| ionizing radiation potentiates the antitumor efficacy of oncolytic herpes simplex virus g207 by upregulating ribonucleotide reductase. | replication-competent herpes simplex virus-1 (hsv-1) mutants have an oncolytic effect on human and animal cancers. the aim of this study was to determine whether g207, an hsv-1 mutant, can be combined with ionizing radiation (ir) to increase antitumor activity while decreasing treatment-associated toxicity. | 2002 | 12219034 |
| identification of a herpes b virus-specific glycoprotein d immunodominant epitope recognized by natural and foreign hosts. | the mapping of linear epitopes of b virus (cercopithecine herpesvirus 1 and herpes b virus) glycoprotein d (gd) was accomplished by screening the constructed gd epitope library with serum from b virus-infected macaques. the immunodominant epitope, gd (362-370), was identified within the c-terminal region of b virus gd that was highly conserved among 19 b virus clinical isolates but was not present in either herpes simplex virus (hsv)-1 or hsv-2 gd. a substantial percentage of serum samples from ... | 2002 | 12195371 |
| conjunctival macrophage-mediated influence of the local and systemic immune response after corneal herpes simplex virus-1 infection. | recently it has been shown that selective subconjunctival macrophage depletion reduced the incidence and severity of stromal herpes simplex virus (hsv) keratitis in mice. in this study, we examined the effect of conjunctival macrophage depletion on the corneal and systemic t-cell-mediated immune response. balb/c mice were treated with subconjunctival injections of dichloromethylene diphosphonate (cl2mdp)-liposomes (cl2mdp-lip) or phosphate-buffered saline (pbs) 7 and 2 days before corneal infect ... | 2002 | 12225370 |
| the effect of immunization with herpes simplex virus glycoprotein d fused with interleukin-2 against murine herpetic keratitis. | to evaluate the preventive effect of vaccination using fusion protein (gd-il-2) consisting of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) glycoprotein d (gd), and human interleukin-2 (il-2), and plasmid dna encoding gd-il-2 against murine herpetic keratitis. | 2002 | 12225814 |
| intact microtubules support adenovirus and herpes simplex virus infections. | capsids and the enclosed dna of adenoviruses, including the species c viruses adenovirus type 2 (ad2) and ad5, and herpesviruses, such as herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1), are targeted to the nuclei of epithelial, endothelial, fibroblastic, and neuronal cells. cytoplasmic transport of fluorophore-tagged ad2 and immunologically detected hsv-1 capsids required intact microtubules and the microtubule-dependent minus-end-directed motor complex dynein-dynactin. a recent study with epithelial cells ... | 2002 | 12208972 |
| histologic and in situ viral findings in the myocardium in cases of sudden, unexpected death. | the purpose of this study was to do in situ viral detection in myocardial tissues of individuals who suffered sudden unexpected death and to correlate the results with the postmortem histopathologic findings. thirteen cases were identified and the heart tissues were analyzed for adenovirus, cytomegalovirus, epstein barr virus, herpes simplex virus 1 and 2, human immunodeficiency virus 1 (hiv-1), influenza a, influenza b, parvovirus, rotavirus, picornavirus (including separate primers for enterov ... | 2002 | 12218208 |
| herpetic whitlow infection in a general pediatrician--an occupational hazard. | herpetic whitlow is a well-known occupational hazard for medical staff. it has been reported to affect mainly workers in intensive care units who come into close contact with oral secretions. we report herpetic whitlow infection in a general pediatrician in order to increase the awareness to this infectious occupational hazard that might occur in any health care worker who deals with oral secretions. a 35-year-old male general pediatrician sustained a minor knife cut in his finger and 5 days lat ... | 2002 | 12236568 |
| [kikuchi-fujimoto's disease concurrent with a primary herpes simplex type 1 infection]. | | 2002 | 12238273 |
| sequential localization of two herpes simplex virus tegument proteins to punctate nuclear dots adjacent to icp0 domains. | the subcellular localization of herpes simplex virus tegument proteins during infection is varied and complex. by using viruses expressing tegument proteins tagged with fluorescent proteins, we previously demonstrated that the major tegument protein vp22 exhibits a cytoplasmic localization, whereas the major tegument protein vp13/14 localizes to nuclear replication compartments and punctate domains. here, we demonstrate the presence of a second minor population of vp22 in nuclear dots similar in ... | 2002 | 12239313 |
| identification and expression of immunogenic proteins of a disease-associated marine turtle herpesvirus. | herpesviruses are associated with several diseases of marine turtles, including lung-eye-trachea disease (letd) and fibropapillomatosis. two approaches were used to identify immunodominant antigens of letv, the letd-associated herpesvirus. the first approach targeted glycoprotein b, which is known to be immunogenic and neutralizing in other species. the second strategy identified letv proteins recognized on western blots by antibodies in immune green turtle plasma. a 38-kda protein was resolved ... | 2002 | 12239336 |
| [antiviral action of combined use of rhizoma polygoni cuspidati and radix astragali on hsv-1 strain]. | the clinical action of combined use of rhizoma polygoni cuspidati and radix astragali on hsv-1 was investigated with a view to developing a new antiviral drug. | 1999 | 12242802 |
| intracellular localization of herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase fused to different fluorescent proteins depends on choice of fluorescent tag. | gene therapy employing the suicide gene/prodrug activating system herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase (hsv-tk)/ganciclovir (gcv) is effective in killing malignant tumor cells. labeling of the hsv-tk enzyme with fluorescent proteins makes possible the non-invasive imaging of transduction efficiency, enzyme localization and activity in cell culture and in animal models of human cancers. here we report the expression of hsv-tk tagged with different fluorescent proteins (egfp, dsred1, dsred ... | 2002 | 12220652 |
| transient transfection of mouse fibroblasts with type i interferon transgenes provides various degrees of protection against herpes simplex virus infection. | type i interferons (ifn) constitute one of the initial and most potent components of the innate immune response against viral infections. while there is only one ifn-beta gene, there are several ifn-alpha genes whose products act through the same receptor calling into question the role of these gene products against viral infection. the focus of the present study was to compare the anti-viral state of cells transiently transfected with different murine type i ifn transgenes including ifn-alpha1, ... | 2002 | 12323398 |
