| [viral haemorrhagic fever]. | viral haemorrhagic fever denotes various kinds of febrile illness caused by certain viruses which often presents with bleeding tendency and occasionally shock. out of these, the four maladies, lassa fever, ebola haemorrhagic fever, marburg haemorrhagic fever and crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever which are endemically present in africa or eastern europe, are known to be such diseases with high man-to-man communicability. these four haemorrhagic fevers are, therefore, designated as special conditio ... | 1997 | 9283226 |
| differentiation of filoviruses by electron microscopy. | cultured monolayers of ma-104, vero 76, sw-13, and dbs-frhl-2 cells were infected with marburg (mbg), ebola-sudan (ebo-s), ebola-zaire (ebo-z), and ebola-reston (ebo-r) viruses (filoviridae, filovirus) and examined by electron microscopy to provide ultrastructural details of morphology and morphogenesis of these potential human pathogens. replication of each filovirus was seen in all cell systems employed. filoviral particles appeared to enter host cells by endocytosis. filoviruses showed a simi ... | 1995 | 8837880 |
| negative-strand rna viruses: genetic engineering and applications. | the negative-strand rna viruses are a broad group of animal viruses that comprise several important human pathogens, including influenza, measles, mumps, rabies, respiratory syncytial, ebola, and hantaviruses. the development of new strategies to genetically manipulate the genomes of negative-strand rna viruses has provided us with new tools to study the structure-function relationships of the viral components and their contributions to the pathogenicity of these viruses. it is also now possible ... | 1996 | 8876139 |
| marburg and ebola viruses. | | 1996 | 8895830 |
| are all diseases infectious? | the complex interactions between microorganisms and human hosts include the well-known, traditional infectious diseases and the symbiotic relation we have with our normal flora. the media have brought to the public's attention many newly described infectious diseases, such as ebola virus hemorrhagic fever, that were not part of common medical parlance a decade ago. while flooding us with interesting and often dramatic reports of so-called emerging infectious diseases, the media have largely igno ... | 1996 | 8928993 |
| [methods for controlling colonization of air and laboratory surfaces by pathogens of certain especially dangerous viral infections]. | regular check-ups of the laboratory environment (air and working surfaces) for contamination with the objects of investigations are obligatory for laboratories working with viruses causing grave diseases, such as ebola, marburg, and machupo fevers and venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis. methods for indication and identification of these agents have been developed and experimentally tried. | 1997 | 9304303 |
| ebola virus infection: an overview. | the current outbreak of the ebola virus infection in africa has yet again proven that highly dangerous diseases that are transmitted via the blood-borne route may be endemic in some parts of the world and may emerge as sporadic outbreaks causing worldwide concern. health care professionals are at the forefront of combatting these diseases and treating infected individuals. though dental professionals are unlikely to be directly involved in the management of such acute infections, with very high ... | 1996 | 8935292 |
| ebola and hantaviruses. | | 1997 | 9348164 |
| in the heart of darkness: sleeping sickness in zaire. | human african trypanosomiasis (hat) control programs existed during the colonial era in the belgian congo. hat cases peaked in 1930 at 33,562. they declined gradually to about 1000 cases in 1959. the civil war that erupted after zaire's independence in 1960 crippled the public health system. during 1960-1967, no active case finding was conducted and notification of hat cases fell greatly. mismanagement and corruption maintained a severe social and economic crisis after the civil war. at th ... | 1996 | 8937285 |
| a novel hypothesis to explain the hemorrhagic and connective tissue manifestations of ebola virus infection. | the hemorrhagic and connective tissue complications of infection with ebola virus are poorly understood. while searching for homologies and motifs of the aortic aneurysm-associated autoantigenic protein 40 kda (aaap-40), we have noted some short sequences (possibly shared epitopes) that occur in the envelope glycoprotein (40 kda) of the ebola virus. as a first step toward determining whether molecular mimicry of human matrix proteins by the ebola virus protein might explain some of the severe co ... | 1996 | 8938109 |
| the thucydides syndrome: ebola déjà vu? (or ebola reemergent?) | | 1996 | 8964060 |
| ebola haemorrhagic fever. a summary of the outbreak in gabon. | | 1997 | 9002779 |
| [ebola: "a fatal syndrome"]. | no other clinical entity has attached more attention now-a-day than those precipitated by the infection with a hemorrhagic fever virus. potentially caused by arena, bunya, flavi, and filoviradae, only the latter has had such a major impact throughout the world. two major genuses have been recognized since they become evident for the first time in 1967, the single-species marburg, and the 3-species-ebola (e. zaire, sudan and reston). with the exception of the 2 outbreaks of e. reston (washington, ... | 1996 | 9004731 |
| computer simulations of proteolysis of marburg and ebola-zaire filovirus coded proteins to generate nonapeptides with motifs of known hla class i haplotypes and detection of antigenic domains in the viral glycoproteins. | the primary amino acid sequences of the proteins coded by marburg and ebola-zaire filoviruses were studied by computer programs to search for putative proteolytic cleavages which yield nonapeptides with motifs of binding to known hla class i haplotypes. the computer analyses predicted that numerous nonapeptides with motifs to bind hla class i a68 and a2 haplotypes were detected. a few nonapeptides with motifs hla class i a24, b8, b27 and b35 were predicted in marburg virus proteins. a similar fi ... | 1996 | 9035363 |
| [developing principles for emergency prevention and treatment of ebola fever]. | the authors validate the efficiency of pathogenetic approach to the development of urgent measures for the prevention and therapy of ebola fever. the virus circulating in the body is to be blocked as soon as possible and the impaired functions and systems repaired. therapy of ebola fever should be based on the earliest possible and sufficiently prolonged administration of specific immunoglobulins in combination with pathogenetic drugs. | 1997 | 9103042 |
