Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| evolving complexities of influenza virus and its receptors. | sialic acids (sias) are regarded as receptors for influenza viruses and are usually bound to galactose (gal) in an alpha2-3 or alpha2-6 configuration. the detection of these sia configurations in tissues has commonly been through the use of plant lectins that are able to identify which cells contain siaalpha2-3- and siaalpha2-6-linked glycans, although other techniques for receptor distribution have been used. initial experiments indicated that avian versus human influenza virus binding was dete ... | 2008 | 18375125 |
| prevention of avian influenza epidemic: what policy should we choose? | human-to-human transmission of the avian influenza has been extremely rarely reported, and is considered as limited, inefficient and unsustained. however, experts warn an occurrence of "mutant avian influenza", which can easily spread among humans, because the avian influenza is already endemic, in particular in asian poultry, and it is evolving in domestic and wild birds, pigs and humans. outbreak of such mutant avian influenza in the human world may have devastating consequences, which are com ... | 2008 | 18384816 |
| swine infection with h9n2 influenza viruses in china in 2004. | in 2004, h9n2 influenza a viruses were isolated from pigs with respiratory syndrome in commercial swine farms in henan province, china. antigenic and genetic characterization were performed for seven swine h9n2 influenza viruses. the hemagglutinin antigenicity of swine h9n2 viruses was similar to those of avian h9n2 viruses of a/duck/hong kong/y280/1997 (dk/hk/y280/97)-like sublineage prevalent in china. it is noteworthy that the neuraminidase of these isolates had no deletions in the stalk, whi ... | 2008 | 18401696 |
| isolation and genetic characterization of avian origin h9n2 influenza viruses from pigs in china. | as pigs are susceptible to infection with both avian and human influenza a viruses, they have been proposed to be an intermediate host for the adaptation of avian influenza viruses to humans. in april 2006, a disease caused by highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) occurred in several pig farms and subsequently overwhelmed almost half of china with more than 2,000,000 cases of pig infection. here we report a case in which four swine h9n2 influenza viruses w ... | 2008 | 18403137 |
| influenza exposure in united states feral swine populations. | swine play an important role in the disease ecology of influenza. having cellular receptors in common with birds and humans, swine provide opportunities for mixed infections and potential for genetic reassortment between avian, human, and porcine influenza. feral swine populations are rapidly expanding in both numbers and range and are increasingly coming into contact with waterfowl, humans, and agricultural operations. in this study, over 875 feral swine were sampled from six states across the ... | 2008 | 18436668 |
| [baculovirus expression and establishment of the indirect elisa for the ha gene of swine influenza virus h1 subtype]. | the hemagglutinin (ha) gene fragment of swine influenza virus a/swine/guangdong/lm/05(h1n1) was amplified with ha gene specific primers and cloned into baculovirus transfer plasmid pfastbacgp67b. the recombinant plasmid pfastbacgp67b-h1 was identified by restriction enzyme digestion and gene sequencing. following the transformation of dh10bac escherichia coli component cells by pfastbacgp67b-h1, recombinant bacmids rbacmid-h1 were identified by blue/white selection and pcr analysis. then recombi ... | 2008 | 18438005 |
| epidemiological survey of swine influenza a virus in selected wild boar populations in germany. | the aim of this study was to evaluate the epidemiological situation of swine influenza virus (siv) infections in different wild boar populations in germany based on a serological surveillance in some bundeslaender (federal states) in connection with virological investigations in wild boar shot in northern germany (mecklenburg-western pomerania, district of nordvorpommern). altogether, 1245 sera from wild boar were tested using the hemagglutination inhibition test. the established seroprevalence ... | 2008 | 18440732 |
| flow cytometric monitoring of influenza a virus infection in mdck cells during vaccine production. | in cell culture-based influenza vaccine production the monitoring of virus titres and cell physiology during infection is of great importance for process characterisation and optimisation. while conventional virus quantification methods give only virus titres in the culture broth, data obtained by fluorescence labelling of intracellular virus proteins provide additional information on infection dynamics. flow cytometry represents a valuable tool to investigate the influences of cultivation condi ... | 2008 | 18447925 |
| generation and evaluation of the trivalent inactivated reassortant vaccine using human, avian, and swine influenza a viruses. | reassortant technology was used to obtain three interspecific reassortant influenza viruses using three influenza viruses of a/puerto rico/8/34(h1n1), a/swine/hebei/1/2005(h3n2) and a/chicken/guangdong/126/2002(h9n2). the high-growth reassortant strains were h9/pr8, h3/h9n2 and h1/h9n2 that contained hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) genes from the inactivated parental viruses and the other 6 internal genes from the live parental viruses. the trivalent formalin-inactivated vaccine, conta ... | 2008 | 18448208 |
| [epizooty caused by high-virulent influenza virus a/h5n1 of genotype 2.2 (qinghai-siberian) among wild and domestic birds on the paths of fall migrations to the north-western part of the azov sea basin (krasnodar territory)]. | isolation, followed by the sequencing the full-size genome of strains of a/chicken/krasnodarl300/07 and a/cygnus cygnus/krasnodar/329/07, has shown that they belong to genotype 2.2 (qinghai-siberian). the strains were deposited at the state virus collection of the russian federation and nucleotide consequences were at the international databank genbank. the strains contained 10 unique amino acid replacements in reference to the consensus of the qinghai-siberian genotype in the pb2, pa, ha, na, a ... | 2008 | 18450104 |