| [functional analyses of regulatory proteins of herpesviruses]. | | 2002 | 12227174 |
| scaffolds for protein crystallisation. | in the absence of a method to ensure that crystals can be obtained for any given protein, the possibility of developing scaffolds for protein crystallisation becomes attractive. among several approaches that could yield scaffolds, two are particularly promising: the first is based on immunoglobulin fab fragments and immunoglobulin binding proteins while the second is based on fusion proteins. in the fab based scaffold, the protein of interest is the antigen recognised by the antibody. in the sec ... | 2002 | 12351893 |
| [herpes esophagitis presenting upper gastrointestinal bleeding: report of a case]. | | 2002 | 12229166 |
| valacyclovir for herpes simplex virus infection: long-term safety and sustained efficacy after 20 years' experience with acyclovir. | an extensive clinical trial program combined with 5 years' postmarketing experience with valacyclovir provides evidence of favorable safety and efficacy in herpes simplex virus (hsv) management. valacyclovir enhances acyclovir bioavailability compared with orally administered acyclovir. long-term use of acyclovir for up to 10 years for hsv suppression is effective and well tolerated. acyclovir is also approved for use in children, is available in some countries over the counter in cream formulat ... | 2002 | 12353186 |
| clinical manifestations and treatment considerations of herpes simplex virus infection. | herpes simplex viruses (hsv) types 1 and 2 cause infections manifesting as dermatologic, immunologic, and neurologic disorders. some of the most important manifestations and complications of hsv infection are considered here in a neuroanatomic context. this discussion should aid in understanding the pathogenesis and, in some cases, diagnosis and management of associated hsv-related diseases. the sensory nervous system, rather than skin and mucous membranes, is the primary target of hsv infection ... | 2002 | 12353190 |
| serological testing for herpes simplex virus (hsv)-1 and hsv-2 infection. | serological tests for herpes simplex virus (hsv) that can accurately distinguish between hsv-1 and hsv-2 are now commercially available. these tests detect antibodies to hsv glycoproteins g-1 and g-2, which evoke a type-specific antibody response. focus technologies produces the herpeselect-1 and herpeselect-2 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests and the hsv-1 and hsv-2 herpeselect1/2 immunoblot. diagnology has marketed pockit-hsv-2, a point-of-care test for hsv-2 that allows blood from a fin ... | 2002 | 12353203 |
| novel benzthiodiazepinones as antiherpetic agents: sar improvement of therapeutic index by alterations of the seven-membered ring. | a series of novel benzthiodiazepinones was studied as antiherpetic agents. significant improvements in potency and therapeutic index in a viral replication assay were realized over the starting molecule. the role of stereospecific substitution on the diazepine ring and optimal nitrogen substitution were investigated. | 2002 | 12270188 |
| selective internalization of sodium channels in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons infected with herpes simplex virus-1. | the neurotropic virus, herpes simplex type 1 (hsv-1), inhibits the excitability of peripheral mammalian neurons, but the molecular mechanism of this effect has not been identified. here, we use voltage-clamp measurement of ionic currents and an antibody against sodium channels to show that loss of excitability results from the selective, precipitous, and complete internalization of voltage-activated sodium channel proteins from the plasma membrane of neurons dissociated from rat dorsal root gang ... | 2002 | 12356869 |
| the transmembrane domain and cytoplasmic tail of herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein h play a role in membrane fusion. | herpes simplex virus glycoprotein h (gh) is one of the four virion envelope proteins which are required for virus entry and for cell-cell fusion in a transient system. in this report, the role of the transmembrane and cytoplasmic tail domains of gh in membrane fusion was investigated by generating chimeric constructs in which these regions were replaced with analogous domains from other molecules and by introducing amino acid substitutions within the membrane-spanning sequence. gh molecules whic ... | 2002 | 12368313 |
| inhibition of pact-mediated activation of pkr by the herpes simplex virus type 1 us11 protein. | pact, a protein activator of pkr, can cause inhibition of cellular protein synthesis and apoptosis. here, we report that the us11 protein of herpes simplex virus type 1 can block pkr activation by pact both in vitro and in vivo. although us11 can bind to both pkr and pact, mutational analyses revealed that the binding of us11 to pkr, and not to pact, was essential for its inhibitory action. similar analyses also revealed that the inhibitory effect was mediated by an interaction between the c-ter ... | 2002 | 12368348 |
| regulation of herpes simplex virus 1 replication using tumor-associated promoters. | to investigate use of transcriptional regulatory elements (promoters) for tumor-associated antigens to achieve hsv-1 replication preferentially in cells that overexpress the tumor-associated antigens. | 2002 | 12368679 |
| age-specific prevalence of infection with herpes simplex virus types 2 and 1: a global review. | information on age- and sex-specific prevalence of herpes simplex virus (hsv) types 2 and 1 infections is essential to optimize genital herpes control strategies, which increase in importance because accumulating data indicate that hsv-2 infection may increase acquisition and transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. this review summarizes data from peer-reviewed publications of type-specific hsv seroepidemiologic surveys. hsv-2 prevalence is, in general, highest in africa and the americas, ... | 2002 | 12353183 |
| therapeutic action of meliacine, a plant-derived antiviral, on hsv-induced ocular disease in mice. | ocular herpes simplex virus type-1 (hsv-1) infections remain an important cause of corneal disease which may result in a loss of vision. meliacine (ma), an antiviral activity present in crude leaf extracts of melia azedarach l. that inhibits hsv-1 multiplication in vitro, was studied in a murine herpetic stromal keratitis experimental model. adult balb/c mice were inoculated with hsv-1 at their corneas after abrasion. ma was administered topically three times a day for 3 consecutive days, beginn ... | 2002 | 12384095 |
| diagnosis and management of recurrent herpes simplex infections. | dentists are frequently asked by patients to diagnose and treat recurrent herpetic infections, which are painful and disfiguring. the author explores the diagnosis and treatment of these commonly encountered viral conditions. | 2002 | 12356256 |