| isolation and partial molecular characterisation of a strain of ebola virus during a recent epidemic of viral haemorrhagic fever in gabon. | | 1997 | 9111552 |
| identification of the ebola virus in gabon in 1994. | | 1997 | 9111553 |
| isolation and phylogenetic characterization of ebola viruses causing different outbreaks in gabon. | three outbreaks of ebola hemorrhagic fever have recently occurred in gabon. virus has been isolated from clinical materials from all three outbreaks, and nucleotide sequence analysis of the glycoprotein gene of the isolates and virus present in clinical samples has been carried out. these data indicate that each of the three outbreaks should be considered an independent emergence of a different ebola virus of the zaire subtype. as in earlier ebola virus outbreaks, no genetic variability was dete ... | 1997 | 9126445 |
| computational genomic analysis of hemorrhagic fever viruses. viral selenoproteins as a potential factor in pathogenesis. | a number of distinct viruses are known as hemorrhagic fever viruses based on a shared ability to induce hemorrhage by poorly understood mechanisms, typically involving the formation of blood clots ("disseminated intravascular coagulation"). it is well documented that selenium plays a significant role in the regulation of blood clotting via its effects on the thromboxane/prostacyclin ratio, and effects on the complement system. selenium has an anticlotting effect, whereas selenium deficiency has ... | 1997 | 9152513 |
| emergence of subtype zaire ebola virus in gabon. | gabon has recently been struck three times by ebola hemorrhagic fever. the first isolate originating from the 1994 outbreak has been subjected to molecular characterization of its gp and vp24 genes. sequence analysis demonstrates that the agent, gabon-94 virus, belongs to subtype zaire of ebola virus. the isolate is closely related to the kikwit-95 isolate, and both viruses seem to have evolved from a progenitor virus different from that of the zaire-76 isolates. the relatively close relationshi ... | 1997 | 9185597 |
| two strings to the bow of ebola virus. | | 1998 | 9546777 |
| global aspects of emerging and potential zoonoses: a who perspective. | many new human pathogens that have emerged or reemerged worldwide originated from animals or from products of animal origin. many animal species as well as categories of agents have been involved in the emergence of diseases. wild (e.g., bats, rodents) as well as draught animals (e.g., horses) and food animals (e.g., poultry, cattle) were implicated in the epidemiologic cycles of these diseases. many of the agents responsible for new infections and diseases in humans were viruses (e.g., hantavir ... | 1997 | 9204308 |
| the origin and evolution of ebola and marburg viruses. | molecular evolutionary analyses for ebola and marburg viruses were conducted with the aim of elucidating evolutionary features of these viruses. in particular, the rate of nonsynonymous substitutions for the glycoprotein gene of ebola virus was estimated to be, on the average, 3.6 x 10(-5) per site per year. marburg virus was also suggested to be evolving at a similar rate. those rates were a hundred times slower than those of retroviruses and human influenza a virus, but were of the same order ... | 1997 | 9254917 |
| emerging and reemerging infections. progress and challenges in the subspecialty of infectious disease pathology. | emerging and reemerging infections are attracting greater attention from the public health and medical communities. pathologists and other physicians are increasingly aware of the importance of the subspecialty of infectious disease pathology as a tool for diagnosis, surveillance, and research of emerging infections. in this communication, we describe the role that infectious disease pathologists have played during the last 2 years in broadening our understanding of selected emerging infections, ... | 1997 | 9278604 |
| summary of antibody workshop: the role of humoral immunity in the treatment and prevention of emerging and extant infectious diseases. | in the era before antibiotics, human diseases were commonly treated with immune animal and human sera, often with life-saving results. with the advent of emerging infectious diseases, many of which cannot be adequately treated or prevented, attempts to develop antibody treatments have taken on new importance. the role of humoral immunity in treatment and prevention was the focus of discussion at a 1996 workshop. the cellular and molecular mechanisms of neutralization were examined in detail. it ... | 1997 | 9291299 |
| [immunobiological properties of vp24 protein of ebola virus expressed by recombinant vaccinia virus]. | immunological and biochemical parameters were studied in guinea pigs immunized with recombinant vaccinia virus containing full-sized gene of ebola virus vp24 protein and then infected with virulent strain of ebola virus. the majority of the studied parameters changed similarly in guinea pigs immunized with recombinant vaccinia virus and control guinea pigs inoculated with vaccinia virus both before and after challenge with ebola virus. however, in animals immunized with recombinant vaccinia viru ... | 1997 | 9297340 |
| [changes in certain indicators of hemostasis in rabbits upon administration of ebola virus preparations]. | changes in some parameters of hemostasis in rabbits insusceptible to ebola virus (ev) in various periods after reinoculations with live and inactivated virus are described. challenge with both control protein and live and inactivated ev leads to imbalance in the hemostasis system, which is compensated for in the course of follow-up and does not result in clinically manifest disorders of blood clotting. however, the mechanisms of development of the hemostasis imbalance caused by the control prote ... | 1997 | 9297348 |
| [change in biochemical and hemostatic indicators in guinea pigs upon administering ebola virus preparations]. | the biochemical and hemostatic parameters were compared in guinea pigs after inoculation of ebola virus strains lethal and nonlethal for them and of inactivated antigen of this virus. the time course of the main hemostatic and biochemical parameters in animals challenged with the lethal strain of ebola virus differed much from that in other groups. this permits us to hypothesize that modification of the virus in the course of adaptation to the host results in the appearance of properties boostin ... | 1997 | 9304298 |
