| the economics of fertility. | the statement that economics and fertility are closely interrelated is a truism. the classical economists--adam smith, thomas malthus, karl marx, john stuart mill and john maynard keynes appreciated this fact, and their reviews are recounted and their prescience is assessed. adam smith (1723-1790) was primarily concerned with the desire of humankind to better his/her material conditions. although he did not put forward a specific population policy, the tenet of his writing is pronatalist. ec ... | 1982 | 7035845 |
| [understanding of man in the "notes on nursing" (florence nightingale)]. | | 1982 | 7037292 |
| use of a simple, new test for virus-specific igm to investigate an outbreak of influenza b in a hospitalised aged community. | | 1982 | 7037809 |
| dr. james barry: military man--or woman? | | 1982 | 7042061 |
| daniel turner (1667-1740) lrcp london (1711) m.d. honorary, yale (1723) surgeon, physician and pioneer dermatologist: the man seen in the pages of his book on the skin. | | 1982 | 7044998 |
| isolations of salmonellas from human, food and environmental sources in the manchester area: 1976-1980. | a retrospective survey was carried out for isolations of salmonellas from humans, foods and sewer swabs from food-handling premises for the period 1976-80. the predominant serotypes isolated from humans were s. typhimurium, s. hadar, s. virchow and s. agona. salmonellas were found in less than 1% of cooked pork and poultry products and were not detected in cooked beef or lamb. the isolation rates for cooked offal and cooked open pet foods were 2.1% and 19.7% respectively. isolation rates for unc ... | 1982 | 7045214 |
| metropolitan medicine and the man-midwife: the early life and letters of charles locock. | | 1982 | 7047934 |
| the man behind the name: ernest william hey groves 1872-1944. | | 1982 | 7048104 |
| [the terata on the world map of richard de haldingham (about 1280). an attempt at an interpretation]. | richard de haldingham's world map originates from the years about 1280 and is preserved in the cathedral of hereford/hereforshire (england). this map is a curious and in its type an old rare document for the early history of teratology. richard's map not only reflects the antique view of universe during the roman emperor augustus caesar, but also demonstrates plenty of mythical creatures and human monstrosities. as far as possible these terata (and imaginary monsters) are related to recent wellk ... | 1982 | 7049827 |
| the moral uses of 'spare' embryos. | questions are being raised about the morality of freezing spare human embryos and eggs, obtained by in vitro fertilization, for future use or experimentation. the author contends that it is difficult to maintain scientifically that a "multicellular individual," or person, exists prior to the eight-cell stage of division. therefore, provided that the safety of the procedure can be established or if the risks are acceptable under a suitable protocol for informed consent, the use of previously fr ... | 1982 | 7050014 |
| the +lancet, volume ii, 1974: acrodermatitis enteropathica: a lethal inherited human zinc-deficiency disorder. by e.j. moynahan. | | 1982 | 7050775 |
| influenza surveillance in england and wales using routine statistics. development of 'cusum' graphs to compare 12 previous winters and to monitor the 1980/81 winter. | surveillance of influenza in england and wales is made by monitoring weekly data. principal indices are deaths, sickness-benefit claims (sbc), laboratory reports and observations from general practitioners (gps). the 12 winter 1968/9 to 1979/80 have been studied to see which indices best described size and timing of influenza epidemics. a method of plotting the data (called cusums) is suggested which makes it easier to see the effect of small epidemics. cusums for gp statistics and respiratory d ... | 1982 | 7057029 |
| the dimensional stability of bite marks in apples after long-term storage in a fixative. | | 1982 | 7062814 |
| a survey of human liver reserves of retinol in london. | | 1982 | 7066284 |
| mortality in ulcerative colitis. | the pattern of mortality has been examined in a series of 676 patients with ulcerative colitis under long-term review to identify excesses or deficits in mortality for all causes of death in relation to the general population. the mortality risk for the whole series was 1.7 times that of the general population (p less than 0.001). most of the excess mortality could be attributed to diseases of the digestive system. there was a heavy burden of mortality during the first year afer diagnosis and th ... | 1982 | 7075944 |
| association of excess mortality from chronic nonspecific lung disease with epidemics of influenza. comparison of experience in the united states and in england and wales, 1968 to 1976. | mortality from chronic nonspecific lung disease reported in the united states and in england and wales during the period 1968 to 1976 was studied to determine if excessive deaths from this condition were associated with epidemics of influenza. in both countries, peaks of excess mortality of this type did indeed occur during such epidemics; however, these excesses were considerably more marked in the british data where the estimated number of such deaths over the 8-yr period was 15,800 compared w ... | 1982 | 7081808 |
