animals the disease is typically asymptomatic and no clinical hemorrhagic infections appears to be associated with cchfv. recently, cchf activity has been detected in western and southern kordufan region, sudan. currently, no information is available in regard to previous exposure of livestock to cchfv infection in the region.201323738961
identification and analysis of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus from human sera in tajikistan.crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) is a virulent tick-borne disease reported in more than 30 countries across europe, africa, and asia. the disease is considered endemic in several central asian countries, including tajikistan; however reports of human cases from these regions rarely reach the west.201323764351
crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus utilizes a clathrin- and early endosome-dependent entry pathway.the early events in crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv) have not been completely characterized. earlier work indicated that cchfv likely enters cells by clathrin-mediated endocytosis (cme). here we provide confirmatory evidence for cme entry by showing that cchfv infection is inhibited in cells treated with pitstop 2, a drug that specifically and reversibly interferes with the dynamics of clathrin-coated pits. additionally, we show that cchfv infection is inhibited by sirna depletion o ...201323791227
recommended precaution procedures protect healthcare workers from crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus.the crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) virus can spread from person to person and may cause nosocomial outbreaks among healthcare workers (hcws). the us centers for disease control and prevention have recommended the use of personal protective equipment (ppe). we investigated the compliance of hcws with ppe usage during the follow-up of patients, and also the number of risky contacts that occurred between patients and hcws. we also aimed to determine the seroprevalence of cchf virus in hcws.201323816412
factors associated with igg positivity to crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus in the area with the highest seroprevalence in greece.in order to gain insight into the factors playing a role for the high seroprevalence of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus in the human population of thesprotia prefecture, greece, serum samples were collected from residents of the area together with a questionnaire about demographic and epidemiological factors. a 14.4% seroprevalence was detected, with increased age, agro-pastoral activities, slaughtering, and contact with animals (especially sheep) among the factors associated with seroposi ...201323831367
crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever in iran.the presence of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv) in iran was first identified in studies of livestock sera and ticks in the 1970s, but the first human infection was not diagnosed until 1999. since that time, the number of cases of cchf in iran has markedly increased. through january 2012, articles in the published literature have reported a total of 870 confirmed cases, with 126 deaths, for a case fatality rate (cfr) of 17.6%. the disease has been seen in 26 of the country's 31 prov ...201323872313
mini-genome rescue of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus and research into the evolutionary patterns of its untranslated regions.crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv) is a member of genus nairovirus, family bunyaviridae, which are distributed widely in africa, europe and asia with several genotypes. as a bsl-4 level pathogen, the requirement of high-level biosafety facilities severely constrains researches on live virus manipulation. in this study, we developed a helper-virus-independent mini-genome rescue system for the chinese yl04057 strain. based on the enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp)-derived mini-ge ...201323891575
crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever: history, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical syndrome and genetic diversity.crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) is the most important tick-borne viral disease of humans, causing sporadic cases or outbreaks of severe illness across a huge geographic area, from western china to the middle east and southeastern europe and throughout most of africa. cchfv is maintained in vertical and horizontal transmission cycles involving ixodid ticks and a variety of wild and domestic vertebrates, which do not show signs of illness. the virus circulates in a number of tick genera, bu ...201323906741
complete genome sequences of two crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever viruses isolated in china.here, we report the complete genome sequences of two crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv) strains, 79121m18 and yl04057, isolated in xinjiang, china. sequence analysis showed that they represent a genotype of cchfv that has not been reported before.201323908296
human defined antigenic region on the nucleoprotein of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus identified using truncated proteins and a bioinformatics approach.crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv) is a tick-borne viral zoonosis widely distributed in africa, asia and eastern europe. in this study, amino acid sequence data for the cchfv nucleoprotein (np) was used to identify potential linear epitopic regions which were subsequently included in the design of large and small truncated recombinant np antigens and peptide libraries. two truncated recombinant cchfv np antigens were prepared based on results of prediction studies to include epitopic ...201323933073
reassortment and migration analysis of crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus.crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv) is a tick-borne virus with high pathogenicity to humans. cchfv contains a three-segment [small (s), medium (m) and large (l)] genome and is prone to reassortment. investigation of identified reassortment events can yield insight into the evolutionary history of the virus, while migration events reflect its geographical dissemination. while many studies have already considered these issues, they have investigated small numbers of isolates and lack st ...201323939975