| international colloquium on ebola virus research: summary report. | | 1997 | 9333167 |
| ebola haemorrhagic fever. | | 1998 | 9692135 |
| marburg and ebola hemorrhagic fevers: does the primary course of infection depend on the accessibility of organ-specific macrophages? | | 1998 | 9709901 |
| a system for functional analysis of ebola virus glycoprotein. | ebola virus causes hemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman primates, resulting in mortality rates of up to 90%. studies of this virus have been hampered by its extraordinary pathogenicity, which requires biosafety level 4 containment. to circumvent this problem, we developed a novel complementation system for functional analysis of ebola virus glycoproteins. it relies on a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) that contains the green fluorescent protein gene instead of the receptor-bindi ... | 1997 | 9405687 |
| [care of a patient with a rare and highly contagious virus disease. an emergency situation resulted in good preparedness]. | ever since the eradication of smallpox, sweden has been poorly furnished with emergency facilities for the care of patients with serious, very infectious diseases. national interest in creating such facilities was aroused by epidemics of haemorrhagic disease (first and foremost due to ebola virus during the present decade), at the same time as the first scandinavian case of haemorrhagic fever associated with a risk of person-to-person infection occurred in linköping. a special laboratory which h ... | 1997 | 9411086 |
| haemorrhagic fevers and ecological perturbations. | hemorrhagic fever is a clinical and imprecise definition for several different diseases. their main common point is to be zoonoses. these diseases are due to several viruses which belong to different families. the flaviviridae have been known for the longest time. they include the amaril virus that causes yellow fever and is transported by mosquitoes. viruses that have come to light more recently belong to three other families: arenaviridae, bunyaviridae, and filoviridae. they are transmitted by ... | 1997 | 9413538 |
| [study of the treatment-prophylactic effect of immunomodulators in experimental infections, caused by marburg, ebola, and venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses]. | therapeutic and prophylactic effects of immunomodifiers ridostin, reaferon, and polyribonate used alone and in various combinations were assessed in experiments on guinea pigs infected with venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (vee) (strain trinidad), marburg (strain popp), and ebola (m/c-8 variant of zaire strain) viruses at doses 5 to 20 respiratory ld50 through the respiratory airways. urgent prophylactic simultaneous intramuscular and intranasal administration of ridostin protected the animal ... | 1997 | 9424849 |
| ebola takes a punch. | | 1998 | 9427596 |
| immunization for ebola virus infection. | infection by ebola virus causes rapidly progressive, often fatal, symptoms of fever, hemorrhage and hypotension. previous attempts to elicit protective immunity for this disease have not met with success. we report here that protection against the lethal effects of ebola virus can be achieved in an animal model by immunizing with plasmids encoding viral proteins. we analyzed immune responses to the viral nucleoprotein (np) and the secreted or transmembrane forms of the glycoprotein (sgp or gp) a ... | 1998 | 9427604 |
| variation in the glycoprotein and vp35 genes of marburg virus strains. | marburg virus, the prototype of the family filoviridae, differs genetically, serologically, and morphologically from ebola viruses. to better define the genetic variation within the species, vp35 and glycoprotein (gp) genes of representative human isolates from four known episodes of marburg virus hemorrhagic fever were analyzed. the percentage nucleotide differences in the gp gene coding regions of marburg viruses (0.1-21%) was nearly equal to the percentage amino acid changes (0-23%), while th ... | 1998 | 9448698 |
| ebola/athens revisited. | | 1998 | 9452412 |
| distinct cellular interactions of secreted and transmembrane ebola virus glycoproteins. | the mechanisms by which ebola virus evades detection and infects cells to cause hemorrhagic fever have not been defined, though its glycoprotein, synthesized in either a secreted or transmembrane form, is likely involved. here the secreted glycoprotein was found to interact with neutrophils through cd16b, the neutrophil-specific form of the fc gamma receptor iii, whereas the transmembrane glycoprotein was found to interact with endothelial cells but not neutrophils. a murine retroviral vector ps ... | 1998 | 9461435 |
| marburg hemorrhagic fever: report of a case studied by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. | the histologic and ultrastructural findings in a fatal human case of marburg hemorrhagic fever are reported. marburg virus was isolated from fluids and tissues and was identified in tissues by immunohistochemistry and electron and immunoelectron microscopy. the distribution of viral antigen by light level immunohistochemistry correlated with histologic lesions and also with the ultrastructural localization of virions. the tissue distribution and lesions of marburg virus in this patient were cons ... | 1998 | 9491211 |
| phosphatidylinositol-dependent membrane fusion induced by a putative fusogenic sequence of ebola virus. | the membrane-interacting abilities of three sequences representing the putative fusogenic subdomain of the ebola virus transmembrane protein have been investigated. in the presence of calcium, the sequence ebo(ge) (gaaiglawipyfgpaae) efficiently fused unilamellar vesicles composed of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, cholesterol, and phosphatidylinositol (molar ratio, 2:1:1:0.5), a mixture that roughly resembles the lipid composition of the hepatocyte plasma membrane. analysis of th ... | 1998 | 9499027 |
| ebola virus outbreaks in the ivory coast and liberia, 1994-1995. | | 1999 | 9893379 |
| characterization of ebola virus entry by using pseudotyped viruses: identification of receptor-deficient cell lines. | studies analyzing ebola virus replication have been severely hampered by the extreme pathogenicity of this virus. to permit analysis of the host range and function of the ebola virus glycoprotein (ebo-gp), we have developed a system for pseudotyping these glycoproteins into murine leukemia virus (mlv). this pseudotyped virus, mlv(ebola), can be readily concentrated to titers which exceed 5 x 10(6) infectious units/ml and is effectively neutralized by antibodies specific for ebo-gp. analysis of m ... | 1998 | 9525641 |
