| [the effect of parvovirus vaccination in sows through their 4th parity and the role of influenza h1n1 virus]. | the effects of vaccination of a porcine parvovirus (ppv) in gilts and the first four litters were studied in a pig-breeding herd. in addition to determination of the technical results, ppv and influenza (h1n1) titres were measured. from the serological findings it was apparent that ppv and influenza (h1n1) virus circulated during the trial. the number of total-born and live-born piglets was significantly higher in the first litter when ppv-vaccinated and non-vaccinated gilts were compared. on th ... | 1990 | 2156355 |
| [vaccinations in pigs]. | efficacious and safe gi-negative vaccines are available for vaccination against aujeszky's disease. an intensive vaccination programme carried out consistently will result in the reduction of virus circulating among pig populations. combined vaccination and culling of gi-seropositive pigs may lead to eradication of aujeszky's disease virus in a stock. vaccination of susceptible gilts, sows and boars against parvovirus infections is advisable. the actual period for which a sow is protected agains ... | 1990 | 2161569 |
| sero-epidemiological screening of pig sera collected at the slaughterhouse to detect herds infected with aujeszky's disease virus, porcine influenza virus and actinobacillus (haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae in the framework of an integrated quality control (iqc) system. | over a period of six months, approximately 4700 blood samples were collected from 97 pig-finishing farms in the provinces of noord-brabant and gelderland and screened for antibodies with respect to aujeszky's disease virus (adv), porcine influenza virus (pi) and actinobacillus (haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae (app). there were significant differences in the percentages of seropositive pigs between the two provinces, which may be related to the difference in the density of the pig population in the ... | 1990 | 2176752 |
| diagnosis of swine influenza with an immunofluorescence technique using monoclonal antibodies. | direct diagnosis of swine influenza infection by an indirect immunofluorescence technique using anti-nucleoproteine monoclonal antibody was compared with virus isolation. five 8-week-old pigs were inoculated with 2 x 10(7) eid50 of strain a h1n1sw/4115/85. clinical signs developed in only three pigs. antigen was detected in nasal epithelial cells obtained from all animals the first day after inoculation; the antigen was detected in one pig 6 days after the infection. fluorescence was present in ... | 1990 | 2176753 |
| antigenic stability of h3 influenza viruses in the domestic duck population of southern china. | an antigenic analysis was carried out on 145 duck influenza virus isolates of the h3 haemagglutinin subtype obtained over five years continuous surveillance from the region of southern china, a hypothetical influenza epicentre. this was done using a panel of twelve monoclonal antibodies raised to an early human strain of the h3 subtype. we demonstrate the existence of an extensive range of antigenic profiles, broadly similar but not identical to the human h3 strain, which persisted over the five ... | 1990 | 2222188 |
| [functional activity of glycoproteins from interepidemic isolates of the influenza virus]. | the results of the study into the function of glycoproteins of influenza viruses isolated in the 1987 interepidemic period. natural isolates were found to have virus particles with deficient neuraminidase activity but retained hemolytic and infectious activity. biological sequences of the lack of neuraminidase activity in the isolates consisted in disorders of sialic acid metabolism in the infected cells, blocking of the receptor site of hemagglutinin and increased sensitivity to inhibitors. it ... | 1990 | 2256312 |
| [the detection of the influenza virus in the small intestine in diarrhea in piglets]. | electron microscopy used for examinations of small intestine suspensions of piglets in the prenatal and postnatal periods allowed influenza virions to be identified in virus population. an attempt was made to preserve the discovered population in alternating animal--cell culture--animal passages. serological examinations of the swine herd confirmed the circulation of influenza viruses in the herd. | 1990 | 2256313 |
| comparison of neuraminidases of the same subtype but from different species using a new method of titration. | neuraminidase is one of the two surface glycoproteins of influenza virions. in order to compare neuraminidases of the same subtype but isolated from different species (man, birds, pig), a new and simple method was adapted and optimized using peanut hemagglutinin. results were very similar to those obtained with the classical method recommended by the who, using fetuin as a substrate. the technique was used to examine the relationship between animal and human neuraminidases belonging to serotypes ... | 1990 | 2307719 |
| evolution of the nucleoprotein gene of influenza a virus. | nucleotide sequences of 24 nucleoprotein (np) genes isolated from a wide range of hosts, geographic regions, and influenza a virus serotypes and 18 published np gene sequences were analyzed to determine evolutionary relationships. the phylogeny of np genes was determined by a maximum-parsimony analysis of nucleotide sequences. phylogenetic analysis showed that np genes have evolved into five host-specific lineages, including (i) equine/prague/56 (eqpr56), (ii) recent equine strains, (iii) classi ... | 1990 | 2319644 |
| derivation of the nucleoproteins (np) of influenza a viruses isolated from marine mammals. | the nucleoprotein (np) genes of influenza viruses were sequenced from a variety of virus isolates derived from marine mammals: whales from the pacific and atlantic oceans, seal and gull from the western atlantic, and a tern from the caspian sea. in comparison to published np sequences, we found pairs of nps derived from avian and marine mammal isolates to be closely related, e.g., the gull-whale and mallard-seal pairs from the atlantic coast of the usa and the tern-pacific ocean whale pair of th ... | 1990 | 2330674 |
