Publications

the model of response to viral haemorrhagic fevers of the national institute for infectious diseases "lazzaro spallanzani".	viral haemorrhagic fevers (vhf) are severe and life-threatening diseases caused by a range of viruses. however, only four agents of vhf are known to be readily capable of person-to-person spread: lassa virus, crimean/congo haemorrhagic fever virus, ebola and marburg viruses. diseases caused by these viruses are endemic only in few areas in the world, most notably africa and some rural parts of the middle east and eastern europe. nonetheless, the increasing volume of international travel presents ...	2001	11693443
recombinant monoclonal human antibodies against ebola virus.		2001	11712178
[antigenic structure of ebola virus vp35 protein].	antigenic structure of ebola virus (ev) (strain mayinga) nucleocapsid protein vp35 was analyzed using monoclonal antibodies to ev vp35 and polyclonal antibodies to ev. ev protein vp35 was shown to have antigenic sites inducing the production of antibodies in animals. for better characterization of protein vp35 antigenic structure. ev gene encoding the full-length vp35 was cloned in vector pqe31 as a recombinant fusion protein (rec.vp35). the antigenic and immunogenic properties of rec.vp35 and e ...	2001	11715705
genome structure of ebola virus subtype reston: differences among ebola subtypes. brief report.	we determined the complete genome sequence of ebola virus subtype reston (ebo-r) in the philippines in 1996. the deduced transcriptional signals were highly conserved among ebola viruses except for the stop signal of l genes. the intergenic regions were composed of 4 to 7 nucleotides, and of 2 characteristic overlaps and a long intergenic region. the glycoprotein (gp) had several amino acid differences from ebo-r isolated in 1989 and 1992. the variety of gp sequences strongly suggests the indepe ...	2001	11722021
[epidemics and related cultural factors for ebola hemorrhagic fever in gabon].	the republic of gabon experienced epidemics of ebola hemorrhagic fever (ehf) three times between 1994 and 1997. this study aimed at exploring cultural factors related to the outbreaks.	2001	11725529
hiv-1 and ebola virus: the getaway driver nabbed.		2001	11726960
hiv-1 and ebola virus encode small peptide motifs that recruit tsg101 to sites of particle assembly to facilitate egress.	retroviral gag proteins encode sequences, termed late domains, which facilitate the final stages of particle budding from the plasma membrane. we report here that interactions between tsg101, a factor involved in endosomal protein sorting, and short peptide motifs in the hiv-1 gag late domain and ebola virus matrix (ebvp40) proteins are essential for efficient egress of hiv-1 virions and ebola virus-like particles. ebvp40 recruits tsg101 to sites of particle assembly and a short, ebvp40-derived ...	2001	11726971
reverse genetics demonstrates that proteolytic processing of the ebola virus glycoprotein is not essential for replication in cell culture.	ebola virus, a prime example of an emerging pathogen, causes fatal hemorrhagic fever in humans and in nonhuman primates. identification of major determinants of ebola virus pathogenicity has been hampered by the lack of effective strategies for experimental mutagenesis. here we exploit a reverse genetics system that allows the generation of ebola virus from cloned cdna to engineer a mutant ebola virus with an altered furin recognition motif in the glycoprotein (gp). when expressed in cells, the ...	2002	11739705
sequence analysis of the gp, np, vp40 and vp24 genes of ebola virus isolated from deceased, surviving and asymptomatically infected individuals during the 1996 outbreak in gabon: comparative studies and phylogenetic characterization.	the aims of this study were to determine if the clinical outcome of ebola virus (ebov) infection is associated with virus genetic structure and to document the genetic changes in the gabon strains of ebov by sequencing the gp, np, vp40 and vp24 genes from deceased and surviving symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. gp and np sequences were identical in the three groups of patients and only one silent substitution occurred in the vp40 and vp24 genes in asymptomatic individuals. a strain from ...	2002	11752702
ebola virus: the search for vaccines and treatments.	ebola viruses belong to the family filoviridae, which are among the most virulent infectious agents known. these viruses cause acute, and frequently fatal, hemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman primates. currently, no vaccines or treatments are available for human use. this review describes ebola viruses, with a particular focus on the status of research efforts to develop vaccines and therapeutics and to identify the immune mechanisms of protection.	2001	11766882
intracellular phosphorylation of carbocyclic 3-deazaadenosine, an anti-ebola virus agent.	carbocyclic 3-deazaadenosine (c-c3ado) is a potent inhibitor of ebola virus in mice by infrequent dosing, even though its half life in plasma is only 23-28 min. this prompted studies to determine whether c-c3ado undergoes intracellular metabolism to derivatives that may promote in vivo activity. in cells, radiolabelled compound readily underwent metabolism to monophosphate, diphosphate and triphosphate (c-c3atp) forms, with c-c3atp being the major metabolite detected. a non-polar metabolite was ...	2001	11771734
biological agents: weapons of warfare and bioterrorism.	the use of microorganisms as agents of biological warfare is considered inevitable for several reasons, including ease of production and dispersion, delayed onset, ability to cause high rates of morbidity and mortality, and difficulty in diagnosis. biological agents that have been identified as posing the greatest threat are variola major (smallpox), bacillus anthracis (anthrax), yersinia pestis (plague), clostridium botulinum toxin (botulism), francisella tularensis (tularaemia), filoviruses (e ...	2001	11774197
[microbiological surveillance: viral hemorrhagic fever in central african republic: current serological data in man].	an investigation was conducted between 1994 and 1997 in forested areas of the central african republic (car) to determine the seroprevalence of igg antibodies against several haemorrhagic fever viruses present in the region. sera were obtained from 1762 individuals in two groups (pygmy and bantu locuted populations) living in 4 forested areas in the south of the country. sera were tested for igg antibodies against ebola, marburg, rift valley fever (rvf), yellow fever (yf) and hantaviruses by enz ...	2000	11775321
