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global mammal parasite database version 2.0.illuminating the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of parasites is one of the most pressing issues facing modern science, and is critical for basic science, the global economy, and human health. extremely important to this effort are data on the disease-causing organisms of wild animal hosts (including viruses, bacteria, protozoa, helminths, arthropods, and fungi). here we present an updated version of the global mammal parasite database, a database of the parasites of wild ungulates (artioda ...201728273333
survey for selected pathogens in wild pigs (sus scrofa) from guam, marianna islands, usa.pigs (sus scrofa) were introduced to guam in the 1600's and are now present in high densities throughout the island. wild pigs are reservoirs for pathogens of concern to domestic animals and humans. exposure to porcine parvovirus, transmissible gastroenteritis, and leptospira interrogans has been documented in domestic swine but data from wild pigs are lacking. the close proximity of humans, domestic animals, and wild pigs, combined with the liberal hunting of wild pigs, results in frequent oppo ...201728622856
host and viral traits predict zoonotic spillover from mammals.the majority of human emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic, with viruses that originate in wild mammals of particular concern (for example, hiv, ebola and sars). understanding patterns of viral diversity in wildlife and determinants of successful cross-species transmission, or spillover, are therefore key goals for pandemic surveillance programs. however, few analytical tools exist to identify which host species are likely to harbour the next human virus, or which viruses can cross species ...201728636590
sus scrofa mir-204 and mir-4331 negatively regulate swine h1n1/2009 influenza a virus replication by targeting viral ha and ns, respectively.the prevalence of swine pandemic h1n1/2009 influenza a virus (siv-h1n1/2009) in pigs has the potential to generate novel reassortant viruses, posing a great threat to human health. cellular micrornas (mirnas) have been proven as promising small molecules for regulating influenza a virus replication by directly targeting viral genomic rna. in this study, we predicted potential sus scrofa (ssc-, swine) mirnas targeting the genomic rna of siv-h1n1/2009 by regrna 2.0, and identified ssc-mir-204 and ...201728368362
antibodies to various zoonotic pathogens detected in feral swine (sus scrofa) at abattoirs in texas, usa.the zoonotic risk posed to employees by slaughtering feral swine (sus scrofa) at two abattoirs in texas was assessed by testing feral swine serum samples for exposure to influenza a virus, leptospira, trichinella spiralis, and toxoplasma gondii. blood was collected from a total of 376 feral swine between the two facilities during six separate collection periods in 2015. antibodies to one or more serovars of leptospira were identified in 48.9% of feral swine tested, with bratislava and pomona as ...201728686494
influenza a virus infection in japanese wild boars (sus scrofa leucomystax).serum samples were collected from 385 wild boars between 2010 and 2013 to examine the seroprevalence of influenza a virus (iav) in japan. antibodies against iav were identified using a commercial kit in 13 wild boars (3.4%). to identify the serotypes, positive sera were examined by virus-neutralization test using representative serotypes and strains. three wild boars in yamaguchi and four in tochigi showed the highest antibody titers against the pandemic h1n1 2009 virus and classical swine h1n1 ...201728321029
polymorphism and peptide-binding specificities of porcine major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i molecules.the swine lymphocyte antigen class i (sla i) is a highly polymorphic gene superfamily that plays an important role in swine anti-viral immune responses. however, an understanding of the highly variable sites and peptide-binding specificities of sla i molecule is limited. in this study, a total of 27 sla i alleles were identified from 3 tibetan wild boars and 3 heishan pigs. the phylogenetic relationship between the tibetan wild boar and other breeds was analyzed using bioinformatics methods, and ...201728751109
serological survey of avian influenza virus infection in non-avian wildlife in xinjiang, china.we conducted a serological survey to detect antibodies against avian influenza virus (aiv) in gazella subgutturosa, canis lupus, capreolus pygargus, sus scrofa, cervus elaphus, capra ibex, ovis ammon, bos grunniens and pseudois nayaur in xinjiang, china. two hundred forty-six sera collected from 2009 to 2013 were assayed for antibodies against h5, h7 and h9 aivs using hemagglutination inhibition (hi) tests and a pan-influenza competitive elisa. across all tested wildlife species, 4.47 % harbored ...201626733295
multiplex serology for common viral infections in feral pigs (sus scrofa) in hawaii between 2007 and 2010.multiplex serology was performed for the detection of total immunoglobulin (ig) and igm antibodies against porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), and swine influenza virus (siv) antigens in feral swine (sus scrofa). serum samples were collected from the islands of oahu (292 pigs) and hawaii (52 pigs) between 2007 and 2010. the highest antibody prevalence was to pcv2 (63%), followed by siv (7.8%) and prrsv (5.8%). antigen-specific igm was de ...201525380357
a serosurvey for selected pathogens in greek european wild boar.serum samples, collected from 94 european wild boar (sus scrofa) during the hunting seasons 2006 -2010 from different regions of greece, were examined in order to estimate the role of these wildlife species as reservoir of pathogens important for livestock and/or public health.201526392908
severity of bovine tuberculosis is associated with co-infection with common pathogens in wild boar.co-infections with parasites or viruses drive tuberculosis dynamics in humans, but little is known about their effects in other non-human hosts. this work aims to investigate the relationship between mycobacterium bovis infection and other pathogens in wild boar (sus scrofa), a recognized reservoir of bovine tuberculosis (btb) in mediterranean ecosystems. for this purpose, it has been assessed whether contacts with common concomitant pathogens are associated with the development of severe btb le ...201425350002
genomic analysis of influenza a virus from captive wild boars in brazil reveals a human-like h1n2 influenza virus.influenza is a viral disease that affects human and several animal species. in brazil, h1n1, h3n2 and 2009 pandemic h1n1 a(h1n1)pdm09 influenza a viruses (iav) circulate in domestic swine herds. wild boars are also susceptible to iav infection but in brazil until this moment there are no reports of iav infection in wild boars or in captive wild boars populations. herein the occurrence of iav in captive wild boars with the presence of lung consolidation lesions during slaughter was investigated. ...201424238665