influence of laboratory animal hosts on the life cycle of hyalomma marginatum and implications for an in vivo transmission model for crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus.crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv) is one of the most geographically widespread arboviruses and causes a severe hemorrhagic syndrome in humans. the virus circulates in nature in a vertebrate-tick cycle and ticks of the genus hyalomma are the main vectors and reservoirs. although the tick vector plays a central role in the maintenance and transmission of cchfv in nature, comparatively little is known of cchfv-tick interactions. this is mostly due to the fact that establishing tick colo ...201323971007
crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus nucleoprotein suppresses ifn-beta-promoter-mediated gene expression.crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv) is a member of the family bunyaviridae and is a causative agent of severe hemorrhagic disease. knowledge regarding the pathogenesis of cchfv is limited due to the requirement for high-containment laboratories and the lack of an immunocompetent animal host. previous studies have shown that cchfv delays the activation of the human innate immune response, specifically, the type i interferon response. our study results show that antagonism of the interfe ...201423990053
seroprevalence and risk factors of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever in selected seven provinces in turkey.turkey has been one of the most endemic regions since 2002, when crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever emerged worldwide. the aim of the present study was to estimate the seroprevelance of cchf virus in humans who reside in rural and urban areas of known endemic and nonendemic selected provinces of turkey by using commercial elisa kit. cchfv igg antibodies were detected in 2.3% of the population. the most important risk factors for cchf seropositivity, were older age, male gender, illiterate, farmer, ...201424037814
epidemiological and behavioral factors associated with crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus infections in humans.crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf), a viral disease with high fatality rate, is endemic in many countries in europe, the middle east, asia and africa. it is transmitted to humans either by tick bite or by direct contact with blood or tissues of viremic patients or livestock. aim of the present study was to review the main epidemiological characteristics of the disease worldwide, with special attempt to show the epidemiological and behavioral factors that play a role in acquisition of the inf ...201324053271
ifitms restrict the replication of multiple pathogenic viruses.the interferon-inducible transmembrane protein (ifitm) family inhibits a growing number of pathogenic viruses, among them influenza a virus, dengue virus, hepatitis c virus, and ebola virus. this review covers recent developments in our understanding of the ifitm's molecular determinants, potential mechanisms of action, and impact on pathogenesis.201324076421
crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever: seroprevalence and risk factors among humans in achaia, western greece.the crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv) presents a wide distribution, with the balkan peninsula being among the endemic regions. to date, only one cchf case has been reported in greece; however, based on seroprevalence data, there is evidence that cchfv circulates in the country. achaia is a prefecture in western greece that has not previously been studied for cchfv.201324084247
non-structural proteins of arthropod-borne bunyaviruses: roles and functions.viruses within the bunyaviridae family are tri-segmented, negative-stranded rna viruses. the family includes several emerging and re-emerging viruses of humans, animals and plants, such as rift valley fever virus, crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus, la crosse virus, schmallenberg virus and tomato spotted wilt virus. many bunyaviruses are arthropod-borne, so-called arboviruses. depending on the genus, bunyaviruses encode, in addition to the rna-dependent rna polymerase and the different struct ...201324100888
evaluation of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus infection in children.crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever (cchf) is a fatal viral infection and an important public health issue in turkey because of its high case fatality rate. severity criteria of cchf were defined previously in adults on the basis of epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory findings,. this study evaluated the course of cchf in children. between january, 2009, and november, 2012, 41 patients aged between 1 and 17 years (mean 9.78 ± 4.85) with a diagnosis of cchf were included in the study. according ...201324107215
investigation of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus transmission from patients to relatives: a prospective contact tracing study.we investigated the possibility of transmission of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) virus through respiratory and physical contact. in this prospective study, we traced 116 close relatives of confirmed cchf cases who were in close contact with the patients during the acute phase of the infection and evaluated the type of contact between patients and their relatives. these relatives were followed for clinical signs or symptoms indicative of cchf disease, blood samples of those with and with ...201424166037
virus investigation in ticks from migratory birds in italy.the role of migratory birds in circulation tick-borne viruses needs to be better defined. in order to assess the potential role of migratory birds in exotic virus spread, we conducted a study to identify ticks collected from migratory birds in the central region of italy, and performed molecular investigation for crimea-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchfv), west nile fever (wnfv) and usutu (usuv) in the vectors. a total of 137 competent ticks were collected with predominance of hyalomma species. alth ...201324177308
hepatocyte pathway alterations in response to in vitro crimean congo hemorrhagic fever virus infection.crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv) is a tick-borne virus responsible for hemorrhagic manifestations and multiple organ failure, with a high mortality rate. in infected humans, damage to endothelial cells and vascular leakage may be a direct result of virus infection or an immune response-mediated indirect effect. the main target cells are mononuclear phagocytes, endothelial cells and hepatocytes; the liver being a key target for the virus, which was described as susceptible to interfe ...201424184319
