| pesticide resistance mechanisms produced by field selection pressures on anopheles nigerrimus and a. culicifacies in sri lanka. | in sri lanka, anopheles nigerrimus is resistant to a range of organophosphate and carbamate insecticides at both the larval and adult stages. biochemical studies indicate that an alteration in acetylcholinesterase is the basis of resistance rather than increased metabolic breakdown of the insecticides. in contrast, a. culicifacies is resistant only to malathion and closely related compounds containing a carboxylate ester bond. agricultural pesticides are the sole source of selection pressure for ... | 1986 | 3492309 |
| population dynamics of anophelines in a malathion treated village in the intermediate zone of sri lanka. | as part of research programme on malaria transmission in sri lanka, a study was made of man-biting anophelines at nikawehera, a village on the border of the intermediate and dry rainfall zones. weekly mosquito collections by night human bait (nhb) were performed inside and outside four fixed stations from october 1992 till march 1993. houses in the village were treated with malathion by the anti-malaria campaign in october and at the end of january 1993. an. culicifacies and an. tesselatus were ... | 1994 | 7944653 |
| population dynamics of anthropophilic mosquitoes during the northeast monsoon season in the malaria epidemic zone of sri lanka. | mosquito-borne diseases are a major health problem in sri lanka. human biting mosquitoes were collected during the night (18.00-06.00 hours) at nikawehera village, in the malaria endemic intermediate rainfall zone of the country. collections were made at monthly intervals in the period october 1991 to april 1992, which included the main rainy season due to the northeast monsoon (october-january). thirteen anopheles, eleven culex, three aedes, three mansonia and one armigeres species were identif ... | 1994 | 7949318 |
| changes in malaria vector prevalence in sri lanka: the need for local surveillance. | | 1993 | 8477493 |
| control of vectors and incidence of malaria in an irrigated settlement scheme in sri lanka by using the insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen. | an evaluation of pyriproxyfen as a larval control agent with the aim of reducing malaria vector populations and incidence of malaria was conducted in 12 villages in an irrigated settlement scheme in the dry zone of central sri lanka. in these villages, there are many pools in the beds of rivers, streams, and irrigation ditches during the dry season of the year. these are the major breeding places of the malaria vectors anopheles culicifacies and an. subpictus. collections of adult mosquitoes wer ... | 2004 | 15669380 |
| maps of the sri lanka malaria situation preceding the tsunami and key aspects to be considered in the emergency phase and beyond. | following the tsunami, a detailed overview of the area specific transmission levels is essential in assessing the risk of malaria in sri lanka. recent information on vector insecticide resistance, parasite drug resistance, and insights into the national policy for malaria diagnosis and treatment are important in assisting national and international agencies in their control efforts. | 2005 | 15676073 |
| [origin of malaria epidemics on the plateaus of madagascar and the mountains of east and south africa]. | the highlands of madagascar were malaria free until 1878, when a severe epidemic occurred, following the development of irrigated rice farming. then, the disease became endemic. between 1949 and 1962, malaria was "eradicated" on the highlands by joint house spraying and chemoprophylaxis measures. the main vector an. funestus disappeared. in 1986-1988, a very severe epidemic with high lethality rate devastated the highlands. it is now under control. thanks to the data of a religious dispensary, w ... | 1998 | 9559166 |
| [recent observations on the sensitivity to pyrethroids and ddt of anopheles arabiensis and anopheles funestus in the central highlands of madagascar; preliminary results on the absence of the kdr mutation in an. arabiensis]. | anopheles arabiensis and anopheles funestus are the principal vectors of malaria on the central highlands of madagascar. these two species of mosquito are directly or indirectly the targets of indoor insecticide spread. the survey of the susceptibility of these two vectors to insecticides is essential specifying for the anti-vectorial current directives and for the future programs. this paper describes: --the recent tests of susceptibility and the study of the knock-down effect of four pyrethroi ... | 2003 | 15678819 |