| antigenic reactivity and electrophoretic migrational heterogeneity of the three polymerase proteins of type a human and animal influenza viruses. | antigenic reactivity of the three polymerase proteins pb1, pb2, and pa of type a influenza viruses of animal and human origin were analysed by radioimmunoprecipitation using monospecific antisera. each of the polymerase monospecific antisera made against the polymerase proteins of the human a/wsn/33 (h1n1) influenza virus reacted efficiently with the homologous proteins of all the known thirteen ha subtype viruses of avian influenza virus, three subtypes of human influenza virus, swine and equin ... | 1990 | 2353872 |
| evolution of influenza a virus pb2 genes: implications for evolution of the ribonucleoprotein complex and origin of human influenza a virus. | phylogenetic analysis of 20 influenza a virus pb2 genes showed that pb2 genes have evolved into the following four major lineages: (i) equine/prague/56 (eqpr56); (ii and iii) two distinct avian pb2 lineages, one containing fpv/34 and h13 gull virus strains and the other containing north american avian and recent equine strains; and (iv) human virus strains joined with classic swine virus strains (i.e., h1n1 swine virus strains related to swine/iowa/15/30). the human virus lineage showed the grea ... | 1990 | 2398532 |
| epizootics of respiratory tract disease in swine in belgium due to h3n2 influenza virus and experimental reproduction of disease. | in belgium, influenza virus was isolated from swine in 22 epizootics of respiratory tract disease in swine during 1984. in 8 of the epizootics, h3n2 influenza virus, related to the a/port chalmers/1/73 strain, was isolated. intratracheal inoculation of the isolates induced clinical signs. it was concluded that the a/port chalmers/1/73 strain was established in the belgian swine population and was responsible for the epizootics of respiratory tract disease in swine. | 1985 | 2413789 |
| the nucleoprotein as a possible major factor in determining host specificity of influenza h3n2 viruses. | in an attempt to assess the importance of the nucleoprotein (np) in the determination of host specificity, a series of experiments was performed on influenza a viruses of the h3n2 subtype. we have examined rescue of mutants of a/fpv/rostock/34 with temperature-sensitive (ts) lesions in the nucleoprotein (np) gene by double infection of chick embryo cells with h3n2 strains isolated from different species. the ts mutants could be rescued by all avian h3n2 strains but not by any of the human h3n2 i ... | 1985 | 2416114 |
| antigenic mapping of an avian h1 influenza virus haemagglutinin and interrelationships of h1 viruses from humans, pigs and birds. | monoclonal antibodies to the haemagglutinin (ha) of the avian h1 influenza virus a/duck/alberta/35/76 were used to construct an operational antigenic map of the ha molecule and to study the interrelationships of h1 viruses from different hosts. haemagglutination inhibition tests between the monoclonal antibodies and variants selected by them provided evidence of four antigenic regions which overlap to varying degrees. avian h1 influenza viruses displayed a spectrum of reactivities to the monoclo ... | 1986 | 2423640 |
| monoclonal antibodies for characterizing h3n2 influenza viruses that persist in pigs in china. | | 1987 | 2433358 |
| [antigenic specificity of neuraminidase and structure of neuraminidase gene of influenza a(h1n1) serotype hsw1n1 viruses isolated from man and animals]. | the enzyme immunoassay and neuraminidase activity inhibition test using polyclonal and monospecific antineuraminidase sera were employed to establish the similarities and differences in the antigenic structure of neuraminidase of influenza a viruses (h1n1), serovariant hsw1n1, isolated from man in alma-ata (ussr), 1984, new jersey (usa), 1976, and pazardjik (bpr), 1982, as well as from swine and birds. oligonucleotide mapping revealed significant structural differences in the genes coding for ne ... | 1989 | 2483778 |
| [antigenic structure of hemagglutinins of influenza h1n1 (hsw1n1) virus isolated from humans and ducks]. | the method of specific adsorption followed by the use of antisera in hi test and competitive enzyme immunoassay was used to study the antigenic composition of hemagglutinins (ha) hsw1 in influenza viruses isolated in 1982 from humans in bulgaria and in 1976 in canada from ducks as well as their antigenic relationships with ha of hsw1 variant isolated from swine and man. hemagglutinins of hsw1 strains isolated from man in bulgaria and alma-ata were found to be similar to ha of a/new jersey/8/76 v ... | 1989 | 2483779 |
| survival of influenza virus in pig tissues after slaughter. | | 1989 | 2538954 |
| [comparative study of the hemolytic activity of ortho- and paramyxoviruses]. | a comparative study of hemolytic activity of influenza type a, b, and c viruses, human parainfluenza type 3, and sendai virus showed the pattern of ph-dependence and the nature of the curve to differ not only for different viruses under study but also for different erythrocyte species. studies of virus-induced hemolysis of influenza c virus demonstrated that, depending on the erythrocyte species used, it had common properties both with influenza types a and b viruses and with paramyxoviruses. | 1989 | 2548343 |
| [pathologic consequences of a severe influenza outbreak (swine virus a/h1n1) under natural conditions in the non-immune sow at the beginning of pregnancy]. | pathological consequences of a severe outbreak of swine influenza (h1n1 virus) in the non immune sow at the beginning of pregnancy, under natural conditions. a sudden acute outbreak of fever, depression, anorexia and coughing in a group of nulliparous sows from a herd that was currently under epidemiological investigation lead to build a particular disposal of observation. the clinical signs were daily recorded including rectal temperature. blood was taken from the sows at the beginning of the t ... | 1989 | 2550169 |
