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nuclear redistribution of brca1 during viral infection.the functions and the intracellular localization of the breast/ovarian susceptibility gene product, brca1, has been controversial. to arrive at a clear understanding of its localization and relative position to other nuclear structures, a new monoclonal antibody was produced and characterized by immunohistochemical techniques with other brca1 antibodies. each of the antibodies specifically detected brca1 as localized to specific nuclear domains and did so in a variety of cells and in a cell cycl ...19989751118
fattiviracin a1, a novel antiviral agent produced by streptomyces microflavus strain no. 2445. ii. biological properties.fattiviracin a1, showed potent antiviral activities against herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1), varicella-zoster virus (vzv), influenza a virus and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). it showed no cytotoxicity against vero cells. fattiviracin a1 exhibited no significant antibacterial or antifungal activities. treatment of hsv-1 with fattiviracin a1 decreased its infectivity to vero cells. the mechanism of its antiviral activity may be due to inactivation of the viral particles and inhi ...19989918397
distinct domains in herpes simplex virus type 1 us11 protein mediate post-transcriptional transactivation of human t-lymphotropic virus type i envelope glycoprotein gene expression and specific binding to the rex responsive element.herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv- 1) us11 protein is an rna-binding protein which is able to mediate post-transcriptional transactivation of human t-lymphotropic virus type i (htlv-i) envelope glycoprotein gene expression by interacting with the rex responsive element (xre) located at the 3' end of the env mrna. in view of this functional activity, and because us11 protein is capable of substituting for htlv-i rex protein, it was hypothesized that us11 protein should exhibit at least two functio ...19989680120
the antiviral activity of the ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor bild 1351 se in combination with acyclovir against hsv type-1 in cell culture.bild 1351 se is a selective peptidomimetic subunit association inhibitor of the herpes simplex virus (hsv) ribonucleotide reductase (rr) with potent antiviral activity both in cell culture assays and animal models of hsv disease. the ability of bild 1351 se to inhibit the replication of hsv-1 when used in combination with acyclovir (acv) for the treatment of hsv infections was investigated in baby hamster kidney cells using a 96-well enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. the effective concentration ...19989754948
caffeine inhibits paresthesia induced by herpes simplex virus through action on primary sensory neurons in rats.herpetic infection causes paresthesia, including hypoalgesia, in humans and hypoalgesia in rats. this study was conducted to examine the effect of caffeine, which inhibits replication of herpes simplex virus type-1 (hsv) and affects several neuronal functions, on hsv-induced paresthesia in rats. hsv-induced hypoalgesia was suppressed by repeated treatment of unilateral hindpaw with 10% caffeine gel regardless of when the treatment was started. repeated treatment with acyclovir, an anti-hsv agent ...19989809669
pure populations of transduced primary human cells can be produced using gfp expressing herpes virus vectors and flow cytometry.herpes simplex virus (hsv) has often been suggested as a vector for gene delivery to the nervous system although it is also capable of infecting many other cell types. hsv also has the ability to package large genetic insertions so the expression of multiple genes from a single virus is possible. here we show that a green fluorescent protein (gfp) expressing hsv1 vector can transduce two primary human cell types--quiescent human cd34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells and dendritic cells--which are ...19989797879
structure of the human cytomegalovirus b capsid by electron cryomicroscopy and image reconstruction.the three-dimensional structure of b capsids of the beta-herpesvirus human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) was investigated at a resolution of 3.5 nm from electron cryomicrographs by image processing and compared with the structure obtained for the alpha-herpesvirus herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1). the main architectural features of the hsv-1 and hcmv capsids are similar: the t = 16 icosahedral lattice consists of 162 capsomers, composed of two distinct morphological units, 12 pentamers and 150 hexam ...19989931275
development of herpes simplex virus replication-defective multigene vectors for combination gene therapy applications.some gene therapy applications will require simultaneous expression of multiple gene products to achieve a therapeutic effect. in this study we describe the generation and characterization of replication incompetent herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) vectors (hx86z or hx86g) carrying distinct and independently regulated expression cassettes for five transgenes (hil-2, hgm-csf, hb7.1, hsv-tk and lacz or hifn gamma). the transgenes, representing 12 kb of dna sequence, were recombined into separat ...19989930305
"suicide" gene for the control of graft-versus-host disease.specific and conditional in vivo ablation of alloreactive donor t cells after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation could significantly contribute to preventing and treating graft-versus-host disease (gvhd). the use of donor t cells expressing a "suicide" gene such as the thymidine kinase gene of the herpes simplex virus 1 (hs-tk) has the potential of achieving such a goal. ex vivo retroviral-mediated hs-tk gene transfer in human t cells as well as ganciclovir sensitivity of such ge ...19989814659
histopathological responses in the cns following inoculation with a non-neurovirulent mutant (1716) of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv 1): relevance for gene and cancer therapy.the rl1 gene of herpes simplex virus (hsv) encodes a polypeptide, icp34.5 which is a specific virulence determinant. rl1 null mutants fail to replicate in both the pns and cns and are incapable of causing encephalitis. additionally, rl1 null mutants have the capacity to replicate in actively dividing cells but fail to replicate in growth arrested or terminally differentiated cells. this selective replication phenotype has highlighted their use as both tumour killing agents and gene delivery vehi ...19989821167
the herpes simplex virus type 1 helicase-primase. analysis of helicase activity.the rate of unwinding of duplex dna by the herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1)-encoded helicase-primase (primosome) was determined by measuring the rate of appearance of single strands from a circular duplex dna containing a 40-nucleotide 5' single-stranded tail, i.e. a preformed replication fork, in the presence of the hsv-1 single strand dna-binding protein, infected cell protein 8 (icp8). with this substrate, the rate at low ionic strength was highly sensitive to mg2+ concentration. the mg2+ ...19989822692