| vectors and malaria transmission in a gem mining area in sri lanka. | anopheline vectors of malaria were studied in the kaluganga gem mining area in the dry zone of central sri lanka. adult mosquitoes were collected using cattle-baited huts and nets, pyrethrum spray sheets, window exit traps and light traps and partial and full-night human landing collections over a period of 17 mo. the collections produced a total of 13,591 anophelines belonging to 14 species. using elisa for circumsporozoite proteins of plasmodium vivax and p. falciparum, anopheles culicifacies, ... | 2004 | 15707286 |
| is anopheles mascarensis a new malaria vector in madagascar? | anopheles mascarensis de meillon, 1947, a mosquito that is native to madagascar, is reported for the first time to act as a vector of plasmodium falciparum malaria. from september 1989 to march 1990, 2, 499 an. mascarensis specimens from different regions of madagascar were tested by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), using monoclonal antibodies against the circumsporozoite (cs) protein of the four human species of plasmodium. the salivary glands of 237 specimens were also dissected. ... | 1992 | 1536380 |
| laboratory and field comparisons of pyriproxyfen, polystyrene beads and other larvicidal methods against malaria vectors in sri lanka. | hand-dug gem pits are important breeding sites for larvae of malaria vectors in sri lanka. therefore, studies were carried out to help to select an effective, economic and convenient method that could be used to control malaria vector mosquito breeding in gem pits in a mining area. the effectiveness of four types of floating layers of polystyrene was compared in the laboratory and it was found that 2 mm expanded beads were the most effective for suffocating anopheles larvae and pupae. the insect ... | 2002 | 11835898 |
| impact of the malaria control campaign (1993-1998) in the highlands of madagascar: parasitological and entomological data. | malaria transmission in the central highlands of madagascar was interrupted in the 1960s by a national control program that used ddt indoor spraying and mass treatment with chloroquine. at the end of the 1980s in this region, epidemic malaria reappeared. italian health authorities provided technical assistance to the national malaria control program since the beginning of the resurgence of malaria in the central highlands. yearly residual house spraying performed for 5 years (1993-1998) and the ... | 2002 | 12135262 |
| [geographic approach in malaria control in the central highlands of madagascar]. | following the severe malaria outbreak in the central highlands in madagascar in 1986, a vector control program by use ddt pm 75 house-spraying has been implemented to operate in areas located at altitudes between 1000 and 1500 m. early treatment with chloroquine has also been incorporated in the control program. to detect areas at particular high risk for malaria outbreak the geographic information system (gis) has been applied and tested. the study has shown that the system can be used in malar ... | 2001 | 12471743 |
| population structure of anopheles arabiensis on la réunion island, indian ocean. | anopheles arabiensis, together with anopheles gambiae sensu stricto, are the most important vectors of human malaria in sub-saharan africa. the malaria situation keeps worsening, with 1 to 3 million deaths a year, and alternative strategies are needed to decrease malaria transmission intensity. in this paper, we studied the population structure of an. arabiensis from three sample sites on the remote indian ocean island of la réunion. our results showed strong genetic structuring between an. arab ... | 2005 | 16354815 |
| population structure of the malaria vector anopheles funestus (diptera: culicidae) in madagascar and comoros. | microsatellites were used as markers for a study of the population structure of anopheles funestus on madagascar and comoros. mosquitoes were collected in four different localities on madagascar and one on comoros. there was a significant genetic differentiation between all samples from madagascar and that from comoros (p<0.05). with respect to the madagascar mosquito samples, it was found that there were no significant genetic differences between samples that were collected at the east coast, a ... | 2006 | 16464433 |
| strong association between house characteristics and malaria vectors in sri lanka. | the objective of this study was to determine whether house characteristics could be used to further refine the residual insecticide-spraying program in sri lanka. indoor-resting mosquito densities were estimated in 473 houses based on fortnightly collections over a two-and-a-half-year period. the type of house construction and the exact location of all houses were determined. in a multivariate analysis, distance of less than 750 meters between a house and the main vector-breeding site was strong ... | 2003 | 12641408 |
