Publications

role of pseudorabies virus us9, a type ii membrane protein, in infection of tissue culture cells and the rat nervous system.	the protein product of the pseudorabies virus (prv) us9 gene is a phosphorylated, type ii membrane protein that is inserted into virion envelopes and accumulates in the trans-golgi network. it is among a linked group of three envelope protein genes in the unique short region of the prv genome which are absent from the attenuated bartha strain. we found that two different us9 null mutants exhibited no obvious phenotype after infection of pk15 cells in culture. unlike those of ge and gi null mutan ...	2000	10623746
an early pseudorabies virus protein down-regulates porcine mhc class i expression by inhibition of transporter associated with antigen processing (tap).	the objectives of this study were to identify the mechanism(s) of pseudorabies virus (prv)-induced down-regulation of porcine class i molecules and the viral protein(s) responsible for the effect. the ability of prv to interfere with the peptide transport activity of tap was determined by an in vitro transport assay. in this assay, porcine kidney (pk-15) cells were permeabilized with streptolysin-o and incubated with a library of 125i-labeled peptides having consensus motifs for glycosylation in ...	2000	10604998
aujeszky's disease virus: opportunities and challenges.	since its description in 1902, aujeszky's disease (ad) has become one of the most thoroughly examined viral diseases of swine. the causative agent, aujeszky's disease virus (adv), is a neurotropic alphaherpesvirus that produces fatal encephalitis in newborn pigs and a milder syndrome in older animals. in several instances this virus has been used as a test case to examine novel vaccine concepts in swine, including the honor of being the first genetically modified vaccine used in the field. furth ...	2000	10726641
challenges of the final stages of the adv eradication program.	the authors were chairpersons in the session on epidemiology and control of aujeszky's disease (ad). in this document, they focus on several issues, such as vaccination, compliance and surveillance, which influence the eradication programs. also, some research topics which may need attention in the future are indicated. the main conclusion is that eradication programs for ad virus have made good progress in different parts of the world and that we have the knowledge and tools to do the job. it m ...	2000	10726642
role of the cytoplasmic tail of pseudorabies virus glycoprotein e in virion formation.	glycoproteins m (gm), e (ge), and i (gi) of pseudorabies virus (prv) are required for efficient formation of mature virions. the simultaneous absence of gm and the ge/gi complex results in severe deficiencies in virion morphogenesis and cell-to-cell spread, leading to drastically decreased virus titers and a small-plaque phenotype (a. brack, j. dijkstra, h. granzow, b. g. klupp, and t. c. mettenleiter, j. virol. 73:5364-5372, 1999). serial passaging in noncomplementing cells of a virus mutant un ...	2000	10756012
a dna vaccine coding for glycoprotein b of pseudorabies virus induces cell-mediated immunity in pigs and reduces virus excretion early after infection.	glycoproteins b (gb), gc and gd of pseudorabies virus (prv) have been implicated as important antigens in protective immunity against prv infection. as cell-mediated immunity plays a major role in this protective immunity, we determined the significance of these glycoproteins in the actual induction of cell-mediated immunity. we vaccinated pigs with plasmid dna constructs coding for gb, gc or gd and challenged them with the virulent nia-3 strain of pseudorabies virus. vaccination with plasmid dn ...	2000	10760394
the murine homolog of human nectin1delta serves as a species nonspecific mediator for entry of human and animal alpha herpesviruses in a pathway independent of a detectable binding to gd.	the full-length cdna of the murine homolog of human nectin1delta (mnectin1delta), also known as human poliovirus receptor related 1 (prr1) or herpesvirus entry mediator c, was cloned and showed a >90% identity with its human counterpart. mnectin1delta is expressed in some murine cell lines, exemplified by nih 3t3 and l cells, and in murine tissues. it mediates entry of an extended range of herpes simplex virus (hsv) strains, porcine pseudorabies virus (prv), and bovine herpesvirus 1. a soluble f ...	2000	10781093
immunogenic properties of a bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1) recombinant expressing major pseudorabies virus (prv) glycoproteins in combination.	a recombinant bovine herpesvirus type 1 (bhv-1), designated bhv-1/tf17-1, which expresses pseudorabies virus (prv) glycoproteins gb, gc, gd, ge and gi in combination was constructed. to test the protective immunity, 10 mice were inoculated with bhv-1/tf17-1 and three weeks later 10 mice were intraperitoneally (i.p.) challenged with 20 ld50 virulent prv (ys-81). bhv-1/tf17-1 protected all the mice from the prv lethal challenge while all the control mice died in around 3 days. mice vaccinated with ...	2000	10993182
[pathogenesis of animal herpesviruses to human].	more than 90 spices of herpes viruses have been isolated from wide variety of non-human animals. among these herpes viruses, only b virus (cercopithecine herpesvirus 1), the natural host of which is macaque monkey, is severely pathogenic to human. b virus infects human through handling infected monkey tissues or by injury caused by infected monkey, and severe encephalitis ensues. however, in 1997 mucocutaneous infection without injury was reported. the genome structure and immunogenic property o ...	2000	10774223
a highly specific and sensitive sandwich blocking elisa based on baculovirus expressed pseudorabies virus glycoprotein b.	a direct sandwich blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (bacgb elisa) based on the reaction between a monoclonal antibody (mab) and a recombinant glycoprotein b (gb) of pseudorabies virus (prv) was developed. this protein was obtained in large quantities from insect cells infected with a prv gb recombinant baculovirus. expression of the gb was confirmed by immunoperoxidase monolayer assay (ipma) with gb specific mabs. the specificity and sensitivity of the developed bacgb elisa were evaluat ...	2000	10921843
single inoculation of replication-defective adenovirus-vectored vaccines at birth in piglets with maternal antibodies induces high level of antibodies and protection against pseudorabies.	in neonates, one limitation of vaccination is its inhibition by maternal antibodies. we show that piglets vaccinated intramuscularly once at birth with recombinant replication-defective adenoviruses developed comparable neutralizing antibody response against pseudorabies virus, independently of the presence or absence of maternal antibodies, and were partially protected against challenge 16 weeks later.	2000	10699321
central integration of swallow and airway-protective reflexes.	the relationship between the timing of respiration and swallowing has been proven not to be random. using pseudorabies virus (prv) as a transsynaptic neural tracer, a basis for the central integration of swallowing and airway-protective reflexes can be located in the neural circuits projecting to swallowing-related muscles. the premotor neurons (pmns) that constitute the swallowing central pattern generators, interneuronal networks able to initiate repetitive rhythmic muscle activity independent ...	2000	10718454
