| multistate outbreak of salmonella typhimurium infections associated with eating ground beef--united states, 2004. | salmonella infections cause an estimated 1.4 million human illnesses and 400 deaths annually in the united states. although the incidence of several other foodborne bacterial infections decreased substantially during 1996-2004, the incidence of salmonella infections declined modestly. in september 2004, the new mexico department of health received reports from the new mexico scientific laboratory division of eight salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium isolates that had indistinguishable pulse ... | 2006 | 16498383 |
| effects of pathogen-specific clinical mastitis on probability of conception in holstein dairy cows. | the objective of this study was to estimate the effects of pathogen-specific clinical mastitis (cm), occurring in different weekly intervals before or after artificial insemination (ai), on the probability of conception in holstein cows. clinical mastitis occurring in weekly intervals from 6 wk before until 6 wk after ai was modeled. the first 4 ai in a cow's lactation were included. the following categories of pathogens were studied: streptococcus spp. (comprising streptococcus dysgalactiae, st ... | 2014 | 25173468 |
| pathogen-specific effects on milk yield in repeated clinical mastitis episodes in holstein dairy cows. | the objective of this study was to estimate the effects of clinical mastitis (cm) cases due to different pathogens on milk yield in holstein cows. the first 3 cm cases in a cow's lactation were modeled. eight categories of pathogens were included: streptococcus spp.; staphylococcus aureus; coagulase-negative staphylococci (cns); escherichia coli; klebsiella spp.; cases with cm signs but no bacterial growth (above the level detectable by our microbiological procedures) observed in the culture sam ... | 2014 | 24418269 |
| in vitro evaluation of a novel bacteriophage cocktail as a preventative for bovine coliform mastitis. | the objective of this study was to investigate the potential use of bacteriophage in preventing escherichia coli mastitis on dairies. a cocktail consisting of 4 distinct bacteriophages was generated by screening against 36 e. coli isolates from dairy cows in washington state with clinical mastitis. the bacteriophage significantly inhibited growth of 58% of the washington state isolates and 54% of e. coli mastitis isolates from new york state, suggesting that the cocktail of phages had a relative ... | 2016 | 26774718 |
| implications of pcr and elisa results on the routes of bulk-tank contamination with mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis. | mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (map), the etiologic agent of johne's disease in dairy cattle, may enter the bulk tank via environmental contamination or direct excretion into milk. traditionally, diagnostics to identify map in milk target either map antibodies (by elisa) or the organism itself (by culture or pcr). high elisa titers may be directly associated with excretion of map into milk but only indirectly linked to environmental contamination of the bulk tank. patterns of bulk-mil ... | 2016 | 26686723 |
| listeria monocytogenes fecal shedding in dairy cattle shows high levels of day-to-day variation and includes outbreaks and sporadic cases of shedding of specific l. monocytogenes subtypes. | fecal shedding of listeria monocytogenes poses a risk for contamination of animal feed and agricultural environments and raw food at the pre-harvest stages of food production. to be able to reduce these risks it is critical to improve understanding of the epidemiology of l. monocytogenes shedding in feces. the objective of this study was to assess the daily variability of fecal shedding and its association with individual animal (lactation number and the day of current lactation) and environment ... | 2007 | 17481754 |
| a randomized controlled trial of dexamethasone as an adjunctive therapy to propylene glycol for treatment of hyperketonemia in postpartum dairy cattle. | treatment of hyperketonemia with oral propylene glycol has proven efficacy but the cure rate remains moderate. dexamethasone has long been suggested as a treatment for hyperketonemia, even though evidence of its efficacy is contradictory. the objective of this randomized controlled trial was to evaluate the effect of adding a single intramuscular injection of 20mg of dexamethasone to oral propylene glycol therapy for hyperketonemia [blood β-hydroxybutyrate (bhb) ≥1.2mmol/l]. all cows between 3 a ... | 2016 | 27638258 |