the role of neutralizing antibody and t-helper subtypes in protection and pathogenesis of vaccinated mice following ocular hsv-1 challenge.in order to determine the possible correlation of specific immune responses with protection against mortality and ocular disease following ocular herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) challenge, balb/c mice were vaccinated with different doses and regimens of baculovirus-expressed gd. neutralizing antibody, virus titres in the eyes, corneal scarring, and survival were measured. in addition, infiltration into the cornea of cd4+ t cells and cells containing the lymphokines interleukin-2 (il-2), il-4 ...19989824497
high-efficacy thymidine kinase gene transfer to ovarian cancer cell lines mediated by herpes simplex virus type 1 vector.in this report, a replication-defective herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) vector has been employed to deliver the escherichia coli lacz and hsv thymidine kinase (hsvtk) genes to six human ovarian carcinoma cell lines and the efficacy of gene transfer compared to that of adenoviral vectors in vitro. the transduction efficiency of the lacz-containing virus toz.1 was evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively following infection of the different ovarian cancer cell lines. the therapeutic ability ...19989826472
recombinant cd40l treatment protects allogeneic murine bone marrow transplant recipients from death caused by herpes simplex virus-1 infection.posttransplant infection associated with host immune deficiency is the major cause of nonrelapse mortality of human bone marrow transplant recipients. in a new murine model of posttransplant infection, allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipients were infected with herpes simplex virus-1 (hsv-1) via intraperitoneal inoculation 12 weeks after transplantation. allogeneic transplant recipients with graft-versus-host disease (gvhd) had significantly increased mortality from hsv-1 encephalitis, with ...19989834255
induction of interferon-alpha by glycoprotein d of herpes simplex virus: a possible role of chemokine receptors.the induction of type i interferons by most rna viruses is initiated by virus-derived double-stranded (ds)rna. however, retro- and dna-viruses, which do not synthesize dsrna, must rely on different mechanisms of induction. for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), recombinant glycoproteins 120 or 160 suffice to induce interferon (ifn)-alpha in blood-derived lymphocytes [h. ankel, m. r. capobianchi, c. castilletti, and f. dianzani (1994). virology 205, 34-43]. here we show that for herpes ...19989837796
exercise effects on ifn-beta expression and viral replication in lung macrophages after hsv-1 infection.mice exercised to fatigue and exposed to herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) exhibit greater mortality than control mice. in this study, we examined lung macrophage resistance to hsv-1 after exercise in terms of both viral replication and interferon (ifn)-beta production. we utilized the reverse transcriptase-rapid polymerase chain reaction to measure the ifn-beta mrna content in alveolar macrophages. ifn release was measured with a bioassay, and viral replication within the macrophage was asses ...19989843845
atf/creb elements in the herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-associated transcript promoter interact with members of the atf/creb and ap-1 transcription factor families.the herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) latency-associated transcript (lat) promoter 1 (lp1) is an inducible and cell type-specific promoter involved in regulating the production of an 8.3-kb primary lat transcript during acute and latent infection of peripheral sensory neurons and during subsequent virus reactivation. a number of cis-acting regulatory elements have been identified in lp1, including two cyclic-amp (camp) response element (cre)-like sequences, designated cre-1 and cre-2. cre-1 ha ...19989845850
herpes simplex type 1 induction of persistent nf-kappa b nuclear translocation increases the efficiency of virus replication.the latent form of the dimeric transcription factor nf-kappa b is sequestered in the cytoplasm by proteins containing ankyrin repeats, such as 1 kappa b alpha and beta, or by the p105 precursor form of the nf-kappa b p50 subunit. tumor necrosis factor alpha or virus infection can cause targeted destruction of 1 kappa b and nuclear translocation of nf-kappa b. following translocation, nf-kappa b mediates immune, inflammatory, or anti-apoptotic responses. here we present evidence that beginning at ...19989705914
rd6-2198, a novel betain-type fluoroalkylated oligomer, inhibits the replications of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and other enveloped viruses.we have examined a novel betain-type fluoroalkylated oligomer, rd6-2198, for its inhibitory effects on the replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and other enveloped viruses, including herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and hsv-2, respectively) and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in cell cultures. we have found that the compound is a potent and selective inhibitor of these viruses. rd6-2198 inhibited the replication of hiv-1iiib at a concentration of 0.85 microg/ml w ...19989707376
[effect of l-lysine-a-oxidase on reproduction of herpes simplex type i virus in vitro].l-lysin-a-oxidase (lo), a fungal enzyme catalysing oxidative deamination of l-lysin, was used for the inhibition of the reproduction of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1). antiviral activity of lo was tested in vitro. the expression of viral antigens and cpe of hsv-1 was inhibited by lo at a concentration 0.7 mg/ml.19989845927
3-hydroxyphthaloyl beta-lactoglobulin. iii. antiviral activity against herpesviruses.the spread of sexually transmitted diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and herpesvirus infections, has continued unabated despite educational efforts spearheaded as a response to the hiv-1 epidemic. this suggests the need for prophylactic measures, including the application of topical antiviral agents. chemical modification of bovine beta-lactoglobulin (beta-lg), the major protein of whey, by hydroxyphthalic anhydride (3hp) led to the generation of a potent hiv-1 inhi ...19989875389
tissue specific distribution of the herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-associated transcripts on polyribosomes during latent infection.transcription of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) during latency produces two abundant latency-associated transcripts (lats). we have recently shown, that during hsv-1 latency in mice trigeminal ganglia (tg) lats are bound to polyribosomes (j virol, 1997, 71, 2897-2904). in order to study the possible role of this binding in the latency process, we now extend the polyribosomal analysis to brainstem tissues of latently infected mice, that unlike tg do not support viral reactivation. we report ...19989718134