viral replication and host gene expression in alveolar macrophages infected with ebola virus (zaire strain).	in order to characterize the cellular response to and identify potential diagnostic markers for the early detection of ebola virus, an in vitro culture system involving nonhuman primate alveolar macrophages was developed. ebola virus replication in the alveolar macrophages was characterized by plaque assay, immunohistochemical analysis, and in situ hybridization. fluorogenic 5'-nuclease assays specific for nonhuman primate proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines were designed and used to evalua ...	2002	11777824
[dynamics of expression of marburg and ebola virus antigens in infected vero cells ].	time course of marburg and ebola virus antigens expression in vero cells was studied by indirect immunofluorescence test. the maximum accumulation of virus specific antigens in vero cells infected with a high dose was observed after 48-54 h of incubation. it is essential for laboratory diagnosis that virus specific antigens can present as incorporations of different shape and size, starting from small hardly discernible granules (immediately after the virus adsorption) to large lumps, cords, acc ...	2001	11785389
pathogenesis of experimental ebola zaire virus infection in balb/c mice.	guinea-pigs and non-human primates have traditionally been used as animal models for studying ebola zaire virus (ebo-z) infections. the virus was also recently adapted to the stage of lethal virulence in balb/c mice. this murine model is now in use for testing antiviral medications and vaccines. however, the pathological features of ebo-z infection in mice have not yet been fully described. to identify sites of viral replication and characterize sequential morphological changes in balb/c mice, a ...	2001	11798240
haematological, biochemical and coagulation changes in mice, guinea-pigs and monkeys infected with a mouse-adapted variant of ebola zaire virus.	ebola zaire virus from the 1976 outbreak (ebo-z) was recently adapted to the stage of lethal virulence in balb/c mice through serial passage. in the present study, various parameters were examined in groups of mice and guinea-pigs and in three rhesus monkeys after infection with mouse-adapted ebo-z. the virus caused fatal disease not only in mice but also in guinea-pigs, in which the course of illness resembled that produced by guinea-pig-adapted ebo-z. mice, guinea-pigs and monkeys showed simil ...	2001	11798241
proinflammatory response during ebola virus infection of primate models: possible involvement of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily.	ebola virus (ebov) infections are characterized by dysregulation of normal host immune responses. insight into the mechanism came from recent studies in nonhuman primates, which showed that ebov infects cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system (mps), resulting in apoptosis of bystander lymphocytes. in this study, we evaluated serum levels of cytokines/chemokines in ebov-infected nonhuman primates, as possible correlates of this bystander apoptosis. increased levels of interferon (ifn)-alpha, if ...	2002	11803049
[microorganisms strike back--infectious diseases during the last 50 years].	in the first half of the 20th century, improved living conditions, preventive measures, vaccines and antibiotics led to a marked reduction in morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases. it was predicted that the conquest of all infectious diseases was imminent. however, 50 years later, in 1999, they were still the major cause of disease worldwide, and caused nearly one third of all deaths (a total of 55.9 million). the eradication of smallpox in the 1970s and the approaching eradication of ...	2001	11808014
ebola virus glycoproteins induce global surface protein down-modulation and loss of cell adherence.	the ebola virus envelope glycoprotein (gp) derived from the pathogenic zaire subtype mediates cell rounding and detachment from the extracellular matrix in 293t cells. in this study we provide evidence that gps from the other pathogenic subtypes, sudan and côte d'ivoire, as well as from reston, a strain thought to be nonpathogenic in humans, also induced cell rounding, albeit at lower levels than zaire gp. sequential removal of regions of potential o-linked glycosylation at the c terminus of gp1 ...	2002	11836430
the lived experience of waiting-to-know: ebola at mbarara, uganda--hoping for life, anticipating death.	purpose pf the study: the purpose of the study was to describe the phenomenon of 'waiting to know'. it is a phenomenon uniquely experienced by persons who had been exposed to patients with ebola hemorrhagic fever (ebola) but who have not yet exhibited signs and symptoms of the disease. research method/analysis: the phenomenological human science approach was used using the four life worlds as guides for reflection. these are spatiality, corporeality, temporality, and relationality. participants: ...	2002	11851785
evidence against an important role for infectivity-enhancing antibodies in ebola virus infections.	the neutralizing and enhancing activities of ebola virus (ebov)-specific antibodies were tested among four murine antibodies specific to the surface glycoprotein (gp), a recombinant human monoclonal antibody specific to gp, a polyclonal equine igg, and serum obtained from a convalescent monkey. all but one of these antibodies neutralized ebov infectivity of primary human monocytes/macrophages or vero cells. none of the antibodies enhanced ebov infectivity in these cells. taken together with in v ...	2002	11853394
hiv/ebola comparison could spur new treatments.	a researcher has discovered a link between hiv and ebola virus: both viruses use the same method to spread through the human body.	2002	11862746
lipid raft microdomains: a gateway for compartmentalized trafficking of ebola and marburg viruses.	spatiotemporal aspects of filovirus entry and release are poorly understood. lipid rafts act as functional platforms for multiple cellular signaling and trafficking processes. here, we report the compartmentalization of ebola and marburg viral proteins within lipid rafts during viral assembly and budding. filoviruses released from infected cells incorporated raft-associated molecules, suggesting that viral exit occurs at the rafts. ectopic expression of ebola matrix protein and glycoprotein supp ...	2002	11877482