a gelatin sponge implantation model in swine for the determination of local immune reactions.	for in vivo determination of innate and memory immune reactions we have implanted sterile gelatin sponges subcutaneously in swine for the monitoring of the following immunological parameters: 1. analysis of local cell population phenotypes after vascularization of the gelatin sponges using flow cytometry. 2. comparative analysis of sponge-infiltrating cells after loading with viral antigen in primed as well as naive animals. 3. performance of reverse transcription quantitative competitive pcr (r ...	2000	10726360
pseudorabies virus expressing bovine herpesvirus 1 glycoprotein b exhibits altered neurotropism and increased neurovirulence.	herpesvirus glycoproteins play dominant roles in the initiation of infection of target cells in culture and thus may also influence viral tropism in vivo. whereas the relative contribution of several nonessential glycoproteins to neurovirulence and neurotropism of pseudorabies virus (prv), an alphaherpesvirus which causes aujeszky's disease in pigs, has recently been uncovered in studies using viral deletion mutants, the importance of essential glycoproteins is more difficult to assess. we isola ...	2000	10623744
detection of porcine enteroviruses by nrt-pcr: differentiation of cpe groups i-iii with specific primer sets.	porcine enteroviruses (pev) comprising at least 13 serotypes grouped into three species are described as causative agents of neurological disorders, fertility disorders, and dermal lesions of swine. despite their well-documented acid stability, enteric infection route, and similarity of clinical symptoms, most of the porcine enterovirus (pev) serotypes are set apart from the genus enterovirus of the picornaviridae. hence, pcr procedures used commonly to detect enteroviruses are not applicable to ...	2000	10960708
the porcine humoral immune response against pseudorabies virus specifically targets attachment sites on glycoprotein gc.	high titers of virus-neutralizing antibodies directed against glycoprotein gc of pseudorabies virus (prv) (suid herpesvirus 1) are generally observed in the serum of immunized pigs. a known function of the glycoprotein gc is to mediate attachment of prv to target cells through distinct viral heparin-binding domains (hbds). therefore, it was suggested that the virus-neutralizing activity of anti-prv sera is directed against hbds on gc. to address this issue, sera with high virus-neutralizing acti ...	2000	10644346
[serosurveillance of notifiable veterinary diseases in wild boar in the netherlands].	during the hunting season 1996-1999, blood samples were collected from wild boar shot in the netherlands. sera were screened for presence of antibodies against classical swine fever virus (csfv), swine vesicular disease virus (svdv), aujeszky's disease virus (adv), and trichinella spiralis. the results indicate that csfv, svdv, and adv are uncommon in the wild boar population. therefore, it seems that csfv, svdv, and adv infection in the wild boar population is not an important reservoir in the ...	2000	10666784
comparison of serologic testing and slaughter evaluation for assessing the effects of subclinical infection on growth in pigs.	to compare serologic testing with slaughter evaluation in assessing effects of subclinical infection on average daily weight gain (adg) in pigs.	2000	10997163
genetic, geographical and temporal variation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in illinois.	porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) orf5 gene sequences were generated by rt-pcr from 55 field isolates collected in illinois and eastern iowa. spatial and temporal patterns of genetic variation in the virus were examined on a local geographical scale in order to test the hypothesis that the genetic similarity of prrsv isolates (measured as their percentage pairwise orf5 nucleotide similarity) was positively correlated with their geographical proximity. levels of genetic ...	2000	10640555
the response of pigs inoculated with a thymidine kinase-negative (tk-) pseudorabies virus to challenge infection with virulent virus.	12 large-white-landrace piglets were subdivided in four groups of 3 and housed in separate units. the piglets of three groups were inoculated with the 86/27v 6c2 thymidine kinase negative (tk-) mutant of pseudorabies virus (prv), by different routes. a second inoculation with the same mutant was given to the pigs 21 days later. the animals of a fourth group were left as uninoculated controls. 21 days following the second inoculation with the tk- mutant all pigs were challenge infected with the v ...	2000	10660255
subcritical endemic steady states in mathematical models for animal infections with incomplete immunity.	many classical mathematical models for animal infections assume that all infected animals transmit the infection at the same rate, all are equally susceptible, and the course of the infection is the same in all animals. however for some infections there is evidence that seropositives may still transmit the infection, albeit at a lower rate. animals can also experience more than one episode of the infection although those who have already experienced it have a partial immune resistance. animals w ...	2000	10804257
glycoprotein d-independent infectivity of pseudorabies virus results in an alteration of in vivo host range and correlates with mutations in glycoproteins b and h.	infection of cells by herpesviruses is initiated by the interaction of viral envelope glycoproteins with cellular receptors. in the alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (prv), the causative agent of aujeszky's disease in pigs, the essential glycoprotein d (gd) mediates secondary attachment of virions to target cells by binding to newly identified cellular receptors (r. j. geraghty, c. krummenacher, g. h. cohen, r. j. eisenberg, and p. g. spear, science 280:1618-1620, 1998). however, in the presen ...	2001	11581374
venereal transmission of pseudorabies viruses indigenous to feral swine.	between 1995 and 1998, we designed a series of studies in which we attempted to determine the main routes of transmission involved in the natural infection of pseudorabies virus (prv) indigenous to free-ranging feral swine (sus scrofa). naturally infected feral sows transmitted the infection to uninfected feral boars, with which they had been commingled for a 6-wk period. pseudorabies virus was isolated from boar preputial swabs, but not from nasal swabs. three of the same prv-infected feral sow ...	2001	11310879
[expression of the ge gene of pseudorabies virus in insect cells].	in order to develop a simple and safe test for the detection of vaccinated as well as wild type pseudorabies virus (prv) infected pigs, the modified ge gene of prv ea strain, obtained by cutting the 5' utr using pcr and dna recombinant technique, was inserted into baculovirus expression vector pfastbac 1, resulting the trans-position plamid pfe1.75. after homologous recombination, recombinant baculovirus rvbace1.75 was gained and high level expression of glycoprotein e (ge) was observed after th ...	2001	11702707
laryngeal and respiratory protective reflexes.	swallowing is a complex motor behavior that relies on an interneuronal network of premotor neurons (pmns) to organize the sequential activity of motor neurons that are active during the buccopharyngeal and esophageal phases. swallowing pmns are highly interconnected to multiple areas of the brain stem and the central nervous system and provide a potential anatomic substrate integration of swallowing activity with airway protective reflexes. because these neurons have synaptic contact with both a ...	2001	11749932
long-term effects of social stress on antiviral immunity in pigs.	mixing of unfamiliar pigs is common practice in intensive pig husbandry. since pigs maintain a dominance hierarchy, mixing often leads to vigorous fighting. apart from the negative impact that fighting has on welfare, there is evidence that the social stress associated with fighting suppresses immune function. in the present experiment, we investigated the impact of mixing on specific long-term immune responses and protection against challenge infection after vaccination with pseudorabies virus ...	2001	11399306