| genetic characterization of h1n1, h1n2 and h3n2 swine influenza virus in thailand. | swine have been known to be a suitable host for influenza a virus. in thailand, phylogenetic analysis on swine influenza virus (siv) has as yet not been attempted. the present report presents molecular and phylogenetic analysis performed on siv in thailand. in this study, 12 siv isolates from the central and eastern part of thailand were subtyped and the molecular genetics of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase were elucidated. three subtypes, h1n1, h1n2 and h3n2, are described. phylogenetic analysi ... | 2008 | 18458812 |
| pathogenicity of a goose isolate of highly pathogenic h5n1 influenza a virus for chickens, mice, and pigs. | in recent years, a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (aiv) h5n1 subtype has emerged as a pathogenic agens for a variety of species including humans. to investigate the pathogenicity of aiv, the isolate zfe/2004 (h5n1) was used to infect chickens, mice, and pigs. the results showed that the isolate showed attributes of the highly pathogenic aiv such as high pathogenicity index (intravenous pathogenicity index (ivpi) of 2.85 and intracerebral pathogenicity index (icpi) of 3.00) and a specifi ... | 2008 | 18459834 |
| molecular characterization of an h1n2 swine influenza virus isolated in miyazaki, japan, in 2006. | swine influenza virus (siv) was isolated from a farm in miyazaki prefecture in japan in july 2006. an isolate was genetically subtyped as h1n2 and was designated a/swine/miyazaki/1/2006 (h1n2). the nucleotide sequences of all eight viral rna segments were determined, and then phylogenetic analysis was performed using the neighbor-joining method. all segments were shown to be closely related to those of japanese siv h1n2 isolates, which have been circulating since the 1980s. the results indicate ... | 2008 | 18460842 |
| one-step multiplex rt-pcr for detection and subtyping of swine influenza h1, h3, n1, n2 viruses in clinical samples using a dual priming oligonucleotide (dpo) system. | the swine influenza virus (siv) h1n1, h1n2, and h3n2 subtypes circulate in korean farm. a novel multiplex rt-pcr (m-rt-pcr) was developed to detect and subtype swine influenza viruses. this m-rt-pcr assay could identify h1, h3, n1 and n2 from clinical samples in single tube reaction using dpo system. korean sivs are closely related to the united states influenza viruses, and primers were developed for siv from north american viruses and recently korean isolates. the sensitivity of the m-rt-pcr w ... | 2008 | 18486976 |
| anti-ganglioside antibody induction by swine (a/nj/1976/h1n1) and other influenza vaccines: insights into vaccine-associated guillain-barré syndrome. | receipt of an a/nj/1976/h1n1 "swine flu" vaccine in 1976, unlike receipt of influenza vaccines used in subsequent years, was strongly associated with the development of the neurologic disorder guillain-barré syndrome (gbs). anti-ganglioside antibodies (e.g., anti-gm(1)) are associated with the development of gbs, and we hypothesized that the swine flu vaccine contained contaminating moieties (such as campylobacter jejuni antigens that mimic human gangliosides or other vaccine components) that el ... | 2008 | 18522505 |
| amino acid 226 in the hemagglutinin of h4n6 influenza virus determines binding affinity for alpha2,6-linked sialic acid and infectivity levels in primary swine and human respiratory epithelial cells. | avian lineage h4n6 influenza viruses previously isolated from pigs differ at hemagglutinin amino acids 226 and 228 from h4 subtype viruses isolated from birds. using a parental h4n6 swine isolate and hemagglutinin mutant viruses (at residues 226 and/or 228), we determined that viruses which contain l226 had a higher affinity for sialic acid alpha2,6 galactose (saalpha2,6gal) and a higher infectivity level for primary swine and human respiratory epithelial cells, whereas viruses which contain q22 ... | 2008 | 18550676 |
| streptococcus suis type 2 culture supernatant enhances the infection ability of the swine influenza virus h3 subtype in mdck cells. | swine influenza virus and streptococcus suis type 2 often occur as a clinical coinfection in pigs, the syndrome of which is more serious than the virus or bacterium sole infection. streptococcus suis type 2 can produce extracellular proteases, which may cleave hemagglutinin to enhance the infection ability of swine influenza virus. the current study investigated whether extracellular proteolytic culture supernatant of streptococcus suis type 2, isolated from jiangsu, enhanced the infection abili ... | 2008 | 18557523 |
| phylogenetic analysis of swine influenza viruses recently isolated in korea. | several influenza a viral subtypes were isolated from pigs during a severe outbreak of respiratory disease in korea during 2005 and 2006. they included a classical swine h1n1 subtype, two swine-human-avian triple-recombinant h1n2 subtypes, and a swine-human-avian triple-recombinant h3n2 subtype. in the current study, genetic characterization to determine the probable origin of these recent isolates was carried out for the first time. phylogenetic analysis indicated that all the recent korean iso ... | 2008 | 18574682 |
| [phylogenetic analysis of human/swine/avian gene reassortant h1n2 influenza a virus isolated from a pig in china]. | our aim in this study was to determine the genetic characterization and probable origin of the h1n2 swine influenza virus (a/swine/guangxi/13/2006) (sw/gx/13/06) from lung tissue of a pig in guangxi province, china. | 2008 | 18590231 |
| comparison of three serological assays to determine the cross-reactivity of antibodies from eight genetically diverse u.s. swine influenza viruses. | swine influenza virus is an economically important pathogen to the u.s. swine industry. new influenza subtypes and isolates within subtypes with different genetic and antigenic makeup have recently emerged in u.s. swineherds. as a result of the emergence of these new viruses, diagnosticians' ability to accurately diagnose influenza infection in pigs and develop appropriate vaccine strategies has become increasingly difficult. the current study compares the ability of subtype-specific commercial ... | 2008 | 18599846 |