transfection of cos cells with human cystatin cdna and its effect on hsv-1 replication. 19989599312
social stress and the reactivation of latent herpes simplex virus type 1.psychological stress is thought to contribute to reactivation of latent herpes simplex virus (hsv). although several animal models have been developed in an effort to reproduce different pathogenic aspects of hsv keratitis or labialis, until now, no good animal model existed in which application of a psychological laboratory stressor results in reliable reactivation of the virus. reported herein, disruption of the social hierarchy within colonies of mice increased aggression among cohorts, activ ...19989618568
characterization of a nerve growth factor-inducible cellular activity that enhances herpes simplex virus type 1 gene expression and replication of an icp0 null mutant in cells of neural lineage.herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) icp0 is required for efficient viral gene expression during lytic infection, especially at low multiplicities. a series of cellular activities that can substitute for icp0 has been identified, suggesting that when the activity of icp0 is limiting, these activities can substitute for icp0 to activate viral gene expression. the cellular activities may be especially important during reactivation of hsv from neuronal latency when viral gene expression is initiated ...19989620991
diagnosis of herpetic keratoconjunctivitis by nested polymerase chain reaction in human tear film.a study was performed to evaluate nested pcr (npcr) versus viral cultures as method and tear film versus corneal scrapings as specimen in the diagnosis of viral keratoconjunctivitis. tear film specimens were taken from both eyes and corneal scrapings from the affected eye only in 17 patients with suspected viral keratoconjunctivitis. in 15 of the 17 patients the viral agent of the infection could be detected: 11 patients had herpes simplex virus type 1, two varicella-zoster virus, one both herpe ...19989629979
a therapeutic vaccine that reduces recurrent herpes simplex virus type 1 corneal disease.to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of periocular vaccination with herpes simplex virus (hsv) recombinant glycoprotein d from hsv-1 (gd1) or hsv-2 (gd2) in decreasing hsv-induced recurrent dendritic keratitis and hsv-induced recurrent ocular shedding in rabbits latently infected with hsv-1.19989620075
antiviral activity of fa-11h on the infectivity and replication of herpes simplex virus type 1 in cultured cells.the highest concentration lacking cytotoxicity (h.c.l.c.) of the acid fa-11h, related to ester fa-11 (ethyl 4-trifluoromethyl-2-methylthio-5-pyrimidinecarboxylate), was determined on vero cultured cells. at this concentration (300 micrograms/ml) fa-11h produced an 81.4% inhibition of herpes simplex virus type 1 infectivity with respect to the plaque formation detected in control infected cultures. this inhibitory activity was substantiated by studies on progeny production. fa-11h revealed a high ...19989699209
induction of apoptosis in hep-2 cells by infection with herpes simplex virus type 2.although herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) does not induce apoptosis in infected hep-2 cells, herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) did induce apoptosis in a small but significant fraction of the same cells. apoptosis was not observed in vero or hela cells infected with hsv-2. in addition, hsv-2 infection in the presence of cycloheximide induced extensive apoptosis of hep-2 or hela cells.19989930199
igg and igm antibodies of herpes simplex virus type-1 and type-2 in 233 maternal and neonatal sera. 19989849717
comparison of the intranuclear distributions of herpes simplex virus proteins involved in various viral functions.herpesviral transcription, dna synthesis, and capsid assembly occur within the infected cell nucleus. to further define the spatial relationship among these processes, we have examined the intranuclear distributions of viral dna replication, gene regulatory, and capsid proteins using dual label immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. we observed that several of the viral dna replication proteins localize preferentially to punctate structures within replication compartments while the major tr ...19989875326
therapeutic periocular vaccination with a subunit vaccine induces higher levels of herpes simplex virus-specific tear secretory immunoglobulin a than systemic vaccination and provides protection against recurrent spontaneous ocular shedding of virus in latently infected rabbits.rabbits latently infected with herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) were vaccinated either periocularly or systemically with a subunit vaccine (gb2 + gd2) plus adjuvant or adjuvant alone. tear films were collected daily to measure recurrent infectious hsv-1 shedding. after systemic vaccination, the latently infected rabbits were not protected against recurrent ocular viral shedding (hsv-1-positive tear film cultures/total cultures) compared with either the systemic or periocular adjuvant controls ...19989875329
chemistry and anti-herpes simplex virus type 1 evaluation of cyclosal-nucleotides of acyclic nucleoside analogues.the synthesis of different cyclosal-phosphotriesters of the acyclic nucleoside analogues acyclovir (acv), penciclovir (pcv) and t-penciclovir (t-pcv) as potential new lipophilic, membrane-soluble pronucleotides is described. the introduction of the cyclosal moiety was achieved by using reactive cyclic chlorophosphane reagents. in addition to the cyclosal-pcv monophosphate (mp) phosphotriesters, a second derivative bearing an acetyl group at the second primary alcohol function was prepared. in hy ...19989875392
inhibition of virus-encoded thymidine kinase suppresses herpes simplex virus replication in vitro and in vivo.both herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and hsv-2 encode a thymidine kinase enzyme which differs from cellular thymidine kinase in substrate specificity. viral thymidine kinase enables the virus to replicate in cells that lack cellular thymidine kinase, namely those of the sensory neurons where the virus establishes, and periodically reactivates from, a latent state. thymidine kinase-dependent hsv replication following viral reactivation at the site of latency is thought to precede the emergenc ...19989875372
inducible expression of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase from a bicistronic hiv1 vector.the possibility of protecting human cd4+ lymphocytes from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv1) infection, through a suicide mechanism elicited by the hiv1 transcription apparatus itself, offers a potentially useful approach for gene therapy of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. a replication-defective lentiviral hiv1 vector (hyires-tk) was designed to carry both the hygromycin (hy) phosphotransferase gene for positive selection and the thymidine kinase (tk) gene of herpes simplex viru ...19989923018