serological evidence for influenza virus infection in korean wild boars.serum samples from 1,011 wild boars hunted in 2012 were collected for serological surveillance for 4 subtypes (pandemic a (h1n1) 2009 and classical h1n1, h1n2 and h3n2) of swine influenza virus (siv). samples from 12 of the boars were identified as positive for siv (pandemic a (h1n1) 2009, n=9; classical h1n1, n=2; and h1n2, n=1) by a hemagglutination inhibition test (hi test) and a nucleoprotein (np)-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (np-elisa). although the overall seroprevalence of siv ...201425298239
epidemiological survey of swine influenza a virus in the wild boar population of two italian provinces.an epidemiological survey was carried out in order to obtain a better understanding of the role of wild boars in the epidemiology of the influenza virus.201324224815
[serological detection of emerging viral infections in wild boars from different hunting regions of southern germany].wild boars represent a possible virus reservoir for notifiable diseases of farm animals, including aujeszky's disease (ad) and classical swine fever (csf). monitoring of the epidemiological situation in the wild boar population is especially relevant in countries that are officially free from these diseases. apart from oie-notifiable diseases, other viral agents that are widely distributed and play a significant role in farm animals, such as the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viru ...201222331288
prevalence of and risk factors associated with viral and bacterial pathogens in farmed european wild boar.the aim of this study was to estimate in farmed european wild boars the prevalence of and risk factors associated with a range of common porcine viral and bacterial infections, namely, porcine parvovirus (ppv), porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), swine influenza virus (siv), aujeszky's disease virus (adv), classical swine fever virus (csfv), swine vesicular disease virus (svdv), coronavirus causing transmissible gastroenteritis (tgev), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), m ...201222516920
prevalence of antibodies to selected viral pathogens in wild boars (sus scrofa) in croatia in 2005-06 and 2009-10.we determined prevalence of antibody to selected viral pathogens important for domestic pigs and livestock in 556 wild boar (sus scrofa) sera collected during 2005-06 and 2009-10 in four counties in croatia. these counties account for an important part of the croatian commercial pig production and have a high density of wild boars. samples were tested for antibodies to porcine parvovirus (ppv), aujeszky's disease virus (adv), porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), swine influenza virus, porcine respi ...201222247381
evaluation of three commercially available influenza a type-specific blocking-elisa assays for seroepidemiological studies of influenza a virus infection in pigs.the reverse zoonotic transmission of the pandemic h1n1 2009 virus to swine necessitates enhanced surveillance of swine for influenza virus infection. using a well characterized panel of naturally infected swine sera we evaluate and optimize the performance of three commercially available competitive elisa assays, idexx® influenza a ab test, idexx® ai multis-screen ab test and idvet id screen® influenza a antibody competition elisa kit for detecting influenza type a reactive antibodies in swine. ...201222219314
complicated secondary pneumonia after swine-origin influenza a virus infection in an immunocompetent patient.the pandemic of the swine-origin influenza a virus (s-oiv) in 2009 demonstrated severe viral pneumonia followed by acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards). although ards would be caused by the influenza virus pneumonia itself, it has remained unclear whether other respiratory viral or bacterial infections coexist with s-oiv pneumonia. we report an immunocompetent patient with methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) and herpes simplex virus (hsv) pneumonia secondary to s-oiv infec ...201222251837
contemporary epidemiology of north american lineage triple reassortant influenza a viruses in pigs.the 2009 pandemic h1n1 infection in humans has been one of the greatest concerns for public health in recent years. however, influenza in pigs is a zoonotic viral disease well-known to virologists for almost one century with the classical h1n1 subtype the only responsible agent for swine influenza in the united states for many decades. swine influenza was first recognized clinically in pigs in the midwestern u.s. in 1918 and since that time it has remained important to the swine industry through ...201222266673
Genetic analysis and antigenic characterization of swine origin influenza viruses isolated from humans in the United States, 1990-2010.Swine influenza viruses (SIV) have been recognized as important pathogens for pigs and occasional human infections with swine origin influenza viruses (SOIV) have been reported. Between1990 and 2010, a total of twenty seven human cases of SOIV infections have been identified in the United States. Six viruses isolated from1990 to 1995 were recognized as classical SOIV (cSOIV) A(H1N1). After 1998, twenty-one SOIV recovered from human cases were characterized as triple reassortant (tr_SOIV) inherit ...201222078166
Reassortment Networks and the evolution of pandemic H1N1 swine-origin influenza.Prior research developed Reassortment Networks to reconstruct the evolution of segmented viruses under both reassortment and mutation. We report their application to the swine-origin pandemic H1N1 virus (S-OIV). A database of all influenza A viruses, for which complete genome sequences were available in Genbank by October 2009, was created and dynamic programming was used to compute distances between all corresponding segments. A reassortment network was created to obtain the minimum cost evolut ...201222076498
swine to human transmission of reassortants of pandemic (h1n1) 2009 and endemic swine influenza viruses: abstract.to gain insight into the possible origin of a new reassortant influenza a virus between pandemic (h1n1) 2009 and endemic swine viruses that has jumped the species barrier and caused a few infections among humans in indiana and pennsylvania recently, we analyzed all full genome sequences related to this virus and report its evolutionary history, but failed to determine how the virus had emerged simultaneously in two geographically distinct areas.201122158699