| development of multiplex rt-pcr assays for rapid detection and subtyping of influenza type a viruses from clinical specimens. | we developed multiplex rt-pcr assays that can detect and identify 12 hemagglutinin (h1-h12) and 9 neuraminidase (n1-n9) subtypes that are commonly isolated from avian, swine, and human influenza a viruses. rt-pcr products with unique sizes characteristic of each subtype were amplified by multiplex rt-pcrs, and sequence analysis of each amplicon was demonstrated to be specific for each subtype with 24 reference viruses. the specificity was demonstrated further with dna or cdna templates from 7 vi ... | 2008 | 18600063 |
| [construction and immunogenicity analysis of antigenic epitopes of swine influenza virus]. | several antigen epitopes were designed according to the sequences of swine influenza virus hemagglutinin (ha) genes and lined with the interval. the gene was amplified by pcr and sub cloned into pet30a (+) vector. the fusion protein was expressed in e. coli bl21 (de3) by induced with iptg and purified by affinity chromatography. the molecular weight of the protein was about 20 kd in sds-page. immunological activity of the fusion protein was analyzed by western blot. the results showed that the f ... | 2008 | 18616184 |
| domestic pigs have low susceptibility to h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. | genetic reassortment of h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpai) with currently circulating human influenza a strains is one possibility that could lead to efficient human-to-human transmissibility. domestic pigs which are susceptible to infection with both human and avian influenza a viruses are one of the natural hosts where such reassortment events could occur. virological, histological and serological features of h5n1 virus infection in pigs were characterized in this study. two ... | 2008 | 18617994 |
| surveillance of avian and swine influenza in the swine population in taiwan, 2004. | we conducted serological and virological surveillance of pig farms in taiwan from areas epidemic for low pathogenic avian influenza virus (aiv), h5n2 subtype, in order to determine the prevalence of aiv and swine influenza virus (siv) in 2004. | 2008 | 18629419 |
| death as a study endpoint: consider non-medical treatments. | 2008 | 18650816 | |
| death as a study endpoint: try a pilot study. | 2008 | 18650817 | |
| death as a study endpoint. | 2008 | 18650818 | |
| death as a study endpoint: why use ferrets? | 2008 | 18650819 | |
| rapid microchip-based electrophoretic immunoassays for the detection of swine influenza virus. | towards developing rapid and portable diagnostics for detecting zoonotic diseases, we have developed microchip-based electrophoretic immunoassays for sensitive and rapid detection of viruses. two types of microchip-based electrophoretic immunoassays were developed. the initial assay used open channel electrophoresis and laser-induced fluorescence detection with a labeled antibody to detect influenza virus. however, this assay did not have adequate sensitivity to detect viruses at relevant concen ... | 2008 | 18651074 |
| 6-sulfo sialyl lewis x is the common receptor determinant recognized by h5, h6, h7 and h9 influenza viruses of terrestrial poultry. | influenza a viruses of domestic birds originate from the natural reservoir in aquatic birds as a result of interspecies transmission and adaptation to new host species. we previously noticed that influenza viruses isolated from distinct orders of aquatic and terrestrial birds may differ in their fine receptor-binding specificity by recognizing the structure of the inner parts of neu5ac alpha 2-3gal-terminated sialyloligosaccharide receptors. to further characterize these differences, we studied ... | 2008 | 18652681 |
| seroprevalence and risk factors for influenza a viruses in pigs in peninsular malaysia. | following a series of h5n1 cases in chickens and birds in a few states in malaysia, there was much interest in the influenza a viruses subtypes that circulate among the local pig populations. pigs may act as a mixing vessel for avian and mammal influenza viruses, resulting in new reassorted viruses. this study investigated the presence of antibodies against influenza h1n1 and h3n2 viruses in pigs from peninsular malaysia using herdcheck swine influenza h1n1 and h3n2 antibody test kits. at the sa ... | 2008 | 18667027 |
| design and synthesis of bioactive 1,2-annulated adamantane derivatives. | adamantanopyrrolidines 8, 9 and 10, adamantanopyrrolidines 16 and 18, adamantanoxazolone 20, adamantanopyrazolone 23, adamantanopyrazolothione 24 and adamantanocyclopentanamine 32 were synthesized and tested for anti-influenza a virus and trypanocidal activity. the stereoelectronic requirements for optimal antiviral and trypanocidal potency were investigated. pyrrolidine 16 proved to be the most active of the compounds tested against influenza a virus, being 4-fold more active than amantadine, e ... | 2008 | 18698478 |
| neutralizing antibodies derived from the b cells of 1918 influenza pandemic survivors. | investigation of the human antibody response to influenza virus infection has been largely limited to serology, with relatively little analysis at the molecular level. the 1918 h1n1 influenza virus pandemic was the most severe of the modern era. recent work has recovered the gene sequences of this unusual strain, so that the 1918 pandemic virus could be reconstituted to display its unique virulence phenotypes. however, little is known about adaptive immunity to this virus. we took advantage of t ... | 2008 | 18716625 |
| homologous recombination evidence in human and swine influenza a viruses. | dynamic gene mutation and the reassortment of genes have been considered as the key factors responsible for influenza a virus virulence and host tropism change. this study reports several significant evidence demonstrating that homologous recombination also takes place between influenza a viruses in human and swine lineages. moreover, in a mosaic descended from swine h1n1 subtype and human h2n2, we found that its minor putative parent might be a derivative from the human cold-adapted vaccine lin ... | 2008 | 18721995 |
| [the rescue of h1n1 subtype swine influenza virus]. | the swine influenza virus (siv) strain a/swine/tianjin/01/2004(h1n1) (a/s/tj/04) was rescued successfully by an eight-plasmid rescue system. the cdnas of siv 8 gene segments were synthesized by rt-pcr and cloned into the rna polymerase i/ii bidirection expression vector phw2000 independently, resulting in 8 recombinant plasmids. the 8 recombinant plasmids were cotransfected into cos-1 cell, 30 h later tpck-trypsin was added to 0.5 microg/ml. the cos-1 cell and supernatant were harvested 48 h aft ... | 2008 | 18724708 |