presence of hsv-1 dna in semen and menstrual blood.using a specifically designed diagnostic pcr assay with nested primers the following could be achieved: (1) a group of 22 clinically indistinguishable women attending an infertility clinic, 18 with repeated embryo transfer failure, and asymptomatic for hsv-1 could be divided into two subgroups after testing their menstrual blood. an hsv-dna positive (50%) and hsv-dna negative group (50%) could be distinguished. none of the four controls were positive; (2) semen from 154 infertile and 24 fertile ...199810213306
observations regarding the neurocytokaryological study of the experimental infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 in the white mouse.mice distributed in groups were inoculated with the herpes virus simplex type 1 and type 2 strains in various dilutions (10(-1)-10(-7)), which had been maintained on primary human embryo cell cultures. the animals were killed and homogenates were prepared of their brains, which were used for testing the infective titre in vivo and for the isolation of nuclei, by means of the hymer-kuff technique. for the cytokaryological examinations, smears were prepared from the homogenate, which were stained ...199810892432
aquamune, a brown seaweed extract, improves metabolism, immune response, energy and chelates heavy metals.the national cancer institute (nci) has shown interest in the curative powers of ocean plants, many of which appear to possess powerful anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antimicrobial, antifungal, anticancer, and immuno-suppressive properties. aquamune, a brown seaweed extract developed by aqua-10 laboratories, has gained marketing rights for use as a nutritional supplement. research shows that it acts as a receptor blocker for many pathogens, including salmonella, and is effective against haemophil ...199811365014
assessment trials of the therapeutic efficacy of the drug "zovirax" in some recurrent ocular and genital herpetic infections.in this work are reported the results of the researches performed by the authors more than a decade ago, aimed at assessing the clinical benefit of the introduction of the drug "zovirax" in the treatment of recurrent herpetic infections with genital or ocular location. the results of the treatment carried out on a restricted group of patients were positive both in cases of genital herpes and of herpetic keratitis. the clinical benefit consisted in the reduction of the mean duration of the diseas ...199810892424
[adeno-associated virus vector mediated gene transfer of hsvi-tk and its effect on killing cancer cell].the plasmid pactk-19 was constructed by inserting hsvi-tk gene into the multiple cloning sites of the general adeno-associated virus(aav) vector pacr-neo. when plasmid pactk-19 was transfected to recombinant aav's packaging cell line ae1201, which was exposed to adenovirus 5 for two hours before transfection, we got raav/actk at the titer of 3.4 x 10(5) cfu/ml. after infecting human lung cancer cell a549 with raav/actk, we extracted host cell's chromosome cdna and amplified part of the hsvi-tk s ...199812526317
an analysis of 1,001 blinding patients with corneal disease in 1960-1989.to investigate the condition and change of corneal blindness (cb) in the past 30 years.199812580077
[the mechanism of bystander effect in herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase/ganciclovir-mediated gene therapy].to study the mechanism of bystander effect in herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (hsv-tk)/ganciclovir (gcv)-mediated gene therapy.199911869559
role of serology in the diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis.twenty one cerebrospinal fluid (csf)/brain tissue (16 csf and 5 brain tissue) from patients clinically suspected of herpes simplex encephalitis (hse) were collected during one year period and was subjected for the detection of hsv type i and type ii antigen by direct immunofluorescence (dif). paired serum and csf samples obtained from 12 patients were tested for herpes simplex virus antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence test. of the 21 cases, two were positive for hsv-1 antigen in csf and on ...199910862294
[studies on the antiviral activity of silver sulfathiazole].silver sulfathiazole shows strong antibacterial activity and good tolerance after topical application. the aim of the study was to determine the antiviral activity of silver sulfathiazole in tissue culture after incubation of drug and virus. the antiviral activity was measured after various periods of exposure and at different drug concentrations. the results obtained indicate the activity of silver sulfathiazole against herpesvirus type 1 and type 2. this drug suppresses or completely inactivat ...199910865442
clinical management of selected oral fungal and viral infections during hiv-disease.the purpose of this review is to describe current possibilities of management of selected fungal and viral oral opportunistic infections including oral candidiasis, herpes simplex type 1 and 2-related lesions (hsv1,2), oral hairy leukoplakia (ohl) and oral lesions associated with human papilloma viruses (hpv). less common diseases such as cytomegalovirus infection or human herpes virus type 8 associated with kaposi's sarcoma and others are not considered. in a number of instances lifelong therap ...199910858761
[antiviral action of combined use of rhizoma polygoni cuspidati and radix astragali on hsv-1 strain].the clinical action of combined use of rhizoma polygoni cuspidati and radix astragali on hsv-1 was investigated with a view to developing a new antiviral drug.199912242802
monoclonal antibodies suitable for type-specific identification of herpes simplex viruses by a rapid culture assay.eight monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to herpes simplex viruses 1 and/or 2 (hsv-1, hsv-2) were tested for their reactivity with 190 previously typed hsv-positive clinical specimens in order to determine their suitability for use as type-specific reagents. using a rapid culture assay we found that two mabs (t51 and t96) identified hsv-1 in all the 94 specimens, previously found hsv-1-positive, but did not react with the 96 specimens, previously found hsv-2-positive. in contrast, one mab (303) confir ...199910825932
detection of herpes simplex virus dna in maternal breast milk by in situ hybridization with tyramide signal amplification.in this study we investigated the prevalence of herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) and 2 (hsv-2) in maternal breast milk using the technique of in situ hybridization combined with the sensitive detection system of tyramide signal amplification. breast milk samples were collected from both breasts of 34 puerperals 4-5 days after delivery. hsv dna was detected in 16 out of 34 examined breast milk specimens. hsv dna was found in the milk of both breasts in 10 cases (62.5%), in that of left breast in 4 ...199910757038