| [the prevalence of antibodies to influenza virus and respiratory coronavirus in fattening pigs in spain]. | the presence of antibodies to two influenza viruses of the type a (h1n1 and h3n2) and to a porcine respiratory coronavirus was investigated in a study lasting a year. 735 blood serum samples were collected from 79 closed pig fattening farms in the province segovia (spain). hemagglutination inhibition was used with influenza viruses. the percentage of positive results was 78.5% and 62.5% respectively for the serotypes h1n1 and h3n2. a clear reduction in the spread of antibodies was observed in th ... | 1989 | 2554624 |
| antigenic conservation of h1n1 swine influenza viruses. | influenza viruses of the h1n1 subtype have been continually circulating in pigs in the u.s.a. for at least 50 years. to examine the level of antigenic variation in these swine viruses, a panel of 60 monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to the haemagglutinin (ha) of recent swine isolates was prepared. evaluation of neutralization escape mutants selected with these mabs defined four antigenic sites on the ha, two of which overlap. swine viruses isolated over 24 years in an enzootic area in wisconsin were ... | 1989 | 2558159 |
| seroprevalence of porcine and human influenza a virus antibodies in pigs between 1986 and 1988 in hassia. | 1,268 sera collected from slaughtered pigs in hassia (frg) from 1986 to 1988 were tested for antibodies against porcine and human influenza a virus strains using the single radial haemolysis test (srht). antibodies against the porcine strains (subtype h1n1) a/swine/arnsberg/1/81, a/swine/iowa/15/30 and a/new jersey/7/76 were detected in 411 (32.4%), 318 (25.1%) and 304 (24.0%) of sera, respectively. up to 1988 a slight increase (10%) in the seroprevalence to a/swine/arnsberg/1/81 was noticed, wh ... | 1989 | 2559562 |
| comparison of biological and physical properties of human and animal a(h1n1) influenza viruses. | the study of biological properties of influenza virus strains belonging to the same subtype a(h1n1) and closely antigenically related, but isolated from different animal species (man, pig and duck), demonstrated that avian strains were more resistant than those isolated from mammals to high temperature and low ph, as shown by titration of residual infectivity in cell cultures (mdck) and by sialidase assay. the difference in behaviour could be correlated to biological adaptation of the virus to i ... | 1989 | 2587848 |
| rapid diagnosis of influenza infection of np antigen using an immunocapture elisa test. | an immunocapture elisa test for the diagnosis of human and animal influenza a and/or b is described. a monoclonal anti-nucleoprotein (np) antibody was used to capture the np antigen and the captured antigen was detected by an anti-np polyclonal rabbit antiserum. compared with the usual diagnostic method by cultivation in embryonated eggs, this test had a high specificity (97%) and sensitivity when used for diagnosis using clinical nasopharyngeal samples obtained from patients and animals. immuno ... | 1989 | 2674180 |
| two subtypes of nucleoproteins (np) of influenza a viruses. | the nucleoprotein (np) genes of nine influenza a virus strains isolated from different species have been sequenced and the deduced amino acid sequences have been compared to published np sequences and sequences in press. two "subtypes" of nps can clearly be defined, one "subtype" comprises the nps found with all tested human and one porcine strain, and another "subtype" comprises the nps found with all tested avian and equine, and some porcine strains and a mink virus. there are no significant d ... | 1989 | 2718389 |
| laboratory characterization of a swine influenza virus isolated from a fatal case of human influenza. | a swine influenza virus-like type a (h1n1) virus, designated a/wisconsin/3523/88, was isolated in september 1988 from a wisconsin woman who had died with primary viral pneumonia. antigenic analyses with hemagglutinin-specific monoclonal antibodies and postinfection ferret serum indicated that the hemagglutinin of a/wisconsin/3523/88 was antigenically closely related to viruses currently circulating in swine. genetic analysis of the a/wisconsin/3523/88 virus by rna fingerprinting and partial rna ... | 1989 | 2754013 |
| avian-to-human transmission of the pb1 gene of influenza a viruses in the 1957 and 1968 pandemics. | we determined the origin and evolutionary pathways of the pb1 genes of influenza a viruses responsible for the 1957 and 1968 human pandemics and obtained information on the variable or conserved region of the pb1 protein. the evolutionary tree constructed from nucleotide sequences suggested the following: (i) the pb1 gene of the 1957 human pandemic strain, a/singapore/1/57 (h2n2), was probably introduced from avian species and was maintained in humans until 1968; (ii) in the 1968 pandemic strain ... | 1989 | 2795713 |
| evolutionary pathways of the pa genes of influenza a viruses. | nucleotide sequences of the pa genes of influenza a viruses, isolated from a variety of host species, were analyzed to determine the evolutionary pathways of these genes and the host specificity of the genes. results of maximum parsimony analysis of the nucleotide sequences indicate at least five lineages for the pa genes. those from human strains represent a single lineage, whereas the avian genes appear to have evolved as two lineages--one comprising genes from many kinds of birds (e.g., chick ... | 1989 | 2800339 |
