| implementing the mental health act 2007 in british general practice: lessons from ireland. | changes in mental health legislation (e.g. mental health act 2007 in england and wales, mental health act 2001 in ireland) have generally improved adherence to international human rights standards, but also present challenges to primary care providers. when mental health legislation was substantially reformed in ireland, 62.9% of general practitioners (gps) felt the new legislation was not user-friendly. majorities of gps who felt the legislation affected their practice reported increased worklo ... | 2011 | 22079012 |
| human fine body hair enhances ectoparasite detection. | although we are relatively naked in comparison with other primates, the human body is covered in a layer of fine hair (vellus and terminal hair) at a relatively high follicular density. there are relatively few explanations for the evolutionary maintenance of this type of human hair. here, we experimentally test the hypothesis that human fine body hair plays a defensive function against ectoparasites (bed bugs). our results show that fine body hair enhances the detection of ectoparasites through ... | 2011 | 22171023 |
| salmonella virchow isolates from human and avian origins in england--molecular characterization and infection of epithelial cells and poultry. | to characterize 12 salmonella virchow isolates from human and avian sources to begin to determine the genetic relationships within the serovar, determine its capacity to invade and induce inflammatory responses in human intestinal epithelial cells and investigate its ability to colonize the chicken gastrointestinal tract. | 2011 | 21920003 |
| to err is human. | | 2011 | 21890036 |
| email interviewing: generating data with a vulnerable population. | cook c. (2011) email interviewing: generating data with a vulnerable population. journal of advanced nursing00(0), 000-000.doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05843.x abstract: aims. this paper describes online recruitment and the email interviewing data collection method with women diagnosed with a viral sexually transmitted infection. the paper highlights the advantages of the method to researchers and participants when conducting research where face-to-face participation may difficult. background. ... | 2011 | 21999402 |
| wigan dentist completes iron man challenge. | | 2011 | 21869784 |
| [Description of the long-term effects of breast feeding in the Hungarian guidelines for infant nutrition]. | To identify and describe infant feeding policy documents in Hungary and compare them to the documents of other four European countries (England, Finland, Germany and Spain). The question was also addressed how the phenomenon of nutritional programming was represented in the documents. | 2011 | 21959937 |
| critical care rationing: international comparisons. | every country has finite resources that are expended to provide citizens with social "goods," including education, protection, infrastructure, and health care. rationing-of any resource-refers to distribution of an allotted amount and may involve withholding some goods that would benefit some citizens. health-care rationing is controversial because good health complements so many human endeavors. we explored (perceptions regarding) critical care rationing in seven industrialized countries. acade ... | 2011 | 22147820 |
| large outbreak of verocytotoxin-producing escherichia coli o157 infection in visitors to a petting farm in south east england, 2009. | summaryin the summer of 2009, an outbreak of verocytotoxigenic escherichia coli o157 (vtec o157) was identified in visitors to a large petting farm in south east england. the peak attack rate was 6/1000 visitors, and highest in those aged <2 years (16/1000). we conducted a case-control study with associated microbiological investigations, on human, animal and environmental samples. we identified 93 cases; 65 primary, 13 secondary and 15 asymptomatic. cases were more likely to have visited a spec ... | 2011 | 22093751 |
| Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in patients with Huntington's disease. | Reduced Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) levels have been described in a number of patho-physiological conditions, most notably, in Huntington's disease (HD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder. Since BDNF is also produced in blood, we have undertaken the measurement of its peripheral levels in the attempt to identify a possible link with HD prognosis and/or its progression. Here we evaluated BDNF level in 398 blood samples including 138 controls, 56 preHD, and 204 HD subjects. We ... | 2011 | 21857974 |
| Paralysed man seeks legal clarity over doctors' role in assisting suicide. | | 2011 | 22127142 |
| genome-wide association study in individuals of south asian ancestry identifies six new type 2 diabetes susceptibility loci. | we carried out a genome-wide association study of type-2 diabetes (t2d) in individuals of south asian ancestry. our discovery set included 5,561 individuals with t2d (cases) and 14,458 controls drawn from studies in london, pakistan and singapore. we identified 20 independent snps associated with t2d at p < 10(-4) for testing in a replication sample of 13,170 cases and 25,398 controls, also all of south asian ancestry. in the combined analysis, we identified common genetic variants at six loci ( ... | 2011 | 21874001 |
| how are babies fed? a pilot study exploring primary school children's perceptions of infant feeding. | breastfeeding is the optimal feeding method for human infants. in the united kingdom some women do not initiate breastfeeding, and many commence formula milk feeding after a brief period of breastfeeding. infant feeding perceptions may develop early in life, and this research aimed to explore infant feeding awareness among primary school children as a first step toward informing appropriate health education interventions. | 2011 | 22112335 |