mathematical modelling of pseudorabies virus (syn. aujeszky's disease virus) outbreaks aids eradication programmes: a review.	pseudorabies virus will be eradicated from the netherlands if a typical infectious pig (rind) infects, on average, less than one other pig. in this review, we used a stochastic sir model to estimate rind using data from the field and from experiments. rind in sow herds was estimated to be significantly less than 1 and in rearing and finishing pigs rind was higher than 1. however, if rind is higher than 1, prv can still be eradicated if one infectious herd infects less than one other herd during ...	2001	11205997
experimental infection of european wild boars and domestic pigs with pseudorabies viruses with differing virulence.	to determine susceptibility of european wild boars (sus scrofa) to infection with pseudorabies virus (prv) and to characterize the virulence of a wildboar prv isolate for wild and domestic pigs.	2001	11212035
deletion of the ul21 gene in pseudorabies virus results in the formation of dna-deprived capsids: an electron microscopy study.	we studied the morphogenesis of three pseudorabies virus mutants lacking parts of the gene homologous to the ul21 gene of the herpes simplex virus type 1. the mutants were examined in an sk-6 cell-line, in an sk-6 cell-line expressing the ul21 gene product, in porcine lung alveolar macrophages (plam) and in porcine nasal mucosa explants. although on sk-6 cells and plam, the virus-assembly and egress of mutant virus m155, lacking almost the entire ul21 gene, was similar to that of the rescued prv ...	2001	11254176
an analysis of a presumed major outbreak of pseudorabies virus in a vaccinated sow herd.	we describe a major outbreak of pseudorabies virus (prv) in a sow herd in which the sows were vaccinated simultaneously three times a year with a vaccine containing bartha strain. also in the associated rearing herd in which the gilts were vaccinated twice an outbreak of prv occurred. the outbreak was analysed with mathematical models, statistical methods and monte-carlo simulation. under the assumption that the outbreak started with one introduction of virus the reproduction ratio r(ind)--as a ...	2001	11293671
construction of recombinant swinepox viruses and expression of the classical swine fever virus e2 protein.	to explore the swinepox virus (spv) as a potential live vector for immunization, a vector was developed for the construction of a recombinant spv carrying foreign genes. in this system, a foreign gene placed under the strong vaccinia virus promoter p(11) can be inserted into the viral thymidine kinase (tk) gene, and the recombinant virus can be isolated in a non-selective medium by the co-expression of e. coli lacz gene. compared with the wild type virus, the tk(-)recombinant spv showed a modest ...	2001	11311343
changes in peripheral blood leukocyte populations in pigs with natural postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws).	the objective of the present study was to analyze, by flow cytometry, changes in pbmc subsets in pigs having postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws), a new condition associated to porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) infection. thirteen acutely pmws affected pigs were selected from a farm seronegative to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) and to aujeszky's disease virus (adv); 11 clinically healthy pigs were selected from a high health farm with no history of pmws ...	2001	11498245
comparative utility of restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and gene sequencing to the molecular epidemiological investigation of a viral outbreak.	restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis and partial-genome dna sequencing are commonly used to infer genetic relationships among pathogens. this study compares the application of both techniques to the analysis of 16 pseudorabies virus isolates collected during a 1989 outbreak. genetic distances derived from rflp and dna sequence data were not significantly correlated with geographic distances between farms from which isolates were collected. rflp-based genetic distance was, how ...	2001	11467798
a serodiagnostic elisa using recombinant antigen of swine transmissible gastroenteritis virus nucleoprotein.	a serodiagnostic elisa utilizing the recombinant nucleoprotein (rn protein) of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) was developed, and evaluated by examining a panel of 141 virus neutralization (vn) positive and 101 negative sera. the rn protein-based elisa (rnelisa) appeared to be highly sensitive and specific (98.6% and 98.0%, respectively) when it was compared to the vn test. the result was similar to that of an elisa based on purified viral antigens with showing good correlation (r=0.8 ...	2001	11767065
[sero-monitoring of notifiable diseases in wild boar in the netherlands 1999-2001].	within the framework of a sero-monitoring system, in operation since 1996. blood samples from wild boar shot during the hunting seasons 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 in the netherlands were screened for the presence of antibodies against classical swine fever virus (csfv), swine vesicular disease virus (svdv), and anjeszky's disease virus (adv). the results indicate that csfv, svdv, and adv are uncommon in the wild boar population in the netherlands. because of the recent foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) ...	2001	11780256
persistence of escherichia coli, salmonella choleraesuis, aujeszky's disease virus and blue eye disease virus in ensilages based on the solid fraction of pig faeces.	this study was carried out to determine the survival time of escherichia coli, salmonella choleraesuis, aujeszky's disease virus and blue eye disease virus in ensilages based on the solid fraction of pig faeces.	2001	11576313
a conserved alpha-herpesvirus protein necessary for axonal localization of viral membrane proteins.	pseudorabies virus, an alpha-herpesvirus, is capable of infecting the nervous system and spreading between synaptically connected neurons in diverse hosts. at least three viral membrane proteins (ge, gi, and us9) are necessary for the spread of infection from presynaptic to postsynaptic neurons (anterograde spread) in infected rodents. to understand how these proteins effect anterograde spread between neurons, we analyzed the subcellular localization of viral proteins after infection of cultured ...	2001	11502759
involvement of cellular cytoskeleton components in antibody-induced internalization of viral glycoproteins in pseudorabies virus-infected monocytes.	addition of pseudorabies virus (prv)-specific polyclonal immunoglobulins to prv-infected monocytes induces internalization of plasma membrane-anchored viral glycoproteins and this may interfere with antibody-dependent cell lysis. we investigated the role of actin, microtubules, clathrin, and dynein, the major cellular components involved in physiological endocytosis during this virological internalization. porcine monocytes were infected in vitro for 13 h and afterward treated with different con ...	2001	11543665
activity of cardiorespiratory networks revealed by transsynaptic virus expressing gfp.	a fluorescent transneuronal marker capable of labeling individual neurons in a central network while maintaining their normal physiology would permit functional studies of neurons within entire networks responsible for complex behaviors such as cardiorespiratory reflexes. the bartha strain of pseudorabies virus (prv), an attenuated swine alpha herpesvirus, can be used as a transsynaptic marker of neural circuits. bartha prv invades neuronal networks in the cns through peripherally projecting axo ...	2001	11152744