emergence of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever in amreli district of gujarat state, india, june to july 2013.crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv) etiology was detected in a family cluster (nine cases, including two deaths) in the village of karyana, amreli district, and also a fatal case in the village of undra, patan district, in gujarat state, india. anti-cchfv igg antibodies were detected in domestic animals from karyana and adjoining villages. hyalomma ticks from households were found to be positive for cchf viral rna. this confirms the emergence of cchfv in new areas and the wide spread o ...201424211848
bayesian phylogeography of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus in europe.crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) is a zoonosis mainly transmitted by ticks that causes severe hemorrhagic fever and has a mortality rate of 5-60%. the first outbreak of cchf occurred in the crimean peninsula in 1944-45 and it has recently emerged in the balkans and eastern mediterranean. in order to reconstruct the origin and pathway of the worldwide dispersion of the virus at global and regional (eastern european) level, we investigated the phylogeography of the infection by analysing 121 ...201324223988
evaluation of patients with crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever in bolu, turkey.crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf), which is associated with a high mortality rate in the black sea region of turkey, has received increasing attention.201324235918
enhanced arbovirus surveillance with deep sequencing: identification of novel rhabdoviruses and bunyaviruses in australian mosquitoes.viral metagenomics characterizes known and identifies unknown viruses based on sequence similarities to any previously sequenced viral genomes. a metagenomics approach was used to identify virus sequences in australian mosquitoes causing cytopathic effects in inoculated mammalian cell cultures. sequence comparisons revealed strains of liao ning virus (reovirus, seadornavirus), previously detected only in china, livestock-infecting stretch lagoon virus (reovirus, orbivirus), two novel dimarhabdov ...201324314645
the molecular biology of nairoviruses, an emerging group of tick-borne arboviruses.the nairoviruses are a rapidly emerging group of tick-borne bunyaviruses that includes pathogens of humans (crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus [cchfv]) and livestock (nairobi sheep disease virus [nsdv], also known as ganjam virus), as well as a large number of viruses for which the normal vertebrate host has not been established. studies on this group of viruses have been fairly limited, not least because cchfv is a bsl4 human pathogen, restricting the number of labs able to study the live vi ...201424327094
detection of igg antibody against crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus using elisa with recombinant nucleoprotein antigens from genetically diverse strains.crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv) has the propensity to cause nosocomial infections with a high fatality rate. handling the virus requires biosafety level-4 facilities, limiting accessibility for many laboratories. advances in molecular techniques have allowed preparation of safe recombinant antigens that have application in diagnosis and serosurveillance of cchfv. the aim of this study was to determine genetic diversity in cchfv based on all available complete sequence data for the ...201424330947
[genetic variants of the crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus circulating in endemic areas of the southern tajikistan in 2009].506 hyalomma anatolicum ticks were collected and assayed in two crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) endemic regions of tajikistan. antigen and rna of cchf virus were detected in 3.4% of tick pools from rudaki district using elisa and rt-pcr tests. as of tursunzade district, viral antigen was identified in 9.0% of samples and viral rna was identified in 8.1% of samples. the multiple alignment of the obtained nucleotide sequences of cchf virus genome s-segment 287-nt region (996-1282) and multi ...201324364143
molecular epidemiology of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus in kosovo.crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv) is a zoonotic agent that causes severe, life-threatening disease, with a case fatality rate of 10-50%. it is the most widespread tick-borne virus in the world, with cases reported in africa, asia and eastern europe. cchfv is a genetically diverse virus. its genetic diversity is often correlated to its geographical origin. genetic variability of cchfv was determined within few endemic areas, however limited data is available for kosovo. furthermore, t ...201424416468
crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus, greece.seroprevalence of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv) is high in some regions of greece, but only 1 case of disease has been reported. we used 4 methods to test 118 serum samples that were positive for cchfv igg by commercial elisa and confirmed the positive results. a nonpathogenic or low-pathogenicity strain may be circulating.024447877
comparison of the prevalence of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus in endemic and non-endemic bulgarian locations.the balkans is an endemic region for crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf), caused by the cchf virus (cchfv). several bulgarian regions comprised of smaller locations are categorized either as endemic or non-endemic for cchf. however, little is known about the dynamics that underlie the development of endemicity within the locations throughout the years.201324499848
hidden threat of tortoise ticks: high prevalence of crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus in ticks hyalomma aegyptium in the middle east.it is the first time that crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv), causing potentially lethal disease of humans, has been reported from the middle east region and from the tortoise tick hyalomma aegyptium from a tortoise host, whose epidemiological significance may have remained almost completely overlooked so far. we used rt-pcr to screen for 245 ticks collected from 38 testudo graeca tortoise individuals. results of our genetic screening provide unambiguous evidence of occurrence of cch ...201424618184