re-emergence of ebola haemorrhagic fever in gabon.		2002	11879899
jungle conceals ebola origins.		2002	11901650
surprise finding spurs ebola researchers' hopes.		2002	11903010
requirements for budding of paramyxovirus simian virus 5 virus-like particles.	enveloped viruses are released from infected cells after coalescence of viral components at cellular membranes and budding of membranes to release particles. for some negative-strand rna viruses (e.g., vesicular stomatitis virus and ebola virus), the viral matrix (m) protein contains all of the information needed for budding, since virus-like particles (vlps) are efficiently released from cells when the m protein is expressed from cdna. to investigate the requirements for budding of the paramyxo ...	2002	11907235
mitogen therapy for biological warfare/terrorist attacks and viral hemorrhagic fever control.	ken alibek was for 17 years a leader in biopreparat, the soviet union's top secret agency involved in developing and stockpiling the most lethal bacteria, viruses, and toxins in the history of mankind before he defected with his family to the united states in 1992. very contrite when he discovered he had been misled to believe that his efforts had been essential to the survival of his homeland, alibek has become active sounding an alarm about, among other things, thousands of unemployed russian ...	2002	11915170
ebola: preparing for the worst.		2001	11921713
ebola: small, but real progress.		2002	11927920
ebola and marburg hemorrhagic fevers.		2001	11930600
[viral haemorrhagic fevers--evolution of the epidemic potential].	in this review modern data on dangerous and particularly dangerous viral haemorrhagic fevers caused by a group of viruses belonging to the families of phylo-, arena-, flavi-, bunya- and togaviruses are presented. morbidity rates and epidemics caused by marburg virus, ebola fever virus, lassa fever virus, argentinian and bolivian haemorrhagic fever viruses, dengue haemorrhagic fever virus, crimean haemorrhagic fever virus, hantaviruses are analyzed. mechanisms of the evolution of the epidemic man ...	2006	11949268
ebola at mbarara, uganda: aesthetic expressions of the lived worlds of people waiting to know.	the ebola epidemic of 2000 was a disastrous experience for the people of uganda. prior outbreaks in neighboring african sub-saharan countries heightened the realization of death from this devastating disease. waiting to know is a phenomenon described as an excruciating inactivity uniquely experienced by individuals who were exposed to persons with ebola but who had not yet exhibited signs and symptoms of the disease. in the recent ebola epidemic in uganda, contact persons described their experie ...	2002	11949481
virology. rafting with ebola.		2002	11951027
ebola crisis.		2004	11954170
ebola virus vp40 drives the formation of virus-like filamentous particles along with gp.	using biochemical assays, it has been demonstrated that expression of ebola virus vp40 alone in mammalian cells induced production of particles with a density similar to that of virions. to determine the morphological properties of these particles, cells expressing vp40 and the particles released from the cells were examined by electron microscopy. vp40 induced budding from the plasma membrane of filamentous particles, which differed in length but had uniform diameters of approximately 65 nm. wh ...	2002	11967302
association of the caveola vesicular system with cellular entry by filoviruses.	the filoviruses ebola zaire virus and marburg virus are believed to infect target cells through endocytic vesicles, but the details of this pathway are unknown. we used a pseudotyping strategy to investigate the cell biology of filovirus entry. we observed that specific inhibitors of the caveola system, including cholesterol-sequestering drugs and phorbol esters, inhibited the entry of filovirus pseudotypes into human cells. we also measured slower cell entry kinetics for both filovirus pseudoty ...	2002	11967340
what is ebola?		2004	11968675
under siege. an outbreak of the ebola virus in uganda has already taken its toll on nurses.		2004	11971462
inflammatory responses in ebola virus-infected patients.	ebola virus subtype zaire (ebo-z) induces acute haemorrhagic fever and a 60-80% mortality rate in humans. inflammatory responses were monitored in victims and survivors of ebo-z haemorrhagic fever during two recent outbreaks in gabon. survivors were characterized by a transient release in plasma of interleukin-1beta (il-1beta), il-6, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (tnfalpha), macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (mip-1alpha) and mip-1beta early in the disease, followed by circulation of il-1 rec ...	2002	11982604
the outbreak and control of ebola viral haemorrhagic fever in a ugandan medical school.	uganda has just experienced the largest outbreak of ebola haemorrhagic fever (ehf) ever recorded. mbarara university teaching hospital (muth) is responsible for training approximately one-third of uganda's doctors. mbarara is located in southwest uganda, 614 km from gulu, the main epicentre of the outbreak. on 23 october a patient was admitted to the medical ward of muth with an acute fever. he soon exhibited haemorrhagic symptoms and died. he was later confirmed to have suffered ebola. three mo ...	2002	11991014
targeted transduction patterns in the mouse brain by lentivirus vectors pseudotyped with vsv, ebola, mokola, lcmv, or mulv envelope proteins.	lentiviral vectors have proven to be promising tools for transduction of central nervous system (cns) cells in vivo and in vitro. in this study, cns transduction patterns of lentiviral vectors pseudotyped with envelope glycoproteins from ebola virus, murine leukemia virus (mulv), lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (lcmv), or the rabies-related mokola virus were compared to a vector pseudotyped with the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (vsv-g). mokola-, lcmv-, and vsv-g-pseudotyped vectors ...	2002	11991743