| [study of the phagocytic ability of blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes from rabbits and guinea pigs upon administering ebola virus]. | study of the phagocytic activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmnl) of rabbits resistant to ebola virus and guinea pigs susceptible to it, repeatedly challenged with live or inactivated ebola virus in accordance with the immunization protocols, showed a much higher phagocytic activity in animals resistant to the virus than in those susceptible to it. such behavior of pmnl in guinea pigs may be explained by the absence of the necessary cytokine background activating the neutrophils. | 1997 | 9182399 |
| [effect of inactivated ebola virus on colony forming activity of human hematopoietic stem cells]. | the effect of ebola virus antigen on the growth of hemopoietic precursors was studied. incubation of mononuclear cells with the viral antigen led to a dose-dependent decrease of erythroid colony formation but did not alter the growth of the granulocyto-macrophagal precursors. hence, ebola virus antigen is capable of directly affecting the hemopoietic activity of precursors in man by inhibiting the growth of erythroid colonies. | 1997 | 9182409 |
| processing of the ebola virus glycoprotein by the proprotein convertase furin. | in the present study, we have investigated processing and maturation of the envelope glycoprotein (gp) of ebola virus. when gp expressed from vaccinia virus vectors was analyzed by pulse-chase experiments, the mature form and two different precursors were identified. first, the endoplasmic reticulum form pregper, full-length gp with oligomannosidic n-glycans, was detected. pregper (110 kda) was replaced by the golgi-specific form pregp (160 kda), full-length gp containing mature carbohydrates. p ... | 1998 | 9576958 |
| pathology of experimental ebola virus infection in african green monkeys. involvement of fibroblastic reticular cells. | ebola virus has been responsible for explosive lethal outbreaks of hemorrhagic fever in both humans and nonhuman primates. previous studies showed a predilection of ebola virus for cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system and endothelial cells. | 1997 | 9278608 |
| [ultrastructural stereological analysis of monkey lungs during experimental ebola fever]. | | 1997 | 9280497 |
| release of viral glycoproteins during ebola virus infection. | maturation and release of the ebola virus glycoprotein gp were studied in cells infected with either ebola or recombinant vaccinia viruses. significant amounts of gp were found in the culture medium in nonvirion forms. the major form represented the large subunit gp1 that was shed after release of its disulfide linkage to the smaller transmembrane subunit gp2. the minor form were intact gp1,2 complexes incorporated into virosomes. vector-expressed gp formed spikes morphologically indistinguishab ... | 1998 | 9614872 |
| [developing methods of specific heterologic immunoglobulins preparation for urgent prevention of ebola fever and study of their properties]. | methods for preventing and treating ebola virus hemorrhagic fever are not still available despite the fact that this virus have been studied for 20 years. methods of immunization of the animals (sheep, goats) non-susceptible to ebola virus with live virus preparations were developed to obtain the hyperimmune anti-ebola virus sera required to have highly immune antivirus gamma-globulins. these methods made it possible to obtain the immune sera having high virus-neutralizing antibodies. caprine im ... | 1998 | 9633237 |
| dna vaccines expressing either the gp or np genes of ebola virus protect mice from lethal challenge. | dna vaccines expressing the envelope glycoprotein (gp) or nucleocapsid protein (np) genes of ebola virus were evaluated in adult, immunocompetent mice. the vaccines were delivered into the skin by particle bombardment of dna-coated gold beads with the powderject-xr gene gun. both vaccines elicited antibody responses as measured by elisa and elicited cytotoxic t cell responses as measured by chromium release assays. from one to four vaccinations with 0.5 microgram of the gp dna vaccine resulted i ... | 1998 | 9657001 |
| biochemical analysis of the secreted and virion glycoproteins of ebola virus. | the glycoproteins expressed by a zaire species of ebola virus were analyzed for cleavage, oligomerization, and other structural properties to better define their functions. the 50- to 70-kda secreted and 150-kda virion/structural glycoproteins (sgp and gp, respectively), which share the 295 n-terminal residues, are cleaved near the n terminus by signalase. a second cleavage event, occurring in gp at a multibasic site (rrtrr downward arrow) that is likely mediated by furin, results in two glycopr ... | 1998 | 9658086 |
| pathogenesis of ebola virus infection: recent insights. | | 1998 | 9717212 |
| [viral hemorrhagic fever--ebola hemorrhagic fever, marburg disease and lassa fever]. | viral hemorrhagic fevers include ebola hemorrhagic fever, marburg disease and lassa fever. the etiologic agents of the diseases, ebola virus, marburg virus and lassa virus, respectively, are categorized as viruses with biosafety level 4, because of their high mortality, high transmissibility and the lack of effective vaccines and therapeutic measures. ebola and marburg viruses are members of the filoviridae family and easily distinguishable from viruses of other families by the characteristic mo ... | 1998 | 9721531 |
| ebola (subtype reston) virus among quarantined nonhuman primates recently imported from the philippines to the united states. | in april 1996, laboratory testing of imported nonhuman primates (as mandated by quarantine regulations) identified 2 cynomolgus macaques (macaca fascicularis) infected with ebola (subtype reston) virus in a us-registered quarantine facility. the animals were part of a shipment of 100 nonhuman primates recently imported from the philippines. two additional infected animals, who were thought to be in the incubation phase, were identified among the remaining 48 animals in the affected quarantine ro ... | 1999 | 9988173 |