| human case of swine influenza a (h1n1) triple reassortant virus infection, wisconsin. | zoonotic infections with swine influenza a viruses are reported sporadically. triple reassortant swine influenza viruses have been isolated from pigs in the united states since 1998. we report a human case of upper respiratory illness associated with swine influenza a (h1n1) triple reassortant virus infection that occurred during 2005 following exposure to freshly killed pigs. | 2008 | 18760023 |
| detection of respiratory pathogens in air samples from acutely infected pigs. | pathogens causing significant respiratory disease in growing pigs include porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, porcine circovirus 2, swine influenza virus, porcine respiratory coronavirus, mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, and bordetella bronchiseptica. the objective of this research was to characterize the respiratory excretion of these pathogens by acutely infected pigs. pigs were inoculated under experimental conditions with 1 pathogen. samples were collected from the upper respirator ... | 2008 | 18783027 |
| h5n1 avian influenza virus induces apoptotic cell death in mammalian airway epithelial cells. | in recent years, the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus h5n1 has raised serious worldwide concern about an influenza pandemic; however, the biology of h5n1 pathogenesis is largely unknown. to elucidate the mechanism of h5n1 pathogenesis, we prepared primary airway epithelial cells from alveolar tissues from 1-year-old pigs and measured the growth kinetics of three avian h5 influenza viruses (a/crow/kyoto/53/2004 [h5n1], a/duck/hong kong/342/78 [h5n2], and a/duck/hong kong/820/80 [h5n3]), th ... | 2008 | 18787012 |
| seroprevalence and genetic evolutions of swine influenza viruses under vaccination pressure in korean swine herds. | an overall 8,427 total of blood samples collected from growing to finishing pigs were submitted for diagnosis of swine influenza virus infection between january 2002 and december 2006. sera from 2002 to 2005 were examined for antibodies against four different swine influenza subtypes using the hemagglutination inhibition test to investigate seroprevalence rates by natural infection in korean swine herds while nasal swabs and lung tissue samples were used for viral isolation. the natural infectio ... | 2008 | 18789984 |
| viral and bacterial serology of six free-ranging bearded seals erignathus barbatus. | serum or heparinized plasma samples were obtained from 3 male (2 adult and 1 weaned calf) and 3 adult female free-ranging bearded seals erignathus barbatus in may of 1994, 1995, or 1996. blood samples were obtained from animals taken in subsistence hunts near st. lawrence island, alaska and screened for antibodies to a suite of bacteria and viruses potentially pathogenic for pinnipeds and/or humans. no samples had detectable antibodies to brucella spp., phocine distemper virus, influenza a virus ... | 2008 | 18828565 |
| novel reassortant of swine influenza h1n2 virus in germany. | european porcine h1n2 influenza viruses arose after multiple reassortment steps involving a porcine influenza virus with avian-influenza-like internal segments and human h1n1 and h3n2 viruses in 1994. in germany, h1n2 swine influenza viruses first appeared in 2000. two german h1n2 swine influenza virus strains isolated from pigs with clinical symptoms of influenza are described. they were characterized by the neutralization test, haemagglutination inhibition (hi) test and complete sequencing of ... | 2008 | 18089751 |
| genetic analysis of four porcine avian influenza viruses isolated from shandong, china. | a bayesian phylogenetic analysis of eight separate gene segments indicated a/swine/shandong/2/2003 (h5n1), a/swine/shandong/na/2003 (h9n2), a/swine/shandong/nb/2003 (h9n2) and a/swine/shandong/nc/2005 (h9n2) probably represent two multiple reassortant lineages, that had not been described before, with genes coming from h5n1, h9n2 and other lineages from poultry in asia. amino acid motifs within the haemagglutinin sequence of a/swine/shandong/nb/2003 suggested it may be able to infect people, whe ... | 2008 | 18000640 |
| genetic evolution of swine influenza a (h3n2) viruses in china from 1970 to 2006. | pigs are susceptible to both human and avian influenza viruses and have been proposed to be intermediate hosts, or mixing vessels, for the generation of pandemic influenza viruses through reassortment or adaptation to the mammalian host. in this study, we summarize and report for the first time the coexistence of wholly human-like h3n2 viruses, double-reassortant h3n2 viruses, and triple-reassortant h3n2 viruses in pigs in china by analyzing the eight genes of swine influenza a (h3n2) viruses fo ... | 2008 | 18199784 |
| genetic and antigenic relatedness of h3 subtype influenza a viruses isolated from avian and mammalian species. | in 2004, we isolated triple reassortant h3n2 influenza viruses from turkey breeder hens in ohio and illinois. the illinois flock was vaccinated twice with an inactivated h3n2 vaccine containing a swine origin virus before the outbreak. additionally, a commercial inactivated vaccine containing an h3n4 virus of duck origin is being used in some turkey breeders. this prompted us to initiate a comparative study on the antigenic and genetic relatedness of various h3 subtype influenza viruses isolated ... | 2008 | 18206275 |
| prevalence of and risk factors for influenza in southern ontario swine herds in 2001 and 2003. | this research included 2 prevalence studies and a risk-factor investigation conducted in 2001 at 93 sites with sows only, finishers only, or both. in 2001, 1300 serum samples from sows in 65 herds and 720 serum samples from finisher pigs in 72 herds were tested for antibodies to swine influenzavirus (siv) of h1n1 subtype with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). in 2003, 1140 serum samples from sows in 76 herds were tested for antibodies to siv of h3n2 subtype with a hemagglutination-in ... | 2008 | 18214156 |