simultaneous detection of igg antibodies associated with viral hemorrhagic fever by a multiplexed luminex-based immunoassay.viral hemorrhagic fevers (vhfs) are worldwide diseases caused by several kinds of viruses. with the emergence of new viruses, advanced diagnostic methods are urgently needed for identification of vhfs. based on luminex xmap technology, a rapid, sensitive, multi-pathogen and high-throughput method which could simultaneously detect hemorrhagic fever viruses (hfvs) specific igg antibodies was developed. recombinant antigens of nine hfvs including hantaan virus (htnv), seoul virus (seov), puumala vi ...201424631566
the nairovirus nairobi sheep disease virus/ganjam virus induces the translocation of protein disulphide isomerase-like oxidoreductases from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface and the extracellular space.nairobi sheep disease virus (nsdv) of the genus nairovirus causes a haemorrhagic gastroenteritis in sheep and goats with mortality up to 90%; the virus is found in east and central africa, and in india, where the virus is called ganjam virus. nsdv is closely related to the human pathogen crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus, which also causes a haemorrhagic disease. as with other nairoviruses, replication of nsdv takes place in the cytoplasm and the new virus particles bud into the golgi appar ...201424714576
seroepidemiology of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus in one-humped camels (camelus dromedarius) population in northeast of iran. 201424717205
unique strain of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus, mali. 201424751353
next-generation sequencing of southern african crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus isolates reveals a high frequency of m segment reassortment.crimean congo haemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv) is a bunyavirus with a single-stranded rna genome consisting of three segments (s, m, l), coding for the nucleocapsid protein, envelope glycoproteins and rna polymerase, respectively. to date only five complete genome sequences are available from southern african isolates. complete genome sequences were generated for 10 southern african cchfv isolates using next-generation sequencing techniques. the maximum-likelihood method was used to generate tre ...201424786748
novel molecular beacon probe-based real-time rt-pcr assay for diagnosis of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever encountered in india.crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) is an emerging zoonotic disease in india and requires immediate detection of infection both for preventing further transmission and for controlling the infection. the present study describes development, optimization, and evaluation of a novel molecular beacon-based real-time rt-pcr assay for rapid, sensitive, and specific diagnosis of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv). the developed assay was found to be a better alternative to the reported taq ...201424877102
tick-borne viruses: a review from the perspective of therapeutic approaches.several important human diseases worldwide are caused by tick-borne viruses. these diseases have become important public health concerns in recent years. the tick-borne viruses that cause diseases in humans mainly belong to 3 families: bunyaviridae, flaviviridae, and reoviridae. in this review, we focus on therapeutic approaches for several of the more important tick-borne viruses from these 3 families. these viruses are crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cchf) and the newly discovered tick- ...201424907187
acute arthritis in crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever.crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever is a severe viral disease caused by a nairovirus. an atypical manifestation in the form of acute arthritis was found in a confirmed crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus kosova-hoti strain positive patient. acute arthritis in crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) may be as a result of immune mechanisms or the bleeding disorder underlying cchf.201424926169
crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever infections reported by promed.there are limited sources describing the global burden of emerging diseases. we reviewed the crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv) infections reported by promed and assessed the reliability of the data retrieved compared to published reports. we evaluated the effectiveness of promed as a source of epidemiological data by focusing on cchfv infections.201424947424
a novel ap92-like crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus strain, greece.ticks were collected from various regions of northern greece and tested for the presence of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv) rna. human and animal sera were collected in the regions where cchfv-positive ticks were detected, and they were tested for the presence of igg antibodies against the virus. a cchfv strain was detected in rhipicephalus bursa ticks collected from sheep in kastoria regional unit, differing by 9.7% at the nucleotide level from the ap92 strain, which was isolated ...201424953797
undiagnosed acute viral febrile illnesses, sierra leone.sierra leone in west africa is in a lassa fever-hyperendemic region that also includes guinea and liberia. each year, suspected lassa fever cases result in submission of ≈500-700 samples to the kenema government hospital lassa diagnostic laboratory in eastern sierra leone. generally only 30%-40% of samples tested are positive for lassa virus (lasv) antigen and/or lasv-specific igm; thus, 60%-70% of these patients have acute diseases of unknown origin. to investigate what other arthropod-borne an ...024959946
prevalence of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus antibodies in greek residents in the area where the ap92 strain was isolated.crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) is a viral disease with fatality rate up to 30%. up to date, only one cchf case has been reported in greece, while a distinct virus strain (ap92) had been isolated in 1975 from ticks in imathia prefecture, northern greece. the aim of the present study was to estimate the cchf virus (cchfv) seroprevalence among humans residing in the prefecture of imathia, and the neighboring prefecture of pella, and to investigate the risk factors associated with the seropo ...025031510
