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coronavirus disease 2019: coronaviruses and blood safety.with the outbreak of unknown pneumonia in wuhan, china, in december 2019, a new coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), aroused the attention of the entire world. the current outbreak of infections with sars-cov-2 is termed coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19). the world health organization declared covid-19 in china as a public health emergency of international concern. two other coronavirus infections-sars in 2002-2003 and middle east respiratory syndrome (mer ...202032107119
emergence of a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2: biology and therapeutic options.the new decade of the 21st century (2020) started with the emergence of a novel coronavirus known as sars-cov-2 that caused an epidemic of coronavirus disease (covid-19) in wuhan, china. it is the third highly pathogenic and transmissible coronavirus after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) emerged in humans. the source of origin, transmission to humans, and mechanisms associated with the pathogenicity of sars-cov- ...202032161092
a review of coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19).there is a new public health crises threatening the world with the emergence and spread of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-ncov) or the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). the virus originated in bats and was transmitted to humans through yet unknown intermediary animals in wuhan, hubei province, china in december 2019. there have been around 96,000 reported cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-2019) and 3300 reported deaths to date (05/03/2020). the disease is transmi ...202032166607
new insights on the antiviral effects of chloroquine against coronavirus: what to expect for covid-19?recently, a novel coronavirus (2019-ncov), officially known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), emerged in china. despite drastic containment measures, the spread of this virus is ongoing. sars-cov-2 is the aetiological agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) characterised by pulmonary infection in humans. the efforts of international health authorities have since focused on rapid diagnosis and isolation of patients as well as the search for therapies able to co ...202032171740
a tug-of-war between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and host antiviral defence: lessons from other pathogenic viruses.world health organization has declared the ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) a public health emergency of international concern. the virus was named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) by the international committee on taxonomy of viruses. human infection with sars-cov-2 leads to a wide range of clinical manifestations ranging from asymptomatic, mild, moderate to severe. the severe cases present with pneumonia, which can progress to acute respirator ...202032172672
can the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) affect the eyes? a review of coronaviruses and ocular implications in humans and animals.in december 2019, a novel coronavirus (cov) epidemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus - 2 (sars-cov-2) emerged from china. this virus causes the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19). since then, there have been anecdotal reports of ocular infection. the ocular implications of human cov infections have not been widely studied. however, covs have been known to cause various ocular infections in animals. clinical entities such as conjunctivitis, anterior uveitis, retiniti ...202032175797
from sars to covid-19: a previously unknown sars- related coronavirus (sars-cov-2) of pandemic potential infecting humans - call for a one health approach.human coronaviruses continue to pose a threat to human health. the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) in december 2019 which causes coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19), an acute respiratory disease marked the third introduction of a highly pathogenic coronavirus into the human population in the twenty-first century. this recent emergence of a previously unknown coronavirus in china leads to huge impacts on humans globally. covid-19 is a challenge to global ...202032195311
hypothesis for potential pathogenesis of sars-cov-2 infection-a review of immune changes in patients with viral pneumonia.coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) with droplets and contact as the main means of transmission. since the first case appeared in wuhan, china, in december 2019, the outbreak has gradually spread nationwide. up to now, according to official data released by the chinese health commission, the number of newly diagnosed patients has been declining, and the epidemic is gradually being controlled. although ...202032196410
renin-angiotensin system blockers and the covid-19 pandemic: at present there is no evidence to abandon renin-angiotensin system blockers.during the spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, some reports of data still emerging and in need of full analysis indicate that certain groups of patients are at risk of covid-19. this includes patients with hypertension, heart disease, diabetes mellitus, and clearly the elderly. many of those patients are treated with renin-angiotensin system blockers. because the ace2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) protein is the receptor that facilitates coronavirus entry into cell ...202032208987
are patients with inflammatory bowel disease at increased risk for covid-19 infection?crohn's disease [cd] and ulcerative colitis [uc], the main inflammatory bowel diseases [ibd] in humans, are chronic, immune-inflammatory diseases, the pathogenesis of which suggests a complex interaction between environmental factors and genetic susceptibility. these disabling conditions affect millions of individuals and, together with the drugs used to treat them, can put patients at risk of developing complications and other conditions. this is particularly relevant today, as coronavirus dise ...202032215548
preparedness and lessons learned from the novel coronavirus disease.in a short span, a novel coronavirus (sars-cov-2) has captured global consciousness by significantly affecting the day-to-day life of humans and emerged as a public health emergency. undoubtedly, it indicates that lessons learnt from the past epidemics of coronaviruses such as the middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), had not enough and thus left us ill-prepared to deal with the challenges that covid-19 pandemic is currently posing. currently, as a ...202032218558
organ-protective effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and its effect on the prognosis of covid-19.this article reviews the correlation between angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) and severe risk factors for coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) and the possible mechanisms. ace2 is a crucial component of the renin-angiotensin system (ras). the classical ras ace-ang ii-at1r regulatory axis and the ace2-ang 1-7-masr counter-regulatory axis play an essential role in maintaining homeostasis in humans. ace2 is widely distributed in the heart, kidneys, lungs, and testes. ace2 antagonizes the activ ...202032221983