kinase receptor activation (kira): a rapid and accurate alternative to end-point bioassays.we have developed a novel strategy for a rapid bioassay that is accurate, precise, sensitive, and high capacity. it is capable of quantifying ligand bioactivity by measuring ligand-induced receptor tyrosine kinase activation in terms of receptor phosphorylation. the assay, termed a 'kinase receptor activation' or kira, utilizes two separate microtiter plates, one for ligand stimulation of intact cells, and the other for receptor capture and phosphotyrosine elisa. the assay makes use of either en ...199910698554
hsv-1-based vectors for gene therapy of neurological diseases and brain tumors: part ii. vector systems and applications.many properties of hsv-1 are especially suitable for using this virus as a vector to treat diseases affecting the central nervous system (cns), such as parkinson's disease or malignant gliomas. these advantageous properties include natural neurotropism, high transduction efficiency, large transgene capacity, and the ability of entering a latent state in neurons. selective oncolysis in combination with modulation of the immune response mediated by replication-conditional hsv-1 vectors appears to ...199910933055
intranuclear delivery of an antiviral peptide mediated by the b subunit of escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin.we report an intracellular peptide delivery system capable of targeting specific cellular compartments. in the model system we constructed a chimeric protein consisting of the nontoxic b subunit of escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (etxb) fused to a 27-mer peptide derived from the dna polymerase of herpes simplex virus 1. viral dna synthesis takes places in the nucleus and requires the interaction with an accessory factor, ul42, encoded by the virus. the peptide, designated pol, is able t ...199910220447
a new antiviral and antimicrobial sesquiterpene from glyptopetalum sclerocarpum.sclerocarpic acid, a new sesquiterpene with a novel carbon skeleton, was isolated from the stem bark of glyptopetalum sclerocarpum laws. (celastraceae). the compound exhibited antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, and antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria and a fungus.199910232073
synthesis and antiviral activity of l-2'-deoxy-2'-up-fluoro-4'-thionucleosides.l-2'-deoxy-2'-up-fluoro-4'-thionucleosides were efficiently synthesized from d-xylose via l-4-thioarabitol derivative as a key intermediate and evaluated for antiviral activities against hiv-1, hsv-1,2 and hbv.199910432648
chronic herpes simplex virus type i glossitis in an immunocompromised man.herpes simplex virus (hsv) type 1 (hsv-1) infection of the tongue commonly accompanies acute primary herpetic gingivostomatitis. however, recurrent infection of the tongue is exceptional and is restricted to immunocompromised individuals. a 57-year-old man with corticosteroid-dependent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and sciatica presented with a chronic median glossitis due to hsv-1. the main clinical and histological feature was massive necrosis of the entire mucosa. immunohistochemistry ...199910233235
nucleosides and nucleotides. 183. synthesis of 4'alpha-branched thymidines as a new type of antiviral agent.a series of 4'alpha-branched thymidines was synthesized and evaluated as potential antiviral agents. 4'-ethylthymidine (3), 4'-ethenylthymidine (5), and 4'-ethynylthymidine (6) exhibited potent anti-hsv-1 and anti-hiv-1 activities with no significant cytotoxicity.199910091689
selective delivery of herpes virus vectors to experimental brain tumors using rmp-7.rmp-7, a bradykinin analog, has been shown to selectively open the blood-tumor barrier for the delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs to brain tumors. in contrast to bradykinin, rmp-7 has no hypotensive effects and has been approved for human use. this study was initiated to determine whether rmp-7 would open the blood-tumor barrier to virus vectors encoding tumor-killing genes in an experimental model. the herpes virus vector used, hrr3, which encodes virus thymidine kinase gene and the lacz report ...199910078959
disproportionate retrograde amnesia in a patient with herpes simplex encephalitis.we describe a patient who developed a severe but temporally limited retrograde amnesia coupled with a relatively mild anterograde amnesia following herpes simplex encephalitis. the patient showed a profound retrograde amnesia for autobiographical events extending for about 10 years prior to the disease onset. her knowledge about public events and famous persons was also impaired for this period. an mri and spect demonstrated bilateral medial temporal pathology. this case represents a further ins ...199910656630
effect of recombinant human interferon alpha b/d (rhu-ifn-alpha b/d) in combination with acyclovir in experimental hsv-1 encephalitis.the efficacy of recombinant human interferon alpha b/d in experimental hsv-1 encephalitis was investigated in the murine system. recombinant hu-ifn-alpha b/d significantly reduced the mortality in a mouse encephalitis model (about 30%, p = 0.021), whereas natural mouse interferon was inactive. combination of acyclovir with hu-ifn-alpha b/d had an additive effect.199910588335
detection of varicella-zoster virus and herpes simplex virus by the polymerase chain reaction with degenerate primers.varicella-zoster virus (vzv) and herpes simplex virus (hsv) are human pathogens of significance involved in multiple diseases with either typical or atypical clinical features. in neonates and immunocompromised patients these alphaherpesviruses may cause life-threatening diseases such as encephalitis. detection of vzv by virus culture is difficult. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) is quicker and more sensitive and applicable in most clinical microbiological laboratories. using degenerate primers, ...199910598093
herpes simplex virus type 1 and alzheimer's disease.until recently, the only risk factors implicated in noninherited cases of alzheimer's disease were increasing age, down's syndrome, and probably, head injury. having found that herpes simplex type 1 virus (hsv1) is present in the brain of many elderly people, we discovered that it is a risk factor for alzheimer's disease when in the central nervous system of apoe-epsilon4 allele carriers. on the basis of this result and our finding that apoe-epsilon4 is a risk factor for herpes labialis, we sugg ...199910604441
stereoisomeric selectivity of human deoxyribonucleoside kinases.deoxynucleoside kinases catalyze the 5'-phosphorylation of 2'-deoxyribonucleosides with nucleoside triphosphates as phosphate donors. one of the cellular kinases, deoxycytidine kinase (dck), has been shown to phosphorylate several l-nucleosides that are efficient antiviral agents. in this study we investigated the potentials of stereoisomers of the natural deoxyribonucleoside to serve as substrates for the recombinant cellular deoxynucleoside kinases. the cytosolic thymidine kinase exhibited a s ...199910606535