| structural basis for the function and inhibition of an influenza virus proton channel. | the m2 protein from influenza a virus is a ph-activated proton channel that mediates acidification of the interior of viral particles entrapped in endosomes. m2 is the target of the anti-influenza drugs amantadine and rimantadine; recently, resistance to these drugs in humans, birds and pigs has reached more than 90% (ref. 1). here we describe the crystal structure of the transmembrane-spanning region of the homotetrameric protein in the presence and absence of the channel-blocking drug amantadi ... | 2008 | 18235504 |
| highly pathogenic rna viral infections: challenges for antiviral research. | a number of rna viruses can cause severe disease when transmitted to humans from an animal reservoir. one of them, the recently emerged h5n1 subtype of influenza a virus, has caused several hundred cases of severe disease when transferred directly from domestic poultry. this or another avian subtype could potentially evolve to a form more transmissible by the respiratory route or reassort with a circulating strain to initiate a pandemic. other zoonotic rna viruses cause sporadic single cases or ... | 2008 | 18243346 |
| the antibody responses to swine influenza virus (siv) recombinant matrix 1 (rm1), matrix 2 (m2), and hemagglutinin (ha) proteins in pigs with different siv exposure. | the influenza invariant matrix 2 (m2) protein is a potential subunit vaccine candidate to induce protective immunity against broader strains of influenza a viruses (iav). antibodies to m2 protein have not been well characterized in iav natural hosts. to characterize m2-specific antibodies in pigs, an elisa to the extracellular region of the m2 (m2e) protein was developed. sera from pigs experimentally infected with three different swine influenza virus (siv) subtypes, immunized with an siv inact ... | 2008 | 17719187 |
| failure of protection and enhanced pneumonia with a us h1n2 swine influenza virus in pigs vaccinated with an inactivated classical swine h1n1 vaccine. | two us swine influenza virus (siv) isolates, a/swine/iowa/15/1930 h1n1 (ia30) and a/swine/minnesota/00194/2003 h1n2 (mn03), were evaluated in an in vivo vaccination and challenge model. inactivated vaccines were prepared from each isolate and used to immunize conventional pigs, followed by challenge with homologous or heterologous virus. both inactivated vaccines provided complete protection against homologous challenge. however, the ia30 vaccine failed to protect against the heterologous mn03 c ... | 2008 | 17719188 |
| influenza vaccines and vaccination strategies in birds. | although it is well accepted that the present asian h5n1 panzootic is predominantly an animal health problem, the human health implications and the risk of human pandemic have highlighted the need for more information and collaboration in the field of veterinary and human health. h5 and h7 avian influenza (ai) viruses have the unique property of becoming highly pathogenic (hpai) during circulation in poultry. therefore, the final objective of poultry vaccination against ai must be eradication of ... | 2008 | 17889937 |
| purification and cdna cloning of a novel protease inhibitor secreted into culture supernatant by mdck cells. | the infectivity of influenza viruses to host cells depends on the activation of the viral glycoprotein hemagglutinin (ha) by proteases. starting from the observation that influenza virus replication in mdck (madin darby canine kidney) cells was impaired by inactivation of trypsin in the culture fluids, we demonstrated that the inhibitory activity was resolved into two trypsin-inactivating factors (tf), tf a (15 kda) and tf b (11 kda). n-terminal protein sequences of the factors revealed that tf ... | 2008 | 17892946 |
| evolutionary analyses of european h1n2 swine influenza a virus by placing timestamps on the multiple reassortment events. | a novel h1n2 swine influenza a virus emerged in europe since 1994. previous phylogenetic analyses revealed that its genome segments were derived from h1n1 human virus, h3n2 human virus and avian-like h1n1/h3n2 swine virus, indicating the possibility of multiple reassortments events. however, dates of these reassortment events have not been investigated systematically. in this study, we used both global and local molecular clock concepts in a maximum likelihood framework to extrapolate the times ... | 2008 | 17936394 |
| a naturally occurring deletion in its ns gene contributes to the attenuation of an h5n1 swine influenza virus in chickens. | in 2001 and 2003, we isolated two h5n1 viruses, a/swine/fujian/1/01 (sw/fj/01) and a/swine/fujian/1/03 (sw/fj/03), from pigs in fujian province, southern china. genetically, these two viruses are similar, although the ns gene of the sw/fj/03 virus has a 15-nucleotide deletion at coding positions 612 to 626. the sw/fj/01 virus is highly lethal for chickens, whereas the sw/fj/03 virus is nonpathogenic for chickens when administrated intravenously or intranasally. to understand the molecular basis ... | 2008 | 17942562 |
| investigation of exposure to swine influenza viruses in ontario (canada) finisher herds in 2004 and 2005. | the epidemiology of influenza in the north american swine population has changed since the emergence of a triple-reassortant h3n2 influenza virus. although seen previously in north america, the ontario swine population had likely been free of viruses of the reassortant h3n2 lineage until 2005. the objective of this study was to investigate the frequency and distribution of exposure to h1n1 and h3n2 subtypes in the ontario finisher pig population prior to and after the h3n2 outbreak that occurred ... | 2008 | 17604859 |
| limited susceptibility and lack of systemic infection by an h3n2 swine influenza virus in intranasally inoculated chickens. | chickens were intranasally inoculated with the swine influenza virus (siv) a/swine/nc/307408/04 (h3n2) (nc/04 siv) to determine the infectivity of a north american siv for chickens, as well as the possibility of chicken meat serving as a transmission vehicle for siv. white leghorn (wl) layer-type chickens were used for initial pathotyping and infectivity tests, and a more comprehensive intranasal pathogenesis study was done with white plymouth rock (wpr) broiler-type chickens. none of the nc/04 ... | 2008 | 18939642 |