sars-cov-2 spike protein favors ace2 from bovidae and cricetidae.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) causes the recent covid-19 public health crisis. bat is the widely believed original host of sars-cov-2. however, its intermediate host before transmitting to humans is not clear. some studies proposed pangolin, snake, or turtle as the intermediate hosts. angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) is the receptor for sars-cov-2, which determines the potential host range for sars-cov-2. on the basis of structural information of the complex ...202032239522
sars-cov-2 outbreak: how can pharmacists help?coronaviruses (covs) are a large family of viruses that cause disorders ranging from a mild cold to severe disease. some of the covs are zoonotic, meaning they can be transmitted from animals to humans. in december 2019, the world awoke to a new zoonotic strain of cov that was named sars-cov-2 (standing for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), which has been classified as a high-consequence infectious disease. in addition, serious complications related to covid-19 have been reported ...202032241695
covid-19 infection: origin, transmission, and characteristics of human coronaviruses.the coronavirus disease 19 (covid-19) is a highly transmittable and pathogenic viral infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), which emerged in wuhan, china and spread around the world. genomic analysis revealed that sars-cov-2 is phylogenetically related to severe acute respiratory syndrome-like (sars-like) bat viruses, therefore bats could be the possible primary reservoir. the intermediate source of origin and transfer to humans is not known, however, t ...202032257431
susceptibility of ferrets, cats, dogs, and other domesticated animals to sars-coronavirus 2.severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) causes the infectious disease covid-19 (coronavirus disease 2019), which was first reported in wuhan, china, in december 2019. despite extensive efforts to control the disease, covid-19 has now spread to more than 100 countries and caused a global pandemic. sars-cov-2 is thought to have originated in bats; however, the intermediate animal sources of the virus are unknown. in this study, we investigated the susceptibility of ferrets and ...202032269068
coronavirus disease 19 (covid-19): implications for clinical dental care.the recent spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) and its associated coronavirus disease has gripped the entire international community and caused widespread public health concerns. despite global efforts to contain the disease spread, the outbreak is still on a rise because of the community spread pattern of this infection. this is a zoonotic infection, similar to other coronavirus infections, that is believed to have originated in bats and pangolins and later tr ...202032273156
evaluate severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infectivity by pseudoviral particles.since the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) infection in humans in late 2019, it has rapidly spread worldwide. to identify the biological characteristics of sars-cov-2 in a normal laboratory environment (biosafety level 2 [bsl-2]), a lentiviral-based nucleocapsid was used to carry the spike protein of sars-cov-2 onto the surface of pseudoviral particles as a surrogate model to evaluate the infective characterization of sars-cov-2. this study indicated that ...202032275081
coronavirus: update related to the current outbreak of covid-19.in december 2019, some cases of viral pneumonia were epidemiologically related to a new coronavirus in the province of hubei, china. subsequently, there has been an increase in infections attributable to this virus throughout china and worldwide. the world health organization (who) has officially named the infection coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), and the virus has been classified as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). this appears to be a virus from rhinolophus ba ...202032292686
emergence of deadly severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 during 2019-2020.wuhan, the city in hubei province in china is in the focus of global community due to the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2), formerly known as 2019-ncov. the virus emerged in humans from wuhan seafood market probably via zoonotic transmission. within a few days the virus spread its tentacles rapidly to neighboring cities in china and to different geographical regions through travelers and to some extent by human ...202032292802
coronaviruses and sars-cov-2coronaviruses (covs) cause a broad spectrum of diseases in domestic and wild animals, poultry, and rodents, ranging from mild to severe enteric, respiratory, and systemic disease, and also cause the common cold or pneumonia in humans. seven coronavirus species are known to cause human infection, 4 of which, hcov 229e, hcov nl63, hcov hku1 and hcov oc43, typically cause cold symptoms in immunocompetent individuals. the others namely sars-cov (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus), mers-c ...202032293832
[replication and transmission mechanisms of highly pathogenic human coronaviruses].the three known human highly pathogenic coronaviruses are severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus, (mers-cov), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). human highly pathogenic coronaviruses are composed of non-structural proteins, structural proteins and accessory proteins. viral particles recognize host receptors via spike glycoprotein (s protein), enter host cells by membrane fusion, replicate in host cells ...202032298055
physiological and pathological regulation of ace2, the sars-cov-2 receptor.the renin-angiotensin system (ras) is crucial for the physiology and pathology of all the organs. angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) maintains the homeostasis of ras as a negative regulator. recently, ace2 was identified as the receptor of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), the coronavirus that is causing the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19). since sars-cov-2 must bind with ace2 before entering the host cells in humans, the distribution and expressio ...202032302706
inactivation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in plasma and platelet products using a riboflavin and ultraviolet light-based photochemical treatment.severe acute respiratory distress syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), is a member of the coronavirus family. coronavirus infections in humans are typically associated with respiratory illnesses; however, viral rna has been isolated in serum from infected patients. coronaviruses have been identified as a potential low-risk threat to blood safety. the mirasol pathogen reduction technology (prt) system utilizes riboflavin and ultraviolet ...202032311760
understanding evolution of sars-cov-2: a perspective from analysis of genetic diversity of rdrp gene.coronavirus disease 2019 emerged as the first example of "disease x", a hypothetical disease of humans caused by an unknown infectious agent that was named as novel coronavirus and subsequently designated as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). the origin of the outbreak at the animal market in wuhan, china implies it as a case of zoonotic spillover. the study was designed to understand evolution of betacoronaviruses and in particular diversification of sars-cov-2 using ...202032314811