| antiviral activity of spirulina maxima against herpes simplex virus type 2. | spirulina has been used in a variety of practical applications in biotechnology and medical sciences. this paper presents the antiviral activity found in a hot water extract (hwe) of a commercial preparation of spirulina maxima, studied by a microplate inhibition assay, using several viruses. the hwe inhibited the infection for: herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2), pseudorabies virus (prv), human cytomegalovirus (hcmv), and hsv-1, and the 50% effective inhibition doses (ed(50)) were 0.069, 0.103 ... | 2002 | 12406511 |
| dna amplification by breakage/fusion/bridge cycles initiated by spontaneous telomere loss in a human cancer cell line. | the development of genomic instability is an important step in generating the multiple genetic changes required for cancer. one consequence of genomic instability is the overexpression of oncogenes due to gene amplification. one mechanism for gene amplification is the breakage/fusion/bridge (b/f/b) cycle that involves the repeated fusion and breakage of chromosomes following the loss of a telomere. b/f/b cycles have been associated with low-copy gene amplification in human cancer cells, and have ... | 2002 | 12407447 |
| [4'-thio-5-ethyl-2'-deoxyuridine 5'-phosphonates: synthesis and antiviral activity]. | a number of new 5'-phosphonate derivatives of 4'-thio-5-ethyl-2'-deoxyuridine (tedu) were synthesized. these compounds displayed a low cytotoxicity and, except for tedu 5'-fluorophosphate, antiherpes activity similar to that of 9-[(2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl]guanine (acyclovir) and 9-(4-hydroxy-3-hydroxymethylbut-1-yl)guanine (pencyclovir). 5'-ethoxycarbonylphosphonate and 5'-aminocarbonylphosphonate of tedu were also found to suppress the reproduction of herpes simplex type 1 virus, which is resist ... | 2002 | 12408030 |
| synthesis and biological activity of strongly fluorescent tricyclic analogues of acyclovir and ganciclovir. | in search of strongly fluorescent tricyclic analogues of acyclovir (acv, 1) and ganciclovir (gcv, 2), derivatives of the 3,9-dihydro-9-oxo-5h-imidazo[1,2-a]purine system, several 6-[4-(acyloxy)phenyl], 6-[4-(acylamino)phenyl], and 6-[4-(phenoxycarbonyloxy)phenyl]-substituted tacv and tgcv analogues were synthesized and evaluated for their activity against herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 in cell culture. all tacv and tgcv analogues showed strong fluorescence (quantum yield of 30-65% vs 2-amino ... | 2002 | 12408716 |
| application of atomic force microscopy to studies of surface processes in virus crystallization and structural biology. | atomic force microscopy (afm) investigation revealed the sources of disorder and mechanisms of their formation in crystals of an icosahedral plant virus, cucumber mosaic virus (cmv) and structure of the herpes simplex virus (hsv-1). the combination of defects and local disorder in cmv crystals presented here are likely the physical bases for mosaicity in virus crystals, and may be largely responsible for their limited diffraction resolution. high-resolution images of intact, enveloped hsv-1 and ... | 2002 | 12351873 |
| torch agents in pregnant saudi women. | to determine the seroprevalence rates of igg to common torch agents in pregnant saudi women using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | 2002 | 12424411 |
| ethnic variation in type of genital herpes simplex virus infection in a south london genitourinary medicine clinic. | the aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence of herpes simplex virus (hsv) types 1 and 2 in the study population and correlate the results with clinical and demographic details. consecutive hsv isolates from 334 clinic attendees were typed by immunofluorescence. patient information was collected from the case notes. overall, hsv-1 was isolated from 48 and hsv-2 from 287 samples, respectively. there was no significant difference in isolation rates according to gender. however, 33% of ... | 2003 | 12436485 |
| mutations in the n-terminal domains of nectin-1 and nectin-2 reveal differences in requirements for entry of various alphaherpesviruses and for nectin-nectin interactions. | nectin-1 and nectin-2 are related molecules that can function with different specificities as entry receptors for mammalian alphaherpesviruses through interaction with viral glycoprotein d (gd). the normal function of members of the nectin family is to mediate cell-cell adhesion through homotypic and heterotypic nectin-nectin interactions in cadherin-based adherens junctions. we examined mutations in three equivalent regions of the n-terminal v-like domains of nectin-1 and nectin-2 to test the e ... | 2002 | 12438620 |
| prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 antibody in cameroon. | genital herpes is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases. as a leading cause of genital ulceration, herpes genitalis plays a role in facilitating the transmission of hiv. although hiv infection is most prevalent in cameroon, information is lacking about prevalence of herpes simplex virus (hsv) type 2 infection in this country. | 2002 | 12438898 |
| glycosaminoglycan-binding ability is a feature of wild-type strains of herpes simplex virus type 1. | adaptation of some viruses to replication in cultured cells selects variants that due to alterations in the viral attachment proteins convert to using heparan sulfate (hs) as initial receptor. we report that the nucleotide sequence of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) glycoprotein c (gc), a principal attachment component of the virus, remained unchanged during adaptation of wild-type strains to cultured cells. likewise, amino acid residues critical for binding of gc to hs were conserved in vir ... | 2002 | 12441085 |
| crystal structure of lir-2 (ilt4) at 1.8 a: differences from lir-1 (ilt2) in regions implicated in the binding of the human cytomegalovirus class i mhc homolog ul18. | leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor-1 (lir-1) and lir-2 (also known as ilt2 and ilt4 respectively) are highly related cell surface receptors that bind a broad range of class i mhc molecules with low (microm) affinities. expressed on monocytic cells and macrophages, both molecules transmit inhibitory signals after binding ligands. in addition to binding host class i mhc, the lir-1 molecule, which is also expressed on lymphoid tissues, binds with a high (nm) affinity to ul18, a class i mhc homo ... | 2002 | 12390682 |
| viral titers and delayed facial palsy after acoustic neuroma surgery. | delayed facial palsy (dfp) after acoustic neuroma surgery has been reported to occur in up to one third of cases. reactivation of latent virus has been proposed as an etiology for dfp. however, only retrospective case reports and case series have offered data to support this theory. the objective of this study was to correlate dfp with change in viral titers. patients and methods: twenty consecutive patients who underwent acoustic neuroma surgery were prospectively evaluated for viral titers imm ... | 2002 | 12447236 |