potential pathway for crimean congo haemorrhagic fever virus to enter the uk. 201425059964
role of migratory birds in spreading crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever, turkey.we investigated migratory birds' role in spreading crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv) through attached ticks. we detected cchfv rna in ticks on migratory birds in turkey. two isolates showed similarity with cchfv genotype 4, suggesting a role for ticks in cchfv epidemics in turkey and spread of cchfv by birds.025062428
sequential determination of serum viral titers, virus-specific igg antibodies, and tnf-α, il-6, il-10, and ifn-γ levels in patients with crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever.although there have been a number of studies on the pathogenesis of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) recently, knowledge on this topic is still insufficient. this study aims to reveal the kinetics of serum cchf virus (cchfv) titers, serum levels of anti-cchfv immunoglobulin (ig)g, tumor necrosis factor (tnf)-α, interleukin (il)-6, il-10, and interferon (ifn)-γ in cchf patients.201425066751
[taxonomy of previously unclassified tamdy virus (tamv) (bunyaviridae, nairovirus) isolated from the hyalomma asiaticum asiaticum schülce et schlottke, 1929 (ixodidae, hyalomminae) in the middle east and transcaucasia].complete genome sequencing of three tamdy (tamv) virus strains was carried out. the prototype strain tamv/leiv-1308uz was isolated for the very first time from the hyalomma asiaticum asiaticum schülce et schlottke, 1929 (ixodidae, hyalomminae) collected in the august 1971 from sheep in the arid area near namdybulak town (41 degrees 36' n, 64 degrees 39' e) in the tamdinsky district of the bukhara region (uzbekistan). tamv was revealed to be a prototype member of the new phylogenetic group within ...201625069280
development of a versatile and stable internal control system for rt-qpcr assays.rt-qpcr, an established method for the detection of rna viruses, requires internal rna controls for the correct interpretation of pcr results. robust and versatile rt-pcr controls can be achieved for example by packaging rna into a virus-derived protein shell. in this study a ms2-based internal control system was developed, that allows stable and universal packing of different rnas into non-infectious, non-lytic ms2-based viral like particles (vlps). two competitive internal controls for a hanta ...201425072380
non-fatal case of crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever imported into the united kingdom (ex bulgaria), june 2014.crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever (cchf) was diagnosed in a united kingdom traveller who returned from bulgaria in june 2014. the patient developed a moderately severe disease including fever, headaches and petechial rash. cchf was diagnosed following identification of cchf virus (cchfv) rna in a serum sample taken five days after symptom onset. sequence analysis of the cchfv genome showed that the virus clusters within the europe 1 clade, which includes viruses from eastern europe.201425108534
multiplex degenerate primer design for targeted whole genome amplification of many viral genomes.background. targeted enrichment improves coverage of highly mutable viruses at low concentration in complex samples. degenerate primers that anneal to conserved regions can facilitate amplification of divergent, low concentration variants, even when the strain present is unknown. results. a tool for designing multiplex sets of degenerate sequencing primers to tile overlapping amplicons across multiple whole genomes is described. the new script, run_tiled_primers, is part of the primux software. ...201425157264
identification of human linear b-cell epitope sites on the envelope glycoproteins of crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus.a peptide library was used to screen for regions containing potential linear b-cell epitope sites in the glycoproteins and nucleoprotein of crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv) in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). the library consisted of 156 peptides, spanning the nucleoprotein and mature gn and gc proteins in a 19-mer with 9-mer overlap format. using pooled serum samples from convalescent patients to screen the library, six peptides were identified as potential epitope si ...201525185583
serosurvey for zoonotic viral and bacterial pathogens among slaughtered livestock in egypt.zoonotic diseases are an important cause of human morbidity and mortality. animal populations at locations with high risk of transmission of zoonotic pathogens offer an opportunity to study viral and bacterial pathogens of veterinary and public health concern.201425198525
serosurvey of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus in domestic animals, gujarat, india, 2013.crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) is a tick-borne viral disease that causes a fatal hemorrhagic illness in humans. this disease is asymptomatic in animals. cchf was first confirmed in a nosocomial outbreak in 2011 in gujarat state. another notifiable outbreak occurred in july, 2013, in karyana village, amreli district, gujarat state. anti-cchf virus (cchfv) immunoglobulin g (igg) antibodies were detected in domestic animals from the adjoining villages of the affected area, indicating a cons ...201425229708
crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus entry into host cells occurs through the multivesicular body and requires escrt regulators.crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv) is a tick-borne bunyavirus causing outbreaks of severe disease in humans, with a fatality rate approaching 30%. there are no widely accepted therapeutics available to prevent or treat the disease. cchfv enters host cells through clathrin-mediated endocytosis and is subsequently transported to an acidified compartment where the fusion of virus envelope with cellular membranes takes place. to better understand the uptake pathway, we sought to identify ...201425233119
seroprevalence of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever in southeastern bulgaria.crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf), which is endemic in bulgaria, is caused by the crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv). the seroprevalence of cchfv in southeastern bulgaria was examined in this study. for this purpose, a total of 751 human blood samples were collected and examined by indirect immunofluorescence assay. in addition, a questionnaire was completed for every participant. anti-cchfv antibodies were detected in 3.20% (24/751) of the tested sera. none of the seropositive i ...201425241694
crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus clades v and vi (europe 1 and 2) in ticks in kosovo, 2012.despite being a small country, kosovo represents one of the few foci of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) in europe. the distribution of kosovar tick vectors and the evolution of cchf virus in ticks are both as yet unknown. a better description of the extent and the genetic diversity of cchfv in ticks from endemic settings is essential, in order to be controlled. we investigated the 2012 distribution of kosovar ticks alongside the prevalence and the phylogeography of tick-derived cchfv. hya ...201425255381
short report: diagnostic testing for hemorrhagic fevers in pakistan: 2007-2013.crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv) and dengue virus (denv) are endemic to pakistan. patients presenting with symptoms of fever, bleeding, and rash cannot be distinguished without appropriate testing. we report data on 354 samples tested for cchfv at the aga khan university hospital in pakistan between 2007 and 2013. all samples were tested for the presence of cchfv rna. some samples were also tested for denv rna, ns-1 antigen, and/or reactive immunoglobulin m antibodies. of 354 clinic ...201425311694
[genetic characterization of the sakhalin virus (sakv), paramushir virus (pmrv) (sakhalin group, nairovirus, bunyaviridae), and rukutama virus (rukv) (uukuniemi group, phlebovirus, bunyaviridae) isolated from the obligate parasites of the colonial sea-birds ticks ixodes (ceratixodes) uriae, white 1852 and i. signatus birulya, 1895 in the water area of sea of the okhotsk and bering sea].full-length genomes of the sakhalin virus (sakh) and paramushir virus (prmv) (sakhalin group, nairovirus, bunyaviridae) isolated from the ticks ixodes uriae white 1852 were sequenced using the next-generation sequencing (genbank id: kf801659, kf801656). sakv and prmv have 81% identity for the part of rna-dependent rna-polymerase (rdrp) on the nucleotide level and 98.5% on the amino acid level. full-length genome comparison shows that sakv have, in average, from 25% (n-protein, s-segment) to 50% ...201625335413
development and validation of serological assays for viral hemorrhagic fevers and determination of the prevalence of rift valley fever in borno state, nigeria.rift valley fever (rvf) is endemic to the tropical regions of eastern and southern africa. the seroprevalence of rvf was investigated among the human population in borno state, nigeria to determine the occurrence of the disease in the study area in comparison with that of lassa fever and crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever.201425344695
fine epitope mapping of the central immunodominant region of nucleoprotein from crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv).crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf), a severe viral disease known to have occurred in over 30 countries and distinct regions, is caused by the tick-borne cchf virus (cchfv). nucleocapsid protein (np), which is encoded by the s gene, is the primary antigen detectable in infected cells. the goal of the present study was to map the minimal motifs of b-cell epitopes (bces) on np. five precise bces (e1, 247fdeakk252; e2a, 254veal257; e2b, 258ngylnkh264; e3, 267evdka271; and e4, 274dsmitn279) ident ...201425365026
mapping of the interaction domains of the crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus nucleocapsid protein.crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv) is a member of the genus nairovirus of the family bunyaviridae, that can cause severe haemorrhagic fever in humans, with mortality rates above 30  %. cchfv is the most widespread of the tick-borne human viruses and it is endemic in areas of central asia, the middle east, africa and southern europe. its viral genome consists of three negative-sense rna segments. the large segment (l) encodes a viral rna-dependent rna polymerase (l protein), the small ...201525389186
prevalence of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus in healthy population, livestock and ticks in kosovo.crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) is an acute, tick borne disease often associated with hemorrhagic presentations and high case fatality rate. kosovo is a highly endemic area for cchf, with a significant case fatality rate. the aim of our study was to determine the prevalence of cchf in kosovo. we tested 1105 serum samples from healthy population in both endemic and non-endemic areas in the country. our results revealed a seroprevalence of 4.0% (range 0-9.3%) which is comparable to the sero ...201425393542
crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever: aid of abdominal ultrasonography in prediction of severity.crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) is a fatal viral infection that involves multiple organs, and endothelium. we described abdominal sonographic findings of the patients infected with the crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv) in relation to the severity of the disease. this is a prospective study performed among hospitalized patients infected with cchf between 2005 and 2011. a total of 210 hospitalized patients with confirmed cchf infection were included in the study. the mean age wa ...201425409273
a case of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever complicated with acute pancreatitis.crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) is a tick-borne disease characterized by nonspecific symptoms like fever, myalgia, severe headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. it can result in various complications during the course of the disease due to the diffuse endothelial injury involved in the pathogenesis of cchf.201425409276
detection panel for identification of twelve hemorrhagic viruses using real-time rt-pcr.viral hemorrhagic fevers are caused by viruses from four viral families and develop diseases with high fatality rates. however, no commercial diagnostic assay for these pathogens is available.201425412490
seroconversion for infectious pathogens among uk military personnel deployed to afghanistan, 2008-2011.military personnel are at high risk of contracting vector-borne and zoonotic infections, particularly during overseas deployments, when they may be exposed to endemic or emerging infections not prevalent in their native countries. we conducted seroprevalence testing of 467 uk military personnel deployed to helmand province, afghanistan, during 2008-2011 and found that up to 3.1% showed seroconversion for infection with rickettsia spp., coxiella burnetii, sandfly fever virus, or hantavirus; none ...025418685