| pre-clinical development of cell culture (vero)-derived h5n1 pandemic vaccines. | the rapid spread of avian influenza (h5n1) and its transmission to humans has raised the possibility of an imminent pandemic and concerns over the ability of standard influenza vaccine production methods to supply sufficient amounts of an effective vaccine. we report here on a robust and flexible strategy which uses wild-type virus grown in a continuous cell culture (vero) system to produce an inactivated whole virus vaccine. candidate vaccines based on clade 1 and clade 2 influenza h5n1 strains ... | 2008 | 18953724 |
| ongoing evolution of swine influenza viruses: a novel reassortant. | a novel h3n2 influenza virus strain isolated in germany from pigs with clinical symptoms of influenza is described. it was characterised by neutralisation test, hemagglutination inhibition test and complete sequencing of the genome. the data demonstrate the emergence of a h3n2 reassortant with the human-like hah3 gene of prevalent european porcine h3n2 influenza viruses and a nan2 gene of the european porcine h1n2 viruses. the gene segments of the internal proteins are avian-like, consistent wit ... | 2008 | 18985274 |
| antigenic structure of the hemagglutinin of h9n2 influenza viruses. | the hemagglutinins (has) of h9 influenza viruses isolated from birds and mammals of different species were antigenically and genetically analyzed. antigenic variants were selected from a/swine/hong kong/10/98 (h9n2) and a/duck/hokkaido/13/00 (h9n2) in the presence of monoclonal antibodies (mabs). based on the reactivity patterns of these mutants with a panel of mabs, at least five non-overlapping antigenic sites were defined using eight mabs which recognized seven distinct epitopes on the h9 ha ... | 2008 | 18989614 |
| the animal-human interface and infectious disease in industrial food animal production: rethinking biosecurity and biocontainment. | understanding interactions between animals and humans is critical in preventing outbreaks of zoonotic disease. this is particularly important for avian influenza. food animal production has been transformed since the 1918 influenza pandemic. poultry and swine production have changed from small-scale methods to industrial-scale operations. there is substantial evidence of pathogen movement between and among these industrial facilities, release to the external environment, and exposure to farm wor ... | 2008 | 19006971 |
| [cloning and phylogenetic analysis of the entire gene of an h1n1 subtype swine influenza virus isolated from guangdong province]. | to study the genetic variation and evolutionary characteristics of h1n1 swine influenza virus, all the eight genes of lm were amplified by rt- pcr, cloned into pmd18-t vector and sequenced respectively. the results showed that neither insertion nor deletion was observed in nucleotides of lm. the amino acids sequence of cleavage site of ha is ipsiqsr decrease g, suggesting that lm did not have the molecular characteristics of high pathogen. ha had highly conservative n-glycosylation site at posit ... | 2008 | 19035324 |
| occurrence of swine influenza virus infection in swine with porcine respiratory disease complex. | we studied the occurrence of swine influenza virus (siv) infection in piglets with respiratory symptoms resembling porcine respiratory disease complex (prdc). a total of 106 samples including nasal swab and lung suspension from sick piglets were collected from 30 farms of medium size in the central and eastern parts of thailand from august 2006 to february 2007. samples were inoculated onto mardin-darby canine kidney (mdck) cells and siv infection was confirmed by immunofluorescent assay (ifa) a ... | 2008 | 19062693 |
| analytical sensitivity of air samplers based on uniform point-source exposure to airborne porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and swine influenza virus. | research and surveillance activities involving airborne pathogens rely on the capture and enumeration of pathogens suspended in aerosols. the objective of this study was to estimate the analytical sensitivity (detection threshold) of each of 4 air samplers for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) and swine influenza virus (siv). in a 5-min sampling period under controlled conditions, the analytical sensitivity of the agi-30 (ace glass, vineland, new jersey, usa), agi-4 (ac ... | 2008 | 19086377 |
| serological survey on aujeszky's disease, swine influenza and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infections in italian pigs. | aujeszky's disease (ad), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) and swine influenza (si) are among the principal agents of respiratory diseases of pigs. the aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of antibodies to shv-1, prrsv and siv in pigs reared in sicily. an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for the glicoprotein ge of pseudorabies virus, for prrsv and for siv was performed. antibodies against ge of shv-1 were detected in 171 serum samples (14.6%), whereas prrsv antibo ... | 2008 | 19227130 |
| animal influenza epidemiology. | influenza a viruses exist within their natural host, aquatic birds, in a number of antigenic subtypes. only a few of these subtypes have successfully crossed into other avian and mammalian hosts. this brief review will focus on just three examples of viruses that have successfully passed between species; avian h5ni1 and h9n2 viruses and h3n2 viruses which have transmitted from aquatic birds to humans and then to swine. although there are a number of other subtypes that have also transmitted succ ... | 2008 | 19230163 |
| genetic diversity of swine influenza viruses isolated from pigs during 2000 to 2005 in thailand. | recent studies have revealed the existence of genetic diversity in swine influenza viruses (sivs) in the world. in thailand, there has been a little information on the molecular characteristics of the sivs since the first isolation of viruses of h1n1 and h3n2 subtypes in the late 1970s. our previous study demonstrated that thai h1n1 sivs possessed the classical swine h1 and avian-like swine n1 genes (takemae et al., proceedings of the options for the control of influenza vi.2007;350-353). | 2008 | 19453423 |