late assembly domain function can exhibit context dependence and involves ubiquitin residues implicated in endocytosis.	retroviral gag polyproteins contain regions that promote the separation of virus particles from the plasma membrane and from each other. these gag regions are often referred to as late assembly (l) domains. the l domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) is in the c-terminal p6(gag) domain and harbors an essential p(t/s)app motif, whereas the l domains of oncoretroviruses are in the n-terminal half of the gag precursor and have a ppxy core motif. we recently observed that l domains i ...	2002	11991975
representations of far-flung illnesses: the case of ebola in britain.	in western cultures lay people are faced with a plethora of far-flung illnesses, relayed to them by the mass media. a number of social scientists have called for scrutiny of the link between people's patterns of thinking concerning such events, and the messages to which they are exposed. using the outbreaks of ebola in africa in the mid-1990s as a vehicle, the study examines how british broadsheets and their readers, and british tabloids and their readers, make sense of this far-flung illness. e ...	2002	11996028
evaluation in nonhuman primates of vaccines against ebola virus.	ebola virus (ebov) causes acute hemorrhagic fever that is fatal in up to 90% of cases in both humans and nonhuman primates. no vaccines or treatments are available for human use. we evaluated the effects in nonhuman primates of vaccine strategies that had protected mice or guinea pigs from lethal ebov infection. the following immunogens were used: rna replicon particles derived from an attenuated strain of venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (veev) expressing ebov glycoprotein and nucleoprotein ...	2002	11996686
ebola fever: the african emergency.	the ebola virus produces one of africa's most lethal viral hemorrhagic fever (vhf) infections. statistically, ebola fever is at the bottom of africa's list of infectious diseases, but the speed with which it induces agonizing death puts ebola fever at the top of africa's emergencies. many aspects of the virus are unknown and have eluded medical scientists for 3 decades. hence enormous difficulties may be encountered in treating, preventing, and controlling ebola fever. in this article, the origi ...	2007	12000905
chronological and spatial analysis of the 1996 ebola reston virus outbreak in a monkey breeding facility in the philippines.	to describe the transmission pattern of natural infection with ebola reston (ebo-r) virus in a breeding colony, the chronological and spatial analysis of mortality during the 1996 ebo-r virus outbreak was done in this study. the ebo-r virus infection among monkeys in the facility was widespread. over a period of 3 months, 14 out of 21 occupied units were contaminated with antigen positive animals. a large number of wild-caught monkeys were involved in this outbreak suggesting that wild-caught mo ...	2002	12012728
pre- and postexposure prophylaxis of ebola virus infection in an animal model by passive transfer of a neutralizing human antibody.	a neutralizing human monoclonal antibody, kz52, protects guinea pigs from lethal ebola zaire virus challenge. administration before or up to 1 h after challenge resulted in dose-dependent protection by the antibody. interestingly, some antibody-treated animals survived despite developing high-level viremia, suggesting that the mechanism of protection by kz52 may extend beyond reduction of viremia by virus neutralization. kz52 is a promising candidate for immunoprophylaxis of ebola virus infectio ...	2002	12021376
[sensitizing and virus-neutralizing characteristics of goat immunoglobulins to ebola virus].	sensitizing and virus-neutralizing properties of igg isolated from the sera of goats immunized with ebola virus and a relevant gammaglobulin prepared by ethanol fractionation were compared. the ratio of the virus-neutralizing activities of subclasses igg2, igg1a, and igg1b was 100:10:1. anaphylactogenic activity of igg2 in the immediate type hypersensitivity test in guinea pigs was 2-fold lower than that of igg1a and igg1b. goat gammaglobulin to ebola virus, consisting from igg2 antibodies by mo ...	2002	12046470
serious, frightening and interesting conditions: differences in values and attitudes between first-year and final-year medical students.	during medical education and training, the values and attitudes of medical students are shaped both by knowledge and by role models. in this study, the aim was to compare the views of first- and final-year students concerning patients with different medical conditions.	2002	12047671
c-type lectins dc-sign and l-sign mediate cellular entry by ebola virus in cis and in trans.	ebola virus is a highly lethal pathogen responsible for several outbreaks of hemorrhagic fever. here we show that the primate lentiviral binding c-type lectins dc-sign and l-sign act as cofactors for cellular entry by ebola virus. furthermore, dc-sign on the surface of dendritic cells is able to function as a trans receptor, binding ebola virus-pseudotyped lentiviral particles and transmitting infection to susceptible cells. our data underscore a role for dc-sign and l-sign in the infective proc ...	2002	12050398
phosphorylation of vp30 impairs ebola virus transcription.	transcription of the highly pathogenic ebola virus (ebov) is dependent on vp30, a constituent of the viral nucleocapsid complex. here we present evidence that phosphorylation of vp30, which takes place at six n-terminal serine residues and one threonine residue, is of functional significance. replacement of the phosphoserines by alanines resulted in an only slightly phosphorylated vp30 (vp30(6a)) that is still able to activate ebov-specific transcription in a plasmid-based minigenome system. vp3 ...	2002	12052831
viral rna-polymerases -- a predicted 2'-o-ribose methyltransferase domain shared by all mononegavirales.	the mononegavirales virus group comprises several major human pathogens, including measles, rabies and ebola viruses. this article reports a computational analysis of the c-terminal region of rna-dependent rna-polymerases from mononegavirales. using a combination of sequence similarity and threading analysis, a 2'-o-ribose methyltransferase domain was identified that is involved in the capping of viral mrnas.	2002	12076527
3-deazaneplanocin a induces massively increased interferon-alpha production in ebola virus-infected mice.	3-deazaneplanocin a, an analog of adenosine, is a potent inhibitor of ebola virus replication. a single dose early in infection prevents illness and death in ebola virus-infected mice. the ability of this and similar compounds to block both rna and dna viruses has been attributed to the inhibition of a cellular enzyme, s-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (sah), indirectly resulting in reduced methylation of the 5' cap of viral messenger rna. however, we found that the protective effect of the drug ...	2002	12076759