novel coronavirus: current understanding of clinical features, diagnosis, pathogenesis, and treatment options.since december 2019, coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) has resulted in devastating consequences worldwide and infected more than 350,000 individuals and killed more than 16,000 people. sars-cov-2 is the seventh member of the coronavirus family to affect humans. symptoms of covid-19 include fever (88%), cough (68%), vomiting (5%) and diarrhoea (3.7%), and transmission of sars-cov-2 is thought to occur from human to human via ...202032316618
recent progress and challenges in drug development against covid-19 coronavirus (sars-cov-2) - an update on the status.coronaviruses are a large group of viruses known to cause illnesses that vary between the common cold and more severe diseases to include severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) and middle east respiratory syndrome (mers). a novel coronavirus was identified in december 2019 in wuhan city, hubei province, china. this virus represents a new strain that has not been previously identified in humans. the virus is now known as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) and the r ...202032320825
an alternative approach to minimize the risk of coronavirus (covid-19) and similar infections.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is a new strain that was discovered in 2019 and has not been previously identified in humans. on december 31st 2019 world health organization (who) was informed of a cluster of cases with pneumonia of unknown origin from wuhan city, hubei province of china. the who announced in february 2020 that covid-19 is the official name of the coronavirus diseases. a total of 519,899 confirmed cases with 23,592 deaths linked to this pathogen as o ...202032329879
precaution and prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 infection in the eye.although current studies suggested that conjunctivitis is not a common presentation of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), several studies have reported the presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) in ocular secretions. coronavirus had not yet been successfully cultured from tears or conjunctival swabs in humans, neither sars-cov-2 nor sars-cov. however, live feline coronavirus has been isolated from conjunctival swabs. in addition, infection of covid-19 through ...202032332516
the genetic sequence, origin, and diagnosis of sars-cov-2.coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), is a new infectious disease that first emerged in hubei province, china, in december 2019, which was found to be associated with a large seafood and animal market in wuhan. airway epithelial cells from infected patients were used to isolate a novel coronavirus, named the sars-cov-2, on january 12, 2020, which is the seventh member of the coronavirus family to infect humans. phylogenetic a ...202032333222
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2): an update.coronaviruses (covs) belong to the family of coronaviridae, the order nidovirales, and the genus coronavirus. they are the largest group of viruses causing respiratory and gastrointestinal infections. morphologically, covs are enveloped viruses containing a non-segmented positive-sense, single-stranded ribonucleic acid (rna) viruses. covs are categorized into four important genera that include alphacoronavirus, betacoronavirus, gammacoronavirus, and deltacoronavirus. a novel member of human cov ...202032337143
shedding light on the effect of natural anti-herpesvirus alkaloids on sars-cov-2: a treatment option for covid-19.the whole world is currently facing an unseen enemy, called coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), which is causing a global pandemic. this disease is caused by a novel single-stranded enveloped rna virus, known as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2). although huge efforts are being made to produce effective therapies to combat this disease, it continues to be one of the greatest challenges in medicine. there is no doubt that herpesviruses are one of the most important ...202032340120
the covid-19 pandemic: a comprehensive review of taxonomy, genetics, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control.a pneumonia outbreak with unknown etiology was reported in wuhan, hubei province, china, in december 2019, associated with the huanan seafood wholesale market. the causative agent of the outbreak was identified by the who as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2), producing the disease named coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19). the virus is closely related (96.3%) to bat coronavirus ratg13, based on phylogenetic analysis. human-to-human transmission has been confirmed e ...202032344679
perspectives for the use of therapeutic botulinum toxin as a multifaceted candidate drug to attenuate covid-19.the recent outbreak of coronavirus disease (covid-19) resulting from a distinctive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) continues to evolve in many countries and pose life-threatening clinical issues to global public health. while the lungs are the primary target for the sars-cov-2-mediated pathological consequence, the virus appears to invade the brain and cause unpredicted neurological deficits. in the later stage, covid-19 can progress to pneumonia, acute respiratory f ...202032352081
is sars-cov-2 also an enteric pathogen with potential fecal-oral transmission? a covid-19 virological and clinical review.in as few as 3 months, coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) has spread and ravaged the world at an unprecedented speed in modern history, rivaling the 1918 flu pandemic. severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, the culprit virus, is highly contagious and stable in the environment and transmits predominantly among humans via the respiratory route. accumulating evidence suggest that this virus, like many of its related viruses, may also be an enteric virus that can spread via the fecal-oral ...202032353371
covid-19 outbreak in italy: experimental chest x-ray scoring system for quantifying and monitoring disease progression.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is a new virus recently isolated from humans. sars-cov-2 was discovered to be the pathogen responsible for a cluster of pneumonia cases associated with severe respiratory disease that occurred in december 2019 in china. this novel pulmonary infection, formally called coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), has spread rapidly in china and beyond. on 8 march 2020, the number of italians with sars-cov-2 infection was 7375 with a 48% hospital ...202032358689
development of an inactivated vaccine candidate for sars-cov-2.the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) has resulted in an unprecedented public health crisis. because of the novelty of the virus, there are currently no sars-cov-2-specific treatments or vaccines available. therefore, rapid development of effective vaccines against sars-cov-2 are urgently needed. here, we developed a pilot-scale production of picovacc, a purified inactivated sars-cov-2 virus vaccine candidate, whic ...202032376603