| a mouse model for evaluation of prophylaxis and therapy of ebola hemorrhagic fever. | the zaire subtype of ebola virus (ebo-z) is lethal for newborn mice, but adult mice are resistant to the virus, which prevents their use as an animal model of lethal ebola infection. we serially passed ebo-z virus in progressively older suckling mice, eventually obtaining a plaque-purified virus that was lethal for mature, immunocompetent balb/c and c57bl/6 inbred and icr (cd-1) outbred mice. pathologic changes in the liver and spleen of infected mice resembled those in ebo-z-infected primates. ... | 1998 | 9728532 |
| [ebola virus: what the practitioner needs to know]. | the ebola virus is an rna virus of filoviridae family. the earliest documented fatal epidemic of ebola hemorrhagic occurred in 1976. there are four genetically different subtypes of ebola virus. the virus remains in the blood for several weeks, can maintain its infectivity for several weeks at 20 degrees c outside the body, and survives for several weeks in corpses. isolation of ebola virus requires level 4 laboratory security conditions. specimens are obtained by culturing mammal cells. identif ... | 1998 | 9791600 |
| a search for ebola virus in animals in the democratic republic of the congo and cameroon: ecologic, virologic, and serologic surveys, 1979-1980. ebola virus study teams. | more than 30 years after the first outbreak of marburg virus disease in germany and yugoslavia and 20 years after ebola hemorrhagic fever first occurred in central africa, the natural history of filoviruses remains unknown. in 1979 and 1980, animals in the democratic republic of the congo and cameroon were collected during the dry season near the site of the 1976 ebola hemorrhagic fever epidemic. the study objectives were to identify local animals and search for evidence of ebola virus in their ... | 1999 | 9988177 |
| [dynamics of immunologic indicators in guinea pigs upon administering various preparations of the ebola virus]. | immunological and hematological values are analyzed in guinea pigs infected with ebola virus (ev) strain weakly pathogenic for these animals, inactivated ev, and ev strain adapted to guinea pigs and causing a lethal infection in them. the disease induced by lethal ev differed from that induced by other ev strains. blastic wave in lymphoid organs in the absence of antibodies to ev detected by enzyme immunoassay, elimination of circulating immune complexes, and appearance of eosinophils in the blo ... | 1998 | 9791881 |
| the nonstructural small glycoprotein sgp of ebola virus is secreted as an antiparallel-orientated homodimer. | the nonstructural small glycoprotein sgp, which unlike the transmembrane gp is synthesized from primary nonedited mrna species, is secreted from infected cells as a disulfide-linked homodimer. site-directed mutagenesis of all cysteine residues revealed that dimerization is due to an intermolecular disulfide linkage between cysteine residues at positions 53 and 306. formic acid hydrolysis of sgp demonstrated that sgp dimers consist of monomers in antiparallel orientation. another editing product ... | 1998 | 9792851 |
| recombinant ebola virus nucleoprotein and glycoprotein (gabon 94 strain) provide new tools for the detection of human infections. | after cloning and sequencing the glycoprotein (gp) gene of one of the gabonese strains of ebola virus isolated during the 1994-1996 outbreak, it was shown that the circulating virus was of the zaire subtype. this was confirmed in this study by cloning and sequencing the nucleoprotein (np) gene of this strain. these two structural proteins were also expressed as recombinant proteins and used in elisa tests. np was expressed as a his-tagged fusion protein in escherichia coli and was purified on re ... | 1998 | 9820131 |
| crystal structure of the ebola virus membrane fusion subunit, gp2, from the envelope glycoprotein ectodomain. | we have determined the structure of gp2 from the ebola virus membrane fusion glycoprotein by x-ray crystallography. the molecule contains a central triple-stranded coiled coil followed by a disulfide-bonded loop homologous to an immunosuppressive sequence in retroviral glycoproteins, which reverses the chain direction and connects to an alpha helix packed antiparallel to the core helices. the structure suggests that fusion peptides near the n termini form disulfide-bonded loops at one end of the ... | 1998 | 9844633 |
| tropical myeloneuropathies revisited. | an interesting neurological syndrome, characterized by recurrent optic neuritis, cervical myelopathy from syringomyelia, paraparesis, amenorrhea-galactorrhea, and other endocrine problems, has been described among young black women in the french west indies. the etiology remains unknown, but possible links with devic's disease, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, and neurotoxicity from quinolines in annona muricata teas have been postulated. the largest epidemic of neuropathy in this century o ... | 1998 | 9848004 |
| ebola virus inhibits induction of genes by double-stranded rna in endothelial cells. | fatal cases of filoviral infection are accompanied by a marked immunosuppression. endothelial cells play a vital role in the host immune response through the expression of several immunomodulatory genes in addition to the expression of the antiviral genes, 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase [2'-5'(a)n], and the double-stranded rna (dsrna)-activated protein kinase (pkr). dsrna, an intermediate generated during viral replication and gene transcription of many viruses, leads to the induction of immuno ... | 1998 | 9875327 |
| endoproteolytic processing of the ebola virus envelope glycoprotein: cleavage is not required for function. | proteolytic processing is required for the activation of numerous viral glycoproteins. here we show that the envelope glycoprotein from the zaire strain of ebola virus (ebo-gp) is proteolytically processed into two subunits, gp1 and gp2, that are likely covalently associated through a disulfide linkage. murine leukemia virions pseudotyped with ebo-gp contain almost exclusively processed glycoprotein, indicating that this is the mature form of ebo-gp. mutational analysis identified a dibasic moti ... | 1999 | 9882347 |
| comparison of the transcription and replication strategies of marburg virus and ebola virus by using artificial replication systems. | the members of the family filoviridae, marburg virus (mbgv) and ebola virus (ebov), are very similar in terms of morphology, genome organization, and protein composition. to compare the replication and transcription strategies of both viruses, an artificial replication system based on the vaccinia virus t7 expression system was established for ebov. specific transcription and replication of an artificial monocistronic minireplicon was demonstrated by reporter gene expression and detection of the ... | 1999 | 9971816 |