| [study of human influenza viruses isolated in 1982 which are antigenically related to the swine flu virus]. | influenza a viruses (h1n1 serovariant) antigenically related to swine influenza viruses were isolated in march, 1982, from two sick adolescents in a rural area of bulgaria who had had contacts with each other and with animals. the isolates, a/prb/120/82 and a/prb/121/82, were found to have hemagglutinin containing antigenic regions typical of hemagglutinin of both a/new jersey/8/76 strain and a/swine/finister/hg/82 strain. because of the unusual structure of hemagglutinin, it is assumed that the ... | 1989 | 2800524 |
| receptor binding properties of human and animal h1 influenza virus isolates. | it has been previously reported that several human h1 influenza viruses isolated prior to 1956, in contrast to human h3 isolates which are quite specific for sa alpha 2,6gal sequences, apparently recognize both sa alpha 2,3gal and sa alpha 2,6gal sequences (rogers, g.n., and paulson, j.c., virology 127, 361-373, 1983). in this report human h1 isolates representative of two epidemic periods, from 1934 to 1957 and from 1977 to 1986, and h1 influenza isolated from pigs, ducks, and turkeys were comp ... | 1989 | 2815586 |
| outbreaks of classical swine influenza in pigs in england in 1986. | serum samples from pig herds in great britain have been examined for antibodies to influenza virus since 1968. antibodies to h3n2 virus strains have been found since 1968 and the serological data presented here suggests that h3n2 virus strains continue to persist in the pig population. an outbreak of acute respiratory disease occurred in a 400-sow unit. the outbreak was characterised by coughing, anorexia, fever, inappetence and loss of condition. the gilts and weaners were affected and the morb ... | 1987 | 2820111 |
| response of calves to exposure with swine influenza virus. | in calves inoculated with live swine influenza virus (siv) a/sw/il/75 (h1n1) intranasally, siv was isolated for 7 days, and respiratory tract disease was observed. antibody was detected in serum of inoculated calves from postinoculation day 9, and virus-neutralization antibody was demonstrated on postinoculation days 14 and 21. the primary response was low, but readily differentiated from the secondary response after calves were challenge exposed with homologous siv. pneumonic lesions were obser ... | 1987 | 2820279 |
| molecular aspects of the epidemiology of virus disease. | with regard to molecular epidemiology, influenza a viruses belong to the best-studied virus systems. at least two large reservoirs of influenza a viruses have been built up in nature, one in humans and another one in water fowls. the latter one is very heterogenous, consisting of viruses belonging to 13 hemagglutinin (ha) and 9 neuraminidase (na) subtypes in almost all possible combinations. the segmented structure of the influenza virus genome allows the creation of new influenza strains by rea ... | 1987 | 2826216 |
| fish farming and influenza pandemics. | human influenza pandemics commonly arise by genetic reassortment between human and avian viruses in pigs. yet global developments in aquaculture--the so-called 'blue revolution'--will mean increased co-location of people, ducks and pigs. | 1988 | 2827036 |
| isolation of human (h3n2) influenza virus and prevalence of the virus-antibody in swine. | | 1987 | 2828738 |
| the provenance of the swedish swine influenza h1n1 virus of 1983. | | 1987 | 2829472 |
| porcine influenza outbreak in east anglia due to influenza a virus (h3n2) | | 1987 | 2832998 |
| characterization of an influenza a (h3n2) virus isolated from pigs in england in 1987. | | 1988 | 2838122 |
| influenza a viral nucleoprotein detection in isolates from human and various animal species. | a double antibody sandwich, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (das-elisa) was developed to detect influenza a viral antigen, employing a monoclonal antibody directed against type-specific influenza a nucleoprotein (mcab anti-np). mcab anti-np was used to coat elisa plates as well as to prepare the peroxidase conjugate. influenza a viruses of avian, equine, swine, and human origin were detected in allantoic fluids of inoculated eggs with higher sensitivity by the das-elisa than by hemagglutinatio ... | 1988 | 2839132 |
| identification of h3n2 influenza virus isolated from pigs with respiratory problems in spain. | | 1988 | 2839928 |
| leads from the mmwr. human infection with swine influenza virus--wisconsin. | | 1988 | 2846902 |
| human infection with swine influenza virus--wisconsin. | | 1988 | 2846999 |
| detection of antibodies against human influenza a virus (h1n1) in swine sera in the federal republic of germany. | | 1988 | 2847449 |
| influenza in swine in belgium (1969-1986): epizootiologic aspects. | from 1984 until 1986, influenza isolates were obtained from 59 outbreaks of respiratory tract disease in belgium. in 21 of the outbreaks, h3n2-influenza virus isolates, related to the human a/port chalmers/1/73 strain were obtained. all other isolates were h1n1-influenza virus strains. the prevalence of variants of the human h3n2-influenza virus in the belgium swine population was determined by examining sow sera which had been collected between 1969 and 1984. the results of this serological stu ... | 1988 | 2851410 |
| antibodies to new variants of subtype a(h3 n2) influenza virus in pigs. | following an explosive epidemic of a(h3n2) influenza among the human population of czechoslovakia in 1983, haemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies (titre range 10-640) against strains a/texas/77, a/bangkok/79 and a/philipines 2/83 were detected in 93% of sera collected from 135 pigs on three farms. only 6.6% of sera were negative. anti-neuraminidase antibodies were detected at rates of 81% and 23% in two and one of the herds, respectively. antibodies against a/rnp were demonstrated by the immuno ... | 1985 | 2860799 |
| modulation of humoral immune response to influenza vaccines by bcg. | bcg-induced modulation of humoral immune response to influenza vaccines was studied on adult volunteers and laboratory animals. three influenza vaccine types were used: inactivated whole-virion vaccine prepared by chromatography, chemically split adsorbed vaccine and live allantoic vaccine for intranasal vaccination. according to the indices of humoral immunity against influenza such as seroconversion, frequency and intensity of antibody formation and degree of protection to subsequent administr ... | 1985 | 2866694 |