rapid detection and quantification of rna of ebola and marburg viruses, lassa virus, crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus, rift valley fever virus, dengue virus, and yellow fever virus by real-time reverse transcription-pcr.	viral hemorrhagic fevers (vhfs) are acute infections with high case fatality rates. important vhf agents are ebola and marburg viruses (mbgv/ebov), lassa virus (lasv), crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv), rift valley fever virus (rvfv), dengue virus (denv), and yellow fever virus (yfv). vhfs are clinically difficult to diagnose and to distinguish; a rapid and reliable laboratory diagnosis is required in suspected cases. we have established six one-step, real-time reverse transcription- ...	2002	12089242
ebola vaccine gets corporate backer.		2002	12091886
dendritic cell (dc)-specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3 (icam-3)-grabbing nonintegrin (dc-sign, cd209), a c-type surface lectin in human dcs, is a receptor for leishmania amastigotes.	dendritic cells (dcs) play a critical role in the initiation of the immunological response against leishmania parasites. however, the receptors involved in amastigote-dendritic cell interaction are unknown, especially in absence of opsonizing antibodies. we have studied the interaction of leishmania pifanoi axenic amastigotes with the c-type lectin dc-specific intercellular adhesion molecule (icam)-3-grabbing nonintegrin (dc-sign, cd209), a receptor for icam-2, icam-3, human immunodeficiency vir ...	2002	12122001
lentiviral vectors pseudotyped with a modified rd114 envelope glycoprotein show increased stability in sera and augmented transduction of primary lymphocytes and cd34+ cells derived from human and nonhuman primates.	generating lentiviral vectors pseudotyped with different viral glycoproteins (gps) may modulate the physicochemical properties of the vectors, their interaction with the host immune system, and their host range. we have investigated the capacity of a panel of gps of both retroviral (amphotropic murine leukemia virus [mlv-a]; gibbon ape leukemia virus [galv]; rd114, feline endogenous virus) and nonretroviral (fowl plague virus [fpv]; ebola virus [ebov]; vesicular stomatitis virus [vsv]; lymphocyt ...	2002	12130492
defend the human rights of the ebola victims!		2002	12139173
study of the pathogenesis of ebola fever in laboratory animals with different sensitivity to this virus.	pathophysiological parameters were compared in animals with different sensitivity to ebola virus infected with this virus. analysis of the results showed the differences in immune reactions underlying the difference between ebola-sensitive and ebola-resistant animals. no neutrophil activation in response to ebola virus injection was noted in ebola-sensitive animal. phagocytic activity of neutrophils in these animals inversely correlated with animal sensitivity to ebola virus. animal susceptibili ...	2001	12152882
ebola virus vp30-mediated transcription is regulated by rna secondary structure formation.	the nucleocapsid protein vp30 of ebola virus (ebov), a member of the filovirus family, is known to act as a transcription activator. by using a reconstituted minigenome system, the role of vp30 during transcription was investigated. we could show that vp30-mediated transcription activation is dependent on formation of a stem-loop structure at the first gene start site. destruction of this secondary structure led to vp30-independent transcription. analysis of the transcription products of bicistr ...	2002	12163572
quantitative expression and virus transmission analysis of dc-sign on monocyte-derived dendritic cells.	the c-type lectins dc-sign and dc-signr efficiently bind human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) strains and can transmit bound virus to adjacent cd4-positive cells. dc-sign also binds efficiently to the ebola virus glycoprotein, enhancing ebola virus infection. dc-sign is thought to be responsible for the ability of dendritic cells (dcs) to capture hiv and transmit it to t cells, thus promoting hiv dissemination in vitro and perhaps in vivo as well. to investi ...	2002	12186897
induction of immune responses in mice and monkeys to ebola virus after immunization with liposome-encapsulated irradiated ebola virus: protection in mice requires cd4(+) t cells.	ebola zaire virus (ebo-z) causes severe hemorrhagic fever in humans, with a high mortality rate. it is thought that a vaccine against ebo-z may have to induce both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to successfully confer protection. because it is known that liposome-encapsulated antigens induce both antibody and cellular responses, we evaluated the protective efficacy of liposome-encapsulated irradiated ebo-z [l(ev)], which contains all of the native ebo-z proteins. in a series of exper ...	2002	12186901
the assembly of ebola virus nucleocapsid requires virion-associated proteins 35 and 24 and posttranslational modification of nucleoprotein.	ebola virus encodes seven viral structural and regulatory proteins that support its high rates of replication, but little is known about nucleocapsid assembly of this virus in infected cells. we report here that three viral proteins are necessary and sufficient for formation of ebola virus particles and that intracellular posttranslational modification regulates this process. expression of the nucleoprotein (np) and virion-associated proteins vp35 and vp24 led to spontaneous assembly of nucleoca ...	2002	12191476
molecular characterization of an isolate from the 1989/90 epizootic of ebola virus reston among macaques imported into the united states.	we have determined the entire genomic sequence of the pennsylvania strain, which was isolated along with the virginia strain during the emergence of ebola virus reston in 1989/90 in the united states. thus, either the pennsylvania or virginia strain, neither of which had been previously molecularly characterized, can be considered as the prototype for ebola virus reston. comparative analysis showed a high degree of homology to the concomitantly analyzed and recently published philippine strain o ...	2002	12191779