glycoprotein d homologs in herpes simplex virus type 1, pseudorabies virus, and bovine herpes virus type 1 bind directly to human hvec(nectin-1) with different affinities.	distinct subsets of human receptors for alphaherpesviruses mediate the entry of herpes simplex virus (hsv), pseudorabies virus (prv), or bovine herpes virus type 1 (bhv-1) into cells. glycoprotein d (gd) is essential for receptor-mediated entry of all three viruses into cells. however, the gd homologs of these viruses share only 22-33% amino acid identity. several entry receptors for hsv have been identified. two of these, hvea (hvem) and hvec (nectin-1), mediate entry of most hsv-1 and hsv-2 st ...	2001	11162814
induction and inhibition of apoptosis by pseudorabies virus in the trigeminal ganglion during acute infection of swine.	we examined the ability of pseudorabies virus (prv) to induce and suppress apoptosis in the trigeminal ganglion during acute infection of its natural host. eight pigs were intranasally inoculated with a virulent field strain of prv, and at various early times after inoculation, the trigeminal ganglia were assessed histologically. prv-infected cells were detected by use of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, and apoptosis was identified by in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase- ...	2001	11119615
insertions in the gg gene of pseudorabies virus reduce expression of the upstream us3 protein and inhibit cell-to-cell spread of virus infection.	the alphaherpesvirus us4 gene encodes glycoprotein g (gg), which is conserved in most viruses of the alphaherpesvirus subfamily. in the swine pathogen pseudorabies virus (prv), mutant viruses with internal deletions and insertions in the gg gene have shown no discernible phenotypes. we report that insertions in the gg locus of the attenuated prv strain bartha show reduced virulence in vivo and are defective in their ability to spread from cell to cell in a cell-type-specific manner. similar inse ...	2001	11602726
pseudorabies virus is transmitted among vaccinated conventional pigs, but not among vaccinated spf pigs.	whereas the reproduction ratio (r) of pseudorabies virus (prv) in vaccinated specific pathogen free (spf) pigs without maternally derived antibodies under experimental conditions has repeatedly been shown to be significantly below 1, r in vaccinated conventional pigs in the field with maternally derived antibodies was significantly above 1. to exclude the difference in husbandry conditions as a cause for this discrepancy, we quantified and compared the transmission of prv in both groups under id ...	2001	11348767
comparative evaluation of the cd4+cd8+ and cd4+cd8- lymphocytes in the immune response to porcine rubulavirus.	the porcine immune system is unique in the expression of cd4+cd8+ (double-positive, dp) lymphocytes. these cells have been associated with immunological memory due to their gradual increase with age, the expression of memory phenotype and their ability to respond to recall viral antigen. this work analyzes the biological function of cd4+cd8- and cd4+cd8+ lymphocytes in the immune response to porcine rubulavirus (prv). cd4+cd8- cells isolated from pigs 3 weeks after infection with porcine rubulav ...	2001	11389959
vaccination of pigs with a recombinant porcine adenovirus expressing the gd gene from pseudorabies virus.	five week old, commercially available large white pigs were vaccinated with either a single dose or two doses of a recombinant porcine adenovirus expressing the glycoprotein d gene from pseudorabies virus (prv). pigs were monitored for the development of serum neutralizing antibodies to prv and challenged 3 weeks after final vaccination. prior to challenge, pigs given 2 doses of the vaccine demonstrated boosted levels of antibody compared with those given a single dose, and all surviving pigs ha ...	2001	11395210
in vitro migratory responses of swine neutrophils to actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae.	swine neutrophils were quantitatively examined for the direct and indirect migratory responses to actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (app) in vitro and the effects of pseudorabies virus (prv), frequently co-infecting with app, were also observed. about 30% of swine neutrophils responded to viable app, while 3.2% of the neutrophils responded to 0.1% casein which served as the control. the migration of app was not affected by preincubation of neutrophils with prv, which inhibited the random migration ...	2001	11381617
porcine hvec, a member of the highly conserved hvec/nectin 1 family, is a functional alphaherpesvirus receptor.	human herpesvirus entry mediator c (hvec) is an alphaherpesvirus receptor which binds to virion glycoprotein d (gd). we identified porcine hvec and studied its interaction with pseudorabies virus (prv) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) gd. porcine and human hvec have 96% amino acid identity and hvec from african green monkey, mouse, hamster, and cow are similarly conserved. porcine hvec mediates entry of hsv-1, hsv-2, prv, and bovine herpesvirus type 1. truncated soluble forms of hsv-1 and ...	2001	11277703
vaccination with the glycoprotein d gene of pseudorabies virus delivered by nonpathogenic escherichia coli elicits protective immune responses.	attenuated intracellular bacteria, such as salmonella and shigella, have been exploited to act as gene delivery vectors. in this study, we report that nonpathogenic, live escherichia coli can be used for the delivery of dna vaccines in vivo, leading to generation of immune responses against plasmid-encoded foreign antigens. the pseudorabies virus (prv) dna vaccine carrying the glycoprotein d (gd) gene delivered by e. coli was able to induce protective immune responses in mice against a lethal pr ...	2001	11312026
effects of an experimental infection with actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae on the interferon-alpha and interleukin-6 producing capacity of porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with bacteria, virus or plasmid dna.	the effect of a bacterial infection on interferon-alpha (ifn-alpha) and interleukin-6 (il-6) production by porcine cells was studied in specific pathogen-free (spf) pigs, infected intranasally with actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 2. three experimental groups of five pigs were used: infected non-treated pigs, infected pigs that were treated with enrofloxacin at disease onset, and non-infected, non-treated control pigs. blood samples were collected from all pigs on the day of infection an ...	2001	11230938
herpesviruses use bidirectional fast-axonal transport to spread in sensory neurons.	alpha herpesviruses infect the vertebrate nervous system resulting in either mild recurrent lesions in mucosal epithelia or fatal encephalitis. movement of virions within the nervous system is a critical factor in the outcome of infection; however, the dynamics of individual virion transport have never been assessed. here we visualized and tracked individual viral capsids as they moved in axons away from infected neuronal cell bodies in culture. the observed movement was compatible with fast axo ...	2001	11248101