| age-associated change in qrs axis: intrinsic or extrinsic ageing? | human ageing is most usefully conceptualised as an interaction between intrinsic and extrinsic processes. comparison of age-associated trends in populations living under different environmental conditions provides a method of recognising the effects of extrinsic influences. this paper compares the age-associated trend in mean frontal plane qrs axis in the male adult population of pukapuka with the trend observed in an age-matched sample from a british population. the pukapukans show no rise in m ... | 1982 | 7084679 |
| review of international conference on the human/companion animal bond held at philadelphia, usa, october 5th-7th, 1981. | | 1982 | 7089194 |
| natural science and medicine: social science and medicine: some methodological controversies. | the paper is in five parts. a discussion of the flaws in social science as seen from the viewpoint of medical science is followed by a consideration of what they hold in common--the shared institutions and ideal programme of science. the major differences that still remain are then characterized in two further sections; the first concentrates on the issues raised by the human species' distinctive place in evolution, while the second discusses the problems and advantages created for social scienc ... | 1982 | 7089600 |
| ethnic differences in certified sickness absence. | the certified sickness absence of 4482 employees in one plant of a large manufacturing company in south-east england was studied for 12 months. the absences in the principal ethnic groups, caucasian, asian, and west indian were compared. after standardisation for age and job grade in each department the asians had twice the spells per man and nearly twice the days lost per man compared with the caucasians. compared with the caucasians there was slightly more absence in west indians. various fact ... | 1982 | 7093156 |
| geographical affinities among human populations from wales and from regions in north and central england on the basis of epidermal ridge markers. a discriminant function approach. | | 1982 | 7095804 |
| prevalence of human coronavirus antibody in the population of southern iraq. | sera from adults in southern iraq were collected during winter and screened by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the presence of antibodies to the two antigenic groups of human coronaviruses, the 229e and the oc43 groups: 91% of the sera had antibodies to at least one of the groups, whereas 4 and 5% of the sera had antibodies to only the 229e or oc43 groups, respectively. there was significant correlation between the levels of antibody to the 229e and oc43 group coronaviruses in these ser ... | 1982 | 7097257 |
| human milk banking. | | 1982 | 7106932 |
| the nature, amount and ethical content of clinical research in a non-teaching area. | | 1982 | 7134375 |
| holidays, ozone and skin cancer. skin cancer in bristol--a comparison of theory with observation. | the estimates of a dose-response model for human skin cancer (non-melanotic) incidence have been compared with the observed records for the bristol area over the period 1952--1972. in general the model appears to respond more slowly than the real population. the trend of the model expectations agrees qualitatively with the observed data and correlation of annual incidences, although negligible in the first decade, is very good in the second (corr. factor = 0.74). the results indicate that an inc ... | 1982 | 7165367 |
| numerical forecasting of epidemics of influenza in great britain and northern ireland. | examination of the weekly incidence data collected by the research unit of the royal college of general practitioners in england, wales, scotland and northern ireland, shows that, for influenza, the highest weekly total and the rate of decrease from such a peak over the next 4 weeks are highly correlated with the mean rate of weekly increase over the period 7 weeks before to 3 weeks before the peak week. analysis of the mean rate of increase over 4-week periods of the incidence of the febrile co ... | 1982 | 7167664 |
| squamous metaplasia of the human larynx: the influence of sex and area of residence in the non-smoking population. | | 1982 | 7172468 |
| strontium-90 in bone: a case study in age-dependent dosimetric modeling. | there is an increasing need for age-dependent dosimetric models, and it would be desirable to develop these models in such a way that the uniformity and basic features of the standard man models are retained. unfortunately, available data concerning the age-dependent retention of nuclides would rarely permit the identification of compartments, uptake fractions, and clearance times using the empirical fitting methods that characterize the development of many adult models. however, in cases where ... | 1982 | 7174326 |
| epidemic spread of salmonella hadar in england and wales. | salmonella hadar is now the second commonest serotype isolated from cases of food poisoning in england and wales. turkeys are the main reservoir of the organism and there is an urgent need to eradicate it from the breeding stocks; though this would be expensive, the cost must be balanced against the cost of treating the human disease. | 1980 | 7190046 |