| isolation of swine-influenza-like a(h1n1) viruses from man in europe, 1986. | | 1986 | 2878189 |
| analysis of some swine influenza h1n1 viruses by oligonucleotide fingerprinting. | the genome of the swine influenza h1n1 virus sweden/83 was compared to other h1n1 viruses by oligonucleotide fingerprinting. this analysis revealed that sweden/83 is identical to the danish strain sjaelland/82 and is thus to be placed in the group of "us viruses". on the other hand, the danish strain als/82 was found to be different, i.e., related to the belgium/79 strain which is a representative of the "european viruses". the results of the present genomic analysis confirm the previous finding ... | 1989 | 2929197 |
| [virologic and seroepidemiologic analyses of the circulation of influenza virus a(h1n1), similar to serovariant a(hsw1n1), in 1984-1985 in alma-ata]. | the study made with the use of virological, seroepidemiological, radioimmunological and immunological techniques revealed that influenza virus a, antigenically similar to influenza virus a/swine/iowa/15/30, circulated in alma-ata in 1984-1985. the role of these viruses in the seasonal rise of influenza morbidity at the end of 1984 was established. from nasal washings and blood clots obtained from patients, as well as from dissection material, 12 strains were isolated. these strains were similar ... | 1986 | 2948346 |
| [immunological analysis of the surface components of the influenza virus similar to the serovariant a (hsw1n1) isolated in alma-ata 1984-1985]. | the results of immunological analysis of the antigenic structure of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase of influenza a (serovariant hsw 1) isolates recovered in alma-ata in 1984-1985 are presented. by means of specific adsorption and immunoprecipitation the antigenic structure of new isolates was shown to be very similar to that of the a/swine/iowa/15/30 strain. | 1987 | 2963437 |
| [comparative characteristics of hemagglutinins of influenza a viruses with antigenic structure hsw1n1 isolated from man and animals]. | competitive radioimmunoassay was used to study the antigenic composition of hemagglutinin of hsw1n1 viruses isolated from man in comparison with hemagglutinin hsw1 of influenza virus of swine and ducks. the data of oligonucleotide analysis of the 4th rna segment coding for hemagglutinin in these viruses are presented. it has been shown that in alma-ata, 1984-1985, influenza viruses hsw1n1 were isolated with the antigenic structure of hemagglutinin and with the hemagglutinin gene identical with t ... | 1988 | 2970717 |
| disease in turkeys associated with h1n1 influenza virus following an outbreak of the disease in pigs. | | 1985 | 2990086 |
| prevalence of hong kong (h3n2) influenza virus-antibody in swine. | | 1985 | 2995716 |
| swine influenza vaccine and guillain-barré syndrome. epidemic or artifact? | | 1985 | 2996473 |
| [3 cases of isolating the influenza a virus with human hemagglutinin hsw1 in 1983 in alma-ata]. | in the interepidemic period of late 1983 in alma-ata, influenza viruses with hemagglutinin of the swine subtype and neuraminidases n1 and n2 were isolated from humans. one of the strains, a/alma-ata/1044/83 (hsw1n1), was isolated from the lungs of a man of 65 with the diagnosis of influenza and disseminated intravascular syndrome who had had communal and occupational contacts with swine. in paired sera of a sick child, and in seroepidemiological screening for influenza antibodies to swine influe ... | 1985 | 3000080 |
| [the persistence of activity of h1n1 (swine) influenza virus in pig breeding units during non-epidemic phases]. | a study is carried on in a group of 16 commercial breeding-finishing units in brittany (france). the aim of this study is to try to reveal the persistence of activity of the influenza virus within these intensive units after an acute epizootic. in each farm two batches of pigs are selected, individually identified and followed from suckling period to slaughter. serological controls are conducted every month on the same pigs. both influenza and aujeszky's disease antibodies are apprehended. furth ... | 1985 | 3004802 |
| a single radial hemolysis technique for the measurement of influenza virus antibody in cattle serum. | a single radial hemolysis technique (srh) was used to measure swine influenza virus antibody in calf serum. heating at 56 c for 60 minutes was necessary to prevent non-specific hemolysis. a significant association was found between the mean diameter of the hemolysis zone obtained with the srh test and the geometric mean hemagglutination inhibition (hi) titer in sera of 5 calves inoculated with the virus after treatment with periodate (r = 0.92, p 0.01) and receptor destroying enzyme (r = 0.94, p ... | 1986 | 3008275 |
| relapsing central and peripheral demyelinating diseases. unusual pathologic features. | we treated a patient who had a demyelinating peripheral neuropathy and a central nervous system inflammatory demyelinating disease. the unusual pathologic feature of dense infiltrates of atypical macrophages was observed in many areas of the brain; otherwise the process had several features in common with either multiple sclerosis or chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. the illness followed "swine-flu" inoculation; exacerbation followed pneumococcal vaccination. | 1986 | 3013137 |
| effect of intratracheal challenge of fattening pigs previously immunised with an inactivated influenza h1n1 vaccine. | intratracheal inoculation of a field isolate of influenza a h1n1 caused high fever, anorexia and dyspnoea in unvaccinated pigs. in a limited study, it was shown that animals vaccinated once with an inactivated influenza a h1n1 strain showed partial protection at challenge, indicated by mild or absent clinical signs and by the suppression of viral replication. there appeared to be a correlation between the hemagglutination-inhibition titers of the serum of vaccinated pigs and the degree of protec ... | 1986 | 3016975 |