the plasmid pcdna3 differentially induces production of interferon-alpha and interleukin-6 in cultures of porcine leukocytes.	an adjuvant effect of invertebrate dna has been attributed to its relative high frequency of unmethylated cpg dinucleotides. here we describe the interferon-alpha (ifn-alpha) and interleukin-6 (il-6) inducing properties of a commonly used eukaryotic expression vector, pcdna3, in porcine leukocytes. the magnitude of the cytokine response was compared to that induced by the synthetic ds rna analogue poly(i):poly(c), inactivated preparations of aujeszky's disease virus (adv) and the gram-negative b ...	2001	11182147
the correlation of virus-specific interferon-gamma production and protection against classical swine fever virus infection.	the level of antigen-specific interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) production can be used as an indicator of cellular immunity. in this study, we investigated the role of cellular immune response in protection against classical swine fever virus (csfv). pigs were vaccinated once with csfv vaccine and challenged 6 days post-vaccination (dpv). vaccinated animals had significantly higher csfv-specific ifn-gamma secreting cells than the unvaccinated pigs (p<0.05) at the time of challenge and were protected ...	2001	11730928
clinical and pathological observations on pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome.	the aim of this work was to characterise the lesions and agents present in clinically normal and clinically affected pigs on a farm during an outbreak of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws), and to evaluate the diagnostic techniques for detecting porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) and other microorganisms. four pigs in the early stage and 11 pigs in the late stage of the disease, and eight clinically normal pigs were necropsied. samples of lymphoid tissue and serum were also obtaine ...	2001	11594382
potency analysis of inactivated vaccines for aujeszky's disease virus (adv), strain rc/79: lymphocyte stimulation in immunized pigs.	mitogenic and antigenic lymphocyte stimulation was examined in pigs that had been immunized with 2 inactivated vaccines which had been prepared with aujesky's disease virus (adv), strain rc/79. one vaccine was partially purified by ultra-centrifugation (vaccine a) the other one was not (vaccine b). a second dose of vaccine had no influence over the blastogenic response when the lymphocytes were stimulated with phytohemoagglutinin (pha). lymphocyte response to the adv antigen in the immunized pig ...	2001	17061498
transneuronal circuit analysis with pseudorabies viruses.	over the past decade there has been a dramatic increase in the use of viruses as transneuronal tracers of neuronal circuitry. the method exploits the propensity of neurotropic viruses to invade neurons and then produce infectious progeny that cross synapses to infect other neurons within a circuit. the protocols and commentaries included in this unit focus upon the use of the swine alpha herpesvirus known as pseudorabies virus (prv) for polysynaptic analysis. here, the aspects of experimental de ...	2001	18428451
[combined use of killed vaccines and immunomodulator ridostin for urgent prevention of epidemic stomatitis, aujeszky disease and carnivore plague in experiment].	results of experimental studies of mice and pigs infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus, minks infected with aujeszky's disease virus, and dogs infected with canine distemper virus are described. in animals with foot-and-mouth disease and aujeszky's disease, combined treatment with killed vaccine and immunomodulator ridostin by the scheme of urgent prophylaxis (3 days before infection) caused 75% (foot-and-mouth disease) and 100% (aujeszky's disease) prevention of animal death and developmen ...	2002	12508681
the pseudorabies virus vp22 homologue (ul49) is dispensable for virus growth in vitro and has no effect on virulence and neuronal spread in rodents.	the tegument of herpesvirus virions is a distinctive structure whose assembly and function are not well understood. the herpes simplex virus type 1 vp22 tegument protein encoded by the ul49 gene is conserved among the alphaherpesviruses. using cell biology and viral genetics, we provide an initial characterization of the pseudorabies virus (prv) vp22 homologue. we identified three isoforms of vp22 present in prv-infected cells that can be resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. the predo ...	2002	11752167
a simple selection system for construction of recombinant gd-negative pseudorabies virus as a vaccine vector.	we describe a simple, efficient two-step method for construction of glycoprotein d (gd)-negative pseudorabies virus (prv) carrying transgenes inserted in place of the gd gene. the first step was the use of the thymidine kinase (tk) gene of herpes simplex virus (hsv) for insertional inactivation of the gd gene in a prv mutant deficient in both tk and glycoprotein e (ge). the gd-negative, hsv-tk-positive mutant could be selected in hat medium. the second step was substitution of hsv-tk with other ...	2002	11803081
characterization of pseudorabies virus glycoprotein c attachment to heparan sulfate proteoglycans.	pseudorabies virus first attaches to cells through an interaction between the envelope glycoprotein c (gc) and the cell surface heparan sulfate (hs) that is linked to proteoglycans (hspgs). the hs-binding domain of gc is composed of three discrete heparin-binding domains (hbds), designated hbd1, -2 and -3 for their proximity to the amino terminus of gc. each hbd can independently mediate virus attachment to hs, yet each also exhibits a distinct binding preference for differentially sulfated deri ...	2002	11807222
natural aujeszky's disease in a spanish wild boar population.	we describe an outbreak of aujeszky's disease (ad) in a wild boar (sus scrofa) population from central spain. mortality was estimated to be at least 14% (14/100) in juveniles and 7.5% (3/40) in adults. most of the affected animals (12/17) were between 4 and 8 months of age. gross lesions mainly consisted of enlarged and congestive tonsils and lymph nodes, petechial hemorrhages on the small intestine, and engorged blood vessels in the brain and meninges. histopathology revealed mild nonsuppurativ ...	2002	12381593
[cloning, expression of the gi gene of pseudorabies virus ea strain and its effection to viral replication].	the complete gi was cloned from the genomic dna of pseudorabies virus (prv) ea strain and the dna sequence was determined by sanger's sequencing technique. the nucleotide and deduced animo acids sequences indicated that the gi gene of prv ea strain is composed of 1101 base pairs and could encode 366 animo acids residues. the result of predicted ii class structure showed that gi is a typical i class envelope protein. when compared with prv rice strain, there were multiple mutations in the gi gene ...	2002	12557367
assessment of replication and virulence of attenuated pseudorabies virus in swine.	a nonclinical study was conducted to characterize the replication behavior of a modified live ge-deleted pseudorabies virus (prv ms+1) in swine and potential for reversion to virulence after animal passages. two to 3 week-old weaned pigs, negative for prv, were maintained in isolation and challenged by intranasal instillation. for the first passage, 6 pigs were given 1 ml of prv ms+1 (10(7.3)tcid(50)/ml) and 2 were necropsied at 3, 4 and 5 days post-inoculation (pi). brain and secondary lymphoid ...	2002	12441673
suppression of promoter activity of the lat gene by ie180 of pseudorabies virus.	the latency-associated transcript (lat) gene is the only viral genomic region that is abundantly transcribed during pseudorabies virus (prv) latent infection. the mechanism of reactivation of prv from latency remains unknown. to analyze the regulation mechanism of the lat promoter, we constructed a series of recombinant vectors in which various sequences upstream of lat were linked to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) gene. transcriptional efficiency was examined by cotransfection with ...	2002	12881635