| dilemmas of citizenship: young people's conceptions of un/employment rights and responsibilities. | this paper draws on the concept of ideological dilemmas in order to explore how a sample of young people constructed potentially contrary themes of liberal citizenship in discussions of un/employment. the study took place in the context of recent policy developments in the uk which have sought to place a renewed emphasis upon notions of responsible citizenship in relation to both welfare and education policy. a total of 58 participants were interviewed in 24 semi-structured group interviews. in ... | 2011 | 21884544 |
| MLH1 promoter methylation, diet, and lifestyle factors in mismatch repair deficient colorectal cancer patients from EPIC-Norfolk. | There is conflicting evidence for the role diet and lifestyle play in the development of mismatch repair (MMR)-deficient colorectal cancers (CRC). In this study, associations between MMR deficiency, clinicopathological characteristics, and dietary and lifestyle factors in sporadic CRC were investigated. Tumor samples from 185 individuals in the EPIC-Norfolk study were analyzed for MLH1 gene promoter methylation and microsatellite instability (MSI). Dietary and lifestyle data were collected prosp ... | 2011 | 21875327 |
| Morbidity in the marshes: Using spatial epidemiology to investigate skeletal evidence for malaria in Anglo-Saxon England (AD 410-1050). | Concerns over climate change and its potential impact on infectious disease prevalence have contributed to a resurging interest in malaria in the past. A wealth of historical evidence indicates that malaria, specifically Plasmodium vivax, was endemic in the wetlands of England from the 16th century onwards. While it is thought that malaria was introduced to Britain during the Roman occupation (AD first to fifth centuries), the lack of written mortality records prior to the post-medieval period m ... | 2011 | 22183814 |
| influence of matrix metalloproteinase-12 on fibrinogen level. | in vitro studies have shown that matrix metalloproteinase-12 (mmp12) can degrade fibrinogen, a clotting factor whose level predicts risk of advanced atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction. in this study, we found that mean plasma fibrinogen level was approximately 10-fold higher in mmp12 knockout mice than wildtype mice (p=0.0006). differential allelic expression analysis of human mmp12 gene polymorphism rs17368582 in human vascular tissues showed an allele-specific effect on mmp12 expression ... | 2011 | 22119538 |
| changes in severity of 2009 pandemic a/h1n1 influenza in england: a bayesian evidence synthesis. | to assess the impact of the 2009 a/h1n1 influenza pandemic in england during the two waves of activity up to end of february 2010 by estimating the probabilities of cases leading to severe events and the proportion of the population infected. | 2011 | 21903689 |
| Bacteriophage lysis of enterococcus host strains: a tool for microbial source tracking? | This paper describes the isolation of Enterococcus host strains, for potential use as simple bacteriophage (phage)-based microbial source tracking (MST) tools. Presumptive Enterococcus host strains were isolated from cattle feces, raw municipal wastewater, agricultural runoff, and waters impacted by farms or wastewater treatment works (WWTW) in southern England, United Kingdom (UK). All enterococcal host strains (n = 390) were first screened for their ability to detect phage in samples of ra ... | 2011 | 22047499 |
| Spatial covariation between freshwater and terrestrial ecosystem services. | To inform the design and implementation of land-use policies that consider the variety of goods and services people derive from ecosystems, it is essential to understand spatial patterns of individual services, how multiple services relate to each other, and how these relationships vary across spatial scales and localities. Despite the importance of freshwater as a determinant of regional economic and human demographic patterns, there are surprisingly few studies that map the provision of a rang ... | 2011 | 21939042 |
| A draft genome of Yersinia pestis from victims of the Black Death. | Technological advances in DNA recovery and sequencing have drastically expanded the scope of genetic analyses of ancient specimens to the extent that full genomic investigations are now feasible and are quickly becoming standard. This trend has important implications for infectious disease research because genomic data from ancient microbes may help to elucidate mechanisms of pathogen evolution and adaptation for emerging and re-emerging infections. Here we report a reconstructed ancient genome ... | 2011 | 21993626 |
| self-screening for neisseria gonorrhoeae and chlamydia trachomatis in the human immunodeficiency virus clinic--high yields and high acceptability. | despite antiretroviral therapy (art), incident human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) continues to rise, and sexually transmitted infections (sti) are well known for their part in hiv transmission. national guidelines recommend routine sti screening in hiv-positive individuals, but despite this, reported uptake remains low. | 2011 | 22082720 |