| involvement of apolipoprotein e in the hematogenous route of herpes simplex virus type 1 to the central nervous system. | apolipoprotein e (apoe), a constituent of the lipoproteins, may be relevant in herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) infection of the central nervous system (cns), since hsv-1 binds to human serum apoe lipoproteins. this study demonstrates the involvement of apoe in the hematogenous route of hsv-1 to the cns. | 2002 | 12414984 |
| a novel function for human factor c1 (hcf-1), a host protein required for herpes simplex virus infection, in pre-mrna splicing. | human factor c1 (hcf-1) is needed for the expression of herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) immediate-early genes in infected mammalian cells. here, we provide evidence that hcf-1 is required for spliceosome assembly and splicing in mammalian nuclear extracts. hcf-1 interacts with complexes containing splicing snrnps in uninfected mammalian cells and is a stable component of the spliceosome complex. we show that a missense mutation in hcf-1 in the bhk21 hamster cell line tsbn67, at the non-permissive ... | 2002 | 12456665 |
| sustained release of low-dose ganciclovir from a silicone formulation prolonged the survival of rats with gliosarcomas under herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase suicide gene therapy. | a silicone formulation of ganciclovir (gcv-pellet) was developed to enhance the cytotoxic effects of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase suicide gene therapy. the effectiveness of this drug delivery system was assessed in a rat 9l gliosarcoma model. the gcv-pellets (1 mm in length and in diameter) used in this experiment contained a total amount of 0.15 mg of gcv. in vitro experiments demonstrated that gcv was gradually released over a period of 7 days. five days after stereotactic tumor inocu ... | 2002 | 12457278 |
| demyelination associated with hsv-1-induced facial paralysis. | in 1995, we developed an animal model of transient homolateral facial nerve paralysis by inoculating herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) into the auricle of mice. this study examined the mechanism of facial nerve paralysis in this model histopathologically. using the immunofluorescence technique with anti-hsv-1 antibody, the time course of viral spread and the site of viral replication were investigated over the entire course of the facial nerve. furthermore, viral replication and nerve degenera ... | 2002 | 12460609 |
| are latent, immediate-early genes of herpes simplex virus-1 essential in causing trigeminal neuralgia? | the etiology and pathogenesis of major trigeminal neuralgia remain largely unknown, but are believed to result from an irritative lesion near the semilunar ganglion. we suggest that its primary cause is a single, active dna sequence in the persistent but non-integrated genome of latent herpes simplex virus type 1 commonly observed in a few infected a-delta nerve fibers of the cheek. facial pain occurs as a result of herpes virus reactivation and when supplies of neurotrophins controlling normal ... | 2002 | 12376087 |
| polysulfonates derived from metal thiolate complexes as inhibitors of hiv-1 and various other enveloped viruses in vitro. | sodium 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate reacts with the metal ions pd(ii), pt(ii), ag(i), cd(ii) and zn(ii) to yield complexes containing multiple anionic sulfonate sites. on the basis of spectroscopic and other analytical data the complexes were assigned the tentative molecular formulas: pd6(sch2ch2so3na)12, ptn(sch2ch2so3na)2n+2, agn(sch2ch2so3na)n, na2zn4(sch2ch2so3na)10, and na2cd4(sch2ch2so3na)10. the complexes displayed a variety of differences in activity towards dna and rna viruses. the platinu ... | 2002 | 12448691 |
| the latency-related gene of bovine herpesvirus-1 can inhibit the ability of bicp0 to activate productive infection. | transfection of bovine cells with bovine herpesvirus-1 genomic dna yields low levels of infectious virus. cotransfection with the bicp0 gene enhances productive infection and virus yield because bicp0 can activate viral gene expression. since the latency-related (lr) gene overlaps and is antisense to bicp0, the effects of lr gene products on productive infection were tested. the intact lr gene inhibited productive infection in a dose-dependent fashion but lr protein expression was not required. ... | 2002 | 12466472 |
| key role of template sequence for primer synthesis by the herpes simplex virus 1 helicase-primase. | we investigated the effects of ssdna template sequence on both primer synthesis and ntp hydrolysis by herpes simplex virus 1 helicase-primase. primer synthesis was found to be profoundly dependent upon template sequence. although not absolutely required, an important sequence feature for significant production of longer primers (beyond four nucleotides in length) is a deoxyguanylate-pyrimidine-pyrimidine (3'-g-pyr-pyr-5') triplet in the template. the deoxyguanylate serves both to direct primase ... | 2002 | 12463757 |
| identification of a lytic-cycle epstein-barr virus gene product that can regulate pkr activation. | the epstein-barr virus (ebv) sm protein is a posttranscriptional regulator of viral gene expression. like many transactivators encoded by herpesviruses, sm transports predominantly unspliced viral mrna cargo from the nucleus to the cytosol, where it is subsequently translated. this activity likely involves a region of the protein that has homology to the herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) icp27 gene product, the first member of this class of regulators to be discovered. however, sm also contain ... | 2003 | 12477828 |
| responses of herpes simplex virus type 1-infected cells to the presence of extracellular antibodies: ge-dependent glycoprotein capping and enhancement in cell-to-cell spread. | binding of anti-herpes simplex virus (hsv) immunoglobulin g (igg) to hsv type 1 (hsv-1)-infected hel and hep-2 cells causes changes in surface viral glycoprotein distribution, resulting in a capping of all viral glycoproteins towards one pole of the cell. this occurs in a ge-dependent manner. in hel cells, low concentrations of anti-hsv igg also enhance cell-to-cell spread of wild-type hsv-1 but not of ge deletion mutant hsv-1. these observations raised the possibility that ge-dependent mechanis ... | 2003 | 12477873 |
| glycoprotein-d-adjuvant vaccine to prevent genital herpes. | an effective prophylactic vaccine would help control the spread of genital herpes. | 2002 | 12444179 |
| degradation of quillaja saponaria molina saponins: loss of the protective effects of a herpes simplex virus 1 subunit vaccine. | quillaja saponins (q. saponins) are readily hydrolyzed at neutral ph to yield degraded deacylated saponins (ds-saponins). degradation of q. saponins resulted in some reduction of their capacity to elicit igg1, igg2a and igg2b isotypes against the highly immunogenic envelope glycoprotein d (gd) from herpes simplex virus, type 1 (hsv-1). addition to gd of a dose of ds-saponins tenfold higher than the original q. saponins dose stimulated lower igg2a and igg2b titers than those obtained with gd alon ... | 2002 | 12469944 |