| economic feasibility of cooling dry cows across the united states. | heat stress during the dry period reduces milk yield in the subsequent lactation of dairy cows. our objectives were to quantify the economic losses due to heat stress if dry cows are not cooled and to evaluate the economic feasibility of dry cow cooling. we used weather data from the national oceanic and atmospheric administration to calculate the number of heat stress days for each of the 50 us states. a heat stress day was declared when the daily average temperature-humidity index was ≥68. the ... | 2016 | 27743663 |
| effects of injectable trace mineral supplementation in lactating dairy cows with elevated somatic cell counts. | objectives of this clinical trial were to evaluate the effects of injectable trace mineral supplementation (itms) on somatic cell count (scc), linear score (ls), milk yield, milk fat and protein contents, subclinical mastitis cure, and incidence of clinical mastitis in cows with elevated scc. holstein cows from a commercial dairy farm in new york were evaluated for subclinical mastitis, defined as scc ≥200×10(3) cells/ml on the test day preceding enrollment. cows with a history of treatment for ... | 2016 | 27320664 |
| individual and combined effects of anovulation and cytological endometritis on the reproductive performance of dairy cows. | the objective was to evaluate the individual and combined effect of anovulation and cytological endometritis (cte) on the reproductive performance of dairy cows. a total of 1,569 cows from 3 data sets were used. in data set 1, 403 holstein cows from 5 dairies in new york were used. in data set 2, 750 holstein cows from 2 dairies, one in florida and one in california were used. in data set 3, 416 dairy cows, 165 holsteins, 36 jerseys, and 215 holstein-jersey crossbreeds from a grazing dairy in fl ... | 2014 | 24996269 |
| effect of trace mineral supplementation on selected minerals, energy metabolites, oxidative stress, and immune parameters and its association with uterine diseases in dairy cattle. | the objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between selected minerals' serum levels, energy metabolites, oxidative stress indicators, il-8 and haptoglobin levels, and the potential for uterine diseases. additionally, we investigated the effect of injectable trace mineral supplementation (itms) on metabolism, immune function, and animal health under field conditions involving a dairy herd with high milk production. the study was conducted in 1 dairy farm located near ithaca, new ... | 2014 | 24835975 |
| exposure of farm laborers and dairy cattle to formaldehyde from footbath use at a dairy farm in new york state. | formalin footbaths are commonly used in the dairy industry to prevent cattle hoof diseases. although formalin is a well-documented disinfectant, it is also a carcinogen and irritant. the aim of this study was to estimate the exposure of farm workers and dairy cattle to formaldehyde from footbaths located in a milking facility and a heifer facility at a dairy farm in western new york, usa. the dairy farm included approximately 3900 dairy cattle including young stock; of these, 1670 cows were milk ... | 2014 | 24768913 |
| multiresidue screening of milk withheld for sale at dairy farms in central new york state. | many of the drugs commonly used in lactating dairy cows result in residues in the milk, prohibiting its sale for human consumption. milk withheld for sale because of drug treatment or from cows with high somatic cell counts is commonly called "waste milk." one-third of dairy farms in the united states use waste milk to feed preweaned dairy calves. limited information is currently available on the effect of this practice on the selection and dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. pooled ... | 2014 | 24440252 |
| risk factors for clinical mastitis, ketosis, and pneumonia in dairy cattle on organic and small conventional farms in the united states. | the us regulations for production of organic milk include a strict prohibition against the use of antimicrobials and other synthetic substances. the effect of these regulations on dairy animal health has not been previously reported. the objective of this study was to characterize disease detection and identify risk factors for selected diseases on organic (org) and similarly sized conventional (con) farms. dairy herds (n=292) were enrolled across 3 states (new york, oregon, wisconsin) with con ... | 2013 | 23684015 |