a nairovirus isolated from african bats causes haemorrhagic gastroenteritis and severe hepatic disease in mice.bats can carry important zoonotic pathogens. here we use a combination of next-generation sequencing and classical virus isolation methods to identify novel nairoviruses from bats captured from a cave in zambia. this nairovirus infection is highly prevalent among giant leaf-nosed bats, hipposideros gigas (detected in samples from 16 individuals out of 38). whole-genome analysis of three viral isolates (11sb17, 11sb19 and 11sb23) reveals a typical bunyavirus tri-segmented genome. the strains form ...201425451856
crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever replication interplays with regulation mechanisms of apoptosis.pathogenesis of viral haemorrhagic fevers is associated with alteration of vascular barrier function and haemorrhage. to date, the specific mechanism behind this is unknown. programmed cell death and regulation of apoptosis in response to viral infection is an important factor for host or virus survival but this has not been well-studied in the case of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv). in this study, we demonstrated that cchfv infection suppresses cleavage of poly(adp-ribose) polyme ...201525481756
development and evaluation of a real-time rt-qpcr for detection of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus representing different genotypes.crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) is a zoonotic disease caused by a nairovirus belonging to family bunyaviridae. the cchf virus (cchfv) can be transmitted to humans by hyalomma ticks as well as by direct contact with infected body fluids or tissues from viremic livestock or humans. our aim was to set up a fast rt-qpcr for detection of the different cchfv genotypes in clinical samples, including an inactivation step to make the sample handling possible in lower biosafety levels (bsl) than bs ...201425514124
problem of ticks and tick-borne diseases in india with special emphasis on progress in tick control research: a review.ticks, as vectors of several zoonotic diseases, are ranked second only to mosquitoes as vectors. the diseases spread by ticks are a major constraint to animal productivity while causing morbidity and mortality in both animals and humans. a number of tick species have been recognised since long as vectors of lethal pathogens, viz. crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv), kyasanur forest disease virus (kfdv), babesia spp, theileria, rickettsia conorii, anaplasma marginale, etc. and the dama ...201425540956
inherent dynamics within the crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus protease are localized to the same region as substrate interactions.crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv) is one of several lethal viruses that encodes for a viral ovarian tumor domain (votu), which serves to cleave and remove ubiquitin (ub) and interferon stimulated gene product 15 (isg15) from numerous proteins involved in cellular signaling. such manipulation of the host cell machinery serves to downregulate the host response and, therefore, complete characterization of these proteases is important. while several structures of the cchfv votu protease ...201525564798
probable crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus transmission occurred after aerosol-generating medical procedures in russia: nosocomial cluster.we report here a fatal case of laboratory confirmed crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf), which caused nosocomial infection in eight health care workers (hcws), who had provided medical care for the patient. all the hcws survived. the report demonstrates that airborne transmission of cchf is a real risk, at least when the cchf patient is in a ventilator. during performance of any aerosol-generating medical procedures for any cchf patient airborne precautions should always be added to standard ...201525576827
identification of highly conserved regions in l-segment of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus and immunoinformatic prediction about potential novel vaccine.crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) is a tick-borne zoonotic viral disease with a disease fatality rate between 15% and 70%. despite the wide range of distribution, the virus (cchfv) is basically endemic in africa, asia, eastern europe, and the middle east. acute febrile illness associated with petechiae, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and multiple-organ failure are the main symptoms of the disease. with all these fatal effects, cchfv is considered a huge threat as no successful ther ...201525609983
mechanism of preferential packaging of negative sense genomic rna by viral nucleoproteins in crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus.the crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) is an infectious disease of high virulence and mortality caused by a negative sense rna nairovirus. the genomic rna of cchfv is enwrapped by its nucleoprotein. positively charged residues on cchfv nucleoprotein provide multiple binding sites to facilitate genomic rna encapsidation. in the present work, we investigated the mechanism underlying preferential packaging of the negative sense genomic rna by cchfv nucleoprotein in the presence of host cell rna ...201525632888
molecular and serological findings in suspected patients with crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus in iran.crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) is an arthropod-borne disease of humans associated with a severe clinical picture, including hemorrhagic syndrome and a high mortality rate. cchf virus is widely distributed throughout large areas of the world. to characterize the serological status in cchf patients, paired clinical samples were collected from suspected cchf patients and analyzed by microbiological and other laboratory analyses with the aim of: determining the presence of neutralizing antib ...201525649667