| food of larval anopheles culicifacies and anopheles varuna in a stream habitat in sri lanka. | no previous studies have been conducted on the natural food of larval anopheles culicifacies s.l. (the major malaria vector) and an. varuna (a secondary vector) in sri lanka. the present study analyzed the contents of guts dissected from larvae collected from pools in a natural stream-cum-irrigation conveyance channel in the upper yan oya watershed in the north central province of the country during august-september 1997 and july 1998. determinations of physicochemical and biological parameters ... | 2005 | 16506563 |
| re-emergence of anopheles funestus and its possible effect on malaria transmission on mayotte island, indian ocean. | malaria constitutes a major public health problem on mayotte island, with the major vector being anopheles gambiae s.s. the seeming disappearance of an. funestus, the 2nd vector on the island, was observed 15 years ago. now, the presence of an. funestus during the biting collections performed in november and december 2004 confirms the re-emergence of this vector, which plays an important role in malaria transmission with an. gambiae. | 2005 | 16506577 |
| low autochtonous urban malaria in antananarivo (madagascar). | the study of urban malaria is an area undergoing rapid expansion, after many years of neglect. the problem of over-diagnosis of malaria, especially in low transmission settings including urban areas, is also receiving deserved attention. the primary objective of the present study was to assess the frequency of malaria among febrile outpatients seen in private and public primary care facilities of antananarivo. the second aim was to determine, among the diagnosed malaria cases, the contribution o ... | 2006 | 16573843 |
| anopheles culicifacies sibling species b and e in sri lanka differ in longevity and in their susceptibility to malaria parasite infection and common insecticides. | members of the anopheles culicifacies giles complex (diptera: culicidae) are well established as the predominant vectors of malaria in sri lanka. until recently, only sibling species b was reported to be present in sri lanka, which was surprising as species b is a poor vector of malaria in india. this was clarified by the identification through y-chromosome morphology that what was reported as b on the island is really a mixture of b and e. the fecundity, longevity and insecticide resistance of ... | 2006 | 16608500 |
| towards a risk map of malaria for sri lanka: the importance of house location relative to vector breeding sites. | in sri lanka, the major malaria vector anopheles culicifacies breeds in pools formed in streams and river beds and it is likely that people living close to such breeding sites are at higher risk of malaria than people living further away. this study was done to quantify the importance of house location relative to vector breeding sites for the occurrence of malaria in order to assess the usefulness of this parameter in future malaria risk maps. such risk maps could be important tools for plannin ... | 2003 | 12714550 |
| engineering and malaria control: learning from the past 100 years. | traditionally, engineering and environment-based interventions have contributed to the prevention of malaria in asia. however, with the introduction of ddt and other potent insecticides, chemical control became the dominating strategy. the renewed interest in environmental-management-based approaches for the control of malaria vectors follows the rapid development of resistance by mosquitoes to the widely used insecticides, the increasing cost of developing new chemicals, logistical constraints ... | 2004 | 14732233 |
| a malaria risk analysis in an irrigated area in sri lanka. | malaria in sri lanka is unstable and epidemic, with large spatial and temporal differences in transmission dynamics. the disease is of great public health significance and identification of underlying risk factors is important in order to use the limited resources in a cost-effective way. the international water management institute (iwmi) recently launched a project of gis-based malaria risk mapping in sri lanka, to investigate whether this tool could be used for epidemic forecasting and for th ... | 2004 | 14732243 |
| moderate transmission but high prevalence of malaria in madagascar. | malaria transmission remains poorly documented in areas of low transmission. a study has been carried out over two consecutive years in analamiranga, a village located at an altitude of 885m on the western edge of the malagasy highlands, with the aim of generating and updating malariometric indexes for both mosquitoes and schoolchildren. in this village, no vector control measures were performed during the study period nor during previous decades. mosquitoes were collected monthly when landing o ... | 2006 | 16842796 |