| seroprevalence of h1n1, h3n2 and h1n2 influenza viruses in pigs in seven european countries in 2002-2003. | avian-like h1n1 and human-like h3n2 swine influenza viruses (siv) have been considered widespread among pigs in western europe since the 1980s, and a novel h1n2 reassortant with a human-like h1 emerged in the mid 1990s. this study, which was part of the ec-funded 'european surveillance network for influenza in pigs 1', aimed to determine the seroprevalence of the h1n2 virus in different european regions and to compare the relative prevalences of each siv between regions. | 2008 | 19453469 |
| [infection of pigs with influenza a/h4 and a/h5 viruses isolated from wild birds on the territory of russia]. | pigs were intranasally infected with avian influenza a/h5 (h5n1, h5n3) and a/h4 (h4n6, h4n8) viruses in mono- and coinfection. infection with both apathogenic and pathogenic strains caused no clinical manifestations. a virus and/or fragments of its genome retained in nasopharyngeal fluid as long as 6-8 days after infection. during monoinfection, the structure of the hemagglutinin (ha) receptor site of isolates from the pigs infected with a/h5n1 strains (a/chicken/kurgan/3/2005, a/duck/russia/535 ... | 2008 | 19172904 |
| swine influenza viruses a north american perspective. | influenza is a zoonotic viral disease that represents a health and economic threat to both humans and animals worldwide. swine influenza (si) was first recognized clinically in pigs in the midwestern u.s., in 1918, coinciding with the human influenza pandemic known as the spanish flu. since that time si has remained of importance to the swine industry throughout the world. in this review, the epidemiology of swine influenza virus (siv) infection in north american pigs is described in detail. the ... | 2008 | 19081490 |
| genetic correlation between h3n2 human and swine influenza viruses. | h3n2 is one of the main subtypes of influenza virus which circulates in human and swine population throughout the world. | 2009 | 19083267 |
| swine influenza matrix 2 (m2) protein contributes to protection against infection with different h1 swine influenza virus (siv) isolates. | a swine influenza virus (siv) vaccine-challenge pig model was used to study the potential of a conserved matrix 2 (m2) protein vaccine alone or in combination with an inactivated h1n1-vaccine to protect against h1n1 and h1n2 viruses. the h1n1-vaccine and heterologous h1n2-challenge virus model has previously been shown to prolong fever and increase siv-associated pneumonic lesions. the m2 vaccine in combination with the h1n1-vaccine reduced the h1n2 induced fever but not virus shedding. the m2 v ... | 2009 | 19837089 |
| swine flu vaccine: present status. | in early 2009, "swine flu", a new infectious disease, emerged in mexico and further spread around the world. it is currently accepted as the most problematic infection at present. to control this new infection, the swine flu vaccine is the hope. the reasons that we need the swine flu vaccine will be discussed. also, the present status, current attempts and problems of swine flu vaccine development will be presented in this commentary. | 2009 | 19829084 |
| [for a predictable pandemic, an unpredictable virus]. | 2009 | 19831308 | |
| sample submissions drop despite novel h1n1 concerns. | 2009 | 19835014 | |
| the first pandemic of the 21st century: a review of the 2009 pandemic variant influenza a (h1n1) virus. | swine influenza was first described in the 1918 pandemic and made a resurgence in april 2009 in the form of a triple-reassortant influenza a virus, which is composed of a combination of human, swine, and eurasian avian strains. as evidenced with previous influenza pandemics, young adults and children aged < 24 years are the population most affected. definitive diagnosis has largely been limited by the inability of conventional influenza testing to distinguish among influenza a subtypes; however, ... | 2009 | 19820273 |
| [new influenza a (h1n1) pandemia and cancer patients: what do we do?]. | the new swine-origin influenza a (h1n1) strain (s-oiv) pandemia may expose immunodepressed cancer patients under chemotherapy to an increased risk of mortality. here, we put into perspective available antiviral treatments and influenza vaccination efficacy in cancer patients and consider that recommendations for seasonal influenza vaccination for these patients are applicable for the upcoming s-oiv vaccines. we recommend a triple vaccination in cancer patients (seasonal influenza, s-oiv, strepto ... | 2009 | 19822486 |
| glycans on influenza hemagglutinin affect receptor binding and immune response. | recent cases of avian influenza h5n1 and the swine-origin 2009 h1n1 have caused a great concern that a global disaster like the 1918 influenza pandemic may occur again. viral transmission begins with a critical interaction between hemagglutinin (ha) glycoprotein, which is on the viral coat of influenza, and sialic acid (sa) containing glycans, which are on the host cell surface. to elucidate the role of ha glycosylation in this important interaction, various defined ha glycoforms were prepared, ... | 2009 | 19822741 |
| swine flu: influenza a/h1n1 2009: the unseen and unsaid. | 2009 | 19824785 | |
| diagnostic importance of relative lymphopenia as a marker of swine influenza (h1n1) in adults. | 2009 | 19824851 | |
| severe acute respiratory disease in the setting of an epidemic of swine-origin type a h1n1 influenza at a reference hospital in entre ríos, argentina. | 2009 | 19824855 | |
| [inquired of the president of the.robert koch institute. how dangerous is mexican influenza?]. | 2009 | 19827433 | |
| [swine flu: epidemiology, diagnostics, treatment, and prophylaxis]. | virus of piggy grippe is a virus of type a, which has greatly changed in it's antigenic structure. as a result, has appeared a new variant of germ (syb-type), in relation to which vaccines, used for period 2008-2009, are unsuccessful. virus represents a real risk for life and health of millions of people. experts of world health organization are sure, that eruption can lead to a global expansion of virus. to the group of high risk refer: children younger then 5 years old, full-growns of 50 years ... | 2009 | 19827668 |