| herd-level risk factors for hock injuries in freestall-housed dairy cows in the northeastern united states and california. | the aim of this study was to investigate the associations between management and facility design factors and the prevalence of hock injuries in high-producing dairy cows in 76 freestall herds in the northeastern united states (ne-us; vermont, new york, pennsylvania) and california (ca). one group of high-production multiparous cows was monitored on each farm, and data on management, facility and stall design, and the conditions of the hocks were collected. focal cows [n=38 ± 3 (mean ± standard d ... | 2013 | 23548284 |
| herd-level risk factors for lameness in freestall farms in the northeastern united states and california. | the objective was to investigate the association between herd-level management and facility design factors and the prevalence of lameness in high-producing dairy cows in freestall herds in the northeastern united states (ne; vermont, new york, pennsylvania) and california (ca). housing and management measures such as pen space, stall design, bedding type, and milking routine were collected for the high-producing pen in 40 farms in ne and 39 farms in ca. all cows in the pen were gait scored using ... | 2013 | 23141819 |
| histopathology case definition of naturally acquired salmonella enterica serovar dublin infection in young holstein cattle in the northeastern united states. | salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar dublin ( salmonella dublin) is a host-adapted bacterium that causes high morbidity and mortality in dairy cattle worldwide. a retrospective search of archives at the new york animal health diagnostic center revealed 57 culture-confirmed salmonella dublin cases from new york and pennsylvania in which detailed histology of multiple tissues was available. tissues routinely submitted by referring veterinarians for histologic evaluation included sections of ... | 2017 | 28599615 |
| association of immediate postpartum plasma calcium concentration with early-lactation clinical diseases, culling, reproduction, and milk production in holstein cows. | the objective of this study was to evaluate the association of postpartum plasma ca concentration with early-lactation disease outcomes, culling within 60 d in milk, pregnancy to first service, and milk production. a total of 1,453 cows from 5 commercial dairy farms in new york state were enrolled in a prospective cohort study from february to november 2015. blood samples were collected within 12 h of parturition, and plasma was submitted to a diagnostic laboratory for total ca measurement. earl ... | 2018 | 29103725 |
| extending the duration of the voluntary waiting period from 60 to 88 days in cows that received timed artificial insemination after the double-ovsynch protocol affected the reproductive performance, herd exit dynamics, and lactation performance of dairy cows. | this experiment evaluated the reproductive performance, herd exit dynamics, and lactation performance of dairy cows managed with a voluntary waiting period (vwp) of 60 or 88 d. secondary objectives were evaluating vwp effect on cyclicity status, uterine health, systemic inflammation, and body condition score (bcs) before first service. lactating holstein cows from 3 commercial farms in new york state cows were blocked by parity group and total milk yield in their previous lactation and then rand ... | 2018 | 29055542 |
| field trial of 2 calcium supplements on early lactation health and production in multiparous holstein cows. | our objectives were to measure serum ca concentrations in the first 48 h postpartum in cows supplemented with oral ca or subcutaneous ca and nonsupplemented cows and evaluate the effect of these treatments on the incidence of metritis, displaced abomasum, mastitis, and early lactation disease (any of the diseases milk fever, retained placenta, metritis, or displaced abomasum), removal from the herd, pregnancy to first insemination, and average daily milk yield for the first 10 wk of lactation. w ... | 2017 | 28987571 |
| spatial point pattern analyses of bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in domestic livestock herds and concomitant seroprevalence in wild white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in new york state, usa. | bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) is an economically important disease of domestic cattle that is capable of infecting cervids. a first step in the formulation of a regional bvdv management plan is a local assessment of the likelihood of pathogen transmission from wildlife to domestic livestock. to achieve this, blood samples were collected from hunter-harvested white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) throughout new york state in the fall of 2009 and 2010. the svanovir bvdv p80-ab enzyme-lin ... | 2013 | 23512919 |