novel anti-viral characteristics of nanosized copper(i) iodide particles showing inactivation activity against 2009 pandemic h1n1 influenza virus.we investigated the anti-viral activity of nanosized copper(i) iodide (cui) particles having an average size of 160 nm. cui particles showed aqueous stability and generated hydroxyl radicals, which were probably derived from monovalent copper (cu(+)). we confirmed that cui particles showed anti-viral activity against an influenza virus a of swine origin (pandemic (h1n1) 2009) on plaque titration assay. virus titer decreased in a dose-dependent manner upon incubation with cui particles, with the ...201122156433
Study of influenza A virus in wild boars living in a major duck wintering site.Wild birds, which are reservoirs of influenza viruses, are believed to be the original source of new influenza viruses-including highly pathogenic ones-that can be transmitted to domestic animals as well as humans and represent a potential epizootic and/or pandemic threat. Despite increasing knowledge on influenza A virus dynamics in wild birds, the viral circulation in wild boars remains largely unknown. This is of particular interest since pigs can be infected with both human and avian viruses ...201122197763
Use of plethysmography in assessing the efficacy of antivirals in a mouse model of pandemic influenza A virus.The recently emerged swine-origin H1N1 influenza A virus (IAV) caused a pandemic outbreak in 2009 with higher risk of severe disease among children and pregnant women in their third trimester (Van Kerkhove et al., 2011), and is continuing to be important seasonal IAV strain. Mice are commonly used in antiviral studies as models of influenza disease, which utilize morbidity and mortality to assess the efficacy of a test compound. Here, we investigated the utility of unrestrained plethysomography ...201121867731
reassortant h9n2 influenza viruses containing h5n1-like pb1 genes isolated from black-billed magpies in southern china.h9n2 influenza a viruses have become endemic in different types of terrestrial poultry and wild birds in asia, and are occasionally transmitted to humans and pigs. to evaluate the role of black-billed magpies (pica pica) in the evolution of influenza a virus, we conducted two epidemic surveys on avian influenza viruses in wild black-billed magpies in guangxi, china in 2005 and characterized three isolated black-billed magpie h9n2 viruses (bbm viruses). phylogenetic analysis indicated that three ...201121980538
development of diva (differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals) vaccines utilizing heterologous na and ns1 protein strategies for the control of triple reassortant h3n2 influenza in turkeys.since 2003, triple reassortant (tr) swine h3n2 influenza viruses containing gene segments from human, avian, and swine origins have been detected in the u.s. turkey populations. the initial outbreak that occurred involved birds that were vaccinated with the currently available h3 swine- and avian-origin influenza vaccines. antigenically, all turkey swine-lineage tr h3n2 isolates are closely related to each other but show little or no antigenic cross-reactivity with the avian origin or swine orig ...201121907751
distribution of sialic acid receptors and influenza a virus of avian and swine origin in experimentally infected pigs.pigs are considered susceptible to influenza a virus infections from different host origins because earlier studies have shown that they have receptors for both avian (sialic acid-alpha-2,3-terminal saccharides (sa-alpha-2,3)) and swine/human (sa-alpha-2,6) influenza viruses in the upper respiratory tract. furthermore, experimental and natural infections in pigs have been reported with influenza a virus from avian and human sources.201121902821
swine-origin influenza a (h3n2) virus infection in two children--indiana and pennsylvania, july-august 2011.influenza a viruses are endemic in many animal species, including humans, swine, and wild birds, and sporadic cases of transmission of influenza a viruses between humans and animals do occur, including human infections with avian-origin influenza a viruses (i.e., h5n1 and h7n7) and swine-origin influenza a viruses (i.e., h1n1, h1n2, and h3n2). genetic analysis can distinguish animal origin influenza viruses from the seasonal human influenza viruses that circulate widely and cause annual epidemic ...201121900876
Molecular characterization and pathogenicity of swine influenza H9N2 subtype virus A/swine/HeBei/012/2008/(H9N2).The H9N2 subtype influenza virus (IV) is a remarkable member of the influenza A viruses because it can infect not only chickens, ducks and pigs, but also humans. Pigs are susceptible to both human and avian influenza viruses and have been proposed to be intermediate hosts for the generation of pandemic influenza viruses through reassortment or adaptation to the mammalian host. To further understand the genetic characteristics and evolution, we investigated the source and molecular characteristic ...201121978155
interaction of porcine conventional dendritic cells with swine influenza virus.swine influenza virus (swiv) causes sub-acute or acute respiratory infections on swine farms and pigs can act as "mixing vessels" for new influenza strains. knowledge of the immune response of swiv in its natural host, pigs, is very limited. dendritic cells (dcs) mediate the induction of immunity to pathogens, but their interaction with swiv has not been fully characterized. thus, porcine bone marrow derived dcs (pobmdcs) were exposed to a circulating strain of h3n2 swiv in vitro. infection of p ...201121962444
necrotizing bronchiolitis in influenza a of swine origin (h1n1). 201122045749
the first identified case of pandemic h1n1 influenza in pigs in australia.a 300-sow farrow-to-finish herd in new south wales was infected with influenza pandemic (h1n1) 2009 (h1n1/09) virus in july 2009 and became the first recorded case of influenza in pigs in australia. the outbreak resulted from human-to-pig transmission. clinical signs in affected pigs were mild compared with overseas reports of 'classical' swine influenza virus and included coughing and decreased appetite in a small proportion of non-lactating breeding stock, weaners, growers and finishers. a dia ...201122008120
h5n1 whole-virus vaccine induces neutralizing antibodies in humans which are protective in a mouse passive transfer model.vero cell culture-derived whole-virus h5n1 vaccines have been extensively tested in clinical trials and consistently demonstrated to be safe and immunogenic; however, clinical efficacy is difficult to evaluate in the absence of wide-spread human disease. a lethal mouse model has been utilized which allows investigation of the protective efficacy of active vaccination or passive transfer of vaccine induced sera following lethal h5n1 challenge.201121876771