| molecular characterization of the malaria vector anopheles gambiae s.s. in madagascar. | anopheles gambiae s.s. giles (diptera: culicidae), the primary african malaria vector, has been characterized at the subspecies level in madagascar, where only the molecular form s and haplotype gia occur. the haplotype gic proposed by other authors was not observed amongst the 35 mosquito genomes sequenced. these s/gia characteristics are also found on the comoros archipelago and in continental africa. | 2006 | 16871703 |
| evaluation of a species-specific pcr assay for the anopheles funestus group from eleven african countries and madagascar. | a newly published cocktail polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay can identify five members of the anopheles funestus group: an. funestus, an. vaneedeni, an. parensis, an. leesoni and an. rivulorum. the assay was evaluated on specimens from 11 african countries: angola, cote d'ivoire, ethiopia, kenya, malawi, mozambique, namibia, south africa, tanzania, uganda and zambia; and the island of madagascar. the polymerase chain reaction single strand conformation polymorphism (pcr-sscp) and the interna ... | 2004 | 15029875 |
| [epidemiology and prevention of malaria in the southwestern islands of the indian ocean]. | malaria epidemiology differs greatly in the geographically close islands of the southwestern indian ocean. in madagascar and the comoros union malaria is still a major public health problem. in mayotte indigenous transmission resumed in 1995 and is currently high in some communities. in the mascarene islands (reunion and mauritius), indigenous transmission has been eradicated (reunion) or become rare (mauritius). the seychelles islands are malaria-free since local conditions are unfavorable for ... | 2006 | 16924826 |
| studies on sporozoite-induced and chronic infections with plasmodium fragile in macaca mulatta and new world monkeys. | plasmodium fragile continues to be investigated because of its biologic similarities to the human malaria parasite, plasmodium falciparum. two strains of p. fragile are available for study; one strain is able to infect mosquitoes, whereas the other strain is transmissible only by blood inoculation. the sri lanka strain of p. fragile was transmitted to macaca mulatta, macaca fascicularis, aotus lemurinus griseimembra, aotus nancymaae, aotus vociferans, and saimiri boliviensis monkeys via sporozoi ... | 2006 | 17152944 |
| a case of autochthonous plasmodium vivax malaria, corsica, august 2006. | | 2006 | 17213553 |
| [anopheles and malaria transmission in ambohimena, a village in the occidental fringe of madagascar highlands]. | the anopheline vectors and malaria transmission were investigated in the middle west of madagascar, in the village of ambohimena (at the altitude of 940 meters) during two years (august 1996 to july 1998). this village is located outside the vector control area, where yearly ddt house spraying campaigns have been conducted between 1993 and 1998. collection of mosquitoes was mainly based on all night man billing collections (650 man-nights), pyrethrum spray catches (224 bedrooms) and direct colle ... | 2004 | 15071831 |
| malarial vectors in an irrigated rice cultivation area in southern sri lanka. | entomological surveys were carried out from march 1998 to december 1999 to study the prevalence, distribution and abundance of malarial vectors in relation to selected environmental factors and potential mosquito breeding sites in irrigation channels in 15 villages in the lunugamvehera irrigation and settlement project, a malaria-endemic area of southern sri lanka. mosquito collections were made at monthly intervals using four sampling methods. thirteen anopheline species were collected. followi ... | 2005 | 15607337 |
| ecology of vector mosquitoes in sri lanka--suggestions for future mosquito control in rice ecosystems. | mosquito-borne diseases are a major public health threat in asia. to explore effective mosquito control strategies in rice ecosystems from the ecological point of view, we carried out ecological analyses of vector mosquitoes in sri lanka. during the 18-month study period, 14 anopheles, 11 culex, 5 aedes, 2 mansonia, and 1 armigeres species were collected, most of which are disease vectors for malaria, filariasis, japanese encephalitis, or dengue in sri lanka and elsewhere in asia. the density an ... | 2007 | 17883002 |
| entomologic investigations of a chikungunya virus epidemic in the union of the comoros, 2005. | from january to april 2005, an epidemic of chikungunya virus (chikv) illness occurred in the union of comoros. entomological studies were undertaken during the peak of the outbreak, from march 11 to march 31, aimed at identifying the primary vector(s) involved in transmission so that appropriate public health measures could be implemented. adult mosquitoes were collected by backpack aspiration and human landing collection in homes and neighborhoods of clinically ill patients. water-holding conta ... | 2008 | 18187788 |