molecular detection of sars-cov-2 in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), the cause of human coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), emerged in wuhan, china, in december 2019. the virus rapidly spread globally, resulting in a public health crisis including almost 5 million cases and 323,256 deaths as of may 21, 2020. here, we describe the identification and evaluation of commercially available reagents and assays for the molecular detection of sars-cov-2 in infected ffpe cell pellets. we identified a suitable ...202032379723
epidemiological, clinical, and virological characteristics of 465 hospitalized cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) from zhejiang province in china.the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) and the associated coronavirus disease (covid-19) have spread throughout china. previous studies predominantly focused on its place of origin, wuhan, causing over estimation of the disease severity due to selection bias. we analyzed 465 confirmed cases in zhejiang province to determine the epidemiological, clinical, and virological characteristics of covid-19.202032397011
development of remdesivir repositioning as a nucleotide analog against covid-19 rna dependent rna polymerase.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is the causative representative of a severe respiratory illness resulted in widespread human infections and deaths in nearly all of the countries since late 2019. there is no therapeutic fda-approved drug against sars-cov-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. a broad-spectrum of antiviral agents are being currently evaluated in clinical trials, and in this review, we spec ...202032397906
novel human coronavirus (sars-cov-2): a lesson from animal coronaviruses.the recent pandemic caused by the novel human coronavirus, referrred to as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), not only is having a great impact on the health care systems and economies in all continents but it is also causing radical changes of common habits and life styles. the novel coronavirus (cov) recognises, with high probability, a zoonotic origin but the role of animals in the sars-cov-2 epidemiology is still largely unknown. however, covs have been known in an ...202032402329
infection of bat and human intestinal organoids by sars-cov-2.a novel coronavirus-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2)-emerged in humans in wuhan, china, in december 2019 and has since disseminated globally1,2. as of april 16, 2020, the confirmed case count of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) had surpassed 2 million. based on full-genome sequence analysis, sars-cov-2 shows high homology to sars-related coronaviruses identified in horseshoe bats1,2. here we show the establishment and characterization of expandable intestinal organ ...202032405028
the ocular surface, coronaviruses and covid-19.the ocular surface has been suggested as a site of infection with coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) responsible for the coronavirus disease-19 (covid-19). this review examines the evidence for this hypothesis, and its implications for clinical practice. severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2), responsible for the covid-19 pandemic, is transmitted by person-to-person contact, via airborne droplets, or through contact with contaminated surfaces. sars-cov-2 binds to angiotensin conver ...202032406140
genomic epidemiology, evolution, and transmission dynamics of porcine deltacoronavirus.the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) has shown once again that coronavirus (cov) in animals are potential sources for epidemics in humans. porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is an emerging enteropathogen of swine with a worldwide distribution. here, we implemented and described an approach to analyze the epidemiology of pdcov following its emergence in the pig population. we performed an integrated analysis of full genome sequence data from 21 newly sequenc ...202032407507
proteomics of sars-cov-2-infected host cells reveals therapy targets.a new coronavirus was recently discovered and named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). infection with sars-cov-2 in humans causes coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) and has been rapidly spreading around the globe1,2. sars-cov-2 shows some similarities to other coronaviruses; however, treatment options and an understanding of how sars-cov-2 infects cells are lacking. here we identify the host cell pathways that are modulated by sars-cov-2 and show that inhibition of th ...202032408336
infection of dogs with sars-cov-2.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) was first detected in wuhan in december 2019 and caused coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19)1,2. in 2003, the closely related sars-cov had been detected in domestic cats and a dog3. however, little is known about the susceptibility of domestic pet mammals to sars-cov-2. here, using pcr with reverse transcription, serology, sequencing the viral genome and virus isolation, we show that 2 out of 15 dogs from households with confirmed human ...202032408337
pathogenesis and transmission of sars-cov-2 in golden hamsters.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), a novel coronavirus with high nucleotide identity to sars-cov and to sars-related coronaviruses that have been detected in horseshoe bats, has spread across the world and had a global effect on healthcare systems and economies1,2. a suitable small animal model is needed to support the development of vaccines and therapies. here we report the pathogenesis and transmissibility of sars-cov-2 in golden (syrian) hamsters (mesocricetus aura ...202032408338
expressions and significances of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 gene, the receptor of sars-cov-2 for covid-19.the ace2 gene is a receptor of sars-cov-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) for covid-19 (coronavirus disease 2019). to analyze the expression profiles and clinical significances for this gene in humans, rna-seq data representing 27 different tissues were analyzed using ncbi; total rna was extracted from different tissues of mouse and semi-quantitative reverse transcriptional-polymerase chain reaction (q-rt-pcr) was carried out. immunohistochemistry expression profiles in normal ...202032410141
ace2 receptor polymorphism: susceptibility to sars-cov-2, hypertension, multi-organ failure, and covid-19 disease outcome.the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), has emerged in chinese people in december 2019 and has currently spread worldwide causing the covid-19 pandemic with more than 150,000 deaths. in order for a sars-cov like virus circulating in wild life for a very long time to infect the index case-patient, a number of conditions must be met, foremost among which is the encounter with humans and the presence in homo sapiens of a cellular receptor allowing the virus to bind. recent ...202032414646
commentary: could iron chelators prove to be useful as an adjunct to covid-19 treatment regimens?the pandemic of covid-19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) poses a significant threat to global health. currently, no specific prophylactic and therapeutic treatment is available. no evidence from randomized clinical trials (rcts) that a treatment may ameliorate the clinical outcome of patients with covid-19 exists with the only exception of preliminary evidence from remdesivir trials. here, we present evidence from the literature and a compelling hypothesis ...202032418885