| ceftiofur-resistant salmonella strains isolated from dairy farms represent multiple widely distributed subtypes that evolved by independent horizontal gene transfer. | salmonella is the leading cause of known food-borne bacterial infections in the united states, with an incidence rate of approximately 15 cases per 100,000 people. the rise of antimicrobial-resistant salmonella subtypes, including the appearance of subtypes resistant to ceftriaxone, represents a particular concern. ceftriaxone is used to treat invasive cases of salmonella in children and is closely related to ceftiofur, an antibiotic commonly used to treat diseases of cattle. in order to develop ... | 2005 | 16189081 |
| whole-genome sequencing of drug-resistant salmonella enterica isolated from dairy cattle and humans in new york and washington states reveals source and geographic associations. | multidrug-resistant (mdr) salmonella enterica can be spread from cattle to humans through direct contact with animals shedding salmonella, as well as through the food chain, making mdr salmonella a serious threat to human health. the objective of this study was to use whole-genome sequencing to compare antimicrobial-resistant (amr) s. typhimurium, newport, and dublin isolated from dairy cattle and humans in washington state and new york state at a genotypic and phenotypic level. a total of 90 is ... | 2017 | 28389536 |
| prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among salmonella on midwest and northeast usa dairy farms. | the objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among salmonella isolated from dairy herds in new york, minnesota, michigan, and wisconsin, usa. serogroup and antimicrobial susceptibility characteristics were determined for salmonella from cattle and environmental samples collected during august 2000-october 2001 as part of a longitudinal study where 129 herds were visited at 2-month intervals. salmonella isolates were tested (using a broth microdilution m ... | 2007 | 17215055 |
| association between a visual and an automated locomotion score in lactating holstein cows. | two studies were conducted to evaluate visual locomotion scoring (vls) and stepmetrix locomotion scoring (sls) in detecting painful digit lesions. in study 1, one veterinarian performed vls. cows with vls > or = 3 were hoof trimmed and the presence or absence of a painful lesion (pl), defined as a reaction to digital pressure, was recorded. a strongly increasing pattern in the proportion of cows with pl was detected as vls increased. the proportions of cows with painful lesions were 5.6% (n = 53 ... | 2007 | 17582114 |
| economic and phosphorus-related effects of precision feeding and forage management at a farm scale. | structural best management practices were implemented throughout the cannonsville reservoir watershed (crw) in an effort to reduce p losses to the reservoir. yet long-term water quality control efforts within crw are hindered by continuous p build-up in the soils resulting from dairy farm p imports exceeding exports. addressing the p imbalance problems and maintaining economic viability of the farms requires a system-level redesign of farm management. one possible innovative strategy, precision ... | 2007 | 17638981 |
| environmental effects on conception rates of holsteins in new york and georgia. | the purpose of this study was to investigate the compounded impact on conception rates (cr) of the effects of milk production, service month, and days in milk (dim) by using recent artificial insemination records of holsteins in new york (ny) and georgia (ga). dairy herd improvement records were obtained from dairy records management systems in raleigh, north carolina. after removing records with lactations >1 and uncertain and extreme records (records without a calving or birth date, with days ... | 2008 | 18218770 |
| survey of dairy management practices on one hundred thirteen north central and northeastern united states dairies. | the objective was to conduct a broad survey of dairy management practices that have an effect on animal well-being. dairies were visited during the fall and winter of 2005 and 2006 in wisconsin, minnesota, indiana, iowa, and new york. data were collected on 113 dairies on colostrum feeding, dehorning, tail-docking, euthanasia methods, producer statements about welfare, use of specialized calf-raising farms (custom), level of satisfaction with calf-raising by producers, and cow behavior. calves w ... | 2008 | 18349262 |
| effects of repeated episodes of generic clinical mastitis on mortality and culling in dairy cows. | bovine clinical mastitis (cm) can be detrimental to a dairy farm's profitability, not only in terms of lost production and treatment costs, but also because of the loss of the cows themselves. our objective was to estimate the effects of multiple occurrences of generic bovine cm on mortality and culling. we studied 16,145 lactations from 5 large, high-producing dairy herds, with 3,036 first, 758 second, and 288 third cm cases observed in the first 10 mo after calving. generalized mixed models, w ... | 2008 | 18487642 |