| [anopheles mascarensis of meillon 1947, a malaria vector in the middle west of madagascar?]. | anopheles mascarensis has been demonstrated to be a vector of human malaria in the east coast of madagascar. here, we present original data obtained from 1996 to 2003 on the distribution, biology and vectorial capacity of an. mascarensis in the middle-west of madagascar. this species is consistently exophilic both for its trophic and resting behaviour. this accounts for the absence of clear impact of any indoor insecticide spraying. this species is mainly zoophilic, but can occasionally bite hum ... | 2003 | 15678818 |
| multiple insecticide resistance mechanisms involving metabolic changes and insensitive target sites selected in anopheline vectors of malaria in sri lanka. | the current status of insecticide resistance and the underlying resistance mechanisms were studied in the major vector of malaria, anopheles culicifacies, and the secondary vector, anopheles subpictus in five districts (anuradhapura, kurunegala, moneragala, puttalam and trincomalee) of sri lanka. eight other anophelines, anopheles annularis, anopheles barbirostris, anopheles jamesii, anopheles nigerrimus, anopheles peditaeniatus, anopheles tessellatus, anopheles vagus and anopheles varuna from a ... | 2008 | 18755020 |
| [malaria in the urban highland area of antananarivo, madagascar: bioecology of anopheles arabiensis]. | an entomological study was performed to document the transmission of plasmodium, agents of human malaria in antananarivo, capital of madagascar. human landing mosquitoes were collected at night during two years, between may 2003 and september 2005, in the two sites of ambohimiandra-manakambahiny and ambolokandrina. the genuses of collected mosquitoes were, in order of abundance, culex, mansonia and anopheles. the only potential vector was anopheles arabiensis. its maximal abundance was observed ... | 2008 | 18956819 |
| larvivorous potential of the guppy, poecilia reticulata, in anopheline mosquito control in riverbed pools below the kotmale dam, sri lanka. | the larvivorous potential of poecilia reticulata was studied in the laboratory and in the field. in the laboratory, the number of anopheline larvae consumed per fish per day and the number of larvae in fecal matter per fish were determined. in the field study, 29 of 60 selected riverbed pools in kotmale oya, below the kotmale dam, were stocked with p reticulata, whereas the rest served as controls. anopheline larval surveys were carried out starting from 1 day prior to stocking of fish and on se ... | 2008 | 19124299 |
| age-related prevalence of plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite antibody in an hyperendemic area of madagascar, and its relationship with parasite prevalence. | an epidemiologic survey on malaria endemicity levels, including entomologic, parasitologic, and immunologic indicators, was carried out in a village of the madagascar highlands (analaroa) at the end of the 1990-1991 rainy season. the results indicate that malaria is hyperendemic and anopheles funestus is the main vector in the area. the prevalence of parasitemia decreased with age from a maximum level of about 60% in children less than five years of age to a minimum of about 16% among those more ... | 1996 | 8842115 |
| field site selection: getting it right first time around. | the selection of suitable field sites for integrated control of anopheles mosquitoes using the sterile insect technique (sit) requires consideration of the full gamut of factors facing most proposed control strategies, but four criteria identify an ideal site: 1) a single malaria vector, 2) an unstructured, relatively low density target population, 3) isolation of the target population and 4) actual or potential malaria incidence. such a site can exist in a diverse range of situations or can be ... | 2009 | 19917079 |
| anopheles subpictus complex: distribution of sibling species in sri lanka. | to determine the sibling species composition of an. subpictus complex in sri lanka polytene chromosomes of ovarian nurse cells were examined. samples of an. subpictus s.l. were collected from 65 of the 73 health areas surveyed. of 3095 ovaries collected 869 polytene chromosomes preparation were identified as sibling species a and 77 b. species b was present only in coastal localities of the island whereas species a was found both in coastal and inland areas with predominance in inland areas. thi ... | 1996 | 8952168 |