| an introduction to ebola: the virus and the disease. | | 1999 | 9988154 |
| isolated case of ebola hemorrhagic fever with mucormycosis complications, kinshasa, democratic republic of the congo. | a patient with undiagnosed ebola (ebo) hemorrhagic fever (ehf) was transferred from kikwit to a private clinic in kinshasa, democratic republic of the congo. a diagnosis of ehf was suspected on clinical grounds and was confirmed by detection of ebo virus-specific igm and igg in serum of the patient. during the course of the disease, although she had no known predisposing factors, the patient developed a periorbital mucormycosis abscess on eyelid tissue that was biopsied during surgical drainage; ... | 1999 | 9988159 |
| treatment of ebola hemorrhagic fever with blood transfusions from convalescent patients. international scientific and technical committee. | between 6 and 22 june 1995, 8 patients in kikwit, democratic republic of the congo, who met the case definition used in kikwit for ebola (ebo) hemorrhagic fever, were transfused with blood donated by 5 convalescent patients. the donated blood contained igg ebo antibodies but no ebo antigen. ebo antigens were detected in all the transfusion recipients just before transfusion. the 8 transfused patients had clinical symptoms similar to those of other ebo patients seen during the epidemic. all were ... | 1999 | 9988160 |
| the central structural feature of the membrane fusion protein subunit from the ebola virus glycoprotein is a long triple-stranded coiled coil. | the ectodomain of the ebola virus gp2 glycoprotein was solubilized with a trimeric, isoleucine zipper derived from gcn4 (piigcn4) in place of the hydrophobic fusion peptide at the n terminus. this chimeric molecule forms a trimeric, highly alpha-helical, and very thermostable molecule, as determined by chemical crosslinking and circular dichroism. electron microscopy indicates that gp2 folds into a rod-like structure like influenza ha2 and hiv-1 gp41, providing further evidence that viral fusion ... | 1998 | 9600912 |
| a mouse model for evaluation of prophylaxis and therapy of ebola hemorrhagic fever. | the zaire subtype of ebola virus (ebo-z) is lethal for newborn mice, but adult mice are resistant to the virus, which prevents their use as an animal model of lethal ebola infection. we serially passed ebo-z virus in progressively older suckling mice, eventually obtaining a plaque-purified virus that was lethal for mature, immunocompetent balb/c and c57bl/6 inbred and icr (cd-1) outbred mice. pathologic changes in the liver and spleen of infected mice resembled those in ebo-z-infected primates. ... | 1999 | 9988191 |
| ebola outbreak in kikwit, democratic republic of the congo: discovery and control measures. | the ebola epidemic in kikwit, democratic republic of the congo, was recognized because of a nosocomial outbreak in kikwit general hospital. initially, a diagnosis of shigella infection was suspected because many patients presented with bloody diarrhea. on 4 may 1995, blood samples from 14 acutely ill patients were sent to the centers for disease control and prevention (atlanta), and on 9 may, a diagnosis of ebola hemorrhagic fever was confirmed. the major disease control measures that were under ... | 1999 | 9988192 |
| long-term disease surveillance in bandundu region, democratic republic of the congo: a model for early detection and prevention of ebola hemorrhagic fever. | after the large-scale outbreak of ebola hemorrhagic fever (ehf) in bandundu region, democratic republic of the congo, a program was developed to help detect and prevent future outbreaks of ehf in the region. the long-term surveillance and prevention strategy is based on early recognition by physicians, immediate initiation of enhanced barrier-nursing practices, and the use of an immunohistochemical diagnostic test performed on formalin-fixed skin specimens of patients who die of suspected viral ... | 1999 | 9988195 |
| us policy for disease control among imported nonhuman primates. | in 1990, in response to the occurrence of ebola virus (subsequently identified as subtype reston) infection among cynomolgus monkeys imported from the philippines, the united states implemented strict disease control measures for handling nonhuman primates during transit and quarantine and initiated importer facility compliance inspections. disease control measures emphasized protection of workers from exposure, use of containment facilities and procedures, measures to prevent spread of infectio ... | 1999 | 9988196 |
| ebola goes pop: the filovirus from literature into film. | | 1998 | 9604849 |
| [microscopic study of species specific features of hemostatic impairment in ebola virus infected monkeys]. | pathological changes were studied in the blood vessels of baboons, green, rhesus, and cynomolgus monkeys at the end-stage ebola (zaire) infection. marked microvascular lesions (capillary stasis, blood engorgement, thrombosis with blood cells, neutrophil accumulation, endothelial edema) were found in all the monkeys. these changes clearly indicate impaired organ blood supply. multiple hemorrhages were formed by diapedesis without vascular wall destruction. fibrin deposition and thrombi were featu ... | 1998 | 9608279 |
| histopathological and immunohistochemical studies of lesions associated with ebola virus in a naturally infected chimpanzee. | lesions caused by the côte d'ivoire subtype of ebola virus in a naturally infected young chimpanzee were characterized by histopathological and immunohistochemical methods. the predominant lesions consisted of multifocal necrosis in the liver and diffuse fibrinoid necrosis in the red pulp of the spleen. in these sites, macrophages contained large eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies. immunohistochemical staining indicated that macrophages were a major site of viral replication. the abs ... | 1999 | 9988165 |
| ebola between outbreaks: intensified ebola hemorrhagic fever surveillance in the democratic republic of the congo, 1981-1985. | surveillance for ebola hemorrhagic fever was conducted in the democratic republic of the congo from 1981 to 1985 to estimate the incidence of human infection. persons who met the criteria of one of three different case definitions were clinically evaluated, and blood was obtained for antibody confirmation by ifa. contacts of each case and 4 age- and sex-matched controls were also clinically examined and tested for immunofluorescent antibody. twenty-one cases of ebola infection (persons with an a ... | 1999 | 9988166 |