| molecular ecology of listeria monocytogenes: evidence for a reservoir in milking equipment on a dairy farm. | a longitudinal study aimed to detect listeria monocytogenes on a new york state dairy farm was conducted between february 2004 and july 2007. fecal samples were collected every 6 months from all lactating cows. approximately 20 environmental samples were obtained every 3 months. bulk tank milk samples and in-line milk filter samples were obtained weekly. samples from milking equipment and the milking parlor environment were obtained in may 2007. fifty-one of 715 fecal samples (7.1%) and 22 of 30 ... | 2009 | 19114514 |
| identification of potential on-farm sources of listeria monocytogenes in herds of dairy cattle. | to elucidate the ecology of listeria monocytogenes on dairy cattle farms by determining the prevalence of the organism in various samples. | 2009 | 19254151 |
| exploring economically and environmentally viable northeastern us dairy farm strategies for coping with rising corn grain prices. | in 2008, corn grain prices rose $115/t of dm above the 2005 average. such an increase creates tight marginal profits for small (<100) and medium-sized (100 to 199) dairy farms in the northeastern united states importing corn grain as animal feed supplement. particularly in new york state, dairy farmers are attempting to avoid or minimize profit losses by growing more corn silage and reducing corn grain purchases. this study applies the integrated farm systems model to 1 small and 1 medium-sized ... | 2009 | 19620693 |
| effects of clinical mastitis caused by gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and other organisms on the probability of conception in new york state holstein dairy cows. | the objective of this study was to estimate the effects of different types of clinical mastitis (cm) on the probability of conception in new york state holstein cows. data were available on 55,372 artificial inseminations (ai) in 23,695 lactations from 14,148 cows in 7 herds. we used generalized linear mixed models to model whether or not a cow conceived after a particular ai. independent variables included ai number (first, second, third, fourth), parity, season when ai occurred, farm, type of ... | 2010 | 20338432 |
| incidence of and risks associated with giardia infections in herds on dairy farms in the new york city watershed. | the primary aims of this study were to determine the incidence of giardia infections in dairy herds on farms in the new york city watershed region and to evaluate risk factors associated with infections. because co-infections of giardia and cryptosporidium spp. are common in this population, we also evaluated the effect of herd infection status on giardia infections. | 2010 | 20565931 |
| correlated time to event data: modeling repeated clinical mastitis data from dairy cattle in new york state. | mastitis is the most prevalent production disease in dairy herds worldwide and is considered to be the most economically important disease of dairy cattle. modeling the risk of cows contracting mastitis is therefore of great interest for both targeting prevention programs and evaluating treatment protocols. clinical mastitis (cm) is a disease of recurrent nature, thus correlation between the subsequent events within one cow may be present. this would violate the assumption behind most statistica ... | 2010 | 21035216 |
| estimation of genetic parameters for measures of calf survival in a population of holstein heifer calves from a heifer-raising facility in new york state. | the objectives of this study were to estimate the genetic parameters of survival to weaning and survival to exit for a population of holstein calves from new york state, as well as to associate the estimated breeding values determined in the current study with traits from ongoing genetic evaluations used in canada and the united states. data were recorded for 7,372 heifer calves at a commercial rearing facility in new york state from arrival at 1 to 7 d of age for the duration of stay at the fac ... | 2011 | 21183057 |
| cow-level and herd-level risk factors for subclinical endometritis in lactating holstein cows. | the objectives of this study were to obtain prevalence estimates for subclinical endometritis (sce), determine cow- and herd-level risk factors, and evaluate the reproductive consequences of sce. a cross-sectional study was used to determine prevalence and risk factors with cows followed in a prospective study to determine reproductive outcomes. lactating holstein cows were sampled between 40 and 60 d in milk using low-volume uterine lavage, and cytology was evaluated to determine sce status. in ... | 2011 | 21257044 |