characterization and noncovalent inhibition of the deubiquitinase and deisgylase activity of sars-cov-2 papain-like protease.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), the causative agent for covid-19, is a novel human betacoronavirus that is rapidly spreading worldwide. the outbreak currently includes over 3.7 million cases and 260,000 fatalities. as a betacoronavirus, sars-cov-2 encodes for a papain-like protease (plpro) that is likely responsible for cleavage of the coronavirus (cov) viral polypeptide. the plpro is also responsible for suppression of host innate immune responses by virtue of its ...202032428392
replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in human respiratory epithelium.currently, there are four seasonal coronaviruses associated with relatively mild respiratory tract disease in humans. however, there is also a plethora of animal coronaviruses which have the potential to cross the species border. this regularly results in the emergence of new viruses in humans. in 2002, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) emerged and rapidly disappeared in may 2003. in 2012, middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) was identified as a possible ...202032434888
dna vaccine protection against sars-cov-2 in rhesus macaques.the global coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) has made the development of a vaccine a top biomedical priority. in this study, we developed a series of dna vaccine candidates expressing different forms of the sars-cov-2 spike (s) protein and evaluated them in 35 rhesus macaques. vaccinated animals developed humoral and cellular immune responses, including neutralizing antibody titers at levels comparable to those fou ...202032434945
prioritization of anti-sars-cov-2 drug repurposing opportunities based on plasma and target site concentrations derived from their established human pharmacokinetics.there is a rapidly expanding literature on the in vitro antiviral activity of drugs that may be repurposed for therapy or chemoprophylaxis against severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). however, this has not been accompanied by a comprehensive evaluation of the target plasma and lung concentrations of these drugs following approved dosing in humans. accordingly, concentration 90% (ec90 ) values recalculated from in vitro anti-sars-cov-2 activity data was expressed as a rat ...202032438446
antiviral efficacies of fda-approved drugs against sars-cov-2 infection in ferrets.due to the urgent need of a therapeutic treatment for coronavirus (cov) disease 2019 (covid-19) patients, a number of fda-approved/repurposed drugs have been suggested as antiviral candidates at clinics, without sufficient information. furthermore, there have been extensive debates over antiviral candidates for their effectiveness and safety against severe acute respiratory syndrome cov 2 (sars-cov-2), suggesting that rapid preclinical animal studies are required to identify potential antiviral ...202032444382
presenting characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes of patients coinfected with covid-19 and mycoplasma pneumoniae in the usa.coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is spreading at a rapid pace, and the world health organization declared it as pandemic on 11 march 2020. mycoplasma pneumoniae is an "atypical" bacterial pathogen commonly known to cause respiratory illness in humans. the coinfection from sars-cov-2 and mycoplasma pneumonia is rarely reported in the literature to the best of our knowledge. we present a study in which 6 of 350 patients conf ...202032449972
in vitro activity of lopinavir/ritonavir and hydroxychloroquine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 at concentrations achievable by usual doses.as the coronavirus disease-2019 global pandemic progresses, screening of antiviral agents effective against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is urgently needed. in addition, considering the viral load kinetics of sars-cov-2, which peaks early in the illness, and the massive burden of the disease, which may increase in the near future, identifying well-tolerated oral antivirals becomes increasingly important. we examined the in vitro activity of lopinavir/ritonavir and ...202032460458
first successful treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 induced refractory cardiogenic plus vasoplegic shock by combination of percutaneous ventricular assist device and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a case report.the novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is infecting hundreds of thousands of humans around the globe. the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) is known to generate mild as well as critical courses. complications on the intensive care units include acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute cardiac, and kidney injury as well as shock. here, we present the first case report of a successful treatment of a covid-19 patient presenting with adult respiratory distress synd ...202032472827
wastewater surveillance for population-wide covid-19: the present and future.the covid-19 pandemic (coronavirus disease 2019) continues to expose countless unanticipated problems at all levels of the world's complex, interconnected society - global domino effects involving public health and safety, accessible health care, food security, stability of economies and financial institutions, and even the viability of democracies. these problems pose immense challenges that can voraciously consume human and capital resources. tracking the initiation, spread, and changing trend ...202032474280
covid-19 and veterinarians for one health, zoonotic- and reverse-zoonotic transmissions.a novel coronavirus emerged in human populations and spread rapidly to cause the global coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. although the origin of the associated virus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [sars-cov-2]) remains unclear, genetic evidence suggests that bats are a reservoir host of the virus, and pangolins are a probable intermediate. sars-cov-2 has crossed the species barrier to infect humans and other animal species, and infected humans can facilitate reverse-zoonotic t ...202032476324
implications of covid-19 outbreak on immune therapies in multiple sclerosis patients-lessons learned from sars and mers.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) pandemic keeps the world in suspense. in addition to the fundamental challenges for the health care system, the individual departments must decide how to deal with patients at risk. neurologists are confronted with the question, how they should advise their patients regarding immunosuppressive treatment. in particular, the large number of different disease-modifying therapies (dmts) in the treatment of neuroimmunological diseases such ...202032477373
a recombinant lactobacillus plantarum strain expressing the spike protein of sars-cov-2.coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), has become a global pandemic in the past four months and causes respiratory disease in humans of almost all ages. although several drugs have been announced to be partially effective treatments for this disease, no approved vaccine is available. here, we described the construction of a recombinant lactobacillus plantarum strain expressing the sars-cov-2 spike protein. the results ...202032485251