| anopheles culicifacies breeding in sri lanka and options for control through water management. | this paper assesses the options for control of malaria vectors through different water management practices in a natural stream in sri lanka. the association between water level in the stream and breeding of the immature stages of the primary vector anopheles culicifacies was investigated and the feasibility of using existing irrigation infrastructure to reduce the breeding potential discussed. the most feasible option would be to implement a management routine where water is released periodical ... | 1998 | 9821462 |
| screening of anopheles culicifacies population of sri lanka for sibling species a. | a total of 1119 anopheles culicifacies mosquitoes collected from various malaria endemic regions in sri lanka were examined using two dna probes rp217 and rp234, which enable the differentiation of sibling species a from b and c species of an. culicifacies. sibling species a was found to be absent. | 1998 | 10319555 |
| multiple host feeding in field populations of anopheles culicifacies and an. subpictus in sri lanka. | a histological technique was used to detect the multiple blood-feeding of female mosquitoes, within the same gonotrophic cycle, in field populations of the malaria vectors anopheles culicifacies and an. subpictus (diptera: culicidae) at a village in the low country of sri lanka, during 1994-96. among 3306 an. culicifacies and 871 an. subpictus engorged females examined, respectively, 34.4% and 30.4% were multiple-fed. in these two species, double meals accounted for 92.7% and 89.5%, and triple m ... | 1999 | 10484158 |
| [anopheline population genetics]. | population genetic studies of vectors are essential for (i) the determination of their taxonomic status and consequently the definition of their vectorial role in the transmission of pathogenic agents; (ii) the evaluation of the species genetic variability and the estimation of their capacities of adaptation to selection pressure; (iii) an estimation of gene flow among populations in order to evaluate their degree of isolation and gene circulation, especially resistance genes. among the malaria ... | 1999 | 10572657 |
| diversity of malaria in rice growing areas of the afrotropical region. | it is well known that 'in many instances the rice agrosystem perfectly fits the ecological requirements of pathogens or vectors' and in fact 'malaria, schistosomiasis and japanese encephalitis are important vector-borne diseases associated with rice production in developing countries' (irri, 1987). in spite of these fears, rice cultivation has been on the increase in the african region in response to demographic and economic pressures. however, although rice fields provide suitable breeding plac ... | 1999 | 10697868 |
| [malaria and schistosomiasis: 2 examples using systems of geographical information and teledetection in madagascar]. | schistosomiasis and malaria constitute major health problems in madagascar. the main objectives of the national schistosomiasis control programme--launched in 1998--are to improve knowledge about the modes of transmission of the disease and conduct mass treatment in hyperendemic areas, so as to lower incidence rates. a geographic information system (gis) was established aiming to conduct a series of remote sensing studies based on digital image processing and analysis from landsat tm and panchro ... | 2000 | 11030060 |
| malaria in the highlands of madagascar after five years of indoor house spraying of ddt. | the central region of madagascar is a vast area of highlands (altitude 700-2000 m). malaria transmission has re-established itself here since the last epidemic of 1985-90 and has caused the deaths of 40,000 persons according to the minister of health. to combat the main malaria vector in the region, anopheles funestus, annual programmes of indoor house spraying of ddt were carried out between december 1993 and january 1998 in most rural areas at altitude 1000-1500 m. a parasitological and serolo ... | 2001 | 11280055 |
| control of malaria vectors with the insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen in a gem-mining area in sri lanka. | the study was conducted in eight adjacent villages in central sri lanka where there are many shallow pits dug by gem miners that fill with water. these become breeding places of the main malarial vector anopheles culicifacies, and of the second most important vector anopheles subpictus, but not of anopheles varuna, the third most important vector. with the help of local volunteers, data on the adult populations of these three species was collected by various standard methods, and data on the inc ... | 2001 | 11700185 |
| [the campaign against malaria in central western madagascar: comparison of the efficacy of lambda-cyhalothrin and ddt house spraying. i--entomological study]. | for malaria vector control in madagascar, the efficacy of lambda-cyhalothrin 10% wettable powder (icon 10 wp) was compared with ddt 75% wp for house-spraying. this evaluation was conducted from november 1997 to september 1998 in highland villages of vakinankaratra region, at the fringe of the malaria epidemic zone, outside the zone covered by routine ddt house-spraying (opération de pulvérisation intro-domiciliaire de ddt: opid zone). treatments were compared by house-spraying in four areas: 1) ... | 2001 | 11802266 |