post-pandemic seroprevalence of pandemic influenza a (h1n1) 2009 infection (swine flu) among children <18 years in germany.we determined antibodies to the pandemic influenza a (h1n1) 2009 virus in children to assess: the incidence of (h1n1) 2009 infections in the 2009/2010 season in germany, the proportion of subclinical infections and to compare titers in vaccinated and infected children.201121915270
genetic characterization of h1n2 influenza a virus isolated from sick pigs in southern china in 2010.in china h3n2 and h1n1 swine influenza viruses have been circulating for many years. in january 2010, before swine were infected with foot and mouth disease in guangdong, some pigs have shown flu-like symptoms: cough, sneeze, runny nose and fever. we collected the nasopharyngeal swab of all sick pigs as much as possible. one subtype h1n2 influenza viruses were isolated from the pig population. the complete genome of one isolate, designated a/swine/guangdong/1/2010(h1n2), was sequenced and compar ...201121995516
Phylodynamics and molecular evolution of influenza A virus nucleoprotein genes in Taiwan between 1979 and 2009.Many studies concentrate on variation in the hemagglutinin glycoprotein (HA) because of its significance in host immune response, the evolution of this virus is even more complex when other genome segments are considered. Recently, it was found that cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) play an important role in immunity against influenza and most CTL epitopes of human influenza viruses were remarkably conserved. The NP gene has evolved independently in human and avian hosts after 1918 flu pandemic and ...201121858124
guillain-barré syndrome and h1n1 (2009) pandemic influenza vaccination using an as03 adjuvanted vaccine in the united kingdom: self-controlled case series.in 1976 a swine influenza vaccine was associated with an increased risk of guillain-barré syndrome (gbs). although subsequent studies did not find an increased risk of gbs following seasonal influenza vaccine, there was concern that the monovalent h1n1 vaccines developed against the swine influenza pandemic of 2009 might increase the risk of gbs. in the uk a split-virion as03 oil-in-water adjuvanted vaccine (pandemrix™) was predominantly used. to determine whether the risk of gbs increased after ...201121875631
[NP gene of pandemic H1N1 virus attenuates virulence of mouse-adapted human influenza virus].The authors studied a possible role of the caspase cleavage motif located in the nucleoprotein (NP) of pandemic influenza virus H1N1 in the regulation of viral virulence properties. A reverse genetics method was used to obtain chimeric seasonal-like mouse-adapted influenza virus hvA/PE/8/34 (H1N10) carrying either the NP gene of wild type pandemic virus with incomplete caspase motif ETGC or mutated pandemic NP with natural caspase cleavage site of human type ETDG. The wild-type NP gene of the pa ...201121899063
2009 pandemic h1n1 influenza virus causes disease and upregulation of genes related to inflammatory and immune responses, cell death, and lipid metabolism in pigs.there exists limited information about whether adaptation is needed for cross-species transmission of the 2009 pandemic h1n1 influenza virus (ph1n1). here, we compare the pathogenesis of two ph1n1 viruses, one derived from a human patient (a/ca/04/09 [ca09]) and the other from swine (a/swine/alberta/25/2009 [alb09]), with that of the 1918-like classical swine influenza virus (a/swine/iowa/1930 [ia30]) in the pig model. both ph1n1 isolates induced clinical symptoms such as coughing, sneezing, dec ...201121900171
A scoring system for predicting results of influenza rapid test in children: A possible model facing overwhelming pandemic infection.BACKGROUND: The pandemic novel influenza H1N1 (swine) influenza A virus (H1N1v) infection has caused large-scale community infection in Taiwan. Anxiety developed in the general public and physicians faced a huge challenge in many aspects. We conducted this prospective study to develop a scoring system based on the clinical manifestations for predicting the results of influenza rapid testing, as a surrogate of influenza rapid testing, to lower the anxiety and decrease the burden for the test. MET ...201122177368
avian-type receptor-binding ability can increase influenza virus pathogenicity in macaques.the first influenza pandemic of the 21st century was caused by novel h1n1 viruses that emerged in early 2009. an asp-to-gly change at position 222 of the receptor-binding protein hemagglutinin (ha) correlates with more-severe infections in humans. the amino acid at position 222 of ha contributes to receptor-binding specificity with asp (typically found in human influenza viruses) and gly (typically found in avian and classic h1n1 swine influenza viruses), conferring binding to human- and avian-t ...201121937653
[the proliferation of h1n1 subtype influenza viruses in a549 and beas-2b cells].analyze the proliferation of different host h1n1 subtype influenza viruses in a549 and beas-2b cells.201121977593
pandemic influenza a (h1n1): knowledge among senior health workers at a secondary health care institution in southwest, nigeria.this study was conducted to assess the level of knowledge of influenza a (h1n1) infection among health care workers in a secondary health care facility in osogbo, southwest nigeria.201121857846
novel reassortment of eurasian avian-like and pandemic/2009 influenza viruses in swine: infectious potential for humans.pigs are considered to be intermediate hosts and "mixing vessels," facilitating the genesis of pandemic influenza viruses, as demonstrated by the emergence of the 2009 h1n1 pandemic (pdm/09) virus. the prevalence and repeated introduction of the pdm/09 virus into pigs raises the possibility of generating novel swine influenza viruses with the potential to infect humans. to address this, an active influenza surveillance program was conducted with slaughtered pigs in abattoirs in southern china. o ...201121849442
Referral to an extracorporeal membrane oxygenation center and mortality among patients with severe 2009 influenza A(H1N1).Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) can support gas exchange in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), but its role has remained controversial. ECMO was used to treat patients with ARDS during the 2009 influenza A(H1N1) pandemic.201121976615
critically ill patients with h1n1 influenza a undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.the most common cause of death due to the h1n1 subtype of influenza a virus (swine flu) in the 2009 to 2010 epidemic was severe acute respiratory failure that persisted despite advanced mechanical ventilation strategies. extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ecmo) was used as a salvage therapy for patients refractory to traditional treatment. at legacy emanuel hospital, portland, oregon, the epidemic resulted in a critical care staffing crisis. among the 15 patients with h1n1 influenza a treated ...201121965390