a tef-1-element is required for activation of the promoter of pseudorabies virus glycoprotein x gene by ie180.	the pseudorabies virus (prv) immediate-early regulatory protein ie180 is able to transactivate the viral early and late genes. using chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) assay, we investigated the transactivation function of ie180 to the promoter of prv glycoprotein x (gx) gene, and our results showed that ie180 could significantly increase the expression of cat gene which was under the control of gx promoter. to further identify the activation domains of ie180 protein that interact with the ...	2002	12881636
[construction of pseudorabies virus ea tk-/ge-/gp63- mutant strain and the study on its biological property].	using pseudorabies virus ea strain as material, we inserted lacz gene expression cassette into ge gene. after blue plaque and plaque purification, a recombinant virus prvea tk-/ge-/lacz+ generated. utilizing ecor i site in lacz gene, digested prvea tk-/ge-/lacz+ genome dna was cotransfected into pk-15 cells with plasmid pfbbs, then prvea tk-/ge-/gp63- generated after plaque purification. four pairs of primers amplification demonstrated the virus was pure tk-/ge-/gp63- mutant virus. pcr product s ...	2002	12557382
pseudorabies virus (prv) is protected from complement attack by cellular factors and glycoprotein c (gc).	swine kidney derived cpk cells were resistant to swine complement attack in vitro while rabbit kidney derived rk13 cells were destroyed by swine complement. to rabbit complement, rk13 cells were resistant but cpk cells were sensitive. this phenomenon was known as homologous restriction (proc. natl. acad. sci. usa 78 (1981) 5118). the gc deletion mutant of pseudorabies virus (prvdlgc) grown in cpk cells was resistant to swine complement while the same virus grown in rk13 cells was neutralized by ...	2002	11900841
a bayesian model for spatial wildlife disease prevalence data.	the analysis of the geographical distribution of disease on the scale of geographic areas such as administrative boundaries plays an important role in veterinary epidemiology. prevalence estimates of wildlife population surveys are often based on regional count data generated by sampling animals shot by hunters. the observed disease rate per spatial unit is not an useful estimate of the underlying disease prevalence due to different sample sizes and spatial dependencies between neighbouring area ...	2002	12419601
broad-spectrum virus reduction in red cell concentrates using inactine pen110 chemistry.	the risk of transmission of blood-borne pathogens by transfusion is a persistent problem in medicine. to address this safety issue, inactine pen110 chemistry is being utilized to develop a process for preparing pathogen-reduced red blood cell concentrates (rbcc). the purpose of this study was to characterize the virucidal effectiveness of the inactine pen110 chemistry in full units of rbcc by using a panel of viruses with diverse properties in composition, size and shape.	2002	12437518
detection of quantitative trait loci for resistance/susceptibility to pseudorabies virus in swine.	this study describes genetic differences in resistance/susceptibility to pseudorabies virus (prv) between european large white and chinese meishan pigs, with a mapping of quantitative trait loci (qtl) obtained from a genome-wide scan in f(2) animals. eighty-nine f(2) pigs were challenged intranasally at 12 weeks with 10(5) p.f.u. of the wild-type prv strain nia-3. for qtl analysis, 85 microsatellite markers, evenly spaced on the 18 porcine autosomes and on the pseudoautosomal region of the x chr ...	2002	11752713
physical interaction between envelope glycoproteins e and m of pseudorabies virus and the major tegument protein ul49.	envelope glycoprotein m (gm) and the complex formed by glycoproteins e (ge) and i (gi) are involved in the secondary envelopment of pseudorabies virus (prv) particles in the cytoplasm of infected cells. in the absence of the ge-gi complex and gm, envelopment is blocked and capsids surrounded by tegument proteins accumulate in the cytoplasm (a. r. brack, j. dijkstra, h. granzow, b. g. klupp, and t. c. mettenleiter, j. virol. 73:5364-5372, 1999). here we demonstrate by yeast two-hybrid analyses th ...	2002	12134026
antibodies to selected viral and bacterial pathogens in european wild boars from southcentral spain.	serum samples from 78 european wild boars (sus scrofa) harvested during the 1999-2000 hunting season were tested for antibodies to brucella spp., classical swine fever virus, erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, haemophilus parasuis, leptospira interrogans serovar pomona, mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, pseudorabies virus (prv), porcine parvovirus (ppv), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, salmonella serogroups b, c, and d, streptococcus suis, and swine influenza virus (siv) serotypes h1n1 a ...	2002	12238391
increased prevalence of brucella suis and pseudorabies virus antibodies in adults of an isolated feral swine population in coastal south carolina.	two hundred twenty seven adult (> 8 mo) feral swine (sus scrofa) trapped from april through july 1999 at three locations on a coastal south carolina (usa) peninsula with restricted ingress and egress were tested for brucella suis and pseudorabies virus (prv) antibodies. approximately 44% of the animals tested positive for b. suis antibodies and 61% tested positive for antibodies to prv. previous surveys (1976 and 1992) of feral swine at the same location with similar methods indicated lower sero ...	2002	12238392
risk factors for aujeszky's-disease seropositivity of swine herds of a region of northern italy.	vaccination programs to control aujeszky's-disease virus (adv) using ge-deleted vaccines are being considered in several european countries. knowledge of factors influencing adv-seropositivity for vaccinated herds might contribute to the success of these programs. a multivariable analysis of adv-seropositivity in 1248 swine herds (332 farrow-to-finish, 260 farrow-to-feeder and 656 finishing herds) in the emilia-romagna region of italy revealed that (1) high pig density (number of pigs in a 6-km ...	2002	12114009
risk factors for aujeszky's disease in pig herds and detection of field virus antibodies in fattening pigs in the state of yucatan, mexico.	two epidemiological studies were conducted from august 1997 to may 1998: a case-control study to identify herd level risk factors for antibodies to aujeszky's disease virus (adv) in sows in the state of yucatan, mexico and a cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence of antibodies against adv in fattening pigs. in the case-control study, data on herd management and biosecurity were obtained from all the 27 adv known field-virus-seropositive farms (cases) and 62 randomly selected seronegat ...	2002	11830294
antibody-induced internalization of viral glycoproteins in pseudorabies virus-infected monocytes and role of the cytoskeleton: a confocal study.	addition of pseudorabies virus (prv)-specific polyclonal immunoglobulins to prv-infected monocytes induces internalization of plasma membrane anchored viral glycoproteins. this process may interfere with antibody-dependent cell lysis and resembles the well-studied physiological endocytosis process. a confocal study was designed to investigate whether the major cellular components, involved in physiological endocytosis (clathrin, actin, dynein and microtubules), play a role in this virological in ...	2002	11888689
