| a human dpp4-knockin mouse's susceptibility to infection by authentic and pseudotyped mers-cov. | infection by the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) causes respiratory illness and has a high mortality rate (~35%). the requirement for the virus to be manipulated in a biosafety level three (bsl-3) facility has impeded development of urgently-needed antiviral agents. here, we established anovel mouse model by inserting human dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (hdpp4) into the rosa26 locus using crispr/cas9, resulting in global expression of the transgene in a genetically stable mouse ... | 2018 | 30142928 |
| naadp-dependent ca2+ signaling regulates middle east respiratory syndrome-coronavirus pseudovirus translocation through the endolysosomal system. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) infections are associated with a significant mortality rate, and existing drugs show poor efficacy. identifying novel targets/pathways required for mers infectivity is therefore important for developing novel therapeutics. as an enveloped virus, translocation through the endolysosomal system provides one pathway for cellular entry of mers-cov. in this context, ca2+-permeable channels within the endolysosomal system regulate both the luminal ... | 2018 | 30121440 |
| the endonucleolytic rna cleavage function of nsp1 of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus promotes the production of infectious virus particles in specific human cell lines. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) nsp1 suppresses host gene expression in expressed cells by inhibiting translation and inducing endonucleolytic cleavage of host mrnas, the latter of which leads to mrna decay. we examined the biological functions of nsp1 in infected cells and its role in virus replication by using wild-type mers-cov and two mutant viruses with specific mutations in the nsp1; one mutant lacked both biological functions, while the other lacked the rna cleavag ... | 2018 | 30111568 |
| mortality rate of icu patients with the middle east respiratory syndrome - coronavirus infection at king fahad hospital, jeddah, saudi arabia. | the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a novel coronavirus circulating in the arabian peninsula since september 2012. it leads to significant respiratory disease and among patients with co-morbidities is associated with high mortality. this research studied the mortality rate of mers-cov among intensive care unit (icu) patients and the correlation of mortality with different co-morbidities. | 2018 | 30102495 |
| human β-defensin 2 plays a regulatory role in innate antiviral immunity and is capable of potentiating the induction of antigen-specific immunity. | antimicrobial peptides (amps) are primarily known for their innate immune defense against invading microorganisms, including viruses. in addition, recent research has suggested their modulatory activity in immune induction. given that most subunit vaccines require an adjuvant to achieve effective immune induction through the activation of innate immunity, amps are plausible candidate molecules for stimulating not only innate immune but also adaptive immune responses. | 2018 | 30089512 |
| middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) infection: epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical characteristics. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus-(mers-cov) infection is an evolving worldwide health crisis. the early diagnosis and management of the disease remains a major challenge. this study designed to discuss the epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical appearances of mers-cov infections. | 2018 | 30070331 |
| inhibition of stress granule formation by middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus 4a accessory protein facilitates viral translation, leading to efficient virus replication. | stress granule (sg) formation is generally triggered as a result of stress-induced translation arrest. the impact of sg formation on virus replication varies among different viruses, and the significance of sgs in coronavirus (cov) replication is largely unknown. the present study examined the biological role of sgs in middle east respiratory syndrome (mers)-cov replication. the mers-cov 4a accessory protein is known to inhibit sg formation in cells in which it was expressed by binding to double ... | 2018 | 30068649 |
| middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein is not activated directly by cellular furin during viral entry into target cells. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) utilizes host cellular proteases to enter cells. a previous report shows that furin, which is distributed mainly in the golgi apparatus and cycled to the cell surface and endosomes, proteolytically activates the mers-cov spike (s) protein following receptor binding to mediate fusion between the viral and cellular membranes. in this study, we reexamined furin usage by mers-cov using a real-time pcr-based virus cell entry assay after inhibiti ... | 2018 | 30021905 |
| proficiency testing for the detection of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus demonstrates global capacity to detect middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | the first reported case of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) infection was identified in saudi arabia in september 2012, since which time there have been over 2000 laboratory-confirmed cases, including 750 deaths in 27 countries. nucleic acid testing (nat) is the preferred method for the detection of mers-cov. a single round of a proficiency testing program (ptp) was used to assess the capability of laboratories globally to accurately detect the presence of mers-cov using n ... | 2018 | 30016543 |
| clinical management of respiratory syndrome in patients hospitalized for suspected middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in the paris area from 2013 to 2016. | patients with suspected middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) infection should be hospitalized in isolation wards to avoid transmission. this suspicion can also lead to medical confusion and inappropriate management of acute respiratory syndrome due to causes other than mers-cov. | 2018 | 30012113 |
| structural definition of a unique neutralization epitope on the receptor-binding domain of mers-cov spike glycoprotein. | the major mechanism of antibody-mediated neutralization of the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) involves competition with the cellular receptor dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (dpp4) for binding to the receptor-binding domain (rbd) of the spike (s) glycoprotein. here, we report a unique epitope and unusual neutralizing mechanism of the isolated human antibody mers-4. structurally, mers-4 approached the rbd from the outside of the rbd-dpp4 binding interface. such binding resulted in ... | 2018 | 29996104 |