vaccination of influenza a virus decreases transmission rates in pigs.abstract: limited information is available on the transmission and spread of influenza virus in pig populations with differing immune statuses. in this study we assessed differences in transmission patterns and quantified the spread of a triple reassortant h1n1 influenza virus in naive and vaccinated pig populations by estimating the reproduction ratio (r) of infection (i.e. the number of secondary infections caused by an infectious individual) using a deterministic susceptible-infectious-recove ...201122185601
molecular mechanisms of interspecies transmission and pathogenicity of influenza viruses: lessons from the 2009 pandemic.the emergence of the 2009 h1n1 virus pandemic was unexpected, since it had been predicted that the next pandemic would be caused by subtype h5n1. we also had to learn that a pandemic does not necessarily require the introduction of a new virus subtype into the human population, but that it may result from antigenic shift within the same subtype. the new variant was derived from human and animal viruses by genetic reassortment in the pig, supporting the concept that this animal is the mixing vess ...201121319184
atypical characteristics of nucleoprotein of pandemic influenza virus h1n1 and their roles in reassortment restriction.sequence analysis of the nucleoprotein (np) of swine-origin influenza virus h1n1 (s-oiv) reveals a number of atypical characteristics including an early start codon and a highly conserved, non-aromatic residue at position 313. using an in vitro viral polymerase reconstitution assay, we found that the polymerase complex containing the np of s-oiv (np(s-oiv)) yielded substantially lower activity than those assayed with np derived from other influenza virus strains. moreover, alteration of the earl ...201121340741
coupling sensitive in vitro and in silico techniques to assess cross-reactive cd4(+) t cells against the swine-origin h1n1 influenza virus.the outbreak of the novel swine-origin h1n1 influenza in the spring of 2009 took epidemiologists, immunologists, and vaccinologists by surprise and galvanized a massive worldwide effort to produce millions of vaccine doses to protect against this single virus strain. of particular concern was the apparent lack of pre-existing antibody capable of eliciting cross-protective immunity against this novel virus, which fueled fears this strain would trigger a particularly far-reaching and lethal pandem ...201121349362
clinical features of children with pneumonia from swine-origin influenza a virus h1n1: a single center experience in japan. 201121342340
hiv-infected hospitalized patients with 2009 pandemic influenza a (ph1n1)--united states, spring and summer 2009.we describe the clinical findings of hiv-infected patients hospitalized with 2009 pandemic influenza a (ph1n1). data were derived from 3 separate case series in the united states. among 911 adults hospitalized with ph1n1 influenza, 31 (3.4%) were hiv infected compared with an hiv prevalence of 0.45% in the general us adult population. hiv-infected influenza patients experienced similar rates of intensive care unit admission (29% vs 34%) and death (13% vs 13%) compared with non-hiv-infected patie ...201121342893
an elastase-dependent attenuated heterologous swine influenza virus protects against pandemic h1n1 2009 influenza challenge in swine.influenza virus infections continue to cause production losses in the agricultural industry in addition to being a human public health concern. the primary method to control influenza is through vaccination. however, currently used killed influenza virus vaccines must be closely matched to the challenge virus. the ability of an elastase-dependent live attenuated influenza a virus was evaluated to protect pigs against the pandemic h1n1 2009 influenza virus. pigs vaccinated intranasally or intratr ...201121382482
pandemic (h1n1) 2009 virus revisited: an evolutionary retrospective.the pandemic (h1n1) 2009 virus is unique in many aspects, especially in its genetics and evolution. in this paper, we examine the molecular mechanisms underlying the evolution of this novel virus through a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis, and present results in the context of a review of the literature. the pandemic virus was found to arise from a reassortment of two swine viruses, each of which ultimately arose from interspecies transmission. it experienced fast evolutionary rates and str ...201121382522
phylogenetic diversity and genotypical complexity of h9n2 influenza a viruses revealed by genomic sequence analysis.h9n2 influenza a viruses have become established worldwide in terrestrial poultry and wild birds, and are occasionally transmitted to mammals including humans and pigs. to comprehensively elucidate the genetic and evolutionary characteristics of h9n2 influenza viruses, we performed a large-scale sequence analysis of 571 viral genomes from the ncbi influenza virus resource database, representing the spectrum of h9n2 influenza viruses isolated from 1966 to 2009. our study provides a panoramic fram ...201121386964
uptake of influenza and swine flu vaccination in immunocompromised patients. 201121387886
a canadian critical care trials group project in collaboration with the international forum for acute care trialists - collaborative h1n1 adjuvant treatment pilot trial (chat): study protocol and design of a randomized controlled trial.swine origin influenza a/h1n1 infection (h1n1) emerged in early 2009 and rapidly spread to humans. for most infected individuals, symptoms were mild and self-limited; however, a small number developed a more severe clinical syndrome characterized by profound respiratory failure with hospital mortality ranging from 10 to 30%. while supportive care and neuraminidase inhibitors are the main treatment for influenza, data from observational and interventional studies suggest that the course of influe ...201121388549
a meta-analysis of point-of-care laboratory tests in the diagnosis of novel 2009 swine-lineage pandemic influenza a (h1n1).this paper reviews 14 published studies describing performance characteristics, including sensitivity and specificity, of commercially available rapid, point-of-care (poc) influenza tests in patients affected by an outbreak of a novel swine-related influenza a (h1n1) that was declared a pandemic in 2009. although these poc tests were not intended to be specific for this pandemic influenza strain, the nonspecialized skills required and the timeliness of results make these poc tests potentially va ...201121396538
benign acute childhood myositis following swine flu. 201121401780
systemic lupus erythematosus (sle) pneumonitis mimicking swine influenza pneumonia during the swine influenza (h1n1) pandemic.we present a young woman with a negative medical history who presented with acute systemic lupus erythematosus (sle) pneumonitis mimicking swine influenza (h1n1) pneumonia. because this case occurred during the h1n1 pandemic, the initial diagnostic impression was of h1n1 pneumonia.201121453970