| porcine influenza outbreak. | | 1986 | 3018988 |
| usefulness of the direct fluorescent antibody technique for diagnosis of influenza in swine. | | 1986 | 3022503 |
| prevalence of human (h1n1) influenza virus-antibody in japanese swine. | a total of 571 swine sera collected at an abattoir in the city of obihiro, hokkaido during the period february-november 1984 were tested for antibody against human (h1n1) influenza virus strains. a high prevalence of antibody was observed for only 3 months from april to june in that year, in 81/180 sera (45.0%) to a/ussr/92/77 strain and in 50/180 sera (27.8%) to a current epidemic strain (a/hokkaido/1/84). some cross-reactions were observed between the a/ussr/92/77 and a/hokkaido/1/84 antibodie ... | 1986 | 3025296 |
| [preparative isolation of myxovirus glycoproteins and the study of their immunogenic properties]. | preparative isolation of glycoproteins from ortho- and paramyxoviruses is described. the purified concentrated virus has been treated with nonionic detergent mesk with subsequent removal of viral cores by centrifugation. supernatant was sterilized by filtration through the nuclear filters and cleared from detergent by dialysis. glycoproteins obtained have not contained contaminating cellular or core viral proteins or viral shell lipids. in the absence of detergent, glycoproteins have formed the ... | 1985 | 3025716 |
| vaccination of swine against h3n2-influenza field isolates using the human philippines-strain. | intratracheal inoculation of 2 belgian h3n2-influenza viral strains, isolated from sick swine in the field, caused high fever, anorexia and dyspnoea in unvaccinated swine. the strains are related to the human a/port chalmers/1/73 (h3n2)-strain. in a limited study, 2 subunit vaccines, both derived from the human a/philippines/2/82 (h3n2)-strain, were tested for efficacy in protecting swine against these belgian field isolates. vaccine a was a commercial vaccine, vaccine b an experimental vaccine. ... | 1987 | 3031869 |
| relationship of adjuvants and swine influenza vaccine to experimental neuropathy in rabbits. | experimental neuropathy, characterized by endoneurial edema and demyelination, was induced by inoculating rabbits with a combination of freund's complete adjuvant (fca), gangliosides, lecithin and cholesterol. a less severe demyelinating neuropathy could be induced by treatment with fca alone but no significant change could be elicited by injection of swine influenza vaccine (sfv) alone. when fca was combined with gangliosides, lecithins, cholesterol and sfv, neuropathy occurred, but the changes ... | 1987 | 3037840 |
| [shigellae as an immunosuppressive factor]. | | 1986 | 3077429 |
| pitfalls of single radial immunodiffusion techniques used for the quantification of influenza haemagglutinin. | in the case of tween-ether split vaccines the quantification of haemagglutinin is not achievable by the single radial immunodiffusion test alone. aggregate formation of solubilized haemagglutinin frequently occurs when the applied detergent is removed and, therefore, a physico-chemical method including an effective disaggregation procedure like sds treatment in combination with page is recommended. | 1986 | 3104116 |
| antigenic and biochemical analysis of influenza "a" h3n2 viruses isolated from pigs. | four influenza a-h3n2 viruses isolated in pigs from different herds in central italy in the period 1981/82 have been antigenically and biochemically analysed. three of them a/sw/italy/2/81, a/sw/italy/7/81, a/sw/italy/8/82 were found to be serologically related to a/bangkok/1/79 (h3n2). these three viruses were shown to have an identical electrophoretic pattern, as regards virus induced polypeptides and were clearly distinguishable from the virus a/sw/italy/6/81 which was antigenically related t ... | 1985 | 3155941 |
| hemagglutinin polymorphism as the basis for low- and high-yield phenotypes of swine influenza virus. | single amino acid substitutions at the rim of the receptor binding site of the hemagglutinin molecule of swine influenza virus markedly influence the replicative capacity of the virus in chicken embryos, madin-darby canine kidney cells (mdck), and swine as well as its antigenic phenotype. mutants of low-yield (l) phenotype replicate poorly in chicken embryos and produce small plaques in mdck cells but are highly infective for swine. such mutants have lysine at position 153 and glycine at positio ... | 1988 | 3174662 |
| evolution to predominance of swine influenza virus hemagglutinin mutants of predictable phenotype during single infections of the natural host. | l and h2 mutants of the a/nj/11/76 h1n1 strain of swine influenza virus differ by having either a lysine or a glutamic acid at position 153 of the hemagglutinin glycoprotein of the virus. in two separate experiments, experimental infection of swine with various doses of the h2 mutant resulted in the emergence in 11 of 20 animals of virus with the l phenotype. all evidence indicates that the h2----l mutation, selection, and evolution to predominance occurred within the 7-day span of individual in ... | 1988 | 3186713 |
| [surveillance of antibodies to human influenza a and b virus in swine population in different seasons in chengdu]. | | 1988 | 3198101 |
| isolation of swine-like influenza a(h1n1) viruses from man in switzerland and the netherlands. | swine influenza a (h1n1) viruses were isolated from two people in switzerland and one in the netherlands in early 1986. in haemagglutination-inhibition and neuraminidase-inhibition assays, the three viruses were closely related to one another and to the a/new jersey/8/76 strain. the swiss patients showed only mild symptoms, whereas the dutch patient suffered from severe pneumonia. two of the patients had been in close contact with diseased pigs. no such contact could be established for the third ... | 1988 | 3214596 |