| tmprss11a activates the influenza a virus hemagglutinin and the mers coronavirus spike protein and is insensitive against blockade by hai-1. | the influenza virus hemagglutinin (ha) facilitates viral entry into target cells. cleavage of ha by host cell proteases is essential for viral infectivity, and the responsible enzymes are potential targets for antiviral intervention. the type ii transmembrane serine protease (ttsp) tmprss2 has been identified as an ha activator in cell culture and in the infected host. however, it is less clear whether tmprss2-related enzymes can also activate ha for spread in target cells. moreover, the activit ... | 2018 | 29976755 |
| lead molecule prediction and characterization for designing mers-cov 3c-like protease inhibitors: an in silico approach. | 3c-like protease also called the main protease is an essential enzyme for the completion of the life cycle of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus. in our study we predicted compounds which are capable of inhibiting 3c-like protease, and thus inhibit the lifecycle of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus using in silico methods. | 2019 | 29956635 |
| global seasonal occurrence of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) infection. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is an evolving global health crisis. despite recent efforts, there are numerous notable gaps in the understanding of mers-cov seasonal diversity. we aimed at investigating the global seasonal occurrence of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) outbreaks. | 2018 | 29949167 |
| underlying trend, seasonality, prediction, forecasting and the contribution of risk factors: an analysis of globally reported cases of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus - corrigendum. | | 2018 | 29945686 |
| challenges of convalescent plasma infusion therapy in middle east respiratory coronavirus infection: a single centre experience. | the effects of convalescent plasma (cp) infusion, one of the treatment options for severe middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) infections, have not yet been evaluated. | 2018 | 29923831 |
| middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) infection during pregnancy: report of two cases & review of the literature. | | 2019 | 29907538 |
| serologic follow-up of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus cases and contacts-abu dhabi, united arab emirates. | although there is evidence of person-to-person transmission of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in household and healthcare settings, more data are needed to describe and better understand the risk factors and transmission routes in both settings, as well as the extent to which disease severity affects transmission. | 2019 | 29905769 |
| live-attenuated bivalent measles virus-derived vaccines targeting middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus induce robust and multifunctional t cell responses against both viruses in an appropriate mouse model. | cases of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) continue to occur, making it one of the who´s targets for accelerated vaccine development. one vaccine candidate is based on live-attenuated measles virus (mv) vaccine encoding the mers-cov spike glycoprotein (mers-s). mvvac2-mers-s(h) induces robust humoral and cellular immunity against mers-s mediating protection. here, the induction and nature of immunity after vaccination with mvvac2-mers-s(h) or novel mvvac2-mers-n were furthe ... | 2018 | 29902727 |
| a rapid and specific assay for the detection of mers-cov. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a novel human coronavirus that can cause human respiratory disease. the development of a detection method for this virus that can lead to rapid and accurate diagnosis would be significant. in this study, we established a nucleic acid visualization technique that combines the reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification technique and a vertical flow visualization strip (rt-lamp-vf) to detect the n gene of mers-cov. the rt- ... | 2018 | 29896174 |
| middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus and bat coronavirus hku9 both can utilize grp78 for attachment onto host cells. | coronavirus tropism is predominantly determined by the interaction between coronavirus spikes and the host receptors. in this regard, coronaviruses have evolved a complicated receptor-recognition system through their spike proteins. spikes from highly related coronaviruses can recognize distinct receptors, whereas spikes of distant coronaviruses can employ the same cell-surface molecule for entry. moreover, coronavirus spikes can recognize a broad range of cell-surface molecules in addition to t ... | 2018 | 29887526 |
| underlying trend, seasonality, prediction, forecasting and the contribution of risk factors: an analysis of globally reported cases of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | this study set out to identify and analyse trends and seasonal variations of monthly global reported cases of the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). it also made a prediction based on the reported and extrapolated into the future by forecasting the trend. finally, the study assessed contributions of various risk factors in the reported cases. the motivation for this study is that mers-cov remains among the list of blueprint priority and potential pandemic diseases globally. ... | 2018 | 29886854 |
| chaperna-mediated assembly of ferritin-based middle east respiratory syndrome-coronavirus nanoparticles. | the folding of monomeric antigens and their subsequent assembly into higher ordered structures are crucial for robust and effective production of nanoparticle (np) vaccines in a timely and reproducible manner. despite significant advances in in silico design and structure-based assembly, most engineered nps are refractory to soluble expression and fail to assemble as designed, presenting major challenges in the manufacturing process. the failure is due to a lack of understanding of the kinetic p ... | 2018 | 29868035 |
| healthcare-associated infections: the hallmark of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus with review of the literature. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is capable of causing acute respiratory illness. laboratory-confirmed mers-cov cases may be asymptomatic, have mild disease, or have a life-threatening infection with a high case fatality rate. there are three patterns of transmission: sporadic community cases from presumed non-human exposure, family clusters arising from contact with an infected family index case, and healthcare-acquired infections among patients and from patients to healt ... | 2019 | 29864486 |
| network analysis of mers coronavirus within households, communities, and hospitals to identify most centralized and super-spreading in the arabian peninsula, 2012 to 2016. | contact history is crucial during an infectious disease outbreak and vital when seeking to understand and predict the spread of infectious diseases in human populations. the transmission connectivity networks of people infected with highly contagious middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in saudi arabia were assessed to identify super-spreading events among the infected patients between 2012 and 2016. of the 1379 mers cases recorded during the study period, 321 (23.3%) cases we ... | 2018 | 29854034 |