phylogenetic analysis of h1n1 sequences from pandemic infections during 2009 in india.since april 2009, a serious pandemic infection has been rapidly spread across the world. these infections are caused due to the novel swine origin influenza a (h1n1) virus and hence these are commonly called as "swine flu". this new virus is the reassortment of avian, human and swine influenza viruses and thus it has a unique genome composition. there are 16 different types of hemagglutinin (ha) and 9 different types of neuraminidase (na) that can be genetically and antigenetically differentiate ...201121423887
identification of an h6n6 swine influenza virus in southern china.this is the first report of avian-like h6n6 swine influenza virus from swine in southern china. phylogenetic analysis indicated that this virus might originate from domestic ducks. serological surveillance suggested there had been sporadic h6 swine influenza infections in this area. continuing study is required to determine if this virus could be established in the swine population and pose potential threats to public health.201121382518
development of monoclonal antibodies to highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 virus and their application to diagnostics, prophylaxis, and therapy.a panel of 17 monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) a/duck/novosibirsk/56/05 a/h5n1 (subclade 2.2) isolated in russian federation was developed. immunoblot analysis showed that 12 mabs were specific for the hemagglutinin (ha) and 5 mabs for nucleoprotein (np). all anti-ha mabs were reactive in elisa and immunofluorescence (if) test and 10 of them were reactive in hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) and neutralization tests. quantitative competitive eli ...201121434700
a new distribution vector and its application in genome clustering.in this paper we report a novel mathematical method to transform the dna sequences into the distribution vectors which correspond to points in the sixty dimensional space. each component of the distribution vector represents the distribution of one kind of nucleotide in k segments of the dna sequences. the mathematical and statistical properties of the distribution vectors are demonstrated and examined with huge datasets of human dna sequences and random sequences. the determined expectation and ...201121385621
fatal 2009 pandemic influenza a (h1n1) in a bone marrow transplant recipient.conditions characterized by immunosuppression have been recently reported as risk factors for severe novel swine-origin influenza a (h1n1) virus (s-oiv) infection during the current 2009 pandemic.-á we report clinical and virological findings, antiviral therapy, and post-mortem study of s-oiv in an adult bone marrow transplant recipient. the viral genome was amplified by real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) from a nasopharyngeal swab specimen. the patient developed ...201121389594
swine influenza virus antibodies in humans, western europe, 2009.serologic studies for swine influenza viruses (sivs) in humans with occupational exposure to swine have been reported from the americas but not from europe. we compared levels of neutralizing antibodies against 3 influenza viruses--pandemic (h1n1) 2009, an avian-like enzootic subtype h1n1 siv, and a 2007-08 seasonal subtype h1n1--in 211 persons with swine contact and 224 matched controls in luxembourg. persons whose profession involved contact with swine had more neutralizing antibodies against ...201121392430
detection of influenza a virus in porcine oral fluid samples.porcine oral fluids have been used for the detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and porcine circovirus-2. the objective of the present study was to determine whether influenza a virus (fluav) is present in porcine oral fluids at detectable levels and to validate a standard fluav molecular diagnostic test for porcine oral fluids. pen-based oral fluid samples were collected on 3, 4, 5, and 6 days postinfection (dpi) from 4 groups of 6 pigs each that were inoculated intr ...201121398442
sensitivity and specificity of serologic assays for detection of human infection with 2009 pandemic h1n1 virus in u.s. populations.swine origin 2009 h1n1 influenza virus has spread globally to cause the first influenza pandemic of the 21st century. serological studies can improve our understanding of the extent of human infection and risk factors associated with the transmission of this pandemic virus. the "gold standard" for serodiagnosis of human influenza virus infection is the detection of seroconversion between acute- and convalescent-stage samples. however, the timing of seroepidemiological investigations often preclu ...201121471339
a novel method of characterizing genetic sequences: genome space with biological distance and applications.most existing methods for phylogenetic analysis involve developing an evolutionary model and then using some type of computational algorithm to perform multiple sequence alignment. there are two problems with this approach: (1) different evolutionary models can lead to different results, and (2) the computation time required for multiple alignments makes it impossible to analyse the phylogeny of a whole genome. this motivates us to create a new approach to characterize genetic sequences.201121399690
health care workers and swine flu. 201121402821
no viremia of pandemic (h1n1) 2009 was demonstrated in blood donors who had donated blood during the probable incubation period.in the spring of 2009, the novel swine-origin influenza a (pandemic [h1n1] 2009) virus emerged and spread globally. although no established cases of transfusion-transmitted influenza have been reported, the widespread outbreak of pandemic (h1n1) 2009 caused serious concern regarding the safety of blood products. the japanese red cross blood centers have intercepted blood products with accompanying postdonation information indicating possible pandemic (h1n1) 2009 infection. to study the risk of t ...201121414008
isolation and complete genomic characterization of h1n1 subtype swine influenza viruses in southern china through the 2009 pandemic.the swine influenza (si) is an infectious disease of swine and human. the novel swine-origin influenza a (h1n1) that emerged from april 2009 in mexico spread rapidly and caused a human pandemic globally. to determine whether the tremendous virus had existed in or transmitted to pigs in southern china, eight h1n1 influenza strains were identified from pigs of guangdong province during 2008-2009.201121418598