| hymenolepiasis: an unusual cause of diarrhoea in western europe. | a young indian man presented in england with a 6-month history of diarrhoea which started just before leaving india. he was found to have tropical enteropathy and h. nana infestation, but while the infestation and symptoms disappeared with antihelminthic treatment, the tropical enteropathy persisted. hymenolepiasis is not well recognised as a cause of diarrhoea amongst asians in western europe. | 1981 | 7227670 |
| the incidence of pleural mesothelioma in chrysotile asbestos textile workers. | analysis of the incidence of pleural mesothelioma in asbestos textile workers in relation to age, time since first exposure, intensity of exposure and period of observation indicates that age per se is largely irrelevant; that is, the incidence 30 years after first exposure appears to be much the same irrespective of age at first exposure. this has been shown to be true in animal experiments and has been suggested on theoretical grounds for certain human cancers; it explains the evolution of lun ... | 1980 | 7228327 |
| the structure of the human population of the isles of scilly: inferences from surnames and birthplaces listed in census and marriage records. | investigation of the commonality of surnames among the isles of scilly using data covering the period from 1726 to the present, yields coefficients of relationship by isonymy which are compared with measures of relationship based on marital migration rates. the coefficients of relationship, calculated from lists of surnames in the marriage registers, and from lists of male surnames from the 1851 and 1871 censuses, are higher than any values yet reported for other british populations. however, th ... | 1980 | 7235621 |
| mortality of workers certified by pneumoconiosis medical panels as having asbestosis. | a mortality study has been carried out at the london, cardiff, or swansea pneumoconiosis medical panels between 1952 and 1976 on people certified as suffering from asbestosis. the main analysis was of 665 men, 283 of whom had died. of the deaths, 39% were from lung cancer, 9% mesothelioma, and 20% asbestosis. the observed mortality was compared with expectation based on the death rates for england and wales. for all causes the observed number of deaths was 2.6 times expectation and for lung canc ... | 1981 | 7236537 |
| the effect of genital mycoplasmas on human fetal growth. | the relation between maternal genital colonization by mycoplasmas and fetal growth was examined in a study of 195 women. swabs were taken from the endocervix on three occasions during pregnancy and once post partum. ureaplasma urealyticum organisms (ureaplasmas) were recovered from 42.7 per cent of caucasian women and from 34.6 per cent of asian women at their first antenatal visit. these isolation rates remained similar throughout pregnancy, although there was a decrease in isolation after deli ... | 1981 | 7248235 |
| cancer of the larynx and other occupational hazards of mustard gas workers. | an attempt was made to tract 511 men and women who manufactured mustard gas during the 1939--1945 war. despite limitations in the identifying data available, 428 (84%) were traced to the end of 1974. the numbers of deaths from all neoplasms combined (45) and from all other causes (136) were slightly greater than those expected from national death rates, but not significantly so. two deaths were attributed to carcinoma of the larynx and one to carcinoma of the trachea, compared with an expected n ... | 1981 | 7261452 |
| mortality of united kingdom acrylonitrile polymerisation workers. | the mortality of 1111 men who worked on the polymerisation of acrylonitrile and the spinning of acrylic fibre from 1950 to 1968 was surveyed up to the end of 1978. seventy-nine deaths were identified. the population was drawn from six factories, where polymerisation started before 1968, in england, wales, scotland, and northern ireland. in the group of men exposed to acrylonitrile for at least one year the total number of deaths was smaller than expected. an excess of deaths from all cancers was ... | 1981 | 7272237 |
| the loss from premature deaths of economically active manpower in the various populations of the rsa. part ii. man-years of economically active life lost from premature death. | | 1981 | 7280894 |
| adverse effects of food on human health. | | 1981 | 7302150 |
| the search for truth--a policeman's reflections. | | 1981 | 7310363 |
| occupational bladder cancer and cigarette smoking in west yorkshire. | this paper reports the preliminary findings of a case-controlled study of bladder cancer in parts of west yorkshire. the first 991 cases have been analysed and the results of the occupational exposure for 5 occupations are reported. there is an increased risk of bladder cancer associated with smoking cigarettes in both males and females. these results take both the age and the year of diagnosis into account and are statistically significant. chemical industry workers and printers have been shown ... | 1981 | 7317749 |