| A double-blind atropine trial for active learning of autonomic function. | Here, we describe a human physiology laboratory class measuring changes in autonomic function over time in response to atropine. Students use themselves as subjects, generating ownership and self-interest in the learning as well as directly experiencing the active link between physiology and pharmacology in people. The class is designed to concomitantly convey the importance of bias in experimentation by adopting a double-blind placebo-controlled approach. We have used this class effectively in ... | 2011 | 22139783 |
| a curiosity in the history of sciences: the words "megrim" and "migraine". | vertigo has been described by medical doctors since antiquity, but the condition is not limited to human medicine. it is also interesting to note that vertigo-related disorders were long only mentioned in the descriptions of migraine: however, in the corpus hippocraticum, a pain with vertigo (odunê kai skotodiniê) was not considered as hemicrania; in aretaeus medical text, scotoma was clearly another disease than heterocraniê; although there could be metastases between them (pain could be follow ... | 2012 | 22239094 |
| automated diagnosis of referable maculopathy in diabetic retinopathy screening. | this paper introduces an algorithm for the automated diagnosis of referable maculopathy in retinal images for diabetic retinopathy screening. referable maculopathy is a potentially sight-threatening condition requiring immediate referral to an ophthalmologist from the screening service, and therefore accurate referral is extremely important. the algorithm uses a pipeline of detection and filtering of "peak points" with strong local contrast, segmentation of candidate lesions, extraction of featu ... | 2011 | 22255063 |
| incorporation of expert variability into breast cancer treatment recommendation in designing clinical protocol guided fuzzy rule system models. | it has been often demonstrated that clinicians exhibit both inter-expert and intra-expert variability when making difficult decisions. in contrast, the vast majority of computerized models that aim to provide automated support for such decisions do not explicitly recognize or replicate this variability. furthermore, the perfect consistency of computerized models is often presented as a de facto benefit. in this paper, we describe a novel approach to incorporate variability within a fuzzy inferen ... | 2012 | 22265814 |
| spatial and temporal patterns in antimicrobial resistance of salmonella typhimurium in cattle in england and wales. | summarysalmonella is the second most commonly reported human foodborne pathogen in england and wales, and antimicrobial-resistant strains of salmonella are an increasing problem in both human and veterinary medicine. in this work we used a generalized linear spatial model to estimate the spatial and temporal patterns of antimicrobial resistance in salmonella typhimurium in england and wales. of the antimicrobials considered we found a common peak in the probability that an s. typhimurium inciden ... | 2012 | 22214772 |
| isolation of an english uukuvirus (family bunyaviridae). | a virus of the uukuniemi serogroup was isolated from various organs of a moribund kittiwake (rissa tridactyla) and from ticks (ixodes uriae) that were feeding on the bird. the kittiwake was found on marsden beach, north-east england. this is the first virus in the family bunyaviridae to have been isolated in england and only the second english arthropod-borne virus after louping ill virus, family togaviridae (smith & varma, 1981). the possibility of infection of humans by uukuviruses is discusse ... | 0 | 6501877 |
| exploring the diversity of arcobacter butzleri from cattle in the uk using mlst and whole genome sequencing. | arcobacter butzleri is considered to be an emerging human foodborne pathogen. the completion of an a. butzleri genome sequence along with microarray analysis of 13 isolates in 2007 revealed a surprising amount of diversity amongst a. butzleri isolates from humans, animals and food. in order to further investigate arcobacter diversity, 792 faecal samples were collected from cattle on beef and dairy farms in the north west of england. arcobacter was isolated from 42.5% of the samples and the diver ... | 2013 | 23405126 |
| ticks and borrelia in urban and peri-urban green space habitats in a city in southern england. | ticks are becoming increasingly recognised as important vectors of pathogens in urban and peri-urban areas, including green space used for recreational activities. in the uk, the risk posed by ticks in such areas is largely unknown. in order to begin to assess the risk of ticks in urban/peri-urban areas in southern england, questing ticks were collected from five different habitat types (grassland, hedge, park, woodland and woodland edge) in a city during the spring, summer and autumn of 2013/20 ... | 2017 | 28089123 |
| borrelia burgdorferi serosurvey in wild deer in england and wales. | lyme disease is the most common vector-borne disease in the united kingdom and its incidence has been increasing in recent years. however, limited information is available on its epidemiology and dynamics in the u.k. a survey in wild deer to investigate the presence of antibodies reactive to borrellia burgdorferi was conducted to obtain initial information on the distribution pattern of the spirochete in england and wales. samples from roe deer (n=604) and red deer (n=80) were collected in eight ... | 2012 | 22448654 |
| knowledge gaps in host-parasite interaction preclude accurate assessment of meat-borne exposure to toxoplasma gondii. | toxoplasma gondii is recognized as a widely prevalent zoonotic parasite worldwide. although several studies clearly identified meat products as an important source of t. gondii infections in humans, quantitative understanding of the risk posed to humans through the food chain is surprisingly scant. while probabilistic risk assessments for pathogens such as campylobacter jejuni, listeria monocytogenes or escherichia coli have been well established, attempts to quantify the probability of human ex ... | 2016 | 28139250 |