clinical performance of three rapid diagnostic tests for influenza virus in nasopharyngeal specimens to detect novel swine-origin influenza viruses.influenza is an important public health problem. the aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the sensitivity and specificity of three rapid diagnostic tests (sekisui, quickvue influenza a + b, and sd bioline) for novel swine-origin influenza viruses (s-oiv) and seasonal influenza.201121424855
onset of a pandemic: characterizing the initial phase of the swine flu (h1n1) epidemic in israel.abstract:201121492430
[effect of zanamivir substance on infection induced by highly pathogenic avian influenza a/h5n1 in cell cultures].in vitro experiments revealed that zanamivir substance had high antiviral activity against infection induced by genotypes 2.2 and 2.3.2 of highly virulent influenza a/h5n1 virus in the porcine embryonic renal epithelial (pere) cell cultures. zanamivir at used concentrations (1.0 microg/ml or lower) had no cytotoxic properties and was equally highly effective when used for prevention (1 hour prior to cell inoculation), treatment-and-prevention (at the time of cell inoculation), and treatment (2 h ...201121427950
extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for 2009 influenza a (h1n1)-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome.the 2009 novel swine-origin influenza a (h1n1) virus was identified in april 2009 in mexico, and the world health organization declared the first phase 6 global influenza pandemic of the century on june 11, 2009. the pandemic spread worldwide in just a few weeks. most patients diagnosed with h1n1-2009 virus had a self-limited respiratory illness. however, among patients admitted to hospitals, 20 to 33% were hospitalized in intensive care units (icus) because of influenza-associated pneumonia and ...201121506055
comparative evaluation of acute respiratory distress syndrome in patients with and without h1n1 infection at a tertiary care referral center.h1n1 subtype of influenza a virus has clinical presentation ranging from mild flu like illness to severe lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards). the aim of our study was to compare the demographic characteristics, clinical presentation, and mortality of critically ill patients with (h1n1+) and without h1n1 infection (h1n1-). we retrospectively analyzed medical charts of patients admitted in "swine flu icu" with ards from august 2009 to may 2010. real-time reverse transcriptas ...201121431053
genome-wide rnai screen for viral replication in mammalian cell culture.influenza infections are considered a global threat to public health and cause seasonal epidemics and recurring pandemics. high mutation rates facilitate the generation of viral escape mutants rendering vaccines and drugs directed against virus-encoded targets ineffective. one alternative approach that could prevent viral escape is the targeting of host cell determinants that are temporarily dispensable for the host but crucial for virus replication. here, we report a genome-wide rnai screening ...201121431699
communicating uncertainty--how australian television reported h1n1 risk in 2009: a content analysis.health officials face particular challenges in communicating with the public about emerging infectious diseases of unknown severity such as the 2009 h1n1(swine 'flu) pandemic (ph1n1). statements intended to create awareness and convey the seriousness of infectious disease threats can draw accusations of scare-mongering, while officials can be accused of complacency if such statements are not made. in these communication contexts, news journalists, often reliant on official sources to understand ...201121435263
pandemic (h1n1) 2009 influenza virus induces weaker host immune responses in vitro: a possible mechanism of high transmissibility.the world has recently overcome the first influenza pandemic of the 21st century caused by a novel h1n1 virus (ph1n1) which is a triple reassortant comprising genes derived from avian, human, and swine influenza viruses and antigenically quite different from seasonal h1n1 strains. although the case fatality rates have decreased in many developed countries, the situation is still alarming in many developing countries including india where considerable numbers of new cases are appearing everyday. ...201121439068
virulence of h5n1 influenza virus in cattle egrets (bubulcus ibis).in vietnam, cattle egrets (bubulcus ibis) are common in a variety of habitats, such as freshwater marshes, beaches, and paddy fields. they are also found associated with cattle (bos spp.) and occasionally with pigs (sus scrofa), goats (capra hircus), and horses (equus caballus) and are kept for insect control in households. in this study, six cattle egrets were experimentally infected intranasally with highly pathogenic avian influenza (ai) a/duck/vietnam/40d/04 (h5n1) to investigate a possible ...201121441184
credibility of digital content in a healthcare collaborative community.with the increased number of new diseases that are appearing in the world, such as swine flu [influenza a(h1n1)], and the increased awareness of the importance of sharing medical ideas, information, experience, knowledge, and research results, there is an urgent demand for a collaboration framework. such a framework depends on deploying, discovering, and using digital content. this inevitably leads to the generation of large amounts of digital content from different healthcare users, which requi ...201121431613
comment on: hemodialysis and immunization against swine flu. 201121529277
computational analysis and modeling the effectiveness of 'zanamivir' targeting neuraminidase protein in pandemic h1n1 strains.antigenic drift causes number of mutations in neuraminidase protein of h1n1 swine influenza virus. we analyzed neuraminidase mutations in h1n1 strains distributed over six continents, at both the sequence and structural level. mutations in the nearby residues of the drug binding site play crucial role in the binding affinity of the drug with the protein. for this purpose, mutant models were generated for the neuraminidase protein from 34 pandemic h1n1 isolates and docking were performed with zan ...201121463714
identification of the role of rig-i, mda-5 and tlr3 in sensing rna viruses in porcine epithelial cells using lentivirus-driven rna interference.pathogen recognition receptors are essential for antiviral host immune responses. these specialized receptors detect conserved viral compounds and induce type i interferons (ifn) and pro-inflammatory cytokines. here we evaluated the contribution of rig-i, mda-5 and tlr3 to the recognition of classical swine fever (csfv), foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) and influenza a virus (iav) to ifn-β responses in the porcine epithelial cell line pk-15. to this end, we i ...201121539869