improvement of serological discrimination between herpesvirus-infected animals and animals vaccinated with marker vaccines.	control/eradication plans of bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv1) and suid herpesvirus 1 (shv1) infections involve vaccination with inactivated or attenuated ge-deleted marker vaccines and associated companion serological tests to discriminate naturally infected from vaccinated animals. blocking or competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) have been designed for the detection of specific antibodies against bhv1 or shv1 ge glycoprotein. the antigen source usually consists of a crude viral pr ...	2002	11888690
pseudorabies virus-based gene delivery to rat embryonic spinal cord grafts.	the construction and application of recombinant pseudorabies viruses (prvs) for the delivery of beta-galactosidase and/or green fluorescent protein (gfp) genes to rat embryonic spinal cord cells are reported here. these viruses were specifically designed to infect embryonic spinal cord neurons, which can be grafted into a lesioned spinal cord in order to restore the lost functions of the host cord. the recombinant viruses were constructed in two steps. the small subunit of the ribonucleotide red ...	2002	11936971
virus propagation in a swine monocyte cell line.	the propagation of seventeen virus strains, classified into five virus families, in a swine monocyte cell line (sw/k99) was studied in the point of infective progeny production. the viruses examined were adapted to grow in a swine epithelial cell line (ksek6) and were proved to show clear cpe in advance. these viruses were successively passaged in the monocyte cultures regardless of cpe occurrence. the cultures at 3rd passage level were titrated for their infectivity using ksek6 cells. out of th ...	2002	12019716
cloning and regulation of the promoter of pseudorabies virus (tnl strain) glycoprotein e gene.	the nucleotide sequence upstream to the glycoprotein e (ge) gene of pseudorabies virus (prv, tnl strain) was cloned from the genomic virus dna by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and its dna sequences were determined. the dna segment, which was supposed to contain the ge promoter, was subcloned into a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) reporter gene and the resulting plasmid was named pgep-b-cat. to examine the promoter function of this upstream sequence of ge gene, we transfected pgep-b-cat ...	2002	12086144
continuous porcine cell lines developed from alveolar macrophages: partial characterization and virus susceptibility.	porcine monomyeloid cell lines were established following transfection of primary porcine alveolar macrophage cultures with plasmid psv3neo, carrying genes for neomycin resistance and sv40 large t antigen. the parental clone 3d4 exhibited a relatively rapid doubling time (25.5 h), high plating efficiency and mixed phenotype with respect to growth on a solid support. single cell cloning of the 3d4 parent resulted in establishment of several cell lines; three of them designated 3d4/2, 3d4/21 and 3 ...	2002	12088830
virus safety of a porcine-derived medical device: evaluation of a viral inactivation method.	the goal of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a virus-inactivating process for use during the preparation of porcine-derived extracellular matrix biomaterials for human clinical implantation. porcine small intestine, the source material for the tissue-engineered, small intestinal submucosa (sis) biomaterial, was evaluated. relevant enveloped, non-enveloped, and model viruses representative of different virus families were included in the investigation: porcine parvovirus (ppv), porcine ...	2002	12115437
a tyrosine-based motif in the cytoplasmic tail of pseudorabies virus glycoprotein b is important for both antibody-induced internalization of viral glycoproteins and efficient cell-to-cell spread.	pseudorabies virus (prv), a swine alphaherpesvirus, is capable of causing viremia in vaccinated animals. two mechanisms that may help prv avoid recognition by the host immune system during this viremia are direct cell-to-cell spread in tissue and antibody-induced internalization of viral cell surface glycoproteins in prv-infected blood monocytes, the carrier cells of the virus in the blood. prv glycoprotein b (gb) is crucial during both processes. here we show that mutating a tyrosine residue lo ...	2002	12050399
protective antiviral immune responses to pseudorabies virus induced by dna vaccination using dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide as an adjuvant.	to enhance the efficacy of a dna vaccine against pseudorabies virus (prv), we evaluated the adjuvant properties of plasmids coding for gamma interferon or interleukin-12, of cpg immunostimulatory motifs, and of the conventional adjuvants dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide in water (dda) and sulfolipo-cyclodextrin in squalene in water. we demonstrate that a dna vaccine combined with dda, but not with the other adjuvants, induced significantly stronger immune responses than plasmid vaccination al ...	2002	12239334
protection induced by intramuscular immunization with dna vaccines of pseudorabies in mice, rabbits and piglets.	glycoprotein gene gb, gc and gd of pseudorabies virus (prv) strain ea, which was isolated locally in wuhan, were cloned from the viral genome dna and expressed in vitro controlled by the major immediately-early promotor/enhancer of hcmv. in the presented paper, balb/c mice, rabbits and piglets were vaccinated intramuscularly two times at 2-week interval with those eukaryotic expression plasmid pcdb, pcdc and pcdd, respectively. the animals injected with pcdb, pcdc, pcdd or mix dna developed anti ...	2002	11803083
long-term influence of lipid nutrition on the induction of cd8(+) responses to viral or bacterial antigens.	porcine cd8(+) lymphocytes are critical for the development of cellular immune responses to bacterial (i.e. cd8alphaalpha(+)) and viral (i.e. cd8alphabeta(+) lymphocytes) pathogens. vaccination and challenge modulate the kinetics of appearance of cd8(+) cells in peripheral blood. in addition to antigen-mediated modulation, nutritional modulation can also influence cell-mediated immunity. we had previously observed that diets supplemented with a mixture of conjugated linoleic acid (cla) isomers e ...	2002	11818164
temporary disturbance of actin stress fibers in swine kidney cells during pseudorabies virus infection.	rounding and loosening of cells is a consequence of infection with pseudorabies virus (prv), both in vitro and in vivo. these changes in the normal structure of the cell may be the result of cytoskeletal changes. immunofluorescence staining of actin filaments and microtubule bundles was performed to examine whether prv induces a reorganization of these cytoskeletal components in infected swine kidney (sk) cells. every 2h until 12h post-inoculation (p.i.), cells were washed in cytoskeleton stabil ...	2002	11888692
prevalence of antibodies to classical swine fever, aujeszky's disease, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, and bovine viral diarrhoea viruses in wild boars in croatia.	during the hunting season in february 1999, a total of 44 blood samples were collected from wild boars shot in the area of moslavacka gora. these blood samples were examined by enzyme immunoassay for the presence of antibodies to classical swine fever (csfv), aujeszky's disease (adv), bovine viral diarrhoea (bvdv), and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrsv) viruses. out of 44 serum samples examined, 17 (38.63%) were positive for csfv, 24 (54.54%) were positive for adv and two (4.5 ...	2002	12121047