| antimicrobial resistance in shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli serogroups o157 and o26 isolated from human cases of diarrhoeal disease in england, 2015. | shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) are zoonotic and transmission to humans occurs via contaminated food or contact with infected animals. in this study, wgs data were used to predict antimicrobial resistance (amr) in stec from symptomatic human cases to assess the extent of transmission of antibiotic-resistant e. coli from animals to humans. | 2017 | 27678285 |
| detection of the plasmid-mediated mcr-1 gene conferring colistin resistance in human and food isolates of salmonella enterica and escherichia coli in england and wales. | in response to the first report of transmissible colistin resistance mediated by the mcr-1 gene in escherichia coli and klebsiella spp. from animals and humans in china, we sought to determine its presence in enterobacteriaceae isolated in the uk. | 2016 | 27090630 |
| human recreational exposure to antibiotic resistant bacteria in coastal bathing waters. | infections caused by antibiotic resistant bacteria (arb) are associated with poor health outcomes and are recognised globally as a serious health problem. much research has been conducted on the transmission of arb to humans. yet the role the natural environment plays in the spread of arb and antibiotic resistance genes is not well understood. antibiotic resistant bacteria have been detected in natural aquatic environments, and ingestion of seawater during water sports is one route by which many ... | 2015 | 25832996 |
| detection and characterization of pct-like plasmid vectors for blactx-m-14 in escherichia coli isolates from humans, turkeys and cattle in england and wales. | to detect and characterize escherichia coli strains and pct-like plasmids implicated in the dissemination of the ctx-m-14 gene in animals and humans, in england and wales. | 2012 | 22514265 |
| population genetic structure of serotine bats (eptesicus serotinus) across europe and implications for the potential spread of bat rabies (european bat lyssavirus eblv-1). | understanding of the movements of species at multiple scales is essential to appreciate patterns of population connectivity and in some cases, the potential for pathogen transmission. the serotine bat (eptesicus serotinus) is a common and widely distributed species in europe where it frequently harbours european bat lyssavirus type 1 (eblv-1), a virus causing rabies and transmissible to humans. in the united kingdom, it is rare, with a distribution restricted to south of the country and so far t ... | 2015 | 25832817 |
| determination of giardia duodenalis assemblages and multi-locus genotypes in patients with sporadic giardiasis from england. | the protozoan giardia duodenalis is a common but highly diverse human parasite that comprises a complex of seven morphologically identical genetic assemblages, further divided into sub-assemblages. there is very little information available on the diversity of giardia sub-assemblages and multi-locus genotypes infecting people in the united kingdom. in this study we studied the molecular epidemiology of giardia in symptomatic patients from north west england. | 2015 | 26338670 |
| case-control study of risk factors for sporadic giardiasis and parasite assemblages in north west england. | giardia duodenalis is a major cause of infectious gastroenteritis worldwide, and it is diversified into eight genetic assemblages (a to h), which are distinguishable only by molecular typing. there is some evidence that the assemblages infecting humans (assemblages a and b) may have different transmission routes, but systematically acquired data, combining epidemiological and molecular findings, are required. we undertook a case-control study with giardia genotyping in north west england, to det ... | 2015 | 26157151 |
| occurrence and diversity of giardia duodenalis assemblages in livestock in the uk. | giardia duodenalis is a common intestinal parasite in humans and a wide range of livestock species. it is a genetically heterogeneous parasite that has been characterized in seven distinct genetic assemblages or cryptic species, and molecular markers can be used to differentiate both animal-specific and potentially zoonotic genotypes. little is known about g. duodenalis and the range of assemblages occurring in domestic livestock species in the uk. here, we present data on the occurrence and mol ... | 2014 | 23472706 |
| respiratory viral infections during the 2009-2010 winter season in central england, uk: incidence and patterns of multiple virus co-infections. | acute viral respiratory infections are the most common infections in humans. co-infection with different respiratory viruses is well documented but not necessarily well understood. the aim of this study was to utilise laboratory data from the winter season following the 2009 influenza a(h1n1) outbreak to investigate rates of respiratory virus co-infections, virus prevalence in different age groups and temporal variations in virus detection. the health protection agency public health laboratory ( ... | 2012 | 22678349 |
| hepatitis e virus: time to change the textbooks. | until recently, hepatitis e virus (hev) was thought not to occur in developed countries. it is now clear that locally acquired hev is common in such settings. hev infection acquired in these areas differs from that in developing countries in a number of important aspects: it is caused by genotype 3 (and 4 in china and japan), it mainly affects middle-aged/elderly males and it is zoonotic with a porcine primary host. pig herds worldwide are infected with hev genotype 3 and hev has been found in t ... | 2017 | 27170383 |