anthrax, tularemia, plague, ebola or smallpox as agents of bioterrorism: recognition in the emergency room.	bioterrorism has become a potential diagnostic consideration in infectious diseases. this article reviews the clinical presentation and differential diagnosis of potential bioterrorist agents when first presenting to the hospital in the emergency room setting. the characteristic clinical features of inhalation anthrax, tularemic pneumonia, plague pneumonia, including laboratory and radiographic finding, are discussed. ebola vieus and smallpox are also discussed as potential bioterrorist-transmit ...	2002	12197871
transcriptional control of the rna-dependent rna polymerase of vesicular stomatitis virus.	the nonsegmented negative strand (nns) rna viruses include some of the mosr problematic human, animal and plant pathogens extant: for example, rabies virus, ebola virus, respiratory syncytial virus, the parainfluenza viruses, measles and infectious hemapoietic necrosis virus. the key feature of transcriptional control in the nns rna viruses is polymerase entry at a single 3' proximal site followed by obligatory sequential transcription of the linear array of genes. the levels of gene expression ...	2002	12213662
ebola haemorrhagic fever.	this article focuses on the management of a patient who was admitted to the aga khan hospital in dar es salaam, tanzania, with suspected ebola haemorrhagic fever (ebola hf). it defines the disease, symptoms and how it is spread, diagnosed, treated and prevented. recommendations are made for management of ebola hf in a hospital setting.	2007	12216182
the role of dc-sign and dc-signr in hiv and ebola virus infection: can potential therapeutics block virus transmission and dissemination?	sexual transmission of hiv requires that the virus crosses mucosal barriers and disseminates into lymphoid tissue, the major site of viral replication. to achieve this, hiv might engage dc-sign, a calcium dependent lectin that is expressed on mucosal dendritic cells (dcs), which binds avidly to hiv. dc-sign and other attachment factors are likely to account for the well-known ability of dcs to enhance infection of t cells by hiv. attachment of hiv to dc-sign might thus enhance viral spread in mu ...	2002	12223058
[ebola fever, an out of control epidemic?].		2002	12229031
efficient transduction of liver and muscle after in utero injection of lentiviral vectors with different pseudotypes.	in this study we investigate the efficacy of lentiviral vectors of different pseudotypes for gene transfer to tissues of the preimmune fetus. balb/c fetuses at 14-15 days' gestation received lentiviral vectors carrying the transgene lacz under the control of the human cytomegalovirus (cmv) promoter by intramuscular (i.m.) or intrahepatic (i.h.) injection. we pseudotyped the lentiviral vectors with vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv-g), with mokola virus, or with ebola virus envelope glycoproteins. ...	2002	12231171
[ebola: a virus endemic to central africa?].	from october 2001 to march 2002, an outbreak of ebola haemorrhagic fever occurred in the north-eastern gabon (63 cases) and neighbouring congo (57 cases). it was the fourth epidemic in north eastern gabon since 1994. meanwhile this outbreak differed from the previous epidemics: at least five different emerging sources of the virus in the human population were observed from the local fauna resulting in fears of an endemic ebola virus in the area. the control of the outbreak was uneasy because of ...	2002	12244929
a syringe that self-destructs.	the reuse of unsterilized syringes is spreading aids, hepatitis b and the african ebola-marburg virus. in the us 25% of the aids cases are related to intravenous drug abuse. in developing countries syringe reuse is related to poor health care delivery systems. in these countries syringes are used over 5 times before sterilization; in some countries the syringes are distributed by people who sell injections of vitamins and antibiotics. in 1986 halsey challenged the medical community to design ...	1989	12282933
infectious diseases -- new and ancient threats to world health.	infectious and parasitic diseases remain a leading cause of death and disability in developing countries and are re-emerging as a serious health problem in developed countries. outbreaks of ebola, dengue hemorrhagic fever, cholera, and bubonic plague have occurred in low-income countries and multidrug-resistant organisms have surfaced throughout the world. since 1973, over 28 new disease-causing microbes have been identified. this issue of "population bulletin" analyzes the impact of factors suc ...	1997	12292663
infection control in africa. nosocomial infection.	this article discusses infection prevention and control in africa and describes an available manual for infection control. the effectiveness of prevention and control efforts is dependent on health care services and the prevalence of disease. funding for health care, the perceived economic impact of infection control, and trained administrators determine the availability of health services and the spread of disease. the challenge is to provide cleanliness, aseptic techniques in patient care, ...	1997	12321236
un sec-gen on world health day.	in a speech on april 7, 1997, world health day, un secretary-general kofi annan stated that the globalization of trade, changes in ecology and climate, and mass movements of people are some factors which contribute to the spread of infectious diseases. as such, mr. annan called for international solidarity to combat such diseases. he believes that uncontrolled urbanization in many countries forces people to live in unhygienic and overcrowded conditions. in keeping with the day's theme of emer ...	1997	12321711
[infections always present at the dawn of the 21st century].	despite the many scientific achievements realized in recent years, infectious diseases still remain the main cause of premature mortality worldwide. it is also growing increasingly difficult to fight infections. tuberculosis and malaria are making a comeback, cholera and yellow fever are making new inroads into countries where they¿ve never been before, other diseases are developing resistance to antibiotics and have in some cases become incurable, and new diseases such as ebola-induced hemorrh ...	1997	12322621