| the effect of vitamin a on some biological properties of type b influenza virus. | | 1988 | 3250361 |
| [the detection of antibodies against influenza a viruses (h1n1, h3n2) in swine with the single radial hemolysis (srh) and the hemagglutination inhibition (hah) tests]. | | 1988 | 3287807 |
| inhibitory effect of a protease inhibitor, leupeptin, on the development of influenza pneumonia, mediated by concomitant bacteria. | the protease inhibitor leupeptin prevented multiple step replication of an influenza virus (a/swine/1976/31, h1n1) mediated by staphylococcal proteases. it also suppressed virus replication and development of fatal pneumonia in mice co-infected with the virus and staphylococcus aureus. | 1987 | 3298542 |
| a new concept of the epidemic process of influenza a virus. | influenza a virus was discovered in 1933, and since then four major variants have caused all the epidemics of human influenza a. each had an era of solo world prevalence until 1977 as follows: h0n1 (old style) strains until 1946, h1n1 (old style) strains until 1957, h2n2 strains until 1968, then h3n2 strains, which were joined in 1977 by a renewed prevalence of h1n1 (old style) strains. serological studies show that h2n2 strains probably had had a previous era of world prevalence during the last ... | 1987 | 3301379 |
| [influenza virus epidemiology and ecology, with special reference to bird species associated with water. literature review and observations]. | only a limited number of a-subtypes of influenza virus so far caused disease in human subjects, pigs and horses; this occurred in more or less defined areas which occasionally showed epidemic aggravations, becoming apparent as rapidly spreading epidemics or otherwise in even the form of pandemics. however this number of antigenic subtypes was found to be fairly constant and host-specific. earlier studies were done in domesticated fowl and birds, though particularly in water birds in recent years ... | 1987 | 3321554 |
| origin of the hemagglutinin gene of h3n2 influenza viruses from pigs in china. | influenza viruses of the h3n2 subtype similar to aichi/2/68 and victoria/3/75 persist in pigs many years after their antigenic counterparts have disappeared from humans (shortridge et al. (1977). science 19, 1454-1455). to provide information on the mechanism of conservation of these influenza viruses in pigs, the hemagglutinin (ha) of four isolates from swine derived from taiwan and southern china were analyzed antigenically and genetically. the reactivity pattern of these viruses with a panel ... | 1988 | 3336940 |
| influenza virus infection of tracheal gland cells in culture. | influenza virus-induced tracheobronchitis causes limited epithelial deciliation but markedly decreased mucociliary transport. this suggests that virus-induced alterations in airway mucus play a role in decreased mucociliary transport. airway submucosal glands are a primary source of mucus. therefore, we examined virus-gland cell interactions by exposing primary cultures of isolated feline tracheal gland cells to influenza a/scotland/840/74 h3n2 virus for 1 h at a multiplicity of infection of 0.1 ... | 1988 | 3357204 |
| antibody responses of swine to type a influenza viruses during the past ten years in japan. | a total of 6346 swine sera collected at an abattoir in the city of obihiro, hokkaido during the years 1978-87 were tested for the presence of antibodies to swine and human influenza viruses. a high incidence of antibody to a/new jersey/8/76 (swine type h1n1) virus was observed throughout the 10 years except for the occasional month and a single long period of 15 months. antibodies to human h3n2 virus in swine appeared to be related to the epidemics of human influenza which occurred in the study ... | 1988 | 3378588 |
| difference in growth behavior of human, swine, equine, and avian influenza viruses at a high temperature. | growth characteristics of a wide range of influenza a viruses from different mammals and bird species were examined in an established line of canine kidney (mdck) cells at an ordinary (37 degrees c) and a high temperature (42 degrees c). although all viruses employed in the present study possessed a capability of replicating at 37 degrees c, virus growth at 42 degrees c showed considerable variation and reflected differences in the natural hosts of the isolates. all reference strains and isolate ... | 1988 | 3401117 |
| irregular appearance of antiviral activity of complement in the hemagglutination-inhibition test. | | 1987 | 3439033 |
| [sensitization to the influenza virus in a combined experimental infection]. | two groups of guinea-pigs were infected with live attenuated a2 virus in nasal drops and with simultaneous and subsequent administration of virus vaccine and live haemophilus influenzae. in combined infection the late skin reactions to virus antigens proved to be significantly higher. h. influenzae infection stimulated the production of antiviral homocytotropic antibodies in guinea-pigs probably due to the adjuvant effect of the capsulated bacteria. | 1987 | 3496128 |
| epidemiological study of swine influenza virus as a component of the respiratory disease complex of feeder calves. | a survey of 177 paired calf sera collected during the years 1978-1981 showed that 3.4% of the calves had prior experience with swine influenza virus. six calves positive by the single radial hemolysis test (srh) were also positive by the virus neutralization test (vn) in chicken embryos, and one calf reacted with all three tests (hemagglutination-inhibition (hi), srh, and vn). the srh and hi tests available cannot adequately provide the information necessary in a survey of this sort. the hi test ... | 1986 | 3517990 |