| virology, serology, and demography of hepatitis e viremic blood donors in south east england. | hepatitis e virus (hev) genotype 3 (g3) in england comprises two principal phylogenetic groups (group 1 and group 2) and can be transmitted by transfusion. unselected screening identified 79 viremic donors; 76 participated in a follow-up study. | 2016 | 26841005 |
| prevalence of hepatitis e virus infection in pigs at the time of slaughter, united kingdom, 2013. | since 2010, reports of infection with hepatitis e virus (hev) have increased in england and wales. despite mounting evidence regarding the zoonotic potential of porcine hev, there are limited data on its prevalence in pigs in the united kingdom. we investigated antibody prevalence, active infection, and virus variation in serum and cecal content samples from 629 pigs at slaughter. prevalence of antibodies to hev was 92.8% (584/629), and hev rna was detected in 15% of cecal contents (93/629), 3% ... | 2015 | 26196216 |
| pulmonary mycobacterium avium-intracellulare is the main driver of the rise in non-tuberculous mycobacteria incidence in england, wales and northern ireland, 2007-2012. | the incidence of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (ntm) isolation from humans is increasing worldwide. in england, wales and northern ireland (ew&ni) the reported rate of ntm more than doubled between 1996 and 2006. although ntm infection has traditionally been associated with immunosuppressed individuals or those with severe underlying lung damage, pulmonary ntm infection and disease may occur in people with no overt immune deficiency. here we report the incidence of ntm isolation in ew&ni between ... | 2016 | 27154015 |
| epidemiology of mycobacterium bovis disease in humans in england, wales, and northern ireland, 2002-2014. | despite control efforts, mycobacterium bovis incidence among cattle remains high in parts of england, wales, and northern ireland, attracting political and public health interest in potential spread from animals to humans. to determine incidence among humans and to identify associated factors, we conducted a retrospective cohort analysis of human m. bovis cases in england, wales, and northern ireland during 2002-2014. we identified 357 cases and observed increased annual case numbers (from 17 to ... | 2017 | 28220748 |
| red squirrels in the british isles are infected with leprosy bacilli. | leprosy, caused by infection with mycobacterium leprae or the recently discovered mycobacterium lepromatosis, was once endemic in humans in the british isles. red squirrels in great britain (sciurus vulgaris) have increasingly been observed with leprosy-like lesions on the head and limbs. using genomics, histopathology, and serology, we found m. lepromatosis in squirrels from england, ireland, and scotland, and m. leprae in squirrels from brownsea island, england. infection was detected in overt ... | 2016 | 27846605 |
| epidemiological evidence that garden birds are a source of human salmonellosis in england and wales. | the importance of wild bird populations as a reservoir of zoonotic pathogens is well established. salmonellosis is a frequently diagnosed infectious cause of mortality of garden birds in england and wales, predominantly caused by salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar typhimurium definitive phage types 40, 56(v) and 160. in britain, these phage types are considered highly host-adapted with a high degree of genetic similarity amongst isolates, and in some instances are clonal. pulsed fie ... | 2014 | 24586464 |
| resistance to third-generation cephalosporins in human non-typhoidal salmonella enterica isolates from england and wales, 2010-12. | to identify the mechanism(s) underlying cefotaxime resistance in 118 of 21,641 (0.55%) non-typhoidal salmonella enterica isolates collected from humans throughout england and wales from january 2010 to september 2012. | 2014 | 24288030 |
| prevalence and characterization of human mecc methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus isolates in england. | there are limited data available on the epidemiology and prevalence of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) in the human population that encode the recently described meca homologue, mecc. to address this knowledge gap we undertook a prospective prevalence study in england to determine the prevalence of mecc among mrsa isolates. | 2014 | 24284779 |
| streptococcus pyogenes infection in a free-living european hedgehog (erinaceus europaeus). | streptococcus pyogenes, a common pathogen of humans, was isolated from the carcass of a free-living european hedgehog (erinaceus europaeus) found in northern england in june 2014. the animal had abscessation of the deep right cervical lymph node, mesenteric lymph nodes and liver. the s. pyogenes strain isolated from the lesions, peritoneal and pleural cavities was characterised as emm 28, which can be associated with invasive disease in humans. this is the first known report of s. pyogenes in a ... | 2015 | 26242215 |
| seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii in the eurasian otter (lutra lutra) in england and wales. | toxoplasma gondii is found on all continents and can infect all endothermic vertebrates. toxoplasmosis is a globally important zoonosis with potentially devastating health impacts both for humans and a range of domestic and wild species. the world health organisation have repeatedly recommended the collection of accurate epidemiological data for t. gondii, yet despite recognised links between infection of wildlife, domestic animals and humans, seroprevalence in wild species is rarely monitored. ... | 2013 | 23510234 |