emerging infectious disease: global response, global alert.	despite spectacular progress in the eradication of infectious diseases, malaria and tuberculosis are making a comeback in many parts of the world. after years of decline, plague, diphtheria, dengue, meningococcal meningitis, yellow fever, and cholera have reappeared as public health threats. in the last 20 years [before 1997] more than 30 new and highly infectious diseases have been identified, including ebola-type hemorrhagic fever, hiv/aids, and hepatitis c. antibiotic resistance has also e ...	1997	12348002
new drugs, new vaccines, new diseases. an interview with dr. anthony fauci, director of the national institute of allergy and infectious diseases (niaid).	this document presents an interview with dr. anthony fauci on the development of a new generation of vaccines to prevent and possibly eradicate a legion of deadly diseases ranging from tuberculosis to aids. infections that have caused major devastations in the world today include tuberculosis, malaria, schistosomiasis, filariasis, pneumococcal pneumonia, influenza, aids, and ebola. agencies should be making sure that the basic research base in microbiology, immunology, antimicrobials, and vaccin ...	1996	12349252
the return of infectious disease.	this article presents the history of efforts to control the spread of infectious disease from the post-antibiotic era to 1995. since world war ii, public health strategy has focused on the eradication of microbes using powerful medical weaponry. the goal was to push humanity through a ¿health transition,¿ leaving the age of infectious disease permanently behind. but recent developments have shown that this grandiose optimism was premature. as people move across international borders, unwanted mi ...	1996	12349255
the threat of emerging infections.	a variety of newly discovered pathogens and new forms of older infectious agents threaten to reemerge. typical symptoms of acute infection are fever, headache, malaise, vomiting, and diarrhea. some of the better-known emerging viral infections include dengue, filoviruses (ebola, marburg), hantaviruses, hepatitis b, hepatitis c, hiv, influenza, lassa fever, measles, rift valley fever, rotavirus, and yellow fever. emerging bacterial infections include cholera, escherichia coli 0157:h7, leg ...	1996	12349257
here to stay. an interview with dr. david satcher, director, u.s. centers for disease control and prevention.	this paper presents an interview with dr. david satcher of the us centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) on the issue of infectious and chronic diseases. the problem of new and reemerging infectious diseases around the world, particularly in developing countries, is discussed. while drug resistant malaria and sporadic outbreaks of ebola in africa have alarmed health programs, aids is the major emerging infectious disease throughout the world. microorganisms have a way of surviv ...	1996	12349258
detection of antibodies against the four subtypes of ebola virus in sera from any species using a novel antibody-phage indicator assay.	the natural host for ebola virus, presumed to be an animal, has not yet been identified despite an extensive search following several major outbreaks in africa. a straightforward approach used to determine animal contact with ebola virus is by assessing the presence of specific antibodies in serum. this approach however has been made very difficult by the absence of specific reagents required for the detection of antibodies from the majority of wild animal species. in this study, we isolated a h ...	2002	12350354
furin at the cutting edge: from protein traffic to embryogenesis and disease.	furin catalyses a simple biochemical reaction--the proteolytic maturation of proprotein substrates in the secretory pathway. but the simplicity of this reaction belies furin's broad and important roles in homeostasis, as well as in diseases ranging from alzheimer's disease and cancer to anthrax and ebola fever. this review summarizes various features of furin--its structural and enzymatic properties, intracellular localization, trafficking, substrates, and roles in vivo.	2002	12360192
structure of the tsg101 uev domain in complex with the ptap motif of the hiv-1 p6 protein.	the structural proteins of hiv and ebola display ptap peptide motifs (termed 'late domains') that recruit the human protein tsg101 to facilitate virus budding. here we present the solution structure of the uev (ubiquitin e2 variant) binding domain of tsg101 in complex with a ptap peptide that spans the late domain of hiv-1 p6(gag). the uev domain of tsg101 resembles e2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, and the ptap peptide binds in a bifurcated groove above the vestigial enzyme active site. each pt ...	2002	12379843
a decade after the generation of a negative-sense rna virus from cloned cdna - what have we learned?	since the first generation of a negative-sense rna virus entirely from cloned cdna in 1994, similar reverse genetics systems have been established for members of most genera of the rhabdo- and paramyxoviridae families, as well as for ebola virus (filoviridae). the generation of segmented negative-sense rna viruses was technically more challenging and has lagged behind the recovery of nonsegmented viruses, primarily because of the difficulty of providing more than one genomic rna segment. a membe ...	2002	12388800
development of an immunofluorescence method for the detection of antibodies to ebola virus subtype reston by the use of recombinant nucleoprotein-expressing hela cells.	an indirect immunofluorescent assay (ifa) to detect ebola virus subtype reston (ebo-r) antibodies was developed by the use of a hela cell line stably expressing ebo-r nucleoprotein (np). this ifa has a high specificity for the detection of ebo-r igg antibodies in both hyperimmune rabbit sera and monkey sera collected during an ebo-r outbreak in the philippines in 1996. furthermore, this ifa showed a higher sensitivity for the detection of ebo-r antibodies than did the ifa using hela cells expres ...	2002	12437031
covalent modifications of the ebola virus glycoprotein.	the role of covalent modifications of the ebola virus glycoprotein (gp) and the significance of the sequence identity between filovirus and avian retrovirus gps were investigated through biochemical and functional analyses of mutant gps. the expression and processing of mutant gps with altered n-linked glycosylation, substitutions for conserved cysteine residues, or a deletion in the region of o-linked glycosylation were analyzed, and virus entry capacities were assayed through the use of pseudo ...	2002	12438572