influenza 2009 pandemic: cellular immunemediated surveillance modulated by th17 & tregs.influenza a virus is a serious public health threat. most recently the 2009/h1n1 pandemic virus had an inherent ability to evade the host's immune surveillance through genetic drift, shift, and genomic reassortment. immune characterization of 2009/h1n1 utilized monoclonal antibodies, neutralizing sera, and proteomics. increased age may have provided some degree of immunity, but vaccines against seasonal influenza viruses seldom yield cross-reactive immunity, exemplified by 2009/h1n1. nonetheless ...201121464844
protection against divergent influenza h1n1 virus by a centralized influenza hemagglutinin.influenza poses a persistent worldwide threat to the human population. as evidenced by the 2009 h1n1 pandemic, current vaccine technologies are unable to respond rapidly to this constantly diverging pathogen. we tested the utility of adenovirus (ad) vaccines expressing centralized consensus influenza antigens. ad vaccines were produced within 2 months and protected against influenza in mice within 3 days of vaccination. ad vaccines were able to protect at doses as low as 10(7) virus particles/kg ...201121464940
origins and evolutionary genomics of the novel swine-origin influenza a (h1n1) virus in humans--past and present perspectives.swine influenza viruses cause annual epidemics and occasional pandemics claiming the lives of millions from the early history up to the present days. this virus has drawn on a bag of evolutionary tricks to survive in one or another form in both humans and pigs with novel gene constellations through the periodic importation or exportation of viral genes. a prime example is emergence of pandemic novel swine-origin influenza a (h1n1) virus (s-oiv) in 2009 that have transmitted to and spread among h ...201121467795
rapid detection for primary screening of influenza a virus: microfluidic rt-pcr chip and electrochemical dna sensor.rapid and definitive diagnosis is critical to the prevention of the spread of endemic human pathogenic viruses. detection of variant specific genes by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) has become a routine diagnostic test for accurate subtyping of rna viruses, such as influenza. in this paper, we demonstrate the use of a continuous-flow polydimethylsiloxane (pdms) microfluidic rt-pcr chip and disposable electrical printed (dep) chips for rapid amplification and sensing of ...201121442100
natural supplements for h1n1 influenza: retrospective observational infodemiology study of information and search activity on the internet.as the incidence of h1n1 increases, the lay public may turn to the internet for information about natural supplements for prevention and treatment.201121558062
brief report: molecular characterization of a novel reassorted pandemic h1n1 2009 in thai pigs.for the past 10 years, endemic swine influenza h1 viruses in thailand have been characterized as reassortants of swine virus genes from swine influenza viruses (siv) in us and european pigs. here the authors report the emergence of a novel reassorted h1n1 (rh1n1) virus consisted of human, avian, and swine virus genes from the pandemic h1n1 2009 (ph1n1) virus with a neuraminidase (na) gene from a thai swine h1n1 (thh1n1) isolate. the rh1n1 virus was detected in nursery pigs during a respiratory d ...201121442301
awareness of the pandemic h1n1 influenza global outbreak 2009 among medical students in karachi, pakistan.this study aimed to assess student awareness of the pandemic pdmh1n1, including the students' attitudes and perceptions about treatment, severity of disease and preventive measures.201121444982
antibodies against swine influenza virus neutralize the pandemic influenza virus a/h1n1.the most effective method for the prevention of influenza infection would be prophylaxis with a safe and effective vaccine and anti-viral materials. after vaccination, neutralizing antibodies are generated by plasma cells following various immune responses, thus resulting in protection against an infectious agent expressing the same antigens. however, in the case of novel or unknown pathogens, the onset of immune responses is occasionally delayed, thus resulting in considerable morbidity and mor ...201121468553
rapid genotyping of swine influenza viruses.the emergence of pandemic (h1n1) 2009 virus highlighted the need for enhanced surveillance of swine influenza viruses. we used real-time reverse-transcription pcr-based genotyping and found that this rapid and simple genotyping method may identify reassortants derived from viruses of eurasian avian-like, triple reassortant-like, and pandemic (h1n1) 2009 virus lineages.201121470462
[outbreak of influenza pandemic virus a(h1n1) 2009 infections in the emergency department, saint-pierre, réunion island, july-september 2009].a new h1n1 virus originating from swine recently emerged as the first influenza pandemic of the 21st century. on july 3, 2009, this new influenza a(h1n1) virus (s-oiv) of swine origins was identified in réunion island, a french overseas department located in the southern hemisphere. the present study describes the characteristics of the epidemic from july 3 to september 30, 2009. among the 479 patients included in our study (236 males, 37.3 ± 19.0 years), 255 (53.2%) were reported to have comorb ...201121451954
the first influenza pandemic of the new millennium.in the spring of 2009, a novel influenza a virus of the h1n1 subtype emerged that transmitted efficiently among humans; by june of 2009, the outbreak reached pandemic status. the pandemic virus possesses six viral rna segments from so-called triple reassortant swine viruses that emerged in north american pig populations in the late 1990s and two viral rna segments from eurasian avian-like swine influenza viruses. most human infections with the virus have been mild; however, severe and fatal infe ...201121477134
genetic composition of contemporary swine influenza viruses in the west central region of the united states of america.because of continuous circulation in different animal species and humans, influenza viruses have host-specific phenotypic and genetic features. reassortment of the genome segments can significantly change virus phenotype, potentially generating virus with pandemic potential. in 2009, a new pandemic influenza virus emerged.201121477138
mutations in pa, np, and ha of a pandemic (h1n1) 2009 influenza virus contribute to its adaptation to mice.in 2009, a swine-origin h1n1 influenza virus caused the first pandemic of the 21st century. to understand the molecular basis of pandemic influenza virus adaptation to new host species, we serially passaged the pandemic (h1n1) 2009 virus strain a/california/04/09 in mouse lungs. after ten passages, the virus became lethal to mice. we found eight amino acid differences between the wild-type and mouse-adapted viruses: one in pb1, three in pa, three in ha, and one in np. by using reverse genetics t ...201121458512
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