| an evaluation of emergency guidelines issued by the world health organization in response to four infectious disease outbreaks. | the production of high-quality guidelines in response to public health emergencies poses challenges for the world health organization (who). the urgent need for guidance and the paucity of structured scientific data on emerging diseases hinder the formulation of evidence-informed recommendations using standard methods and procedures. | 2018 | 29847593 |
| molecular dynamics of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers cov) fusion heptad repeat trimers. | structural studies related to middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers cov) infection process are so limited. in this study, molecular dynamics (md) simulations were carried out to unravel changes in the mers cov heptad repeat domains (hrs) and factors affecting fusion state hr stability. results indicated that hr trimer is more rapidly stabilized, having stable system energy and lower root mean square deviations (rmsds). while trimers were the predominant active form of covs hrs, mono ... | 2018 | 29803965 |
| nucleocapsid protein-dependent assembly of the rna packaging signal of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) consists of a positive-sense, single-stranded rna genome and four structural proteins: the spike, envelope, membrane, and nucleocapsid protein. the assembly of the viral genome into virus particles involves viral structural proteins and is believed to be mediated through recognition of specific sequences and rna structures of the viral genome. | 2018 | 29793506 |
| knowledge and attitude of dental health professionals about middle east respiratory syndrome in saudi arabia. | this study aims to evaluate the knowledge and attitude of practicing dental health professionals (dhps) (dentist and dental auxiliaries) toward middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in saudi arabia. | 2020 | 29780739 |
| a novel role for cd26/dipeptidyl peptidase iv as a therapeutic target. | cd26 is a 110 kda surface glycoprotein with intrinsic dipeptidyl peptidase iv activity that is expressed on numerous cell types and has a multitude of biological functions. the role of cd26 in immune regulation has been extensively characterized, with recent findings elucidating its linkage with signaling pathways and structures involved in t-lymphocyte activation as well as antigen presenting cell-t-cell interaction. in this paper, we will review emerging data on cd26-mediated immune regulation ... | 2018 | 29772527 |
| development of fluorescent reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) using quenching probes for the detection of the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | clinical detection of middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) coronavirus (mers-cov) in patients is achieved using genetic diagnostic methods, such as real-time rt-pcr assay. previously, we developed a reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assay for the detection of mers-cov [virol j. 2014. 11:139]. generally, amplification of rt-lamp is monitored by the turbidity induced by precipitation of magnesium pyrophosphate with newly synthesized dna. however, this mechan ... | 2018 | 29763640 |
| radiographic and ct features of viral pneumonia. | viruses are the most common causes of respiratory infection. the imaging findings of viral pneumonia are diverse and overlap with those of other nonviral infectious and inflammatory conditions. however, identification of the underlying viral pathogens may not always be easy. there are a number of indicators for identifying viral pathogens on the basis of imaging patterns, which are associated with the pathogenesis of viral infections. viruses in the same viral family share a similar pathogenesis ... | 2018 | 29757717 |
| replicative virus shedding in the respiratory tract of patients with middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection. | information on the duration of replicative middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) shedding is important for infection control. the detection of mers-cov sub-genomic mrnas indicates that the virus is replicative. this study examined the duration for detecting mers-cov sub-genomic mrna compared with genomic rna in diverse respiratory specimens. | 2018 | 29753119 |
| middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus - mers, mers cov. | | 2017 | 29737284 |
| inactivation of ebola virus and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus in platelet concentrates and plasma by ultraviolet c light and methylene blue plus visible light, respectively. | ebola virus (ebov) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) have been identified as potential threats to blood safety. this study investigated the efficacy of the theraflex uv-platelets and theraflex mb-plasma pathogen inactivation systems to inactivate ebov and mers-cov in platelet concentrates (pcs) and plasma, respectively. | 2018 | 29732571 |
| lectin affinity plasmapheresis for middle east respiratory syndrome-coronavirus and marburg virus glycoprotein elimination. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) and marburg virus (marv) are among the world health organization's top 8 emerging pathogens. both zoonoses share nonspecific early symptoms, a high lethality rate, and a reduced number of specific treatment options. therefore, we evaluated extracorporeal virus and glycoprotein (gp) elimination by lectin affinity plasmapheresis (lap). | 2018 | 29698959 |
| blockade of the c5a-c5ar axis alleviates lung damage in hdpp4-transgenic mice infected with mers-cov. | the pathogenesis of highly pathogenic middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) remains poorly understood. in a previous study, we established an hdpp4-transgenic (hdpp4-tg) mouse model in which mers-cov infection causes severe acute respiratory failure and high mortality accompanied by an elevated secretion of cytokines and chemokines. since excessive complement activation is an important factor that contributes to acute lung injury after viral infection, in this study, we investi ... | 2018 | 29691378 |
| epidemiological factors and worldwide pattern of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus from 2013 to 2016. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is an emerging threat to global health security with high intensity and lethality. this study was conducted to investigate epidemiological factors and patterns related to this disease. | 2018 | 29670390 |
| unusual presentation of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus leading to a large outbreak in riyadh during 2017. | the hallmark of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) disease is the ability to cause major health care-associated nosocomial outbreaks with superspreading events leading to massive numbers of cases and excessive morbidity and mortality. in this report, we describe a patient who presented with acute renal failure requiring hemodialysis and became a mers-cov superspreader, igniting a recent multihospital outbreak in riyadh. | 2018 | 29661625 |
| asymptomatic middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection using a serologic survey in korea. | the rates of asymptomatic infection with middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) coronavirus vary. a serologic study was conducted to determine the asymptomatic mers infection rate in healthcare workers and non-healthcare workers by exposure status. | 2018 | 29656631 |