histopathology of natural ebola virus subtype reston infection in cynomolgus macaques during the philippine outbreak in 1996.	we investigated the livers, spleens, kidneys and lungs collected from 24 cynomolgus macaques (macaca fascicularis) naturally infected with ebola virus subtype reston (ebo-r) during the philippine outbreak in 1996, in order to reveal the histopathologic findings. these macaques showed necrotic hepatocytes with inclusions, slight to massive fibrin deposition in splenic cords, depletion of lymphoid cells in the white pulp of the spleen, and fibrin thrombi in some organs. immunohistochemical analysi ...	2002	12451705
an outbreak of ebola in uganda.	an outbreak of ebola disease was reported from gulu district, uganda, on 8 october 2000. the outbreak was characterized by fever and haemorrhagic manifestations, and affected health workers and the general population of rwot-obillo, a village 14 km north of gulu town. later, the outbreak spread to other parts of the country including mbarara and masindi districts. response measures included surveillance, community mobilization, case and logistics management. three coordination committees were fo ...	2002	12460399
[how to treat a patient with indications for an infectious viral hemorrhagic fever].	lassa, ebola, marburg and crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever viruses are the most important causes of viral haemorrhagic fever which is transmitted from person to person through contact with blood or excreta. a non-specific fever may be the initial symptom of viral haemorrhagic fever. by means of carefully noting where the patient has travelled, possible exposure to ill persons, vectors or an animal reservoir, and the incubation period (< or = 21 days versus longer), it is possible to estimate the ...	2002	12467160
ebola.		2002	12473930
overcoming immunity to a viral vaccine by dna priming before vector boosting.	replication-defective adenovirus (adv) and poxvirus vectors have shown potential as vaccines for pathogens such as ebola or human immunodeficiency virus in nonhuman primates, but prior immunity to the viral vector in humans may limit their clinical efficacy. to overcome this limitation, the effect of prior viral exposure on immune responses to ebola virus glycoprotein (gp), shown previously to protect against lethal hemorrhagic fever in animals, was studied. prior exposure to adv substantially r ...	2003	12477888
evidence against ebola virus sgp binding to human neutrophils by a specific receptor.	the issue of whether ebola secretory glycoprotein (sgp) binds to human neutrophils via the igg fc receptor iiib (fcgammariiib, cd16b) or other receptors has been controversial. to clarify this, facs analysis, an sgp absorption assay, and direct binding of (125)i-sgp to neutrophils were performed. results from facs analysis demonstrated that limited washing conditions leads to the nonspecific formation of immune complexes on the neutrophil surface and this, but not a specific interaction between ...	2002	12482654
identification of protective epitopes on ebola virus glycoprotein at the single amino acid level by using recombinant vesicular stomatitis viruses.	ebola virus causes lethal hemorrhagic fever in humans, but currently there are no effective vaccines or antiviral compounds for this infectious disease. passive transfer of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) protects mice from lethal ebola virus infection (j. a. wilson, m. hevey, r. bakken, s. guest, m. bray, a. l. schmaljohn, and m. k. hart, science 287:1664-1666, 2000). however, the epitopes responsible for neutralization have been only partially characterized because some of the mabs do not recogni ...	2003	12502822
differential n-linked glycosylation of human immunodeficiency virus and ebola virus envelope glycoproteins modulates interactions with dc-sign and dc-signr.	the c-type lectins dc-sign and dc-signr [collectively referred to as dc-sign(r)] bind and transmit human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and simian immunodeficiency virus to t cells via the viral envelope glycoprotein (env). other viruses containing heavily glycosylated glycoproteins (gps) fail to interact with dc-sign(r), suggesting some degree of specificity in this interaction. we show here that dc-sign(r) selectively interact with hiv env and ebola virus gps containing more high-mannose than co ...	2003	12502850
newcastle disease virus (ndv)-based assay demonstrates interferon-antagonist activity for the ndv v protein and the nipah virus v, w, and c proteins.	we have generated a recombinant newcastle disease virus (ndv) that expresses the green fluorescence protein (gfp) in infected chicken embryo fibroblasts (cefs). this virus is interferon (ifn) sensitive, and pretreatment of cells with chicken alpha/beta ifn (ifn-alpha/beta) completely blocks viral gfp expression. prior transfection of plasmid dna induces an ifn response in cefs and blocks ndv-gfp replication. however, transfection of known inhibitors of the ifn-alpha/beta system, including the in ...	2003	12502864
dc-sign and dc-signr bind ebola glycoproteins and enhance infection of macrophages and endothelial cells.	ebola virus exhibits a broad cellular tropism in vitro. in humans and animal models, virus is found in most tissues and organs during the latter stages of infection. in contrast, a more restricted cell and tissue tropism is exhibited early in infection where macrophages, liver, lymph node, and spleen are major initial targets. this indicates that cellular factors other than the broadly expressed virus receptor(s) modulate ebola virus tropism. here we demonstrate that the c-type lectins dc-sign a ...	2003	12504546
pre-transmembrane sequence of ebola glycoprotein. interfacial hydrophobicity distribution and interaction with membranes.	the membrane-interacting domain that precedes the transmembrane anchor of ebola glycoprotein has been characterized. this aromatic-rich region is predicted to bind the membrane interface adopting an alpha-helical structure. peptides representing either the ebola glycoprotein pre-transmembrane sequence, or a 'scrambled' control with a different hydrophobic-at-interface moment, have been studied. insertion into lipid monolayers, changes in intrinsic fluorescence and in infrared spectra demonstrate ...	2003	12505157