| microscopical focal destruction (tunnels) in exhumed human bones. | | 1981 | 7321807 |
| the british telecom radiopaging service in general practice. | this paper reports a new radiopaging service supplied by british telecom that will eventually cover the whole united kingdom. the use of this service by a three-man practice is described. the service is considered to be a major development in communications that will be of interest to most general practitioners. | 1981 | 7328548 |
| an ergonomics evaluation of a reclosable pharmaceutical container with special reference to the elderly. | | 1981 | 7338214 |
| the limitations of case-control studies in the detection of environmental carcinogens. | the ability of the case-control study to detect human carcinogens has been investigated theoretically for varying fractions of the population exposed to hazards carrying different relative risks. the method is shown to be useful for the investigation of factors to which exposure is widespread (for example, common foods or beverages) but it is of limited use for the study of uncommon types of exposure, such as those associated with occupation. the case-control study is unable to detect very small ... | 1981 | 7338704 |
| age-dependence of human refractive errors. | | 1981 | 7342008 |
| an analysis of the age distribution of colon cancer in adenomatosis coli. | for the purpose of elucidating the genetic and environmental interaction in human carcinogenesis, the age distribution of colon cancer in adenomatosis coli (ac) patients in japan and england were investigated and compated. according to the multiple mutation theory of carcinogenesis, the rate of tumor production is presented by a natural logarithm of the reciprocal of the survival fraction (the proportion on diagnosed colon cancer by age t either among ac patients or total colon cancer cases), an ... | 1980 | 7351003 |
| nutrition broadcasting. | the use of radio by the dietitians of the whittington hospital and their guest speakers to advise and educate hospital patients on varying aspects of human nutrition, reaching a much larger section of the local population than they could in their usual work, is described. | 1980 | 7358973 |
| sulfur oxides, particulates, and human mortality: synopsis of statistical correlations. | | 1980 | 7365147 |
| doctors and compulsory procedures. | | 1980 | 7370714 |
| epidemiology of acromegaly in the newcastle region. | in an attempt to derive estimates of the incidence and prevalence of acromegaly a survey of the population in the area served by the former newcastle regional hospital board has been conducted to detect cases of acromegaly alive after 1 january 1960 and diagnosed before 31 december 1971. cases were detected by means of letters to general practitioners, hospital physicians, neurosurgeons and to hospital records officers, as well as from death certificates. from the population of 3.1 millions a fi ... | 1980 | 7379316 |
| the dysgonic form of microsporum canis in n.w. london. | an account is given of the occurrence in n.w. london of ringworm due to the dysgonic form of microsporum canis in cats, dogs, and humans. the unusual morphology of the dysgonic strain is described as is the extraordinary lability of the fungus in culture. the distribution of cases in man and animals in the area is mapped. the clinical and epidemiological behaviour of the fungus, as illustrated by four family outbreaks, differs little from that of the typical strain. the origin of the dysgonic st ... | 1980 | 7387885 |
| the determination of glyoxalase i phenotypes in human bloodstains. | a method is described for the determination of glyoxalase i phenotypes in liquid blood and dry bloodstains. the frequencies of glyoxalase i phenotypes in various populations of s.e. england are included. | 1980 | 7390349 |
| environmental factors affecting paracetamol metabolism in london factory and office workers. | a paracetamol elimination was measured, using serial saliva samples, in 114 london factory and office workers, 76 whites and 38 asian immigrants. 2. use of social drugs such as alcohol, tobacco and the oral contraceptive varied considerably within the sample, being appreciably greater in white subjects. 3. paracetamol clearance was 21% slower in asians than in whites and half-life 18% longer. the total range of clearance was 1.86--6.78 ml min-1 kg-1. 4. clearance was slower in women than in men, ... | 1980 | 7397056 |
| physicochemical speciation of lead in drinking water. | recent studies have highlighted the importance of drinking water as a route of human exposure to lead. whilst there are ample data on lead concentrations in drinking water, little is known of its physical and chemical forms (physicochemical speciation). such information is important as the speciation of ingested lead influences the efficiency of absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. knowledge of speciation should also provide a fuller understanding of the factors controlling the solubility ... | 1980 | 7402352 |
| a system for the ethical control of clinical research. | | 1980 | 7403432 |