| [comparative evaluation of the sensitivity of immunofluorescence methods, immunoenzyme analysis and the lectin test for the rapid diagnosis of influenza]. | comparative study of the sensitivities of immunofluorescent microscopy (ifm), enzyme immunoassay, (eia), and lectin test (lt) in the detection of influenza virus antigen in nasopharyngeal washings from patients with influenza, acute respiratory diseases, pneumonia, and laryngitis has been carried out. eia modification (used in this study) based on the detection of a complex of viral core proteins (m + rnp) has been shown to be no less sensitive than ifm and suitable for use in the rapid diagnosi ... | 1986 | 3538729 |
| inactivation of influenza b virus by normal guinea-pig serum. | normal guinea-pig serum (gps) lacking detectable antiviral antibody efficiently neutralized the infectivity of influenza b virus grown in chick embryos or mdck cells. the inhibitor was heat-labile and sensitive to trypsin digestion. this beta-like inhibitor required ca2+ and the complement components c1 and c4 for its activity. in contrast, gps did not inactivate influenza a virus. influenza b virus from which the neuraminidase activity of the spikes on the viral envelope had been eliminated by ... | 1987 | 3572357 |
| lipid content of swine influenza and other vaccines. | an analysis of the lipids in swine influenza vaccines was performed, comparing six different lots of swine influenza, other influenza and noninfluenza vaccines. cholesterol content and phospholipid content varied greatly, but there were no major differences between the types of vaccines. appreciable amounts of phosphatidylethanolamine were found in only one swine influenza vaccine. the major phospholipids of influenza vaccines were phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin and phosphatidic acid. a dete ... | 1986 | 3724370 |
| [adsorbed subunit influenza vaccine: its isolation and characteristics]. | experimental batches of adsorbed subunit influenza vaccine were prepared from the envelope of glycoprotein antigens separated from the influenza virion by treatment with a cationic detergent (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide). purified and concentrated influenza virus strains a(h1n1) and a(h3n2) were obtained by gradient centrifugation; additional purification, with a view to removing ovalbumin and structural components of the chorioallantoic membrane, was achieved by gelfiltration. the compositio ... | 1986 | 3727396 |
| swine influenza vaccine and guillain-barré syndrome: lies, damn lies, and ... | | 1986 | 3753271 |
| responses of cattle, sheep and poultry to a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing a swine influenza haemagglutinin. | groups of cattle, sheep and poultry were inoculated with a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the haemagglutinin of the swine influenza virus a/nj/11/76. no adverse clinical responses were recorded and none of the animals developed a viraemia when inoculated with the recombinant or wild-type vaccinia virus. recombinant virus reisolated from lesions in cattle was stable, maintaining its thymidine kinase negative phenotype and ability to express the swine influenza haemagglutinin. antibodies to ... | 1986 | 3764100 |
| [isolation of atypical influenza a (h1n1) viruses]. | | 1986 | 3765571 |
| [influenza inhibitor of the host serum rnase]. | from soluble proteins of influenza a viruses the author isolated, partially purified, and concentrated an inhibitor of host serum rnase, possessing no infectivity or neuraminidase activity, having the virus-specific antigen and, apparently, a lipoprotein composition, inhibiting rnase activity by forming a complex with the enzyme and substrate, and considered to be one of the factors of virus pathogenicity acting on the molecular level. antigenic relationships between rnase inhibitors of hierarch ... | 1986 | 3798907 |
| intraepidemic heterogeneity of influenza a (h3n2) viruses in 1985: antigenic analysis and sensitivity to non-specific inhibitors. | during the influenza outbreak of 1984-85 22 strains of h3n2 viruses were isolated in finland. an intra-epidemic heterogeneity was demonstrated in an antigenic analysis by haemagglutination inhibition test with antisera produced in rats. the strains could be classified into three groups which corresponded to the following reference strains: group i: a/hong kong/1/84, a/hong kong/3/84; group ii: a/philippines/2/82; group iii: a/caen/1/84. seven of the isolates were entirely insensitive to gamma-in ... | 1986 | 3807442 |
| [occurrence of antigenic variants of influenza type a h1n1 and h3n2 in swine]. | | 1986 | 3809545 |
| effect of heating and adsorption of complement on the antiviral activity of normal sera against inhibitor-resistant influenza virus. | | 1986 | 3824904 |
| intestinal replication of influenza a viruses in two mammalian species. brief report. | the sites of replication of influenza a viruses in ferrets and pigs were studied. the majority of the swine, equine, and avian influenza a viruses tested were recovered from the intestinal tract of ferrets as well as from the respiratory tract; most of the human influenza viruses studied were recovered only from the respiratory tract. in contrast with ferrets, only hong kong/1/68 (h 3 n 2) influenza virus was recovered from the intestinal tract of pigs. despite the large biological variability f ... | 1987 | 3827601 |
| lack of association of a/nj/76 (swine flu) vaccine and polymyositis. | there is no indication of an increase in the number of cases of polymyositis/dermatomyositis observed and reported among the 43.3 million civilians who received the a/nj/76 (swine flu) vaccine from october 1 to december 16, 1976, in the united states. among nearly 1 million army and navy personnel who received the vaccine, there was no increase in the incidence rate of polymyositis/dermatomyositis. furthermore, there was no indication of an increase in the number of cases of polymyositis/dermato ... | 1985 | 3831787 |
| [cloning and sequencing of the hemagglutinin gene of swine influenza virus]. | | 1985 | 3837545 |