| development of a risk-prediction model for middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in dialysis patients. | introduction the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) infection can cause transmission clusters and high mortality in hemodialysis facilities. we attempted to develop a risk-prediction model to assess the early risk of mers-cov infection in dialysis patients. methods this two-center retrospective cohort study included 104 dialysis patients who were suspected of mers-cov infection and diagnosed with rrt-pcr between september 2012 and june 2016 at king fahd general hospital in j ... | 2018 | 29656480 |
| healthcare worker exposure to middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov): revision of screening strategies urgently needed. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) continues to cause frequent hospital outbreaks in saudi arabia, with emergency departments as the initial site of the spread of this virus. | 2018 | 29649550 |
| factors associated with recovery delay in a sample of patients diagnosed by mers-cov rrt-pcr: a saudi arabian multicenter retrospective study. | research evidence exists that poor prognosis is common in middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) patients. | 2018 | 29624866 |
| middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus in pediatrics: a report of seven cases from saudi arabia. | infection with middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) emerged in 2012 as an important respiratory disease with high fatality rates of 40%-60%. despite the increased number of cases over subsequent years, the number of pediatric cases remained low. a review of studies conducted from june 2012 to april 19, 2016 reported 31 pediatric mers-cov cases. in this paper, we present the clinical and laboratory features of seven patients with pediatric mers. five patients had no underlying ... | 2019 | 29623560 |
| enhanced protection in mice induced by immunization with inactivated whole viruses compare to spike protein of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | the persistent public health threat of infection with middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) highlights the need for an effective and safe mers-cov vaccine. in this study, we prepared and vaccinated mice with either a spike (s) protein or inactivated whole mers-cov (iv) with a combined adjuvant (alum+cpg) as a vaccine formulation. similar levels of the anti-s protein igg response and neutralizing activity were induced by both the s protein and iv vaccines. in addition, immune re ... | 2018 | 29618723 |
| reduction of soluble dipeptidyl peptidase 4 levels in plasma of patients infected with middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (dpp4) is a receptor for mers-cov. the soluble form of dpp4 (sdpp4) circulates systematically and can competitively inhibit mers-cov entry into host cells. here, we measured the concentration of sdpp4 in the plasma and sputa of 14 mers-cov-infected patients of various degrees of disease severity. the concentration of sdpp4 in the plasma of mers patients (474.76 ± 108.06 ng/ml) was significantly lower than those of healthy controls (703.42 ± 169.96 ng/ml), but there were no ... | 2018 | 29587190 |
| early identification of pneumonia patients at increased risk of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in saudi arabia. | the rapid and accurate identification of individuals who are at high risk of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) infection remains a major challenge for the medical and scientific communities. the aim of this study was to develop and validate a risk prediction model for the screening of suspected cases of mers-cov infection in patients who have developed pneumonia. | 2018 | 29550445 |
| structure-guided design of potent and permeable inhibitors of mers coronavirus 3cl protease that utilize a piperidine moiety as a novel design element. | there are currently no approved vaccines or small molecule therapeutics available for the prophylaxis or treatment of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) infections. mers-cov 3cl protease is essential for viral replication; consequently, it is an attractive target that provides a potentially effective means of developing small molecule therapeutics for combatting mers-cov. we describe herein the structure-guided design and evaluation of a novel class of inhibitors of mers-cov ... | 2018 | 29544147 |
| the use of complementary and alternative medicine by patients with cancer: a cross-sectional survey in saudi arabia. | a significant proportion of cancer patients use complementary and alternative medicine (cam) along with conventional therapies (ct), whereas a smaller proportion delay or defer ct in favor of cam. previous studies exploring cam use among cancer patients in the middle east region have shown discrepant results. this study investigates the prevalence and pattern of cam use by saudi cancer patients. it also discusses the possible benefits and harm related to cam use by cancer patients, and it explor ... | 2018 | 29530034 |
| middle east respiratory syndrome: what we learned from the 2015 outbreak in the republic of korea. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) was first isolated from a patient with severe pneumonia in 2012. the 2015 korea outbreak of merscov involved 186 cases, including 38 fatalities. a total of 83% of transmission events were due to five superspreaders, and 44% of the 186 mers cases were the patients who had been exposed in nosocomial transmission at 16 hospitals. the epidemic lasted for 2 months and the government quarantined 16,993 individuals for 14 days to control the outbr ... | 2018 | 29506344 |
| nurses' experiences of care for patients with middle east respiratory syndrome-coronavirus in south korea. | this study aimed to identify nurses' experiences of care for patients with middle east respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (mers-cov). their experiences can be useful to establish a safer healthcare system in preparation for infectious disease outbreaks. | 2018 | 29502886 |
| application of a quantitative entry assessment model to compare the relative risk of incursion of zoonotic bat-borne viruses into european union member states. | this paper presents a quantitative assessment model for the risk of entry of zoonotic bat-borne viruses into the european union (eu). the model considers four routes of introduction: human travel, legal trade of products, live animal imports and illegal import of bushmeat and was applied to five virus outbreak scenarios. two scenarios were considered for zaire ebolavirus (webov, cebov) and other scenarios for hendra virus, marburg virus (marv) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (me ... | 2017 | 32289058 |