| unanswered questions on ectopic pregnancy. | in a previous article (3 may, p. 1127), the british medical journal attempted to assess the demography of ectopic pregnancy and noted that a rise in incidence might lead to a better diagnosis of the condition. cited as possible causes of ectopic pregnancy are pelvic sepsis and iud usage. there is clinical confirmation of the relationship between pelvic sepsis and iud usage. a review of the records of 325 consecutive patients diagnosed as having ectopic pregnancy in 4 large london hospitals du ... | 1980 | 7407528 |
| teachers in general practice: a comparative study. | thirty-nine randomly selected general practitioners in the cambridgeshire health area were surveyed in an attempt to determine whether there were prior differences between those practitioners who choose to become involved with undergraduate medical students and those who choose not to. teachers were found to have graduated more recently, subscribe to more journals and were more likely to use medical libraries than non-teachers. all the solo practitioners in the study and two of the four practiti ... | 1980 | 7412633 |
| a 20-year follow-up of men aged 55-64 including coal-miners and foundry workers in staveley, derbyshire. | a survey carried out in 1957 by the medical research council's pneumoconiosis unit was based on a private census, with brief industrial histories of men aged 55-64 and 25-34. four groups were established in this way--"non-dusty," "pure coal-mining," "pure foundry," and "other and mixed." in the 55-64 age group all 387 men have been followed up except for one man, about whom we have no information, and another man, for whom we know the date of death but not the certified cause. the mortality from ... | 1980 | 7426472 |
| changing patterns of communicable disease in england and wales: part ii-disappearing and declining diseases. | | 1980 | 7427336 |
| influenza: 1979-80. | | 1980 | 7448559 |
| prevalence of antichlamydial antibody in london blood donors. | the prevalence of type-specific antichlamydial antibody in a population of blood donors in london was studied using a microimmunofluorescence test. twenty-six (17%) of 150 women and 38 (26%) of 150 men had antichlamydial antibody (igg at greater than or equal to 1/16 or igm greater than or equal to 1/8 or both). of these, five (3%) women had one (0.75%) man had this antibody directed against chlamydia trachomatis serotypes d-k, responsible for genital infections, and one man had antibody to chla ... | 1980 | 7448582 |
| a broader training for medical receptionists. | a course for 40 medical receptionists working in general practice was arranged at a local postgraduate centre. the curriculum was divided into two sections. the first dealt with the traditional, factual side of medical reception work and the second was concerned with the human behaviour aspect of a receptionist's work. it seems that there was some benefit to the receptionists from their experience of both aspects of this course. | 1980 | 7452583 |
| blood-lead and cadmium in human hypertension. | an epidemiological study amongst hypertensives and normotensives in renfrew, scotland, where drinking water hardness is very low (5 p.p.m.) and water-lead levels are commonly high, has shown a significant association between high blood-lead levels and high blood pressure. no association was found with indices of renal function, plasma renin or angiotensin ii concentrations or serum uric acid levels. in a parallel study of blood-lead levels in birmingham, england, where water hardness is low (20 ... | 1980 | 7462903 |
| update: influenza activity--united states and england, 1995-96 season. | in cooperation with the world health organization (who), its collaborating laboratories, and state and local health departments, cdc conducts surveillance to monitor influenza activity and to detect antigenic changes in the circulating strains of influenza viruses. this report summarizes influenza surveillance activities in the united states and england from september 17 through november 11, 1995. | 1995 | 7476840 |
| the child is father of the man. wordsworth's ode: intimations of immortality and his secret sharers. | william wordsworth's "ode: intimations of immortality" is manifestly about both the poet's loss of inspirational perceptive powers and emotional intensity with age, and the compensations of maturity. it also refers to the poet's fear that he might lose his "secret sharers," real or fantasied, consciously or unconsciously conceived parent substitutes for whom and with whom one creates. wordsworth anticipated that with his upcoming marriage he would lose his sister dorothy and his close friend and ... | 1995 | 7480414 |
| influenza immunization status and viral respiratory tract infections in patients with chronic airflow limitation. | | 1995 | 7480990 |
| a molecular and serologic study of the envelope gene of the british isolate: hiv-1 gb8. | the entire envelope gene of a british hiv-1 isolate, gb8, was cloned, sequenced and aligned with those of the reference strains mn, sf2 and iiib/lai. three of the viruses (mn, iiib/lai, gb8) and their recombinant gp120s, were then characterised using an extensive panel of human hiv-1 positive sera and mapped neutralising monoclonal antibodies (mabs). overall, the gb8 env-gene translation product shares 84% homology with those of the reference strains. across the v3 region homology was greater be ... | 1995 | 7483788 |