detection of herpesvirus dna in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and skin lesions of patients with pemphigus by polymerase chain reaction.pemphigus is an autoimmune disease where both endogenous (genetic) and exogenous (environmental) factors play a part. viral infections, in particular herpesvirus infections, have been identified as a possible triggering factor for pemphigus. in this study, using the polymerase chain reaction, we studied peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) and skin biopsies from patients with pemphigus, and in some of these were able to demonstrate the presence of dna sequences of herpes simplex virus 1/2 ( ...199910606848
detection of cytomegalovirus proteins by flow cytometry in the blood of patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.cytomegalovirus (cmv) infection and associated diseases continue to be a major complication encountered by patients undergoing high-dose chemoradiotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (hsct). a number of studies revealed that identification of cmv in the blood of hsct patients was a predictor of future cmv disease. the purpose of this study was to determine if cmv proteins detected by flow cytometry could be a rapid and more quantitative way to monitor cmv infections and cmv antig ...199910089921
icp22 and the ul13 protein kinase are both required for herpes simplex virus-induced modification of the large subunit of rna polymerase ii.herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) infection alters the phosphorylation of the large subunit of rna polymerase ii (rnap ii), resulting in the depletion of the hypophosphorylated and hyperphosphorylated forms of this polypeptide (known as iia and iio, respectively) and induction of a novel, alternatively phosphorylated form (designated iii). we previously showed that the hsv-1 immediate-early protein icp22 is involved in this phenomenon, since induction of iii and depletion of iia are deficient ...199910364308
synthesis of 2'-methylene-substituted 5-azapyrimidine, 6-azapyrimidine, and 3-deazaguanine nucleoside analogues as potential antitumor/antiviral agents.2'-deoxy-2'-methylene-6-azauridine (5) and 2'-deoxy-2'-methylene-6-azacytidine (8) have been synthesized via a multi-step procedure from 6-azauridine. 2'-deoxy-2'-methylene-5-azacytidine (14a) and 2'-deoxy-2'-methylene-3-deazaguanosine (19a) and their corresponding alpha-anomers (14b and 19b) have been synthesized by the transglycosylation of 3',5'-o-(1,1,3,3- tetraisopropyldisiloxane-1,3-diyl)-2'-deoxy-2'-methyleneu ridine (12) with silylated 5-azacytosine and silylated n2-palmitoyl-3-deazaguan ...199910048223
visualization of tegument-capsid interactions and dna in intact herpes simplex virus type 1 virions.herpes simplex virus type 1 virions were examined by electron cryomicroscopy, allowing the three-dimensional structure of the infectious particle to be visualized for the first time. the capsid shell is identical to that of b-capsids purified from the host cell nucleus, with the exception of the penton channel, which is closed. the double-stranded dna genome is organized as regularly spaced ( approximately 26 a) concentric layers inside the capsid. this pattern suggests a spool model for dna pac ...199910074174
the use of peptides from glycoproteins g-2 and d-1 for detecting herpes simplex virus type 2 and type-common antibodies.identification and discrimination of latent herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection relies on antibody identification. the inclusion of synthetic peptides with hsv glycoproteins provides means for stable and discriminatory assays for population studies.199910382821
overproduction of gamma interferon in b/jas inbred rabbits with herpes simplex virus encephalitis.inbred rabbits of the b/jas strain are highly susceptible to herpes simplex virus type-1 (hsv-1) encephalitis, developing seizures of encephalitis after intravenous injection of the kos strain of the virus. anti-viral interferon activity became detectable in the serum just prior to or at the onset of seizures, its level being lower in the serum than in the cerebrospinal fluid. the activity was of gamma interferon, as suggested by the acid instability and the inability of mx protein induction. an ...199910385203
the immunosuppressive agent mycophenolate mofetil markedly potentiates the activity of lobucavir [1r(1alpha,2beta,3alpha)]-9-[2,3-bis(hydroxymethyl)cyclobutyl]guanine against different herpes viruses.mycophenolate mofetil (mmf) has been approved as an immunosuppressive agent in kidney transplant recipients and may thus be used concomitantly with antiherpetic agents, the latter for the treatment of intercurrent herpesvirus infections. the parent compound of mmf, mycophenolic acid (mpa), is a potent inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase and causes depletion of the intracellular (deoxy)guanosine triphosphate [(d)gtp] pools. lobucavir [1r(1alpha,2beta,3alpha)]-9-[2,3-bis(hydroxymethyl ...199910096537
fractions of chemically oversulphated galactosaminoglycan sulphates inhibit three enveloped viruses: human immunodeficiency virus type 1, herpes simplex virus type 1 and human cytomegalovirus.a series of chemically oversulphated galactosaminoglycans (so3h:cooh ratio > or = 2) were tested in vitro as antiviral agents against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), the aetiological agent of aids, and against herpes simplex virus type 1 and human cytomegalovirus, two agents responsible for opportunistic infections in hiv-infected people. the oversulphated derivatives displayed an increase in activity ranging from one to four orders of magnitude against the three viruses, as compare ...199910079877
liposomal encapsulation of ganciclovir enhances the efficacy of herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase suicide gene therapy against hepatic tumors in rats.suicide gene therapy based on ganciclovir (gcv) metabolism by transgene herpes simplex thymidine kinase (hsv-1 tk) has been used to selectively kill proliferating cells in clinical settings such as cancer, vascular restenosis, and immunological disorders. we investigated whether encapsulation of ganciclovir (gcv) into liposomes would improve its efficacy, especially against hepatic tumors. large unilamellar liposomes containing gcv were prepared by reversed-phase evaporation. pharmacokinetic stu ...199910395379
human cytomegalovirus, mhc class i and inhibitory signalling receptors: more questions than answers.the human cytomegalovirus ul18 protein, an mhc class i homologue, has been shown to bind to leucocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor (lir)-1, a member of a family of nine closely related immunoglobulin superfamily receptors expressed on leucocytes. the lirs are related to the natural killer (nk)-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors and to several other immunoreceptors. three groups of lir molecules have been defined: those containing cytoplasmic domain inhibitory signalling motifs, those with short ...199910399074
the host-cell architectural protein hmg i(y) modulates binding of herpes simplex virus type 1 icp4 to its cognate promoter.the productive infection cycle of herpes simplex virus is controlled in part by the action of icp4, an immediate-early gene product that acts as both an activator and repressor of transcription. icp4 is autoregulatory, and ie-3, the gene that encodes it, contains a high-affinity binding site for the protein at its cap site. previously, we had demonstrated that this site could be occupied by proteins found in nuclear extracts from uninfected cells. a hela cell cdna expression library was screened ...199910087227