| herpes simplex virus type 1 mutants containing the kos strain icp34.5 gene in place of the mckrae icp34.5 gene have mckrae-like spontaneous reactivation but non-mckrae-like virulence. | herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) strain mckrae is neurovirulent in rabbits infected by the ocular route, causing fatal encephalitis in approximately 50% of the animals, and has a high-level spontaneous reactivation phenotype, with 10% of rabbit eyes containing reactivated virus at any given time. in contrast, hsv-1 strain kos is completely avirulent (no rabbits die) and has a completely negative spontaneous reactivation phenotype. mutations of the icp34.5 gene can reduce the neurovirulence of ... | 2002 | 12466469 |
| picosecond-hetero-fret microscopy to probe protein-protein interactions in live cells. | by using a novel time- and space-correlated single-photon counting detector, we show that fluorescence resonance energy transfer (fret) between cyan fluorescent protein (cfp) and yellow fluorescent protein (yfp) fused to herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (tk) monomers can be used to reveal homodimerization of tk in the nucleus and cytoplasm of live cells. however, the quantification of energy transfer was limited by the intrinsic biexponential fluorescence decay of the donor cfp (lifetimes o ... | 2002 | 12496124 |
| varicella-zoster virus open reading frame 21, which is expressed during latency, is essential for virus replication but dispensable for establishment of latency. | varicella-zoster virus (vzv) open reading frame 21 (orf21) is one of at least five vzv genes expressed in latently infected human and rodent ganglia. to determine whether orf21 is required for latent and lytic infection, we deleted 99% of orf21 from the viral genome. the orf21 deletion mutant virus could be propagated only in a cell line expressing the orf21 protein. insertion of the herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) homolog of vzv orf21, hsv-1 ul37, into the orf21 deletion mutant failed to co ... | 2003 | 12502838 |
| the herpes simplex virus type 2 r1 protein kinase (icp10 pk) functions as a dominant regulator of apoptosis in hippocampal neurons involving activation of the erk survival pathway and upregulation of the antiapoptotic protein bag-1. | herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and hsv-2) can trigger or block apoptosis in a cell type-dependent manner. we have recently shown that the protein kinase activity of the large subunit of the hsv-2 ribonucleotide reductase (r1) protein (icp10 pk) blocks apoptosis in cultured hippocampal neurons by activating the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) survival pathway (perkins et al., j. virol. 76:1435-1449, 2002). the present studies were designed to better elucidate the mechanism ... | 2003 | 12502846 |
| [herpetic meningitis in the child]. | in children, viral meningitis is usually caused by enteroviruses. herpes simplex viruses (hsv) are known to be a cause of meningo-encephalitis. hsv-2 has been reported to cause recurrent meningitis (mollaret's meningitis) in adults. case report: we report the case of a three-year-old girl with hsv-1 meningitis, whose evolution with treatment by aciclovir was good. conclusion: hsv-1 has rarely been reported as a cause of isolated aseptic meningitis in children. primary phase of herpes simplex vir ... | 2002 | 12503506 |
| effect of a combination therapy between il-12 and soluble il-4 receptor (sil-4r) on candida albicans and herpes simplex virus type i infections in thermally injured mice. | the effectiveness of a combination using il-12 and soluble il-4 receptor (sil-4r) to treat severe infections of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and candida albicans in thermally injured mice was investigated. although sil-4r decreased burn-associated type 2 t-cell responses, the effect of sil-4r was minimal on the morbidity and mortality of thermally injured mice exposed to 250 times ld50 of hsv-1 or 10 times ld50 of c. albicans. compared with 100% mortality in control mice, mortality for hs ... | 2002 | 12489778 |
| reactivation and donor-host transmission of herpes simplex virus after corneal transplantation. | to review our previous studies regarding herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) corneal latency in the rabbit lamellar keratoplasty (lk) and penetrating keratoplasty (pkp) models. | 2002 | 12484706 |
| adrenal insufficiency combined with gastric cardia ulcer due to herpes simplex virus type 1 infection. | adrenal insufficiency combined with gastric ulcer due to herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection is a very unusual condition. a 75-year-old woman suffered from a 4-day history of poor appetite, constipation, dysuria, severe headache, generalized pain and malaise. hyponatremia was noted. escherichia coli infection was identified from urine culture. poor pituitary-adrenal axis response to hyponatremia and infection, as well as a history of intermittent treatment with steroids, led to a diagnosis of i ... | 2002 | 12517048 |
| regional distribution of antibodies to herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and hsv-2 in men and women in ontario, canada. | this study estimated the regional and age- and gender-specific seroprevalences of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and hsv-2 in ontario, canada. stored serum specimens from subjects aged 15 to 44 years, including men (n = 979), women not under prenatal care (n = 638), and women under prenatal care (n = 701) submitted for routine viral serology were randomly selected according to regional population size from public health laboratories. hsv-1 and hsv-2 testing was done with the mrl enzyme immu ... | 2003 | 12517830 |
| herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein d inhibits t-cell proliferation. | herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) glycoprotein d (gd) binds to its cellular receptor, herpesvirus entry mediator (hvem), to enter into activated t cells. since gd is expressed on the cell surface of activated t cells after infection and can interact with hvem, a co-stimulatory molecule for t cells, we hypothesized that the membrane-bound gd can exert an immunomodulatory effect on activated t cells. in this report, we demonstrated the following: (1) the gd expression was detected on the cell su ... | 2002 | 12521303 |
| an unfolded map of the cerebellar dentate nucleus and its projections to the cerebral cortex. | we have used retrograde transneuronal transport of neurotropic viruses to examine the organization of the projections from the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum to "motor" and "nonmotor" areas of the cerebral cortex. to perform this analysis we created an unfolded map of the dentate. plotting the results from current and prior experiments on this unfolded map revealed important features about the topography of function in the dentate. we found that the projections to the primary motor and premot ... | 2003 | 12522208 |