| prior infection with an h1n1 swine influenza virus partially protects pigs against a low pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza virus. | most humans lack virus neutralizing (vn) and haemagglutination inhibition (hi) antibodies to h5n1 avian influenza viruses (aivs), but cross-reactive neuraminidase inhibition (ni) antibodies and cell-mediated immune (cmi) responses are common. these immune responses result largely from infections with seasonal human h1n1 influenza viruses, but the protective effect of h1n1 infection-immunity against h5n1 infection has never been examined. to this purpose, we have used the pig model of influenza a ... | 2009 | 19840669 |
| point-of-care testing for disasters: needs assessment, strategic planning, and future design. | objective evidence-based national surveys serve as a first step in identifying suitable point-of-care device designs, effective test clusters, and environmental operating conditions. preliminary survey results show the need for point-of-care testing (poct) devices using test clusters that specifically detect pathogens found in disaster scenarios. hurricane katrina, the tsunami in southeast asia, and the current influenza pandemic (h1n1, "swine flu") vividly illustrate lack of national and global ... | 2009 | 19840690 |
| birdflu2009: avian influenza and human health. 9-10 september 2009, oxford, uk. | the birdflu2009 meeting entitled avian influenza and human health, held in oxford, included topics covering new developments in the control of seasonal, avian and swine influenza virus infection, with a focus on the human-animal interface. this conference report highlights selected presentations on sialidase therapy for influenza infection, the use of ivigs to study antibody diversity and reactivity, detecting oseltamivir carboxylate in waste water, h5n1 infection in egyptian children, preparedn ... | 2009 | 19844852 |
| [pneumonia and the acute respiratory distress syndrome due to influenza a (h1n1) virus]. | the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards) and acute lung injury (ali) are part of a devastating syndrome characterized by acute onset, hypoxemia, and bilateral infiltrates on chest x-rays. ali/ards is the response of the lung to a local or systemic aggression, resulting in local inflammation and coagulation disorders, which lead to increased inflammatory pulmonary edema. ards is a major cause of morbidity, death, and cost in intensive care units. the most common cause is sepsis. we present ... | 2009 | 19854543 |
| swine flu outbreak: dissemination of information. | 2009 | 19856519 | |
| avoiding guillan-barré syndrome following swine origin pandemic h1n1 2009 influenza vaccination. | 2009 | 19857155 | |
| cases of swine flu in england almost double in a week. | 2009 | 19858182 | |
| spain and swine flu. | 2009 | 19858273 | |
| bird flu, swine flu, and resistant influenza: the scary development of antiviral-resistant strains-part 2: novel a(h1n1): the flu we never expected. | 2009 | 19858899 | |
| evaluation of sensitivity and specificity of rapid influenza diagnostic tests for novel swine-origin influenza a (h1n1) virus. | 2009 | 19859024 | |
| swine h1n1 influenza in a post liver transplant patient. | 2009 | 19859096 | |
| genetic stability and linkage analysis of the 2009 influenza a(h1n1) virus based on sequence homology. | the 2009 swine-origin influenza a virus subtype h1n1 (s-oiv) is generally believed to be a mixture of human, bird and swine viruses, resulting from multiple reassortments. the evolutionary origin of the s-oiv is of high interest but still remains obscure. in order to understand the evolution of the new virus, we performed sequence homology, segment stability and segment linkage analysis, as well as analysis of the host and geographic distribution of the evolutionarily related viruses. stability ... | 2009 | 19859785 |
| [what is special about the new swine flu virus?]. | 2009 | 19862710 | |
| nmc under fire for lack of support on swine flu surge. | 2009 | 19863025 | |
| coming soon to an icu near you: severe pandemic influenza in icu patients in spain. | a novel strain of swine influenza a h1n1 has already disseminated worldwide and has become a major clinical problem for intensive care units in selected areas. many regions in the southern hemisphere are currently struggling to keep up with the influx of severely affected patients with acute respiratory failure from primary influenza pneumonia. the northern hemisphere is bracing for a similar surge of patients over this winter's influenza season. this initial report of ventilatory needs for pati ... | 2009 | 19863761 |
| the first swedish h1n2 swine influenza virus isolate represents an uncommon reassortant. | the european swine influenza viruses (sivs) show considerable diversity comprising different types of h1n1, h3n2, and h1n2 strains. the intensifying full genome sequencing efforts reveal further reassortants within these subtypes. here we report the identification of an uncommon reassortant variant of h1n2 subtype influenza virus isolated from a pig in a multisite herd where h1n2 swine influenza was diagnosed for the first time in sweden during the winter of 2008-2009. the majority of the europe ... | 2009 | 19863790 |
| children are likely to need two doses of swine flu vaccine. | 2009 | 19783577 | |
| identification of hemagglutinin structural domain and polymorphisms which may modulate swine h1n1 interactions with human receptor. | the novel a/h1n1 influenza virus, which recently emerged in north america is most closely related to north american h1n1/n2 swine viruses. until the beginning of 2009, north american swine h1n1/n2 viruses have only sporadically infected humans as dead-end hosts. in 2009 the a/h1n1 virus acquired the capacity to spread efficiently by human to human transmission. the novel a/h1n1 influenza virus has struck thousands of people in more than 70 countries and killed more than 140, representing a publi ... | 2009 | 19785758 |
| [combating the new influenza a (h1n1) virus. i. overview of the relevant virological aspects]. | in april 2009 a new influenza virus was discovered, which spread from mexico to the rest of the world. the new influenza a (h1n1) virus is genetically related to swine flu viruses, and differs substantially from circulating human influenza viruses. it is able to spread from person to person. because it is a completely new virus, there is probably little immunity in the population. the course of the infection is relatively mild, but the virus will mutate and it is not yet certain whether this wil ... | 2009 | 19785811 |