tick-borne pathogens of potential zoonotic importance in the southern african region.the aim of this communication is to provide preliminary information on the tick-borne pathogens of potential zoonotic importance present in southern africa, mainly focusing on their geographical distribution and host range, and to identify research gaps. the following tick-borne zoonoses have been reported to occur in southern africa based mainly on case reports: crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever caused by crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus; ehrlichiosis caused by ehrlichia ruminantium, ehrli ...201425685942
antagonistic antiviral activity between ifn-lambda and ifn-alpha against lethal crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus in vitro.crimean congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv) is the causative agent of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever, a severe disease with a mortality rate of around 30% in humans. previous studies demonstrate that pre-treatment with type i ifns have an antiviral effect against cchfv, while established cchfv infection is almost insensitive to subsequent ifn-α treatment. no data concerning type iii ifns antiviral activity against cchfv are available so far. the aim of the present study was to explore the cap ...201525693189
comparative analysis of the l, m, and s rna segments of crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus isolates from southern africa.crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv) is a member of the bunyaviridae family with a tripartite, negative sense rna genome. this study used predictive software to analyse the l (large), m (medium), and s (small) segments of 14 southern african cchfv isolates. the otu-like cysteine protease domain and the rdrp domain of the l segment are highly conserved among southern african cchfv isolates. the m segment encodes the structural glycoproteins, gn and gc, and the non-structural glycoprotei ...201525693737
seroepidemiology of selected arboviruses in febrile patients visiting selected health facilities in the lake/river basin areas of lake baringo, lake naivasha, and tana river, kenya.arboviruses cause emerging and re-emerging infections affecting humans and animals. they are spread primarily by blood-sucking insects such as mosquitoes, ticks, midges, and sandflies. changes in climate, ecology, demographic, land-use patterns, and increasing global travel have been linked to an upsurge in arboviral disease. outbreaks occur periodically followed by persistent low-level circulation.025700043
first report on the seroprevalence of the crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus, a tick-borne virus, in malaysia's orang asli population.the crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv), which is transmitted by the ticks of hyalomma spp. in general and h. marginatumin particular, can cause severe disease in humans, with mortality rates of 3-30%. other than from the bites of infected ticks, cchfv can also be transmitted through contact with patients with the acute phase of infection or contact with blood or tissues from viraemic livestock.  outbreaks of human cases of haemorrhagic manifestations have been documented since 1945 a ...201525720719
circulation of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus in the former yugoslav republic of macedonia revealed by screening of cattle sera using a novel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.there are only few assays available for the detection of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv)-specific antibodies in animals, and data about diagnostic sensitivity and specificity are incompletely documented for most of these tests. this is unfortunate since cchfv antibodies in animals can be used as indicator for virus circulation in a geographic area and therewith potential risk of human exposure. this paper therefore reports on a novel elisa for the detection of cchfv-specific antibo ...201525742017
first phylogenetic analysis of a crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus genome in naturally infected rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks (acari: ixodidae).crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever (cchf) is a potentially fatal systemic viral disease in many parts of the world, including iran. the nationwide incidence of human cchf in endemic areas was 870 confirmed cases with 126 deaths (case fatality rate, cfr = 17.6 %) in the decade leading to 2012. the detection of the cchf virus (cchfv) genome in tick vectors is of fundamental importance for identifying these ticks as potential reservoirs of cchfv infection. from may to october 2013, following detectio ...201525742932
immunization of knock-out α/β interferon receptor mice against high lethal dose of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus with a cell culture based vaccine.crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) is an acute tick-borne zoonotic disease. the disease has been reported in many countries of africa, asia, the middle east, and in eurasia. during the past decade, new foci of cchf have emerged in the balkan peninsula, southwest russia, the middle east, western china, india, africa, and turkey. cchf virus produces severe hemorrhagic manifestations in humans with fatality rates up to 30%. vaccine development efforts have been significantly hampered by a lack ...201525760444
rhipicephalus rossicus, a neglected tick at the margin of europe: a review of its distribution, ecology and medical importance.rhipicephalus rossicus (ixodida: ixodidae) is a three-host tick with a broad host spectrum that includes wild animals, pets, livestock and humans. despite its local abundance in certain areas, most of the available information on r. rossicus was published decades ago, mainly by former soviet authors. its distribution largely overlaps the eurasian steppe. however, its range may be more extensive than is currently known because this species may have been misidentified as rhipicephalus sanguineus, ...201525761411
hard ticks (ixodidae) and crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus in south west of iran.ticks are vectors of some important arthropod-borne diseases in both fields of veterinary and medicine, such as lyme, tularemia, rocky mountain spotted fever, and some types of encephalitis as well as crimean congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf). iran is known as one of the main foci of cchf in west of asia. this study was conducted in darrehshahr county because of the development of animal husbandry in this area to detect the fauna and viral infection of the hard ticks of livestock. a cross-sectional ...201525796025
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