statistical explorations and univariate timeseries analysis on covid-19 datasets to understand the trend of disease spreading and death."severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2)", the novel coronavirus, is responsible for the ongoing worldwide pandemic. "world health organization (who)" assigned an "international classification of diseases (icd)" code-"covid-19"-as the name of the new disease. coronaviruses are generally transferred by people and many diverse species of animals, including birds and mammals such as cattle, camels, cats, and bats. infrequently, the coronavirus can be transferred from animals to ...202032486055
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2): a review.in recent years, the prevalence and spread of coronavirus has had a huge impact on global public health. due to the incomplete understanding of the pathogenic mechanism of the virus, it is difficult for humans to fight against the virus quickly and effectively once the outbreak occurs. in early 2020, a novel coronavirus was discovered in wuhan, china. soon after, similar cases were found in other countries around the world, and the number of infected people increased rapidly. so far, the global ...202032487159
increasing host cellular receptor-angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 expression by coronavirus may facilitate 2019-ncov (or sars-cov-2) infection.the ongoing outbreak of a new coronavirus (2019-ncov, or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [sars-cov-2]) has caused an epidemic of the acute respiratory syndrome known as coronavirus disease (covid-19) in humans. sars-cov-2 rapidly spread to multiple regions of china and multiple other countries, posing a serious threat to public health. the spike (s) proteins of sars-cov-1 and sars-cov-2 may use the same host cellular receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2), for entering ...202032497323
covid-19: a review.the enduring epidemic outbreak which started in wuhan city of china, in december 2019 caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus (covid- 19) or the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), has created a dangerous and deadly public health disaster of international apprehension, with cases confirmed in several countries. this novel community health trouble is frightening the universe with clinical, psychological, emotional, collapse of health system and economical slowdown in each a ...202032498503
covid-19 pandemic and troponin: indirect myocardial injury, myocardial inflammation or myocarditis?the initial mechanism for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) infection is the binding of the virus to the membrane-bound form of ace2, which is mainly expressed in the lung. since the heart and the vessels also express ace2, they both could become targets of the virus. however, at present the extent and importance of this potential involvement are unknown. cardiac troponin levels are significantly higher in patients with more severe infections, patients admitted to inte ...202032499236
sars-cov-2 orf1b gene sequence in the ntng1 gene on human chromosome 1.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is a positive-sense single-stranded rna virus. it is contagious in humans and is the cause of the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic. in the current analysis, we searched for sars-cov-2 sequences within the human genome. to compare the sars-cov-2 genome to the human genome, we used the blast-like alignment tool (blat) of the university of california, santa cruz genome browser. blat can align a user sequence of 25 bases or mor ...202032503821
molecular detection of sars-cov-2 in formalin fixed paraffin embedded specimens.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), the cause of human coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), emerged in wuhan, china in december 2019. the virus rapidly spread globally, resulting in a public-health crisis including more than one million cases and tens of thousands of deaths. here, we describe the identification and evaluation of commercially available reagents and assays for the molecular detection of sars-cov-2 in infected formalin fixed paraffin embedded (ffpe) cell p ...202032511350
symptomatic sars-cov-2 infections display specific igg fc structures.the ongoing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) pandemic has caused a public health crisis that is exacerbated by our poor understanding of correlates of immunity. sars-cov-2 infection can cause coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), with a spectrum of symptoms ranging from asymptomatic carriage to life threatening pneumonia and cytokine dysregulation [1-3]. although antibodies have been shown in a variety of in vitro assays to promote coronavirus infections through mechan ...202032511463
the landscape of host genetic factors involved in infection to common viruses and sars-cov-2.humans and viruses have co-evolved for millennia resulting in a complex host genetic architecture. understanding the genetic mechanisms of immune response to viral infection provides insight into disease etiology and informs public health interventions.202032511533
covid-19: drug targets and potential treatments.currently, humans are immersed in a pandemic caused by the emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), which threatens public health worldwide. to date, no drug or vaccine has been approved to treat the severe disease caused by this coronavirus, covid-19. in this paper, we will focus on the main virus-based and host-based targets that can guide efforts in medicinal chemistry to discover new drugs for this devastating disease. in principle, all cov enzymes and proteins ...202032511912
the prediction of mirnas in sars-cov-2 genomes: hsa-mir databases identify 7 key mirs linked to host responses and virus pathogenicity-related kegg pathways significant for comorbidities.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) is a member of the betacoronavirus family, which causes covid-19 disease. sars-cov-2 pathogenicity in humans leads to increased mortality rates due to alterations of significant pathways, including some resulting in exacerbated inflammatory responses linked to the "cytokine storm" and extensive lung pathology, as well as being linked to a number of comorbidities. our current study compared five sars-cov-2 sequences from different geogr ...202032512929
genomic determinants of pathogenicity in sars-cov-2 and other human coronaviruses.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) poses an immediate, major threat to public health across the globe. here we report an in-depth molecular analysis to reconstruct the evolutionary origins of the enhanced pathogenicity of sars-cov-2 and other coronaviruses that are severe human pathogens. using integrated comparative genomics and machine learning techniques, we identify key genomic features that differentiate sars-cov-2 and the viruses behind the two previous deadly cor ...202032522874
potential for elimination of sar-cov-2 through vaccination as inspired by elimination of multiple influenza viruses through natural pandemics or mass vaccination.the ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) caused by the novel virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) has claimed many lives worldwide. to combat the pandemic, multiple types of vaccines are under development with unprecedented rapidity. theoretically, future vaccination against covid-19 may fall into long-term costly guerrilla warfare between sars-cov-2 and humans. elimination of sars-cov-2 through vaccination to avoid the potential long-term costly ...202032525587