| occurrence and host preferences of anopheles maculipennis group mosquitoes in england and wales. | mosquitoes of the anopheles maculipennis meigen (diptera: culicidae) group are of public health concern: five of the 11 morphologically indistinct species have been historically considered as vectors of malaria in europe. three members of the an. maculipennis group have been reported in the u.k.: anopheles atroparvus van thiel; anopheles messeae falleroni, and anopheles daciae linton, nicolescu & harbach. to study the distribution of the three u.k. species, particularly that of an. daciae, we de ... | 2014 | 23848304 |
| genomic analysis of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium from wild passerines in england and wales. | passerine salmonellosis is a well-recognized disease of birds in the order passeriformes, which includes common songbirds such as finches and sparrows, caused by infection with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. previous research has suggested that some subtypes of s typhimurium-definitive phage types (dts) 40, 56 variant, and 160-are host adapted to passerines and that these birds may represent a reservoir of infection for humans and other animals. here, we have used the whole-genome sequ ... | 2016 | 27613688 |
| factors affecting dairy farmers' attitudes towards antimicrobial medicine usage in cattle in england and wales. | there has been growing concern about bacterial resistance to antimicrobials in the farmed livestock sector. attention has turned to sub-optimal use of antimicrobials as a driver of resistance. recent reviews have identified a lack of data on the pattern of antimicrobial use as an impediment to the design of measures to tackle this growing problem. this paper reports on a study that explored use of antibiotics by dairy farmers and factors influencing their decision-making around this usage. we fo ... | 2015 | 26123631 |
| managing conflict between bats and humans: the response of soprano pipistrelles (pipistrellus pygmaeus) to exclusion from roosts in houses. | conflict can arise when bats roost in human dwellings and householders are affected adversely by their presence. in the united kingdom, the exclusion of bats from roosts can be licensed under exceptional circumstances to alleviate conflict, but the fate of excluded bats and the impact on their survival and reproduction is not well understood. using radio-tracking, we investigated the effects of exclusion on the soprano pipistrelle pipistrellus pygmaeus, a species that commonly roosts in building ... | 2015 | 26244667 |
| novel sampling method for assessing human-pathogen interactions in the natural environment using boot socks and citizen scientists, with application to campylobacter seasonality. | this paper introduces a novel method for sampling pathogens in natural environments. it uses fabric boot socks worn over walkers' shoes to allow the collection of composite samples over large areas. wide-area sampling is better suited to studies focusing on human exposure to pathogens (e.g., recreational walking). this sampling method is implemented using a citizen science approach: groups of three walkers wearing boot socks undertook one of six routes, 40 times over 16 months in the north west ... | 2017 | 28500040 |
| higher plain water intake is associated with lower type 2 diabetes risk: a cross-sectional study in humans. | the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between plain water intake and type 2 diabetes (t2d) risk. it was hypothesized that higher plain water intake would be associated with a lower t2d risk score. one hundred thirty-eight adults from southwest and southeast england answered a cross-sectional online survey assessing t2d risk (using the diabetes uk risk assessment); physical activity (using the short international physical activity questionnaire); and consumption of fruits, veg ... | 0 | 26255759 |
| how often do mosquitoes bite humans in southern england? a standardised summer trial at four sites reveals spatial, temporal and site-related variation in biting rates. | this field-based study examined the abundance and species complement of mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) attracted to humans at four sites in the united kingdom (uk). the study used a systematic approach to directly measure feeding by mosquitoes on humans at multiple sites and using multiple volunteers. quantifying how frequently humans are bitten in the field by mosquitoes is a fundamental parameter in assessing arthropod-borne virus transmission. | 2017 | 28915829 |
| recurrent seasonal outbreak of an emerging serotype of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec o55:h7 stx2a) in the south west of england, july 2014 to september 2015. | the first documented british outbreak of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) o55:h7 began in the county of dorset, england, in july 2014. since then, there have been a total of 31 cases of which 13 presented with haemolytic uraemic syndrome (hus). the outbreak strain had shiga toxin (stx) subtype 2a associated with an elevated risk of hus. this strain had not previously been isolated from humans or animals in england. the only epidemiological link was living in or having close links to ... | 2017 | 28920571 |