attenuated, replication-competent herpes simplex virus type 1 mutant g207: safety evaluation of intracerebral injection in nonhuman primates.this study examined the safety of intracerebral inoculation of g207, an attenuated, replication-competent herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) recombinant, in nonhuman primates. sixteen new world owl monkeys (aotus nancymae [karyotype 1, formerly believed to be a. trivirgatus]), known for their exquisite susceptibility to hsv-1 infection, were evaluated. thirteen underwent intracerebral inoculation with g207 at doses of 10(7) or 10(9) pfu, two were vehicle inoculated, and one served as an infecte ...199910400723
the murine homolog (mph) of human herpesvirus entry protein b (hveb) mediates entry of pseudorabies virus but not herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2.a mouse member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, originally designated the murine poliovirus receptor homolog (mph), was found to be a receptor for the porcine alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (prv). this mouse protein, designated here murine herpesvirus entry protein b (mhveb), is most similar to one of three related human alphaherpesvirus receptors, the one designated hveb and also known as poliovirus receptor-related protein 2. hamster cells resistant to prv entry became susceptible upon ...199910196354
oral acyclovir suppresses recurrent epithelial and stromal herpes simplex. 199910088820
antimicrobial activity of extracts from the cell cultures of some turkish medicinal plants.twenty-four callus, and eleven cell suspension, cultures were established from turkish medicinal plants, and crude extracts prepared from them tested against microorganisms to assess their antimicrobial activities in vitro. of the extracts tested, those belonging to the cell cultures of five of the plant species showed antibacterial activity against mainly three bacteria and a yeast. no activity was observed against herpes simplex viruses, hsv-i and ii, but an extract from hypericum capitatum sh ...199910404549
infection of rat brain cell aggregates with neurovirulent and nonneurovirulent strains of herpes simplex virus type 1.rat brain cell aggregates represent a three-dimensional tissue culture system of brain tissue in the form of small, multicellular spheroids. in the present work, we have infected these "minibrains" with neurovirulent, nonneurovirulent, and nonreplicating strains of hsv-1. the neurovirulent strains 17(+) and kos(m) spread rapidly through the aggregates, while the nonreplicating icp4 deletion mutant kd6 infected cells only at the periphery of the aggregates. spread and replication of the nonneurov ...199910094836
mri follow-up of herpes simplex virus (type 1) radiculomyelitis. 199910102445
assembly of the herpes simplex virus procapsid from purified components and identification of small complexes containing the major capsid and scaffolding proteins.an in vitro system is described for the assembly of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) procapsids beginning with three purified components, the major capsid protein (vp5), the triplexes (vp19c plus vp23), and a hybrid scaffolding protein. each component was purified from insect cells expressing the relevant protein(s) from an appropriate recombinant baculovirus vector. procapsids formed when the three purified components were mixed and incubated for 1 h at 37 degrees c. procapsids assembled in ...199910196320
[use of double pcr in an experimental mode of hsv-1 infection of the facial nerve].recent studies suggested herpes simplex virus type 1 as a major etiologic factor in bell's palsy. to analyze different aspects of facial nene infections, swiss mice were inoculated with hsv-l in tongue (41 animals) and auricle (44). nineteen mice developed unequivocal signs of nevous infection, but only in 1 mouse was evident a facial palsy. mice were sacrificed at different intervals from inoculation, and facial nerves, gasser ganglia and brain stem were obtained to test the presence of hsv-1 b ...199910619875
antiherpetic activities of various protein bound polysaccharides isolated from ganoderma lucidum.to investigate antiherpetic substances from ganoderma lucidum, various protein bound polysaccharides, glhw, glhw-01, glhw-02, glhw-03, were isolated by activity-guided isolation from water soluble substances of the carpophores. these substances were examined for their antiviral activities against herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and type 2 (hsv-2) by plaque reduction assay in vitro. among them, the acidic protein bound polysaccharide, glhw-02 of a brownish substance, exhibited the most potent ...199910624876
resveratrol inhibition of herpes simplex virus replication.resveratrol, a phytoalexin, was found to inhibit herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and hsv-2) replication in a dose-dependent, reversible manner. the observed reduction in virus yield was not caused by the direct inactivation of hsv by resveratrol nor inhibition of virus attachment to the cell. the chemical did, however, target an early event in the virus replication cycle since it was most effective when added within 1 h of cell infection, less effective if addition was delayed until 6 ...199910551373
epstein-barr virus dna in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection and central nervous system disorders.routine search for herpesvirus types 1-5 by nested polymerase chain reaction revealed epstein-barr virus (ebv) dna in the cerebrospinal fluid (csf) of ten out of seventy-nine patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection and central nervous system (cns) disorders not associated with the presence of primary cns lymphomas. one out of the ten csf samples was positive for ebv dna only, six were also positive for microbial agents of recognised neurological pathogenicity while the remaini ...199910555209
single-step conversion of cells to retrovirus vector producers with herpes simplex virus-epstein-barr virus hybrid amplicons.we report here on the development and characterization of a novel herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) amplicon-based vector system which takes advantage of the host range and retention properties of hsv-epstein-barr virus (ebv) hybrid amplicons to efficiently convert cells to retrovirus vector producer cells after single-step transduction. the retrovirus genes gag-pol and env (gpe) and retroviral vector sequences were modified to minimize sequence overlap and cloned into an hsv-ebv hybrid amplic ...199910559361