sars-cov-2 infection of the nervous system: a review of the literature on neurological involvement in novel coronavirus disease-(covid-19).the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), which is believed to have emerged from an animal source and has been spreading rapidly among humans. recent evidence shows that sars-cov-2 exhibits neurotropic properties and causes neurological diseases. here, we review the literature on neurological involvement in sars-cov-2 infections and the possible mechanisms of invasion of the nervous system by this virus, to provid ...202032530389
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2): a global pandemic and treatment strategies.the emergence and rapid spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2), a potentially fatal disease, is swiftly leading to public health crises worldwide. the origin of sars-cov-2 infection was first reported in people exposed to a seafood market in wuhan city, china in december 2019. it has been suggested that the infection is likely to be of zoonotic origin and transmitted to humans through a not-yet-known intermediary. as ...202032534188
il-15 immunotherapy is a viable strategy for covid-19.coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) is a pulmonary inflammatory disease induced by a newly recognized coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). sars-cov-2 infection was detected for the first time in the city of wuhan in china and spread all over the world at the beginning of 2020. several millions of people have been infected with sars-cov-2, and almost 382,867 human deaths worldwide have been reported so far. notably, there has been no specific, clinically appr ...202032536564
recreational waters - a potential transmission route for sars-cov-2 to humans?coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), the respiratory illness caused by the novel virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), which has lead to high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide, has been causing major public health concerns since first detected in late 2019. following identification of novel pathogens, questions in relation to dissemination of the pathogen and transmission routes begin to emerge. this rapidly spreading sars-cov-2 virus has been detected in bot ...202032540743
studies in humanized mice and convalescent humans yield a sars-cov-2 antibody cocktail.neutralizing antibodies have become an important tool in treating infectious diseases. recently, two separate approaches yielded successful antibody treatments for ebola-one from genetically humanized mice and the other from a human survivor. here, we describe parallel efforts using both humanized mice and convalescent patients to generate antibodies against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) spike protein, which yielded a large collection of fully human antibodies ...202032540901
evolutionary relationships and sequence-structure determinants in human sars coronavirus-2 spike proteins for host receptor recognition.coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) is a pandemic infectious disease caused by novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars cov-2). the sars cov-2 is transmitted more rapidly and readily than sars cov. both, sars cov and sars cov-2 via their glycosylated spike proteins recognize the human angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ace-2) receptor. we generated multiple sequence alignments and phylogenetic trees for representative spike proteins of sars cov and sars cov-2 from various host s ...202032543705
covid-19 and crosstalk with the hallmarks of aging.within the past several decades, the emergence of new viral diseases with severe health complications and mortality is evidence of an age-dependent, compromised bodily response to abrupt stress with concomitantly reduced immunity. the new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, sars-cov-2, causes coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19). it has increased morbidity and mortality in persons with underlying chronic diseases and those with a compromised immune system regardless of age and in old ...202032544216
the sars-cov-2 coronavirus and the covid-19 outbreak.the sars-cov-2, a newly identified β-coronavirus, is the causative agent of the third large-scale pandemic from the last two decades. the outbreak started in december 2019 in wuhan city, hubei province in china. the patients presented clinical symptoms of dry cough, fever, dyspnea, and bilateral lung infiltrates on imaging. by february 2020, the world health organization (who) named the disease as coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19). the coronavirus study group (csg) of the international committ ...202032549071
role and mechanism of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in acute lung injury in coronavirus disease 2019.coronavirus disease 2019 is a major threat to public health globally. though its pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) has been recently identified as a receptor for the entry of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) into the cell. here, we aimed to clarify the potential role of ace2 in sars-cov-2-induced acute lung injury and its underlying mechanism. as a receptor for coronavirus, ace2 mediates the entry of sars-cov-2 into cel ...202032550040
singapore covid-19 pandemic response as a successful model framework for low-resource health care settings in africa?the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) virus continues to spread and evolve across the planet. the crosscutting impacts of the virus, individual country responses to the virus, and the state of preparedness of local public health systems greatly vary across the world. the ostensibly late arrival of the virus in africa has allowed learning, innovation, and adaptation of methods that have been successful in the ea ...202032552397
inactivating three interferon antagonists attenuates pathogenesis of an enteric coronavirus.coronaviruses (covs) have repeatedly emerged from wildlife hosts and infected humans and livestock animals to cause epidemics with significant morbidity and mortality. covs infect various organs, including respiratory and enteric systems, as exemplified by newly emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). the constellation of viral factors that contribute to developing enteric disease remains elusive. here, we investigated cov interferon antagonists for their contributi ...202032554697
potential role of anti-interleukin (il)-6 drugs in the treatment of covid-19: rationale, clinical evidence and risks.the epidemic due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) infection has been spreading globally, raising increasing concerns. this public health emergency has triggered a race to find medications to improve the prognosis of this disease. there is currently great interest in drug repositioning to manage sars-cov-2 infection, that is, the evaluation of the potential benefits of a drug that has already been proven safe and effective in humans for other approved indications. a ...202032557214