| detection of herpes simplex virus in pseudoexfoliation syndrome and exfoliation glaucoma. | the pathogenesis of pseudoexfoliation syndrome (pex) remains unknown. an infection, possibly viral, is one of the proposed pathogenetic mechanisms. this study examines the presence of herpes simplex virus (hsv) and varicella-zoster virus (vzv) in iris and anterior capsule specimens of pex and non-pex patients. | 2002 | 12485281 |
| conformational study of linear and cyclic peptides corresponding to the 276-284 epitope region of hsv gd-1. | the results of conformational analysis of linear and cyclic peptides from the 276salledpvg(284) sequence of glycoprotein d of herpes simplex virus are presented. the epitope peptides were synthesized by spps and on resin cyclization was applied for preparation of cyclic compounds. circular dichroism spectroscopy, fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) were used to determine of the solution structure of both linear and cyclic peptides. the results indicated t ... | 2003 | 12504254 |
| methodology and problems of protein-ligand docking: case study of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, thymidine kinase, and phosphodiesterase 4. | the docking methodology was applied to three different therapeutically interesting enzymes: human dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (dhodh), herpes simplex virus type i thymidine kinase (hsv1 tk) and human phosphodiesterase 4 (pde4). programs flexx, autodock and dock where used. the three targets represent three distinct cases. for dhodh and hsv1 tk, the binding modes of substrate and inhibitors within the active site are known, while the binding orientation of camp within pde4 has been solely hypoth ... | 2002 | 12503612 |
| [adeno-associated virus vector mediated gene transfer of hsvi-tk and its effect on killing cancer cell]. | the plasmid pactk-19 was constructed by inserting hsvi-tk gene into the multiple cloning sites of the general adeno-associated virus(aav) vector pacr-neo. when plasmid pactk-19 was transfected to recombinant aav's packaging cell line ae1201, which was exposed to adenovirus 5 for two hours before transfection, we got raav/actk at the titer of 3.4 x 10(5) cfu/ml. after infecting human lung cancer cell a549 with raav/actk, we extracted host cell's chromosome cdna and amplified part of the hsvi-tk s ... | 1998 | 12526317 |
| construction of multiply disabled herpes simplex viral vectors for gene delivery to the nervous system. | | 2003 | 12526157 |
| recent progress in herpes simplex virus immunobiology and vaccine research. | herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and hsv-2) cause prevalent, chronic infections that have serious outcomes in some individuals. neonatal herpes may occur when the infant traverses the cervix during maternal genital herpes. genital herpes is a major risk factor for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission. considerable efforts have been made to design and test vaccines for hsv, focusing on genital infection with hsv-2. several protein subunit vaccines based on hsv-2 envelope glyc ... | 2003 | 12525427 |
| polymerase chain reaction as a rapid diagnostic tool for therapy of acute retinal necrosis syndrome. | herpesviruses are involved in the pathogenesis of acute retinal necrosis syndrome (arn). a rapid and accurate diagnosis of herpetic infections is crucial for prompt administration of a specific antiviral therapy. the purpose of this study was to evaluate a polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based assay to detect herpesvirus dna in the aqueous humor of clinical samples from ten patients with uveitis and clinical suspicion of arn. samples were assayed for herpes simplex virus type 1-2 (hsv 1-2), vari ... | 2003 | 12526051 |
| detection of human viruses in patients with chronic periodontitis and the relationship between viruses and clinical parameters. | recent studies have demonstrated that various human viruses, especially cytomegalovirus (hcmv), epstein-barr virus type-1 (ebv-1), and herpes simplex virus (hsv), seem to play a part in the pathogenesis of human periodontitis. little information is available on the relationship between these viruses and clinical periodontal parameters in patients with chronic periodontitis. this study examined the occurrence of hcmv, ebv-1, and hsv in patients with chronic periodontitis and the relationship betw ... | 2002 | 12546093 |
| acute cerebellitis caused by herpes simplex virus type 1. | cerebellar disorders due to herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection are rare and always associated with herpes simplex encephalitis. we report 2 cases of severe primary acute cerebellitis caused by hsv type 1 that were identified by nested polymerase chain reaction performed on cerebrospinal fluid samples. | 2003 | 12539091 |
| effects of long-term administration of cancer-promoting substances on oral subepithelial mast cells in the rat. | the role of oral subepithelial mast cells in the defence against tumours is a matter of controversy. the effect of established and suggested carcinogens, such as the carcinogen 4-nitroquinoline-n-oxide (4-nqo) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1), in combination with oral snuff on lower lip subepithelial mast cells (mc) was studied in rats. the rats were exposed to prolonged use of oral snuff. the test substances were administered in a surgically created canal in the lower lip of the rats. th ... | 2002 | 12529973 |
| antimicrobial and antiviral activities of polyphenolics from cocos nucifera linn. (palmae) husk fiber extract. | the decoction of cocos nucifera l. husk fiber has been used in northeastern brazil traditional medicine for treatment of diarrhea and arthritis. water extract obtained from coconut husk fiber and fractions from adsorption chromatography revealed antimicrobial activity against staphylococcus aureus. the crude extract and one of the fractions rich in catechin also showed inhibitory activity against acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1-acvr). all fractions were inactive against th ... | 2002 | 12558183 |
| [herpesviridae and laryngeal neoplasia]. | to investigate the relationship between herpesviridae and malignant or benign laryngeal diseases. | 2001 | 12541682 |
| the early expression of glycoprotein b from herpes simplex virus can be detected by antigen-specific cd8+ t cells. | the immune response to cutaneous herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) infection begins with remarkable rapidity. activation of specific cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl) begins within hours of infection, even though the response within the draining lymph nodes peaks nearly 5 days later. hsv gene products are classified into three main groups, alpha, beta, and gamma, based on their kinetics and requirements for expression. in c57bl/6 mice, the immunodominant epitope from hsv is derived from glycoprote ... | 2003 | 12551982 |