| [the campaign against malaria in central western madagascar: comparison of lambda-cyhalothrin and ddt house spraying. ii--parasitological and clinical study]. | for malaria vector control in madagascar, 10 wp (lambda-cyhalothrin 10% wettable powder) was compared with ddt 75% wp for house-spraying, from november 1997 to september 1998. this study was implemented at the fringe of the malaria epidemic zone, in villages on western slopes of the central highlands, outside the area covered for the past five years by routine ddt house-spraying (opid). four types of treatment were compared in different areas: 1) ddt 2 g ai/m2 and 2) lambda-cyhalothrin 30 mg ai/ ... | 2001 | 11802267 |
| some characteristics of the larval breeding sites of anopheles culicifacies species b and e in sri lanka. | anopheles culicifacies giles, the major malaria vector in sri lanka, exists as a species complex comprising two sympatric sibling species--species b and e. species e is reported to be the major vector of plasmodium vivax and p. falciparum parasites in sri lanka, whilst species b is a poor or nonvector as in india. knowledge of the breeding habits of the two sibling species can help in designing optimal vector control strategies. hence, a survey was conducted in sri lanka to study the preferentia ... | 2005 | 16161699 |
| physico-chemical characteristics of anopheles culicifacies and anopheles varuna breeding water in a dry zone stream in sri lanka. | selected physico-chemical characteristics of flowing and pooled water in a stream that generated two malaria vectors, anopheles culicifacies s.l. giles and anopheles varuna iyengar, were investigated during august-september 1997 and july 1998 at the upper yan oya watershed in north-central sri lanka. | 2005 | 16161702 |
| larvivorous potential of fish species found in river bed pools below the major dams in sri lanka. | malaria in sri lanka is closely associated with the river systems in the country. construction of major dams across rivers has resulted in year-round pooling and anopheline mosquito breeding in river beds below the dams. this study was carried out to determine the larvivorous activity of fish found in river bed pools below the dams to identify the potential fish species for anopheline larval control in these areas. fish species in five river beds below the dams, namely, laxapana, kotmale, nilamb ... | 2006 | 16506451 |
| malaria in sri lanka: one year post-tsunami. | one year ago, the authors of this article reported in this journal on the malaria situation in sri lanka prior to the tsunami that hit on 26 december 2004, and estimated the likelihood of a post-tsunami malaria outbreak to be low. malaria incidence has decreased in 2005 as compared to 2004 in most districts, including the ones that were hit hardest by the tsunami. the malaria incidence (aggregated for the whole country) in 2005 followed the downward trend that started in 2000. however, surveilla ... | 2006 | 16700913 |
| community-based rice ecosystem management for suppressing vector anophelines in sri lanka. | sri lanka is one of the asian countries most affected by mosquito-borne diseases, especially malaria. this 18-month study assessed the effectiveness of a new community-based ecosystem management programme to control mosquito vectors in the country's rice ecosystem. farmers in a malaria-prone village were educated and motivated to engage in source reduction as well as measures to restore and maximise rice ecosystem functions. over the course of the programme, the impact of farmers' ecosystem mana ... | 2006 | 16730765 |
| [updated inventory of mosquitoes (dipbra: culkidae) from the french islets of europa, juan-de-nova and grande-glorieuse (mozambique channel, indian ocean)]. | the islets of europa, juan-de-nova and grande-glorieuse are french territories isolated in the mozambique channel (indian ocean) which have remained relatively preserved from anthropization all along their history these three islets have been classified entire nature reserves from 1975 and are today inhabited only by a permanent military detachment of about fifteen men even if they occasionally greet technical and scientific staff. sanitary and environmental issues brought about assessment of th ... | 2006 | 16821446 |