| influenza and other emerging respiratory viruses. | acute respiratory infections are one of the top five causes of mortality worldwide and contribute to >4 million deaths per year. consequently, emerging respiratory viruses are a continuing threat to global health security and have the potential to affect our economies. since the millennium, there have been around a dozen different outbreaks, several capturing international interest. the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus saw the beginning of an extensive global collaborati ... | 2017 | 32288582 |
| performance of curb-65 in predicting mortality of patients with community-acquired pneumonia in saudi arabia. | various objective scoring systems were developed to standardize the approach to the designation of severity of community-acquired pneumonia (cap). there is limited data on the use of curb-65 among admitted cap patients in saudi arabia. methodology: the retrospective study included cap patients, admitted to a general hospital in eastern saudi arabia. the curb-65 was extracted from the available medical records. | 2017 | 31600155 |
| management of patient flow in vascular and interventional radiology during mers-cov outbreak. | in 2015, an outbreak of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus occurred in saudi arabia and necessitated special measures to be implemented to control the spread of the virus. in this article, we will discuss how the outbreak was managed in the vascular and interventional radiology (vir) suite in a large tertiary care hospital in saudi arabia. various measures were taken to reduce the risk of transmission of infection. unit-level education played an important role in the care of patients. ... | 2017 | 32288661 |
| case report: detection of the middle east respiratory syndrome corona virus (mers-cov) in nasal secretions of a dead human. | the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) has been recognized as a highly pathogenic virus that infects the human respiratory tract and has high morbidity and mortality. the mers-cov is a huge burden on saudi arabian health-care facilities, causing approximately 40% mortality. the transmission mechanism of the virus is still not well understood. therefore, the prevention of any route of transmission is the best measure to arrest the spread of this disease. using the real time p ... | 2018 | 31435338 |
| outbreak of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus, saudi arabian experience. | mers-cov infection is uncommonly identified among patients visiting healthcare facilities & we were vigilant in screening all patients entering our hospital to prevent cross infection among patients, visitors & healthcare providers and aiming to prevent potential outbreaks with mers-cov infection. in spite of our efforts on practicing failure mode effect analysis for mers-cov infection management we ended up having an outbreak with mers-cov. based on our experience, we actively implemented polic ... | 2020 | 32501422 |
| a novel antiviral strategy against mers-cov and hcov-229e using binase to target viral genome replication. | rna viruses cause most of the dangerous communicable diseases. due to their high mutation rates, rna viruses quickly evade selective pressures and can adapt to a new host. therefore, new antiviral approaches are urgently needed, which target more than one specific virus variant and which would optimally prevent development of viral resistance. among the family of coronaviruses (cov), several human pathogenic strains (hcov) are known to cause respiratory diseases and are implied in enteric diseas ... | 2017 | 32219056 |
| sars, mers and coronavirus infections. | the human coronavirus (hcov) contains hcov-229e, hcov-nl63, hcov-oc43, hcov- hku1, sars-cov and mers-cov. hcov-229e, hcov-nl63, hcov-oc43 and hcov-hku1 are pathogens of common cold. during 2002-2003, a new coronavirus, the sars-cov, was found to be the cause of an acute, severe frequently fatal respiratory disease with prominent systemic symptoms (severe acute respiratory syndrome). the outbreak originated in south- ern china, probably following transmission from an animal in animal markets or b ... | 2016 | 30550651 |
| [current status of middle east respiratory syndrome vaccines]. | middle east respiratory syndrome is a kind of respiratory disease caused by middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus. now the disease has spread to 27 countries around the world, more than 1806 people infected and more than 600 people were killed, and four countries have reported cases of camel infection mers. prevention of the disease are very important measures to research and development related to the vaccine. in order to have more resources into the development of safe and effective vac ... | 2016 | 30004658 |
| research agenda on persistent and unpredictable threat of influenza and emerging respiratory infections: a public health necessity in the eastern mediterranean region (guest editorial). | infectious diseases continue to represent a significant threat to global health security, particularly in the context of increasing globalization, interconnectedness and interdependence. chief among such threats are influenza viruses and other respiratory pathogens, such as middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), because of their risk of high transmissibility and acuity of illness. annual epidemics of seasonal influenza cause an estimated 3-5 million cases of severe illness and ... | 2016 | 30387111 |
| [codon bias analysis in the coding genes of structural and accessory proteins of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus]. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-co v) is a rna virus causing serious harm to people. in order to investigate the codon usage characteristics and influence factors, codon preference and multivariate statistical analysis of mers-co v 9 gene sequences were performed by using codon w, cusp and spss software, getting the content of gc at three positions of codons, enc (effective number of codon)and rscu(relative synonymous codon usage)of all genes. in addition, the results were com ... | 2016 | 29979536 |
| the daily computed weighted averaging basic reproduction number r0,k,ωn for mers-cov in south korea. | in this paper, we propose the daily computed weighted averaging basic reproduction number r0,k,ωn for middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) outbreak in south korea, may to july 2015. we use an sir model with piecewise constant parameters β (contact rate) and γ (removed rate). we use the explicit euler's method for the solution of the sir model and a nonlinear least-square fitting procedure for finding the best parameters. in r0,k,ωn , the parameters n , k , and w denote days fr ... | 2016 | 32288098 |
| [development of novel multiplex real-time rt-pcr assays for detection of mers-cov infection]. | we aimed to develop a novel laboratory assay for the detection of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) infection .several novel multiplex real-time rt-pcr assays were developed using the upe,orf1 band n2genes of mers-cov as targets; the novel assays were compared with previous monoplex real-time rt-pcr assays. for validation, we tested a mers-cov strain (hcovemc), clinical specimens from patients with fever in shanghai, and specimens from the first imported mers case in china. ... | 2016 | 29963823 |