| distribution of cases of systemic lupus erythematosus at time of first symptom in an urban area. | to determine the geographical distribution of cases of systemic lupus erythematosus (sle) in a defined geographical area in the east midlands, uk, and, in particular, to search for spatial variation in cases that may implicate the role of environmental factors in sle aetiology. | 1995 | 7492238 |
| the prevention of human transmission of gastrointestinal infections, infestations, and bacterial intoxications. a guide for public health physicians and environmental health officers in england and wales. a working party of the phls salmonella committee. | | 1995 | 7496433 |
| influenza surveillance: 1995/96. | | 1995 | 7496437 |
| automatism re-visited: post-traumatic automatism as a defence to a serious criminal charge. | a case is described of a policeman who assaulted the man he was arresting after receiving a concussive blow to the head. the defence argued he was suffering from post-traumatic automatism and after juries were unable to agree a verdict in two trials he was acquitted. aspects of post-traumatic automatism in english law are described and theories of the neurology of concussion and aggressive behaviour are discussed. guidelines are proposed for the evaluation of cases of post-traumatic automatism. | 1995 | 7500857 |
| influenza surveillance, england and wales: october 1992-june 1993. | | 1993 | 7507772 |
| influenza activity in england and wales. | | 1993 | 7507773 |
| hepatitis b outbreak in a drug trials unit: investigation and recommendations. | in autumn 1990 three young men developed acute hepatitis b. they belonged to a group of 24 young male volunteers who had taken part in a trial in a residential unit for drug trials in july and august 1990. a further case of acute hepatitis b and a carrier of hepatitis b e antigen (hbeag) were detected by serological testing of the volunteers. volunteers, in two groups of twelve, had occupied the unit at different times during the trial. the four cases occurred in the group that contained the hbe ... | 1994 | 7509238 |
| influenza in england and wales: activity declines. | | 1994 | 7509241 |
| seroprevalence of hepatitis b and c in a merseyside hospital for the mentally handicapped. | this study reports the prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis b virus (hbv) and c virus (hcv), and the frequency of potential exposure to these viruses among patients and staff in six long-stay wards of a hospital caring for mentally handicapped adults from the mersey region. a retrospective survey of risk behaviour among 134 patients and questionnaire survey of 75 nursing staff was performed. serum samples from both groups were tested for hbv markers and patient sera for antibodies to hcv by enz ... | 1994 | 7509754 |
| possible association of influenza a with fetal loss: investigation of a cluster of spontaneous abortions and stillbirths. | it has been suspected that influenza infection is associated with fetal or perinatal mortality, but little recent evidence supports this hypothesis. a small cluster of early and late fetal deaths in early 1986 prompted an epidemiological investigation. women whose pregnancies were affected (cases) were compared with women whose pregnancies had a normal outcome (controls). case pregnancies were distinguished by a significant excess of recent flu-like illness (p = 0.006), and were significantly mo ... | 1994 | 7513232 |
| identification of rare and novel mutations in the cftr genes of cf patients in southern england. | cystic fibrosis patients referred to two genetics centres in southern england and not found to carry common cf-associated mutations in one or both of their cftr genes have been subjected to an extensive mutation search. the whole of the coding region of the cftr gene, all intron-exon boundaries and 5' and 3' untranslated regions have been examined by a combination of single stranded conformational polymorphism analysis and chemical mismatch detection; 48 chromosomes with rare mutations have been ... | 1994 | 7515303 |
| prevalence of hepatitis c antibodies in clinical health-care workers. | health-care workers are known to be at risk from occupational transmission of blood-borne viruses, including hepatitis c. there may be serious implications following infection with hepatitis c including possible transmission to patients. we determined the prevalence of hepatitis c virus (hcv) antibodies among health-care workers at risk of occupational contact with blood and body fluids and among source patients in reported blood-exposure incidents. anonymised stored blood samples from health-ca ... | 1994 | 7516460 |
| salmonella in humans, england and wales: quarterly report. | | 1994 | 7517274 |
| surveillance of htlv infection in england and wales: 1986-1992. | the epidemiology of infection with human t cell leukaemia/lymphoma virus (htlv) types i and ii in england and wales between 1986 and 1992 has been studied. two sources of data have been reviewed: reports of cases of infection received by the phls communicable disease surveillance centre, and information about people infected with htlv-i and ii provided on laboratory request forms sent to the virus reference division of the phls central public health laboratory. most patients were of caribbean or ... | 1994 | 7519514 |