| anopheline breeding in river bed pools below major dams in sri lanka. | anopheline mosquito larval surveys were carried out from september 2000 to august 2002 in mahaweli and kelani river beds, below five major dams in the wet and intermediate zones of sri lanka, to study the prevalence of anopheline species in these areas. in each study site, all permanent and semi-permanent pools were surveyed fortnightly by dipping at 6 dips/m(2) surface area of water. larvae were collected in separate containers, staged and identified at their third and fourth stages. during eac ... | 2006 | 16890181 |
| determining areas that require indoor insecticide spraying using multi criteria evaluation, a decision-support tool for malaria vector control programmes in the central highlands of madagascar. | the highlands of madagascar present an unstable transmission pattern of malaria. the population has no immunity, and the central highlands have been the sites of epidemics with particularly high fatality. the most recent epidemic occurred in the 1980s, and caused about 30,000 deaths. the fight against malaria epidemics in the highlands has been based on indoor insecticide spraying to control malaria vectors. any preventive programme involving generalised cover in the highlands will require very ... | 2007 | 17261177 |
| [malaria in mayotte: epidemiology, diagnostic, prevention and treatment]. | mayotte is a little french island, located in the indian ocean, between madagascar and mozambic. officially there is a population of 150000 inhabitants, but in fact, there are probably about 200000 people, largely due to numerous illegal immigrants, especially coming from anjouan the nearest comorian island. there is only one hospital, with 252 beds. the malaria incidence reaches about 3000 cases per year; and treatments until august 2001 were generally haphazard. this is changing with the use o ... | 2004 | 17304748 |
| costs and effectiveness of application of poecilia reticulata (guppy) and temephos in anopheline mosquito control in river basins below the major dams of sri lanka. | in this study we examined the costs and effectiveness of using larvivorous fish, poecilia reticulata, and a chemical larvicide, temephos, in anopheline mosquito control in the riverbeds below the major dams in sri lanka. five riverbeds below the dams, namely laxapana, kotmale 1, kotmale 2, nilambe, rantembe and victoria, were selected. riverbed pools in laxapana and kotmale 1 were treated with p. reticulata; rantembe and victoria were treated with temephos; and kotmale 2 and nilambe were kept as ... | 2008 | 18486171 |
| island fever: the historical determinants of malaria in the andaman islands. | malaria was the major cause of morbidity and a leading cause of mortality in the andaman islands penal colony from 1858 to 1945. besides annual malaria incidence peaks coinciding with the arrival of the monsoon, multi-year cycles (administrative in nature) of 10-15 years are also discernable. the size of the previous year's prisoner intake was associated (r(2)=0.21, n=57) with increased malaria. the positive relationship (r(2)=0.33, n=47) between the total number of buddhist prisoners and malari ... | 2010 | 19733876 |
| anopheles culicifacies breeding in brackish waters in sri lanka and implications for malaria control. | anopheles culicifacies is the major vector of both falciparum and vivax malaria in sri lanka, while anopheles subpictus and certain other species function as secondary vectors. in sri lanka, an. culicifacies is present as a species complex consisting of species b and e, while an. subpictus exists as a complex of species a-d. the freshwater breeding habit of an. culicifacies is well established. in order to further characterize the breeding sites of the major malaria vectors in sri lanka, a limit ... | 2010 | 20409313 |
| altered environment and risk of malaria outbreak in south andaman, andaman & nicobar islands, india affected by tsunami disaster. | pools of salt water and puddles created by giant waves from the sea due to the tsunami that occurred on 26th december 2004 would facilitate increased breeding of brackish water malaria vector, anopheles sundaicus. land uplifts in north andaman and subsidence in south andaman have been reported and subsidence may lead to environmental disturbances and vector proliferation. this warrants a situation analysis and vector surveillance in the tsunami hit areas endemic for malaria transmitted by bracki ... | 2005 | 16029514 |
| spatiotemporal distribution of insecticide resistance in anopheles culicifacies and anopheles subpictus in sri lanka. | the malaria situation in sri lanka worsened during the 1990s with the emergence and spread of resistance to the drugs and insecticides used for control. chloroquine resistance has increased rapidly over this period, but adverse changes in malaria transmission are more closely associated with insecticide use rather than drug resistance. insecticide susceptibility tests were routinely carried out in key anopheline vectors across the country for more than a decade. these sentinel data were combined ... | 2005 | 16099009 |