| closing the knowledge gaps on mers: three and half years since its detection, what have we learnt and what needs to be done urgently? (editorial). | the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), first detected in 2012, continues to cause health concerns owing to the grave uncertainties that have surrounded the virus since it emerged. three and half years after the first known human infection was detected, cases continue to be reported every month, over 85% of which have been from saudi arabia and other countries in the arabian peninsula. despite its low levels of transmission, the virus presents an uncertain future as a number ... | 2016 | 30387100 |
| dynamical transmission model of mers-cov in two areas. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a disease first reported in saudi arabia in 2012 and it can be transmitted from human to human. this disease has spread to several other countries, most confirmed cases have displayed symptoms of severe acute respiratory illness and many of these patients have died. this research is aimed to construct a mathematical model for the transmission of mers-cov in two areas by separating the human population into two groups; susceptible and inf ... | 2016 | 32255875 |
| the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | | 2015 | 32289074 |
| what needs to be done to control the spread of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus? | up to november 2014, middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) has infected 935 individuals and killed 371, all originating in or with links to the middle east. the mechanisms of transmission of the disease are not fully understood, but mers-cov seems to sustain itself in the human population through repeated re-introduction from a camel reservoir and is able to cause nosocomial outbreaks. the risk of a global spread of mers-cov is low. epidemiological, serological and phylogenetic ... | 2015 | 32201495 |
| middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus: what do we know? | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus is a viral respiratory infection initially reported in the saudi arabian peninsula in 2012. this epidemic has crossed from middle eastern countries into many european and asian countries. recently, the united states and united kingdom have also been impacted. although there is very little information about its transmission, it is important for the advanced practice nurse to be updated on the current information provided by the centers for disease cont ... | 2015 | 32288666 |
| [current overview on mers-cov]. | the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) was discovered for the first time in saudi arabia in 2012. on a global scale 1200 infections have been registered with approximately 50 % resulting in a fatal outcome. it is currently not fully clear how mers-cov is transmitted and insufficient research has so far been carried out. taking the sudden increase of cases in south korea into consideration, this article discusses which preventive measures should be recommended for internation ... | 2015 | 32288305 |
| hot start reverse transcriptase: an approach for improved real-time rt-pcr performance. | reverse transcriptase is an indispensable enzyme for real-time reverse transcriptase (rt)-pcr, a standard method in molecular diagnostics for detection and quantification of defined rna molecules. the prevention of non-specific products due to elongation of misprimed oligonucleotides by the enzyme at temperatures beneath the specific annealing temperature is one of the biggest challenges in real-time rt-pcr.in the present study, an aptamer directed against the reverse transcriptase was analyzed ... | 2015 | 32226638 |
| therapeutic options for middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) infection: how close are we? | over 1100 cases of mers-cov have been reported since it was first identified in june 2012. clinical presentation ranges from asymptomatic or mild illness to rapidly progressive disease with multi-organ failure and high mortality. treatment has been largely supportive. a large number of compounds have been shown to have significant in vitro inhibitory activity against mers-cov. until recently, macaques were the only suitable animal models for animal studies, hindering further clinical development ... | 2015 | 32226324 |
| mers-cov- low risk to canadians. | middle east respiratory syndrome - coronavirus (mers-cov) -- is a novel coronavirus that has caused a number of community-acquired cases and health care associated outbreaks in saudi arabia and the united arab emirates (uae) as well as sporadic cases in other countries, especially in the middle east. the evidence to date links mers-cov cases with exposure to camels, including camel products or to probable or confirmed human cases of mers-cov. it typically presents as an acute respiratory illness ... | 2014 | 29769862 |
| [mers-cov: a current review]. | the following article gives a current overview of the newly emerging middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). since first time in summer 2012 in some countries in the arabian peninsula there were a number of severe infections of the respiratory tract caused by the new coronavirus. the majority of cases of illness were reported from saudi arabia, in germany several imported cases of the disease have been reported. after beginning with flu-like-symptoms usually follows a pneumonia ... | 2013 | 32288304 |
| lack of susceptibility to sars-cov-2 and mers-cov in poultry. | we challenged chickens, turkeys, ducks, quail, and geese with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 or middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus. we observed no disease and detected no virus replication and no serum antibodies. we concluded that poultry are unlikely to serve a role in maintenance of either virus. | 2020 | 33219803 |
| immunotherapeutic efficacy of igy antibodies targeting the full-length spike protein in an animal model of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection. | identified in 2012, the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) causes severe and often fatal acute respiratory illness in humans. no approved prophylactic or therapeutic interventions are currently available. in this study, we developed chicken egg yolk antibodies (igy abs) specific to the mers-cov spike (s) protein and evaluated their neutralizing efficiency against mers-cov infection. s-specific igy abs were produced by injecting chickens with the purified recombinant s protei ... | 2021 | 34073502 |
| severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov-1) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) infections in pregnancy - an overview. | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov-1) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) infections, like most other viruses that affect the respiratory tract can cause severe maternal illness and adverse pregnancy outcomes. they are not only highly transmissible (acquired through droplets), but host reservoirs such as dromedary camels for mers-cov and masked palm civet for sars-cov-1 are critical links in the onset of outbreaks. clinically they present with flu-lik ... | 2021 | 34218204 |