| factors affecting dissolved phosphorus and nitrate concentrations in ground and surface water for a valley dairy farm in the northeastern united states. | agriculture often is considered to be a contributor of soluble reactive phosphorus (srp) and nitrate-n (no3- -n) to surface waters. this research analyzed srp and no3- -n concentrations in groundwater and in a creek fed by groundwater on a valley dairy farm in the cannonsville basin of the new york city (nyc) watershed. a total of 37 groundwater piezometers were installed to depths of 0.3 to 1.5 m. water-table depth and concentrations of srp, no3- -n, dissolved organic carbon (doc), and dissolve ... | 2011 | 21449473 |
| short communication: genetic parameters for measures of calf health in a population of holstein calves in new york state. | the objectives of this study were to estimate the genetic parameters of preweaning undifferentiated bovine respiratory disease (brd), umbilical diseases (umb), and bloat (blt) for a population of holstein calves from new york state, as well as to associate the estimated breeding values determined in the current study with traits from ongoing genetic evaluations used in canada and the united states. data were recorded for 7,372 heifer calves at a commercial rearing facility in new york state, fro ... | 2011 | 22118106 |
| effect of pathogen-specific clinical mastitis on herd life in two new york state dairy herds. | the objective of this study was to estimate the effects of clinical mastitis (cm) (both with and without specific pathogen identification) occurring in different stages of lactation on length of herd life in two new york state dairy farms. the 2,697 cows in the study were followed for one lactation (the first-occurring one on or after 1 october 1999), until it ended because of a new lactation, culling, or end of study (31 march 2001 in one farm; 31 july 2001 in the other). a cox proportional haz ... | 2005 | 16111778 |
| trends in the northeast dairy industry: large-scale modern confinement feeding and management-intensive grazing. | this paper provides a summary of results from a recent survey of 987 dairy farmers in 4 northeastern us states. the survey results provide descriptive characteristics of the current state of dairy farming in the region, as well as farmer satisfaction levels, concerns, and plans for the future of their farming operations. the paper analyses characteristics of two increasingly important dairy production systems used in the northeast. averages from across the survey states (maryland, pennsylvania, ... | 2010 | 20338456 |
| enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in dairy cattle in the eastern united states. | fecal specimens were obtained from 12-24-month-old dairy heifers on farms in vermont, new york, pennsylvania, maryland, virginia, north carolina, and florida. pcr positive specimens for enterocytozoon bieneusi were found in 131 of 571 heifers examined (23%) and on all the farms visited. the prevalence of e. bieneusi varied considerably across farms, with the lowest prevalence (4.7%) on md-2 and the highest prevalence (37.8%) on ny-2. all pcr positive specimens that amplified the its region as we ... | 2005 | 16167161 |
| Microbial diversity in bovine papillomatous digital dermatitis in Holstein dairy cows from upstate New York. | Papillomatous digital dermatitis (PDD) is one of the most prevalent diseases of cattle, adversely affecting the dairy industry by its negative effect on milk production and reproductive performance. Our objective was to use culture-independent methods to determine the microbial diversity in different strata of PDD lesions of three Holstein dairy cows, analyzing whether major differences exist compared to foot skin of three non-infected cows. Both group-specific 16S rRNA gene PCR-denaturing gradi ... | 2011 | 22093037 |
| the effect of clinical outbreaks of salmonellosis on the prevalence of fecal salmonella shedding among dairy cattle in new york. | the objective of this study was to determine if the within-herd prevalence of fecal salmonella shedding is higher in dairy herds with clinical outbreaks of disease, as compared to herds with subclinical infections only. data were collected prospectively from dairy herds throughout new york that had at least 150 lactating cows and that received clinical service from participating veterinarians. after enrollment, salmonella surveillance consisted of both environmental screening and disease monitor ... | 2010 | 20353290 |