| the origin of ambling horses. | horseback riding is the most fundamental use of domestic horses and has had a huge influence on the development of human societies for millennia. over time, riding techniques and the style of riding improved. therefore, horses with the ability to perform comfortable gaits (e.g. ambling or pacing), so-called 'gaited' horses, have been highly valued by humans, especially for long distance travel. recently, the causative mutation for gaitedness in horses has been linked to a substitution causing a ... | 2016 | 27505236 |
| what are the factors driving antimicrobial resistance? perspectives from a public event in london, england. | antimicrobial resistance is driven by multiple factors. resolving the threat to human and animal health presented by drug-resistant infections remains a societal challenge that demands close collaboration between scientists and citizens. we compared current public views about key contributing factors to antimicrobial resistance with those expressed by experts. | 2016 | 27590053 |
| zoonotic diseases in south american camelids in england and wales. | the number of south american camelids (sacs) in england and wales is increasing and with this comes a risk of new and emerging infections. although classified as livestock, these animals are also treated as pets and may be in regular contact with humans. this paper reviews zoonotic diseases that have been identified in sacs in england and wales, and which pose a potential risk to human health. we also highlight the importance of surveillance continuing to capture information on infections in sac ... | 2017 | 28065171 |
| multiple fatalities in the north of england associated with synthetic fentanyl analogue exposure: detection and quantitation a case series from early 2017. | synthetic fentanyl analogues are highly potent opioid drugs which have no pharmaceutical use in humans. we detected the synthetic fentanyl analogues; carfentanil, butyryl fentanyl, fluorobutyrylfentanyl, furanylfentanyl, and alfentanil as well as fentanyl itself in 25 cases in early 2017. there have been no previous reports of synthetic fentanyl deaths in the united kingdom (uk). | 2018 | 29216524 |
| ancient human bone microstructure in medieval england: comparisons between two socio-economic groups. | understanding the links between bone microstructure and human lifestyle is critical for clinical and anthropological research into skeletal growth and adaptation. the present study is the first to report correspondence between socio-economic status and variation in bone microstructure in ancient humans. products of femoral cortical remodeling were assessed using histological methods in a large human medieval sample (n = 450) which represented two distinct socio-economic groups. osteonal paramete ... | 2016 | 26480030 |
| bears in eden, or, this is not the garden you're looking for: margaret cavendish, robert hooke and the limits of natural philosophy. | this paper investigates margaret cavendish's characterization of experimental philosophers as hybrids of bears and men in her 1666 story the description of a new world, called the blazing world. by associating experimental philosophers, in particular robert hooke and his microscope, with animals familiar to her readers from the sport of bear-baiting, cavendish constructed an identity for the fellows of the royal society of london quite unlike that which they imagined for themselves. recent schol ... | 2015 | 26335929 |
| enhancing the conservation of crop wild relatives in england. | humans require resilient, rapidly renewable and sustainable supplies of food and many other plant-derived supplies. however, the combined effects of climate change and population growth compromise the provision of these supplies particularly in respect to global food security. crop wild relatives (cwr) contain higher genetic diversity than crops and harbour traits that can improve crop resilience and yield through plant breeding. however, in common with most countries, cwr are poorly conserved i ... | 2015 | 26110773 |
| detection of the pufferfish toxin tetrodotoxin in european bivalves, england, 2013 to 2014. | we report the first detection of tetrodotoxins (ttx) in european bivalve shellfish. we demonstrate that ttx is present within the temperate waters of the united kingdom, along the english channel, and can accumulate in filter-feeding molluscs. the toxin is heat-stable and thus it cannot be eliminated during cooking. while quantified concentrations were low in comparison to published minimum lethal doses for humans, the results demonstrate that the risk to shellfish consumers should not be discar ... | 2015 | 25613778 |
| drawing lines at the sand: evidence for functional vs. visual reef boundaries in temperate marine protected areas. | marine protected areas (mpas) can either protect all seabed habitats within them or discrete features. if discrete features within the mpa are to be protected humans have to know where the boundaries are. in lyme bay, sw england a mpa excluded towed demersal fishing gear from 206 km(2) to protect rocky reef habitats and the associated species. the site comprised a mosaic of sedimentary and reef habitats and so 'non reef' habitat also benefited from the mpa. following 3 years protection, video da ... | 2013 | 24075618 |
| potential health risks from radioactive contamination of saltmarshes in nw england. | the present study focuses on the detection of sellafield-derived (137)cs and (241)am in contaminated saltmarshes from north-west england, uk, with a view to assessing the radiological impacts from radioactivity stored within the sediment record. the surface activities from these radionuclides were found in the range between 73 and 851 bq kg(-1) whereas peak activities ranging from 383 to 12690 bq kg(-1) were found below the surface of the upper marsh at a depth of approximately 5-20 cm. potentia ... | 2013 | 22138404 |