| surveillance of waterborne disease in england and wales. | a pilot scheme, designed to improve the information on waterborne disease available nationally, was set up in five health regions from october 1991 to march 1992. consultants in communicable disease control were asked to report each month on confirmed and suspected cases of waterborne disease, and microbiological and other contamination incidents. twelve events were reported to the phls communicable disease surveillance centre (cdsc) in six months: five involved human illness and seven were cont ... | 1994 | 7522805 |
| survey of human immunodeficiency virus infection among pregnant women in england and wales: 1990-93. | we report on the first four years (1990-93) of a survey within the national hiv prevalence monitoring programme. the survey's objective is to monitor the prevalence of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in pregnant women in london and elsewhere in england. the survey--based in forty centres that offer antenatal care in london, greater manchester, west yorkshire, and adjacent non-metropolitan areas--uses repeated cross sectional serosurveillance for anti-hiv-1 and 2 and the unl ... | 1994 | 7527276 |
| survey of local policies for prevention of congenital toxoplasmosis. | district policies for the primary and secondary prevention of congenital toxoplasmosis in england, wales, jersey, and the isle of man were surveyed in 1992. consultants in communicable disease control were asked to describe past, present, and proposed prenatal screening programmes and current health education policies. one hundred and eighty-seven out of 196 districts responded to a postal questionnaire. one district had a prenatal screening programme for toxoplasmosis and five were discussing p ... | 1994 | 7527277 |
| influenza surveillance, england and wales: october 1993 to june 1994. | this report summarises the information obtained by surveillance of influenza activity in england and wales from 30 october 1993 to 24 june 1994 (weeks 93/44 to 94/25). a moderate epidemic of influenza occurred, which was earlier than in recent years. it followed an increase in influenza activity reported in scotland in early october. activity spread from north to south. influenza a(h3n2) viruses accounted for over 98% of isolates typed, but a few strains of influenza b were identified. | 1994 | 7531565 |
| cover (cover of vaccination evaluated rapidly): 32. | | 1995 | 7531568 |
| a collaborative case control study of sporadic hepatitis a in england. | a case control study of sporadic hepatitis a was carried out in 201 districts in england from july 1990 to june 1991. the aims were to determine the risk factors associated with the infection and to identify individuals or groups who might benefit from prophylactic measures, such as human normal immunoglobulin or hepatitis a vaccine. factors associated with risk of hepatitis a included travel abroad (odds ratio (or) 19.8; 95% confidence interval (ci) 4.87-80.6), a household contact with hepatiti ... | 1995 | 7536590 |
| molecular epidemiology of hepatitis c virus infection amongst intravenous drug users in rural communities. | the prevalence of hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection amongst a group of intravenous drug users (ivdus) resident in west suffolk (east anglia, england) was investigated and compared with the prevalence of infection with hepatitis b virus (hbv) and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). in addition, both the level of hcv persistence, as defined by detection of viral rna, and the hcv genotypes present in this population were determined. it was found that hcv antibodies were present in 59% of those test ... | 1995 | 7542693 |
| uses and misuses of serum hcg--a clinical audit. | a 24-hour laboratory-based service was established in the city hospital, birmingham, england, in 1987 for semi-quantitative serum human chorionic gonadotrophin (hcg) assay and specific clinical criteria for requests were agreed. however, a 309% increase in workload between 1988 and 1992 prompted a detailed clinical audit of this service. during a representative month only 35% of 142 requests conformed to the agreed criteria. those for routine diagnosis of pregnancy, threatened miscarriage, and ' ... | 1995 | 7549603 |
| virological surveillance of influenza in england and wales: results of a two year pilot study 1993/94 and 1994/95. phls influenza subcommittee. | ten public health laboratories and a group of collaborating general practitioners were recruited to participate in a two year pilot study of virological surveillance of influenza in england and wales, which was carried out during the winters of 1993/94 (first year) and 1994/95 (second year). the study was designed to facilitate rapid diagnosis and reporting of the results from the specimens submitted each week. nose and throat swabs were obtained from 240 patients seen by general practitioners i ... | 1995 | 7550585 |
| influenza a: a school outbreak to start the term. | | 1995 | 7550594 |