| diagnosing herpesvirus infections by real-time amplification and rapid culture. | procedures using real-time technique were developed to demonstrate the presence of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and hsv-2, varicella zoster virus (vzv), and cytomegalovirus (cmv) in miscellaneous clinical specimens. the assays were compared to rapid culture using centrifugation followed by detection with monoclonal antibodies. a total of 711 consecutive samples were collected from different patient groups. throat swabs were obtained from transplant patients; dermal or oral specimens were ... | 2003 | 12574249 |
| an analysis of 1,001 blinding patients with corneal disease in 1960-1989. | to investigate the condition and change of corneal blindness (cb) in the past 30 years. | 1998 | 12580077 |
| transfer of fgf-2 via hsv-1-based amplicon vectors promotes efficient formation of neurons from embryonic stem cells. | the manipulation of embryonic stem (es) cells has a great potential to create cell populations useful for tissue replacement and regeneration of organs. the acquirement of specific cell fates and differentiation into specialized cell types may be obtained by the application of specific growth factors. fibroblast growth factor 2 (fgf-2) has been used for the formation of es cell-derived cns stem cells. in order to achieve high efficiency of gene delivery into stem cells, the use of viral vectors ... | 2003 | 12581849 |
| a single amino acid substitution in herpes simplex virus type 1 vp16 inhibits binding to the virion host shutoff protein and is incompatible with virus growth. | in addition to its well-established role in the activation of herpes simplex virus immediate-early gene transcription, vp16 interacts with and downregulates the function of the virion host shutoff protein (vhs), thereby attenuating vhs-mediated destruction of viral mrnas and translational arrest at late times of infection. we have carried out two-hybrid analysis in vivo and protein-protein interaction assays in vitro to identify determinants in vp16 necessary for interaction with vhs. the minima ... | 2003 | 12584313 |
| exonuclease-deficient polymerase mutant of herpes simplex virus type 1 induces altered spectra of mutations. | the effect of exonuclease activity of the herpes simplex virus dna polymerase (pol) on dna replication fidelity was examined by using the supf mutagenesis assay. the recombinants with exonuclease-deficient pol, containing an integrated supf gene in the thymidine kinase locus (tk), exhibited supf mutation frequencies ranging from 0.14 to 5.6%, consistent with the tk mutation frequencies reported previously (y. t. hwang, b.-y. liu, d. m. coen, and c. b. c. hwang, j. virol. 71:7791-7798, 1997). the ... | 2003 | 12584319 |
| entry of herpes simplex virus type 1 into primary sensory neurons in vitro is mediated by nectin-1/hvec. | primary cultures of rat and mouse sensory neurons were used to study the entry of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1). soluble, truncated nectin-1 but not hvea prevented viral entry. antibodies against nectin-1 also blocked infection of rat neurons. these results indicate that nectin-1 is the primary receptor for hsv-1 infection of sensory neurons. | 2003 | 12584355 |
| cytologic detection of cryptococcosis coexisting with herpes simplex virus infection in sputum: use of liquid-based, thin-layer preparations. | | 2003 | 12585041 |
| autotransplantation in mdx mice of mdx myoblasts genetically corrected by an hsv-1 amplicon vector. | duchenne muscular dystrophy (dmd) is an x-linked recessive disorder, characterized by a lack of dystrophin. to eliminate the need for immunosuppressive drugs, transplantation of genetically modified autologous myoblasts has been proposed as a possible therapy for this myopathy. an hsv-1 amplicon vector (hsvdgn), containing a 17.3-kb full-length mck-driven mouse dystrophin cdna, an egfp gene, and a neomycin resistance gene driven by cmv or sv40 promoters, respectively, was constructed and used to ... | 2002 | 12588108 |
| functional analysis of hsv-gc1 on swine endothelial cells: potential for xenotransplantation. | | 2003 | 12591522 |
| helper-free hsv-1 amplicons elicit a markedly less robust innate immune response in the cns. | the development and implementation of direct gene transfer technologies for the study and treatment of chronic cns disorders inherently requires consideration of vector safety. virus-based vectors represent the most efficient modalities but harbor the potential to induce vigorous innate and adaptive immune responses when administered in vivo. these responses can arise because of virus particle components, resultant viral gene expression, and/or transgene expression. in the current study, we desc ... | 2003 | 12597910 |
| origin-specific unwinding of herpes simplex virus 1 dna by the viral ul9 and icp8 proteins: visualization of a specific preunwinding complex. | herpes simplex virus 1 contains three origins of replication; two copies of oris and one of a similar sequence, oril. here, the combined action of multiple factors known or thought to influence the opening of oris are examined. these include the viral origin-binding protein, ul9, and single-strand binding protein icp8, host cell topoisomerase i, and superhelicity of the dna template. by using electron microscopy, it was observed that when icp8 and ul9 proteins were added together to oris-contain ... | 2003 | 12552114 |
| treatment of human papillomavirus (hpv) type 16-infected cells using herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase-mediated gene therapy transcriptionally regulated by the hpv e2 protein. | human papillomavirus type 16 (hpv-16) is associated with development of anogenital squamous cell cancers (sccs) and their precursor, intraepithelial neoplasia (in). few approaches to the treatment of in to prevent scc are targeted specifically to hpv. we have designed an hpv-specific therapy using the herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase (hsv-1 tk) gene driven by an hpv-specific promoter in the hpv-16 long control region (lcr) (nucleotide 7450-nucleotide 104), which is regulated by the h ... | 2003 | 12573058 |
| on call. i'm bothered by cold sores two or three times a year. what are they, and what can i do about them? | | 2003 | 12604445 |
| phenotypic and genotypic methods for the detection of herpes simplex virus serotypes. | typing of herpes simplex virus (hsv) into its serotypes plays a major role in epidemiology and management of reactivation. to develop and evaluate a polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) was employed using hae iii and taq i against neutralization test, allele-specific pcr and dna sequencing for the detection of hsv serotypes. neutralization test, allele-specific pcr, dna sequencing and pcr-based rflp were applied simultaneously to 2 standard strain ... | 2003 | 12565159 |