repurposing old drugs as antiviral agents for coronaviruses.new therapeutic options to address the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic are urgently needed. one possible strategy is the repurposing of existing drugs approved for other indications as antiviral agents for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2). due to the commercial unavailability of sars-cov-2 drugs for treating covid-19, we screened approximately 250 existing drugs or pharmacologically active compounds for their inhibitory activities against feline i ...202032563698
insights on cross-species transmission of sars-cov-2 from structural modeling.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is responsible for the ongoing global pandemic that has infected more than 6 million people in more than 180 countries worldwide. like other coronaviruses, sars-cov-2 is thought to have been transmitted to humans from wild animals. given the scale and widespread geographical distribution of the current pandemic, the question emerges whether human-to-animal transmission is possible and if so, which animal species are most at risk. here, ...202032577636
morphological cell profiling of sars-cov-2 infection identifies drug repurposing candidates for covid-19.the global spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), and the associated disease covid-19, requires therapeutic interventions that can be rapidly translated to clinical care. unfortunately, traditional drug discovery methods have a >90% failure rate and can take 10-15 years from target identification to clinical use. in contrast, drug repurposing can significantly accelerate translation. we developed a quantitative high-throughput screen to identify efficacious s ...202032577649
tobacco smoking a potential risk factor in transmission of covid-19 infection.corona virus disease 2019 (covid-19) is a global pandemic and is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) group of viruses. to date, april 25, 2020, more than 2.4 million humans are infected and more than a hundred thousand deaths have been reported from more than 200 countries from covid-19. there is no evidence-based treatment for the infection and prevention of transmission using social distancing, isolation and hygiene measures is widely recommended. tobacco smo ...202032582324
human and novel coronavirus infections in children: a review.coronaviruses, seven of which are known to infect humans, can cause a spectrum of clinical presentations ranging from asymptomatic infection to severe illness and death. four human coronaviruses (hcovs)-229e, hku1, nl63 and oc43-circulate globally, commonly infect children and typically cause mild upper respiratory tract infections. three novel coronaviruses of zoonotic origin have emerged during the past two decades: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov-1), middle east respir ...202032584199
covid-19 vaccines: "warp speed" needs mind melds, not warped minds.in this review, we address issues that relate to the rapid "warp speed" development of vaccines to counter the covid-19 pandemic. we review the antibody response that is triggered by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) infection of humans and how it may inform vaccine research. the isolation and properties of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies from covid-19 patients provide additional information on what vaccines should try to elicit. the nature and longevity of the anti ...202032591466
molecular evolution and phylogenetic analysis of sars-cov-2 and hosts ace2 protein suggest malayan pangolin as intermediary host.an emergence of a novel coronavirus, causative agent of covid19, named as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), occurred due to cross-species transmission. coronaviruses are a large family of viruses able to infect a great number of hosts. entrance of sars-cov-2 depends on the surface (s) protein interaction with host ace2 protein and cleavage by tmprss2. ace2 could be a species-specific barrier that interferes with bat-to-human coronavirus cross-species transmission. mol ...202032592038
biosafety and biosecurity approaches to restrain/contain and counter sars-cov-2/covid-19 pandemic: a rapid-review.emergence and reemergence of infectious diseases pose significant public health risks that are continuously haunting human civilization in the past several decades. such emerging pathogens should be considered as a high threat to humans, animals, and environmental health. the year 2020 was welcomed by another significant virus from family coronaviridae called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) that caused the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19). the disease was first re ...202032595350
sars-cov-2 isolation and propagation from turkish covid-19 patients.the novel coronavirus pneumonia, which was named later as coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, namely sars-cov-2. it is a positive-strand rna virus that is the seventh coronavirus known to infect humans. the covid-19 outbreak presents enormous challenges for global health behind the pandemic outbreak. the first diagnosed patient in turkey has been reported by the republic of turkey ministry of health on march 11, 2020. in may, ove ...202032595356
the covid-19 pandemic: catching up with the cataclysm.infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), which belongs to the coronaviridae family and is a positive-sense single-stranded rna virus originating from wuhan, china, was declared a global public health emergency on 11 march 2020. sars-cov-2 infection in humans is characterized by symptoms such as fever and dyspnea accompanied by infrequent incidence of lymphopenia, gastrointestinal complications such as elevated hepatic aminotransferases, and diarrhea. orig ...202032595947
therapeutic potential of b-1a cells in covid-19.coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) is a life-threatening respiratory illness caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). its clinical presentation can vary from the asymptomatic state to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards) and multi-organ dysfunction. due to our insufficient understanding of its pathophysiology and lack of effective treatment, the morbidity and mortality of severe covid-19 patients are high. patients with covid-19 develop ards fueled ...202032604223
[basic principles of replication and immunology of sars-cov-2].coronaviruses are a genetically highly variable family of viruses that infect vertebrates and have succeeded in infecting humans many times by overcoming the species barrier. the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), which initially appeared in china at the end of 2019, exhibits a high infectivity and pathogenicity compared to other coronaviruses. as the viral coat and other viral components are recognized as being foreign by the immune system, this can lead to initial sy ...202032613257
melatonin is a potential adjuvant to improve clinical outcomes in individuals with obesity and diabetes with coexistence of covid-19.coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), is a newly discovered highly pathogenic virus that was declared pandemic in march 2020 by the world health organization. the virus affects the respiratory system, produces an inflammatory storm that causes lung damage and respiratory dysfunction. it infects humans of all ages. the covid-19 takes a more severe course in individuals with chronic metabolic diseases such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension. this c ...202032615182
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