| colour vision. dalton's eyes and monkey genes. | recent molecular genetic studies show how changes in the protein component of a visual pigment alters its absorbance; they also explain the abnormal colour vision of one of the great pioneers of visual science. | 1995 | 7552161 |
| genetic analysis of 20 families with autosomal dominant adult polycystic kidney disease from south west thames region. | twenty families with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease from s. w. thames region were analysed using markers for chromosome 16p13.3, the site of the common mutation (pkd1). six families gave a negative lod-score for 3'hvr, the most informative distal marker. this could be explained in four cases by recombination events. of the two families where this was not an explanation, one, of italian origin, was unequivocally unlinked for all markers, and the other was more likely to be non-pkd1 ... | 1995 | 7554361 |
| an investigation assessing the fraction of human immunodeficiency virus infection attributable to ethnic group variations in risk. | considerable speculation and a recent publication has suggested that much of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1) infection in the subset of the uk population represented by women having babies in metropolitan london is substantially imported from africa. other data are supportive of this hypothesis. ades et al. (1992) concluded that the fraction of hiv seroprevalence, identified in a large london-based study using neonatal blood from the dried blood spots on guthrie cards, attributable to m ... | 1995 | 7558545 |
| population laboratories and health needs assessment. | in the 1960s walter holland established a series of epidemiological studies in a defined geographical population in southeast london. this endeavour was an example of the ambition held by generations of epidemiologists to study human populations under actual conditions of community life. early examples of american population laboratories were mainly concerned with studies of aetiology whereas p.c. (post-cochrane) studies have aimed to identify both aetiological factors and to assess need for eff ... | 1995 | 7558554 |
| adenovirus cross-infection: a continuing problem. | nosocomial outbreaks of epidemics of adenovirus keratoconjunctivitis are frequently reported even though the simple measures to prevent or limit such occurrences are well documented. there have been two such outbreaks associated with the accident and emergency department (a&e) of a large, urban eye hospital in recent years. in the first--involving at least 200 cases--there was a delay of two months in initiation of control measures, with consequent potentiation and prolongation of the outbreak. ... | 1995 | 7560960 |
| enzyme immunoassay using baculovirus-expressed human calicivirus (mexico) for the measurement of igg responses and determining its seroprevalence in london, uk. | the use of an enzyme immunoassay (eia) employing a baculovirus-expressed recombinant human calicivirus (mexico virus, mxv) for the detection of igg-specific antibodies is described. mxv appeared to be related antigenically to a strain of small round structured virus, srsv/uk4/leeds/91, which had previously been shown by solid phase immune electron microscopy (spiem) to be related to snow mountain agent (sma). one other outbreak which occurred in san anita, usa in 1980 and was due to consumption ... | 1995 | 7561789 |
| teenage pregnancy: a comparative study of teenagers choosing termination of pregnancy or antenatal care. | a comparative study of 167 pregnant teenagers in devon attending either antenatal booking clinics or for national health service (nhs) termination of pregnancy was carried out to determine differences in their characteristics, use and experience of local family planning services. teenagers presenting for termination of pregnancy were younger and more likely to say that they had wished to avoid getting pregnant. whether the teenager was in a stable relationship was strongly associated with the ou ... | 1995 | 7562806 |
| no association between prenatal exposure to influenza and autism. | we examined the relationship between the number of autistic patients, obtained from the register of the national autism society (nas), born each month between january 1953 and december 1988 in england, and the occurrence of influenza epidemics one to nine months before birth. the relative risk of developing autism, for exposure to influenza during gestation, was assessed by a poisson regression model. our results indicate that exposure to influenza epidemics during gestation is not associated wi ... | 1995 | 7572261 |
| the commemoration of surgical teachers. | this address was given at a biennial meeting of the michael e. debakey international surgical society. surgical teachers are commemorated by the imitation of their pupils in accord with the human tendency to model ourselves after our heroes. the modeling is not merely a search for technical mastery but an emulation of virtues beyond the purely scientific. the lecture addresses the nature of teachers and teaching, the role of teachers as exemplars or heroes, the reasons why we commemorate certain ... | 1995 | 7575128 |