| [ebola hemorrhagic fever and marburg virus disease: their virological and clinical aspects]. | | 1999 | 10088344 |
| ebola hemorrhagic fever outbreaks in gabon, 1994-1997: epidemiologic and health control issues. | from the end of 1994 to the beginning of 1995, 49 patients with hemorrhagic symptoms were hospitalized in the makokou general hospital in northeastern gabon. yellow fever (yf) virus was first diagnosed in serum by use of polymerase chain reaction followed by blotting, and a vaccination campaign was immediately instituted. the epidemic, known as the fall 1994 epidemic, ended 6 weeks later. however, some aspects of this epidemic were atypical of yf infection, so a retrospective check for other eti ... | 1999 | 9988167 |
| serologic survey among hospital and health center workers during the ebola hemorrhagic fever outbreak in kikwit, democratic republic of the congo, 1995. | from may to july 1995, a serologic and interview survey was conducted to describe ebola hemorrhagic fever (ehf) among personnel working in 5 hospitals and 26 health care centers in and around kikwit, democratic republic of the congo. job-specific attack rates estimated for kikwit general hospital, the epicenter of the ehf epidemic, were 31% for physicians, 11% for technicians/room attendants, 10% for nurses, and 4% for other workers. among 402 workers who did not meet the ehf case definition, 12 ... | 1999 | 9988171 |
| prevalence of igg antibodies to ebola virus in individuals during an ebola outbreak, democratic republic of the congo, 1995. | during the 1995 outbreak of ebola (ebo) hemorrhagic fever in kikwit, democratic republic of congo, two surveys using a new elisa for ebo (subtype zaire) virus antigen were conducted to assess the prevalence of ebo igg antibodies among residents of kikwit and the surrounding area. the first study determined the proportion of antibody-positive individuals who were self-identified forest and city workers from the kikwit area. serum samples from 9 (2.2%) of 414 workers had igg ebo antibodies. the se ... | 1999 | 9988172 |
| epidemiology of ebola (subtype reston) virus in the philippines, 1996. | ebola (subtype reston [ebo-r]) virus infection was detected in macaques imported into the united states from the philippines in march 1996. studies were initiated in the philippines to identify the source of the virus among monkey-breeding and export facilities, to establish surveillance and testing, and to assess the risk and significance of ebo-r infections in humans who work in these facilities. over a 5-month period, acutely infected animals were found at only one facility, as determined usi ... | 1999 | 9988174 |
| ecology of marburg and ebola viruses: speculations and directions for future research. | marburg and virulent ebola viruses are maintained in hosts that are rare and have little contact with humans or do not readily transmit virus. bats (particularly solitary microchiropteran species) are leading contenders as reservoir hosts. virus transfer to humans occurs by contact with the primary reservoir or via an intermediate animal that acquired infection from the reservoir and is, in turn, hunted by humans. an interesting possibility is that filoviruses may be arthropod or plant viruses, ... | 1999 | 9988176 |
| field investigations of an outbreak of ebola hemorrhagic fever, kikwit, democratic republic of the congo, 1995: arthropod studies. | during the final weeks of a 6-month epidemic of ebola hemorrhagic fever in kikwit, democratic republic of the congo, an extensive collection of arthropods was made in an attempt to learn more of the natural history of the disease. a reconstruction of the activities of the likely primary case, a 42-year-old man who lived in the city, indicated that he probably acquired his infection in a partly forested area 15 km from his home. collections were made throughout this area, along the route he follo ... | 1999 | 9988178 |
| search for the ebola virus reservoir in kikwit, democratic republic of the congo: reflections on a vertebrate collection. | a 3-month ecologic investigation was done to identify the reservoir of ebola virus following the 1995 outbreak in kikwit, democratic republic of the congo. efforts focused on the fields where the putative primary case had worked but included other habitats near kikwit. samples were collected from 3066 vertebrates and tested for the presence of antibodies to ebola (subtype zaire) virus: all tests were negative, and attempts to isolate ebola virus were unsuccessful. the investigation was hampered ... | 1999 | 9988179 |
| detection and molecular characterization of ebola viruses causing disease in human and nonhuman primates. | ebola (ebo) viruses were detected in specimens obtained during the hemorrhagic fever outbreak among humans in kikwit, democratic republic of the congo (drc), in 1995 (subtype zaire) and during an outbreak of disease in cynomolgus macaques in alice, texas, and the philippines in 1996 (subtype reston). reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assays were developed and proven effective for detecting viral rna in body fluids and tissues of infected individuals. little change was seen in the n ... | 1999 | 9988180 |
| persistence and genetic stability of ebola virus during the outbreak in kikwit, democratic republic of the congo, 1995. | ebola virus persistence was examined in body fluids from 12 convalescent patients by virus isolation and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) during the 1995 ebola hemorrhagic fever outbreak in kikwit, democratic republic of the congo. virus rna could be detected for up to 33 days in vaginal, rectal, and conjunctival swabs of 1 patient and up to 101 days in the seminal fluid of 4 patients. infectious virus was detected in 1 seminal fluid sample obtained 82 days after disease ... | 1999 | 9988181 |
| clinical virology of ebola hemorrhagic fever (ehf): virus, virus antigen, and igg and igm antibody findings among ehf patients in kikwit, democratic republic of the congo, 1995. | ebola hemorrhagic fever (ehf) patients treated at kikwit general hospital during the 1995 outbreak were tested for viral antigen, igg and igm antibody, and infectious virus. viral antigen could be detected in virtually all patients during the acute phase of illness, while antibody was not always detectable before death. virus was also isolated from patients during the course of their febrile illness, but attempts to quantify virus in vero e6 cells by standard plaque assay were often unsuccessful ... | 1999 | 9988182 |