| association of ambient indoor temperature with body mass index in england. | raised ambient temperatures may result in a negative energy balance characterized by decreased food intake and raised energy expenditure. this study tested whether indoor temperatures above the thermoneutral zone for clothed humans (∼23 °c) were associated with a reduced body mass index (bmi). | 2014 | 23804321 |
| chlorination by-products in tap water and semen quality in england and wales. | disinfection by-products (dbps) have been associated with adverse semen outcomes in laboratory animals, although the evidence for trihalomethanes (thms) is limited. three small epidemiological studies found little evidence for an association between dbps and adverse semen outcomes in humans. using data from a large case-referent study (chemicals and pregnancy study, chaps-uk), we investigated the association between total thm (tthm), chloroform and total brominated thms and sperm concentration, ... | 2013 | 23759536 |
| intertidal mudflat and saltmarsh conservation and sustainable use in the uk: a review. | the adoption of the convention on wetlands of international importance in ramsar, iran in 1971 committed the uk to conserve and sustainably use intertidal mudflats and saltmarshes for the benefit of present and future generations. through consideration of their importance and value, current status, the characteristics, causes and consequences of their loss, and the associated responses to loss, this paper reviews the uk progress towards the conservation and sustainable use of intertidal mudflats ... | 2013 | 23669560 |
| has actuarial aging "slowed" over the past 250 years? a comparison of small-scale subsistence populations and european cohorts. | g.c. williams's 1957 hypothesis famously argues that higher age-independent, or "extrinsic," mortality should select for faster rates of senescence. long-lived species should therefore show relatively few deaths from extrinsic causes such as predation and starvation. theoretical explorations and empirical tests of williams's hypothesis have flourished in the past decade but it has not yet been tested empirically among humans. we test williams's hypothesis using mortality data from subsistence po ... | 2009 | 19220451 |
| physical anthropology/paleoanthropology meetings. once-balmy climate lured humans to england early. | | 2005 | 15845823 |
| levels of short and medium chain length polychlorinated n-alkanes in environmental samples from selected industrial areas in england and wales. | electron capture or negative ion chemical ionisation gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was employed to measure concentrations of short and medium chain length polychlorinated n-alkanes extracted from samples of water, river sediment, benthos, fish, soil, digested sewage and earthworms. analysis of samples from 20 aquatic and eight agricultural sites indicated that short and medium chain length polychlorinated alkanes were present in the following concentration ranges: sediment < 0.2-65.1 mg/k ... | 2001 | 11584640 |
| copper supplementation in humans does not affect the susceptibility of low density lipoprotein to in vitro induced oxidation (foodcue project). | the oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (ldl) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. copper (cu) is essential for antioxidant enzymes in vivo and animal studies show that cu deficiency is accompanied by increased atherogenesis and ldl susceptibility to oxidation. nevertheless, cu has been proposed as a pro-oxidant in vivo and is routinely used to induce lipid peroxidation in vitro. given the dual role of cu as an in vivo antioxidant and an in vitro ... | 2000 | 11121720 |
| can the fatal toxicity of antidepressant drugs be predicted with pharmacological and toxicological data? | antidepressant drugs are among the most common drugs involved in fatal poisoning and large variations between antidepressant drugs have been noted. despite the fact that a large number of studies have calculated a fatal toxicity index (fti) for antidepressants, no serious attempts have been made to compare the differences in fatal toxicity against known pharmacological and toxicological differences in receptor affinity. it is potentially from such data that screening of drugs during their pre-cl ... | 1998 | 9589848 |
| fracture patterns at the medieval leper hospital in chichester. | humans are constantly at risk of bone fractures, not only when threatened by personal violence, but also by the challenge of daily living. because fractures are a cross-cultural phenomenon and are one of the more commonly observed skeletal lesions in archaeological collections, their presence provides a unique opportunity to compare living conditions, and thereby assess fracture risk in coexisting cultures. this study analyzed long bone fracture patterns of 212 sexed adults from the medieval lep ... | 1998 | 9537927 |
| science and trans-science in radiation risk assessment: child cancer around the nuclear fuel reprocessing plant at sellafield, u.k. | the assessment of health risks to the population from radionuclides in the environment is a complex and as yet incomplete science: biogeochemical mechanisms of environmental transfer and concentration are poorly understood; models of radionuclide metabolism rely largely on inconclusive and contradictory experiments with animals, and the principles by which results may be extrapolated to humans are unknown; uncertainties in the dosimetry of alpha-emitters in children and the foetus are acute; and ... | 1986 | 3764411 |
| keratinophilic fungi isolated from humans and from soil in the city of birmingham, england. | | 1969 | 5371829 |