| dromedary camels as a natural source of neutralizing nanobodies against sars-cov-2. | the development of prophylactic and therapeutic agents for coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) is a current global health priority. here, we investigated the presence of cross-neutralizing antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) in dromedary camels that were middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) seropositive but mers-cov free. the tested 229 dromedaries had anti-mers-cov camel antibodies with variable cross-reactivity patterns against sar ... | 2021 | 33529170 |
| development of a colloidal gold-based immunochromatographic strip for rapid detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spike protein. | the outbreak and worldwide pandemic of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) have a significant impact on global economy and human health. in order to reduce the disease spread, 16 monoclonal antibodies (mcabs) again sars-cov-2 were generated by immunized mice with the spike protein receptor binding domain (rbd), which was expressed in chinese hamster ovary cell (cho). a colloidal gold-based immunochromatographic strip was developed with two mcabs to detect sars- ... | 2021 | 33777026 |
| intradermal delivery of a synthetic dna vaccine protects macaques from middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | emerging coronaviruses from zoonotic reservoirs, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), have been associated with human-to-human transmission and significant morbidity and mortality. here, we study both intradermal and intramuscular 2-dose delivery regimens of an advanced synthetic dna vaccine candidate encoding a full-length mers-cov spike (s) p ... | 2021 | 33886507 |
| middle east respiratory syndrome-coronavirus seropositive bactrian camels, mongolia. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a zoonotic disease that was first identified in humans in 2012 in saudi arabia. mers-cov causes acute and severe respiratory disease in humans. the mortality rate of mers in humans is ∼35% and >800 deaths have been reported globally as of august 2020. dromedary camels are a natural host of the virus and the source of zoonotic human infection. in experimental studies, bactrian camels are susceptible to mers-cov infection similar to dromed ... | 2020 | 33197370 |
| prevalence of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus in dromedary camels, tunisia. | free-roaming camels, especially those crossing national borders, pose a high risk for spreading middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). to prevent outbreaks, active surveillance is necessary. we found that a high percentage of dromedaries in tunisia are mers-cov seropositive (80.4%) or actively infected (19.8%), indicating extensive mers-cov circulation in northern africa. | 2021 | 34152977 |
| middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) virus-pathophysiological axis and the current treatment strategies. | middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) is a lethal respiratory disease with its first case reported back in 2012 (jeddah, saudi arabia). it is a novel, single-stranded, positive-sense rna beta coronavirus (mers-cov) that was isolated from a patient who died from a severe respiratory illness. later, it was found that this patient was infected with mers. mers is endemic to countries in the middle east regions, such as saudi arabia, jordan, qatar, oman, kuwait and the united arab emirates. it has ... | 2021 | 34105037 |
| phenotypic and genetic characterization of mers coronaviruses from africa to understand their zoonotic potential. | coronaviruses are pathogens of pandemic potential. middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) causes a zoonotic respiratory disease of global public health concern, and dromedary camels are the only proven source of zoonotic infection. more than 70% of mers-cov-infected dromedaries are found in east, north, and west africa, but zoonotic mers disease is only reported from the arabian peninsula. we compared viral replication competence of clade a and b viruses from the arabian peninsu ... | 2021 | 34099577 |
| innate and adaptive immune genes associated with mers-cov infection in dromedaries. | the recent sars-cov-2 pandemic has refocused attention to the betacoronaviruses, only eight years after the emergence of another zoonotic betacoronavirus, the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). while the wild source of sars-cov-2 may be disputed, for mers-cov, dromedaries are considered as source of zoonotic human infections. testing 100 immune-response genes in 121 dromedaries from united arab emirates (uae) for potential association with present mers-cov infection, we ide ... | 2021 | 34070971 |
| middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection profile in qatar: an 8-year experience. | the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) emerged in 2012. the objective of the study was to describe the epidemiology, risk factors, clinical characteristics, and outcome of mers-cov in qatar. a total of 28 cases of mers-cov were identified, corresponding to an incidence of 1.7 per 1,000,000 population. most patients had a history of contact with camels 15, travel to kingdom of saudi arabia 7 or known contact with individuals with confirmed mers-cov infection 7. majority of pa ... | 2021 | 34026547 |
| scanning electron microscopic findings on respiratory organs of some naturally infected dromedary camels with the lineage-b of the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in saudi arabia-2018. | the currently known animal reservoir for mers-cov is the dromedary camel. the clinical pattern of the mers-cov field infection in dromedary camels is not yet fully studied well. some pathological changes and the detection of the mers-cov antigens by immunohistochemistry have been recently reported. however, the nature of these changes by the scanning electron microscope (sem) was not revealed. the objective of this study was to document some changes in the respiratory organs induced by the natur ... | 2021 | 33916036 |
| exploring the potential roles of some rodents in the transmission of the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is one of the recently identified zoonotic coronaviruses. the one-hump camels are believed to play important roles in the evolution and transmission of the virus. the animal-to-animal, as well as the animal-to-human transmission in the context of mers-cov infection, were reported. the camels shed the virus in some of their secretions, especially the nasal tract. however, there are many aspects of the transmission cycle of the virus from ani ... | 2021 | 33851740 |
| limited genetic diversity detected in middle east respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus variants circulating in dromedary camels in jordan. | middle east respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (mers-cov) is a persistent zoonotic pathogen with frequent spillover from dromedary camels to humans in the arabian peninsula, resulting in limited outbreaks of mers with a high case-fatality rate. full genome sequence data from camel-derived mers-cov variants show diverse lineages circulating in domestic camels with frequent recombination. more than 90% of the available full mers-cov genome sequences derived from camels are from just two coun ... | 2021 | 33807288 |