passive transfer of virus-specific antibodies confers protection against reproductive failure induced by a virulent strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and establishes sterilizing immunity.	immune mechanisms mediating protective immunity against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) are not well understood. the prrsv-specific humoral immune response has been dismissed as being ineffective and perhaps deleterious for the host. the function of prrsv antibodies in protective immunity against infection with a highly abortifacient strain of this virus was examined by passive transfer experiments in pregnant swine. all of a group of pregnant gilts (n = 6) that recei ...	2002	12429512
quantitative analysis of the antigen-specific ifngamma+ t cell-mediated immune response in conventional outbred pigs: kinetics and duration of the dna-induced ifngamma+ cd8+ t cell response.	it is now well established that antigen-specific cd8(+) t cells play a major role in vaccine-induced immunity against intracellular pathogens and tumor cells. the detection of these immune cells in outbred animals has been hampered mainly by the need to generate individual autologous antigen-presenting cells (apcs) due to the high degree of polymorphism of the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i loci. we used individually derived immature porcine dendritic cells infected with a pox-ba ...	2002	12459166
molecular characterization of the pig c3 gene and its association with complement activity.	the complement system catalyzes direct lysis of micro-organisms and modulates phagocytosis, inflammation, humoral and cellular immune responses. since the complement protein c3 is the central component within all pathways of complement activation, c3 is a candidate gene for complement activity and also for improved protection against many pathogens. the pig c3 gene was sequenced, screened for polymorphisms, and analyzed for association with hemolytic complement activity of the alternative and cl ...	2003	12557058
establishment and characterization of two new pig cell lines for use in virological diagnostic laboratories.	two pig cell lines derived from kidney and trachea tissues and referred to as newborn swine kidney (nsk) and newborn pig trachea (nptr) were established following serial culture of primary cells. they were characterized by an epithelial-like morphology, high capacity to replicate and stability of the cell monolayer for several days after seeding. their modal chromosome number was modified in comparison to that of primary swine cells and they both displayed a transforming potential in vitro and d ...	2003	12505635
use of a sindbis virus dna-based expression vector for induction of protective immunity against pseudorabies virus in pigs.	injection of plasmid dna encoding pseudorabies virus (prv) glycoproteins into pig muscle has been shown to result in protective immunity against lethal infection. nevertheless, such dna vaccines are still less efficient than some attenuated or killed live vaccines. one way to increase dna vaccine efficacy is to improve the vectorisation system at the molecular level, thereby enhancing the rate of in vivo-produced immunogen protein and consequently specific acquired immunity. the present study co ...	2003	12814698
exogenous porcine viruses.	porcine organs, cells and tissues provide a viable source of transplants in humans, though there is some concern of public health risk from adaptation of swine infectious agents in humans. limited information is available on the public health risk of many exogenous swine viruses, and reliable and rapid diagnostic tests are available for only a few of these. the ability of several porcine viruses to cause transplacental fetal infection (parvoviruses, circoviruses, and arteriviruses), emergence or ...	2003	12934944
manufacturing process of anti-thrombin iii concentrate: viral safety validation studies and effect of column re-use on viral clearance.	a manufacturing process for the production of anti-thrombin iiii concentrate is described, which is based primarily on heparin sepharose affinity chromatography. the process includes two sequential viral inactivation/removal procedures, applied to the fraction eluted from the column, the first by heating in aqueous solution at 60 degrees c for 10 h and the second by nanofiltration. using viral validation on a scaled-down process both treatments proved to be effective steps; able to inactivate or ...	2003	12935804
immunohistochemical characterisation of pcv2 associate lesions in lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues of pigs with natural postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws).	the lymphoid, renal, pulmonary, and hepatic lesions of naturally occurring postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) affected pigs have been studied by means of immunohistology. ten conventionally reared pigs showing acute clinical signs of pmws were selected from a farm on which animal were seronegative to porcine reproductive and respiratory virus and to aujeszky's disease virus. all pigs were positive in tests for porcine circovirus type 2 by ish and ihc. monoclonal and polyclonal ant ...	2003	12842612
a role for glycoprotein c in pseudorabies virus entry that is independent of virus attachment to heparan sulfate and which involves the actin cytoskeleton.	glycoprotein c (gc) of pseudorabies virus, a swine herpesvirus, initiates virus attachment by binding to heparan sulfate (hs) linked to proteoglycans (hspgs) on the cell surface. this interaction facilitates a required step in virus entry, the binding to a non-hs coreceptor, likely by another viral glycoprotein, gd. we demonstrate that gc has an even more direct role in virus entry than simply promoting adhesion strengthening. a porcine cell line expressing gc trans-complemented the penetration, ...	2003	12667810
brainstem substrates of sympatho-motor circuitry identified using trans-synaptic tracing with pseudorabies virus recombinants.	previous physiological investigations have suggested the existence of a neural circuit that coordinates activation of motor and autonomic efferents before or at the onset of exercise. traditionally these circuits have been postulated to involve forebrain areas. however, overlapping populations of medullary reticular formation neurons that participate in motor or autonomic control have been described previously, suggesting that individual pontomedullary reticular formation neurons may coordinate ...	2003	12805305
pseudorabies virus us3 protein kinase mediates actin stress fiber breakdown.	disruption of specific components of the host cytoskeleton has been reported for several viruses and is thought to be beneficial for viral replication and spread. our previous work demonstrated that infection of swine kidney (sk-6) cells with pseudorabies virus (prv), a swine alphaherpesvirus, induced actin stress fiber breakdown. in the present study, using several prv deletion mutants, we found that the us3 serine/threonine (s/t) protein kinase is involved in breakdown of actin stress fibers i ...	2003	12885923
experimental dual infection of specific pathogen-free pigs with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and pseudorabies virus.	twenty 6-week-old specific pathogen-free pigs were divided into four groups. on day 0 of the experiment, prrsv-prv (n = 6) and prrsv (n = 4) groups were intranasally inoculated with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) (10(5.6) tcid50). on day 7, the prrsv-prv and prv (n = 6) groups were intranasally inoculated with pseudorabies virus (prv) (10(3.6) tcid50). control pigs (n = 4) were kept as uninoculated negative controls. half of the pigs in each group were euthanized and ...	2003	12710495
zentralblatt für bakteriologie--100 years ago aladár aujeszky detects a 'new' disease--or: it was the cow and not the sow.		2003	12635925