| enhancement of dna vaccine potency against herpes simplex virus 1 by co-administration of an interleukin-18 expression plasmid as a genetic adjuvant. | in this study, the immune-modulatory and vaccine effects of using an interleukin (il)-18 expression plasmid as a genetic adjuvant to enhance dna vaccine-induced immune responses were investigated in a mouse herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) challenge model. balb/c mice were immunized by three intramuscular inoculations of hsv-1 glycoprotein d (gd) dna vaccine alone or in combination with a plasmid expressing mature il-18 peptide. both the serum igg2a/igg1 ratio and t helper 1-type (th1) cytokines [ ... | 2003 | 12621087 |
| mutation of single hydrophobic residue i27, l35, f39, l58, l65, l67, or l71 in the n terminus of vp5 abolishes interaction with the scaffold protein and prevents closure of herpes simplex virus type 1 capsid shells. | protein-protein interactions drive the assembly of the herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) capsid. a key interaction occurs between the c-terminal tail of the scaffold protein (pre-22a) and the major capsid protein (vp5). previously (z. hong, m. beaudet-miller, j. durkin, r. zhang, and a. d. kwong, j. virol. 70:533-540, 1996) it was shown that the minimal domain in the scaffold protein necessary for this interaction was composed of a hydrophobic amphipathic helix. the goal of this study was to i ... | 2003 | 12634364 |
| three-dimensional localization of porf65 in kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus capsid. | of the six herpesvirus capsid proteins, the smallest capsid proteins (scps) share the least sequence homology among herpesvirus family members and have been implicated in virus specificity during infection. the herpes simplex virus-1 (hsv-1) scp was shown to be horn shaped and to specifically bind the upper domain of each major capsid protein in hexons but not in pentons. in kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv), the protein encoded by the orf65 gene (porf65) is the putative scp but its ... | 2003 | 12634386 |
| ck2 protein kinase is stimulated and redistributed by functional herpes simplex virus icp27 protein. | it has been shown previously (s. wadd, h. bryant, o. filhol, j. e. scott, t.-t. hsieh, r. d. everett, and j. b. clements, j. biol. chem. 274:28991-28998, 2000) that icp27, an essential and multifunctional herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) protein, interacts with ck2 and with heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein k (hnrnp k). ck2 is a pleiotropic and ubiquitous protein kinase, and the tetrameric holoenzyme consists of two catalytic alpha or alpha' subunits and two regulatory beta subunits. we show he ... | 2003 | 12634389 |
| herpes simplex virus (hsv) type 2 glycoprotein d subunit vaccines and protection against genital hsv-1 or hsv-2 disease in guinea pigs. | in two recent clinical trials, a vaccine containing herpes simplex virus (hsv) type 2 glycoprotein d (gd2) and a novel adjuvant as04 comprising alum (al) and 3-deactylated monophosphoryl lipid a (3-dmpl) afforded hsv-seronegative women significant protection against hsv-2 genital disease (vaccine efficacy, 73% in study 1 and 74% in study 2) and limited protection against infection (46% in study 1 and 39% in study 2). in the present report, studies in the guinea pig model investigated the protect ... | 2003 | 12599070 |
| the stable 2.0-kilobase intron of the herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-associated transcript does not function as an antisense repressor of icp0 in nonneuronal cells. | during latency, herpes simplex virus expresses a unique set of latency-associated transcripts (lats). as the 2.0-kb lat intron is complementary to, and overlaps, the 3' end of the icp0 transcript, it has been suggested that the stable lat intron might function as an antisense repressor of icp0 expression. we tested this hypothesis in cell culture by dissociating cis- and trans-acting effects of the 2.0-kb lat, using a series of complementary strategies. initially, we constructed 293t cell lines ... | 2003 | 12610127 |
| [amniotic membrane transplantation improves herpetic keratitis by local and not by systemic effects]. | the immune mediated hsv-1 stromal keratitis (hsk) rapidly improves after amniotic membrane transplantation (amt). this study investigated whether amt modulates the t cell response and whether the anti-inflammatory action of amt is due to local or systemic effects. | 2003 | 12640550 |
| antiviral flavonoids from the root bark of morus alba l. | a prenylated flavonoid, moralbanone, along with seven known compounds kuwanon s, mulberroside c, cyclomorusin, eudraflavone b hydroperoxide, oxydihydromorusin, leachianone g and alpha-acetyl-amyrin were isolated from the root bark of morus alba l. leachianone g showed potent antiviral activity (ic(50) = 1.6 microg/ml), whereas mulberroside c showed weak activity (ic(50) = 75.4 microg/ml) against herpes simplex type 1 virus (hsv-1). their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. | 2003 | 12648543 |
| serial in vivo imaging of the targeted migration of human hsv-tk-transduced antigen-specific lymphocytes. | new technologies are needed to characterize the migration, survival, and function of antigen-specific t cells in vivo. here, we demonstrate that epstein-barr virus (ebv)--specific t cells transduced with vectors encoding herpes simplex virus-1 thymidine kinase (hsv-tk) selectively accumulate radiolabeled 2'-fluoro-2'-deoxy-1-beta-d-arabinofuranosyl-5-iodouracil (fiau). after adoptive transfer, hsv-tk+ t cells labeled in vitro or in vivo with [131i]fiau or [124i]fiau can be noninvasively tracked ... | 2003 | 12652311 |
| transferred herpes simplex virus immunity after stem-cell transplantation: clinical implications. | herpes simplex virus (hsv) commonly reactivates after stem-cell transplantation (sct), despite acyclovir prophylaxis. whether hsv-seropositive recipients with hsv-seronegative or type-discordant donors had more frequent and severe hsv infections than those with hsv type-concordant donors was explored. banked serum samples from hsv-positive sct recipients and their donors were tested for the presence of hsv antibodies. hsv-1-positive sct recipients from hsv-1-negative donors had more frequent and ... | 2003 | 12599054 |
| improved herpes simplex virus type 1 amplicon vectors for proportional coexpression of positron emission tomography marker and therapeutic genes. | for the development of efficient and safe gene therapy protocols for clinical application it is desirable to determine the tissue dose of vector-mediated therapeutic gene expression noninvasively in vivo. the herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase gene (hsv-1-tk) has been shown to function as a marker gene for the direct noninvasive in vivo localization of thymidine kinase (tk) expression by positron emission tomography (pet). using bicistronic or multicistronic gene-expressing cassettes w ... | 2003 | 12639307 |