| lack of detection of the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) nucleic acids in some hyalomma dromedarii infesting some camelus dromedary naturally infected with mers-cov. | the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is one of the zoonotic coronaviruses [hemida peer j 7:e7556, 2019; hemida et al. one health 8:100102, 2019]. the dromedary camels remained the only known animal reservoir for this virus. several aspects of the transmission cycle of the virus between animals, including arthropod-borne infection, is still largely unknown. the main objective of the current work was to study the possibility of mers-cov transmission through some arthropod ve ... | 2021 | 33691761 |
| lethal zoonotic coronavirus infections of humans - comparative phylogenetics, epidemiology, transmission, and clinical features of coronavirus disease 2019, the middle east respiratory syndrome and severe acute respiratory syndrome. | severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronaviruses-2 (sars-cov-2), the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), emerged as a new zoonotic pathogen of humans at the end of 2019 and rapidly developed into a global pandemic. over 106 million covid-19 cases including 2.3 million deaths have been reported to the who as of february 9, 2021. this review examines the epidemiology, transmission, clinical features, and phylogenetics of three lethal zoonotic coronavirus infections of humans: sars-cov-1, ... | 2021 | 33660619 |
| surface-aerosol stability and pathogenicity of diverse mers-cov strains from 2012 - 2018. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a coronavirus that infects both humans and dromedary camels and is responsible for an ongoing outbreak of severe respiratory illness in humans in the middle east. while some mutations found in camel-derived mers-cov strains have been characterized, the majority of natural variation found across mers-cov isolates remains unstudied. here we report on the environmental stability, replication kinetics and pathogenicity of several diverse iso ... | 2021 | 33594367 |
| the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) nucleic acids detected in the saliva and conjunctiva of some naturally infected dromedary camels in saudi arabia -2019. | dromedary camels are playing essential roles in the evolution and transmission of mers-cov. mers-cov shedding in some dromedary camel secretions, particularly nasal swabs, were studied in more detail. however, the roles of viral shedding in saliva and ocular secretions are still required further detailed studies. we performed a longitudinal study on a farm of dromedary camel herd from 10th march until 7th april, 2019, in eastern saudi arabia. this is a closed management herd including a large nu ... | 2021 | 33565270 |
| covid-19, your pet and other animals: are you at risk? | despite fast-tracked research, the precise origin, transmission and evolution of covid-19 are still unknown. while the bat genus rhinolophus is likely the primary source of the zoonotic-origin pathogen sars-cov-2 that causes covid-19, its transmission route into the human population is still being studied.[1,2] coronaviruses (cov) affect humans and various animal species. bats were the original hosts of the cov that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars-cov) and middle east respiratory ... | 2020 | 33295324 |
| camelid inoculation with middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus: experimental models of reservoir host infection. | within the past two decades, three zoonotic betacoronaviruses have been associated with outbreaks causing severe respiratory disease in humans. of these, middle east respiratory s yndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is the only zoonotic coronavirus that is known to consistently result in frequent zoonotic spillover events from the proximate reservoir host-the dromedary camel. a comprehensive understanding of infection in dromedaries is critical to informing public health recommendations and implement ... | 2020 | 33266124 |
| risk factors for serological evidence of mers-cov in camels, kenya, 2016-2017. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is an emerging viral disease and dromedary camels are known to be the source of human spill over events. a cross-sectional epidemiological surveillance study was carried out in kenya in 2017 to, 1) estimate mers-cov antibody seropositivity in the camel-dense counties of turkana, marsabit, isiolo, laikipia and nakuru to identify, and 2) determine the risk factors associated with seropositivity in camels. blood samples were collected from a t ... | 2020 | 33186881 |
| phylogenetic diversity and dna barcoding of the camel tick hyalomma dromedarii (acari: ixodidae) of the eastern region of saudi arabia. | hard ticks are causative agents of physical illness and vectors of important diseases of human and livestock. the hard tick hyalomma dromedarii koch, 1844 is a major ectoparasite of livestock in the kingdom of saudi arabia (ksa), of which, the onehumped dromedaries camelus dromedarius is the most economically and culturally important and a potential reservoir of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (merscov) disease. here we report on the molecular phylogenetic diversity of h. dromedarii ... | 2019 | 33597400 |
| surveying the vampire bat (desmodus rotundus) serum proteome: a resource for identifying immunological proteins and detecting pathogens. | bats are increasingly studied as model systems for longevity and as natural hosts for some virulent viruses. yet the ability to characterize immune mechanisms of viral tolerance and to quantify infection dynamics in wild bats is often limited by small sample volumes and few species-specific reagents. here, we demonstrate how proteomics can overcome these limitations by using data-independent acquisition-based shotgun proteomics to survey the serum proteome of 17 vampire bats (desmodus rotundus) ... | 2021 | 33840197 |
| a half-day genome sequencing protocol for middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | recent coronavirus (cov) outbreaks, including that of middle east respiratory syndrome (mers), have presented a threat to public health worldwide. a primary concern in these outbreaks is the extent of mutations in the cov, and the content of viral variation that can be determined only by whole genome sequencing (wgs). we aimed to develop a time efficient wgs protocol, using universal primers spanning the entire mers-cov genome. mers and synthetic neoromicia capensis bat cov genomes were successf ... | 2021 | 33679631 |
| is it time to consider shreds of epidemiological and environmental evidence associated with high transmission of covid-19? | novel coronavirus named covid-19 that emerged in late december from wuhan affected almost the entire globe. recent studies provided new insight into the high transmission of the disease. this review explores the current evidence of epidemiological and environmental factors associated with high transmission of covid-19. even transmission and symptoms found among cats, dogs, ferrets, and tiger suggested low species barrier of the virus. the airborne transmission was found even up to 4 m, and fecal ... | 2021 | 34322402 |