| elisa for the detection of antibodies to ebola viruses. | eias for igg and igm antibodies directed against ebola (ebo) viral antigens have been developed and evaluated using sera of animals and humans surviving infection with ebo viruses. the igm capture assay detected anti-ebo (subtype reston) antibodies in the sera of 5 of 5 experimentally infected animals at the time they succumbed to lethal infections. igm antibodies were also detected in the serum of a human who was infected with ebo (subtype reston) during a postmortem examination of an infected ... | 1999 | 9988184 |
| cytotoxic t lymphocytes to ebola zaire virus are induced in mice by immunization with liposomes containing lipid a. | an eight amino acid sequence (telrtfsi) present in the carboxy terminal end (aa 577-584) of membrane-anchored gp, the major structural protein of ebola virus, was identified as an h-2k-specific murine cytotoxic t cell epitope. cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctls) to this epitope were induced by immunizing b10.br mice intravenously with either irradiated ebola virus or with irradiated ebola virus encapsulated in liposomes containing lipid a. the ctl response induced by irradiated ebola virus could not ... | 1999 | 10462234 |
| an analysis of features of pathogenesis in two animal models of ebola virus infection. | virus reproduction and the time course of changes in liver and kidney functions and in the blood clotting system were studied in the visceral organs of green monkeys and baboons infected with ebola virus (subtype zaire). it was shown that monocytes and macrophages were the first cells to be infected with the virus, followed by hepatocytes, adrenocorticocytes, fibroblasts, and endotheliocytes. the early and late pathologic changes in the monkey organs are described. biochemical data on changes in ... | 1999 | 9988185 |
| pathogenesis of experimental ebola virus infection in guinea pigs. | the subtype zaire of ebola (ebo) virus (mayinga strain) was adapted to produce lethal infections in guinea pigs. in many ways, the disease was similar to ebo infections in nonhuman primates and humans. the guinea pig model was used to investigate the pathologic events in ebo infection that lead to death. analytical methods included immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and electron microscopy. cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system, primarily macrophages, were identified as the early a ... | 1999 | 9988186 |
| preparation and use of hyperimmune serum for prophylaxis and therapy of ebola virus infections. | to obtain hyperimmune serum appropriate for the treatment of filovirus infection, methods were developed to immunize nonsusceptible animals with live ebola (ebo) virus preparations. immune plasma with high elisa and neutralization-specific antibody titers was obtained by multiple immunization of sheep and goats with preparations of live ebo virus. goat immunoglobulin was prepared by cohn's method and tested on guinea pigs, using an ebo virus strain that is highly pathogenic for guinea pigs. prop ... | 1999 | 9988187 |
| evaluation of immune globulin and recombinant interferon-alpha2b for treatment of experimental ebola virus infections. | a passive immunization strategy for treating ebola virus infections was evaluated using balb/ c mice, strain 13 guinea pigs, and cynomolgus monkeys. guinea pigs were completely protected by injection of hyperimmune equine igg when treatment was initiated early but not after viremia had developed. in contrast, mice were incompletely protected even when treatment was initiated on day 0, the day of virus inoculation. in monkeys treated with one dose of igg on day 0, onset of illness and viremia was ... | 1999 | 9988188 |
| recombinant human monoclonal antibodies to ebola virus. | human fab (igg1kappa) phage display libraries were constructed from bone marrow rna from 2 donors who recovered from infection with ebola (ebo) virus during the 1995 outbreak in kikwit, democratic republic of the congo. the libraries were initially panned against a radiation-inactivated ebo virus-infected vero cell lysate, but only weak binders were identified. in contrast, panning against secreted ebo glycoprotein (sgp) resulted in fabs showing very strong reactivity with sgp in elisa. these fa ... | 1999 | 9988189 |
| [effect of an infections dose of the ebola virus on survivability and immunologic indicators in guinea pigs]. | analysis of the time course of immunological parameters in intact guinea pigs and animals immunized with inactivated ebola virus (ev) inoculated with high and low doses of ev strain lethal for guinea pigs showed that high doses induced a higher resistance of the lymphocytic component of immunity than low doses, but activation of the neutrophil phagocytosis was far less expressed after high doses than after low ones. this indicates a qualitative effect of the infective dose of ev on the developme ... | 1999 | 10544449 |
| identification of ebola virus sequences present as rna or dna in organs of terrestrial small mammals of the central african republic. | the life cycle of the ebola (ebo) virus remains enigmatic. we tested for ebo virus in the organs of 242 small mammals captured during ecological studies in the central african republic. ebo virus glycoprotein or polymerase gene sequences were detected by reverse transcription pcr in rna extracts of the organs of seven animals and by pcr in dna extract of one animal. neither live virus nor virus antigen was detected in any organ sample. direct sequencing of amplicons identified the virus as being ... | 1999 | 10580275 |
| antiviral drug therapy of filovirus infections: s-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase inhibitors inhibit ebola virus in vitro and in a lethal mouse model. | ebola (subtype zaire) viral replication was inhibited in vitro by a series of nine nucleoside analogue inhibitors of s-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase, an important target for antiviral drug development. adult balb/c mice lethally infected with mouse-adapted ebola virus die 5-7 days after infection. treatment initiated on day 0 or 1 resulted in dose-dependent protection, with mortality completely prevented at doses > or =0.7 mg/kg every 8 h. there was significant protection (90%) when treatment w ... | 1999 | 9988190 |