identification of the marek's disease virus serotype 2 genes homologous to the glycoprotein b (ul27), icp18.5 (ul28) and major dna-binding protein (ul29) genes of herpes simplex virus type 1.we determined the nucleotide sequence of non-pathogenic marek's disease virus serotype 2 (mdv2) strain hprs24 glycoprotein b (gb) (ul27), icp18.5 (ul28) and major dna-binding protein (mdbp) (ul29) genes homologous to herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1). the sequence data revealed that important motives in the proteins are conserved in mdv2 icp18.5 and mdbp, however the sequence of viral dna replication origin which exists in the regions between the ul29 and ul30 genes of other alphaherpesviruses ...199910563297
mutations in the conserved carboxy-terminal hydrophobic region of glycoprotein gb affect infectivity of herpes simplex virus.glycoprotein gb is the most highly conserved glycoprotein in the herpesvirus family and plays a critical role in virus entry and fusion. glycoprotein gb of herpes simplex virus type 1 contains a hydrophobic stretch of 69 aa near the carboxy terminus that is essential for its biological activity. to determine the role(s) of specific amino acids in the carboxy-terminal hydrophobic region, a number of amino acids were mutagenized that are highly conserved in this region within the gb homologues of ...199910567651
squid axoplasm supports the retrograde axonal transport of herpes simplex virus. 199910573844
generation of a recombinant herpes simplex virus type 1 expressing the rat corticotropin- releasing hormone precursor: endoproteolytic processing, intracellular targeting and biological activity.we describe the generation of a recombinant herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv1) vector, tsk/crh10, derived from the temperature-sensitive mutant tsk, expressing rat pre-procorticotropin-releasing hormone (ppcrh). in hypothalamic neurons, within the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei, this neuropeptide precursor is processed to mature crh (1-41), the key modulator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal stress response. we used the recombinant hsv1 tsk/crh10 to study posttranslational processing, ...199910657737
novel 6-azapyrimidine-2'-deoxy-4'-thionucleosides: synthesis, biological evaluation and conformational analysis.we report the synthesis of novel 1-(2'-deoxy-4'-thio-beta-d-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-(6-azapyrimidine) nucleosides and the subsequent preparation of a series of n3-substituted analogues. all the novel compounds were evaluated against a range of viruses, however they lacked any measurable activity. the lack of anti-herpetic activity may be a result of the parent nucleoside having poor affinity for herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase. conformational analysis of the parent nucleoside showed ...199910574179
rapid detection of glycoprotein g gene for the diagnosis and typing of herpes simplex virus infection in genital herpes.to develop a new, rapid, and convenient technique for the diagnosis and typing of herpes simplex virus (hsv) in genital herpes (gh).199910754943
neoglycolipid conjugates of foscarnet with enhanced antiviral activity in cells infected with human cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus type 1.the synthesis of a series of neoglycolipid conjugates of foscarnet as potential drug targeting forms or lipophilic prodrugs of foscarnet is described. the compounds were obtained from suitably protected neoglycolipids, in which the lipid chain consisted of 12 to 20 carbon atoms, by ethoxycarbonylphosphonylation at the 6-hydroxyl or 4-hydroxyl group followed by deprotection. the in vitro antiviral activity of the compounds was determined in human foetal lung cells infected with human cytomegalovi ...199910628809
herpes simplex virus type 1 infection of the cornea. 199910627922
herpes simplex virus vector-mediated dystrophin gene transfer and expression in mdx mouse skeletal muscle.duchenne muscular dystrophy (dmd) results from mutations that prevent the expression of functional dystrophin in muscle fibers. herpes simplex virus type-1 (hsv-1) represents a potentially useful vector for treatment of dmd because it has the capacity to accommodate the 14-kb full-length dystrophin cdna and can efficiently transduce muscle cells. we have tested the ability of first- and second-generation replication-defective hsv vectors to deliver full-length dystrophin to dystrophin-deficient ...199910738561
synthesis of 4'-substituted nucleosides and their biological evaluation.4'-c-ethynyl-beta-d-arabino- and 4'-c-ethynyl-beta-d-2'-deoxy-ribo-pentofuranosyl pyrimidines were synthesized. most of these 4'-ethynyl nucleosides showed interesting biological activities.199910780412
effect of 3-hydroxyphthaloyl-beta-lactoglobulin on vaginal transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus in rhesus monkeys.heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) is the major cause of the ongoing aids epidemic. application of chemical barrier methods is expected to contribute to the worldwide control of this epidemic. bovine beta-lactoglobulin modified by 3-hydroxyphthalic anhydride (3-hydroxyphthalovyl-beta-lactoglobulin [3hp-beta-lg]) was shown to inhibit hiv-1, hiv-2, simian immunodeficiency virus (siv), herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2, and chlamydia trachomatis infection in vi ...199910103216
a novel cellular protein, p60, interacting with both herpes simplex virus 1 regulatory proteins icp22 and icp0 is modified in a cell-type-specific manner and is recruited to the nucleus after infection.herpes simplex virus 1 encodes two multifunctional regulatory proteins, infected-cell proteins 22 and 0 (icp22 and icp0). icp0 is a promiscuous transactivator, whereas icp22 is required in vivo and for efficient replication and expression of a subset of late (gamma2) genes in rodent or rabbit cell lines and in primary human cell strains (restrictive cells) but not in hep-2 or vero (permissive) cells. we report the identification in the yeast two-hybrid system of a cellular protein designated p60 ...199910196275
genetic studies exposing the splicing events involved in herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-associated transcript production during lytic and latent infection.herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) establishes latency in sensory neurons, a state in which the viral lytic genes are silenced and only the latency locus is transcriptionally active, producing the 2. 0- and 1.5-kb latency-associated transcripts (lats). previous experimental evidence indicates that the lats are stable introns, and it has been reported that lat formation is abolished by debilitating substitution mutations in the predicted splice sites during lytic infection but not latency (j. l. ...199910196281
a herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-associated transcript mutant with increased virulence and reduced spontaneous reactivation.the herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) latency-associated transcript (lat) gene is essential for efficient spontaneous reactivation of hsv-1 from latency. we previously reported that insertion of the lat promoter and just the first 1.5 kb of the 8. 3-kb lat gene into an ectopic location in the virus restored wild-type spontaneous reactivation to a lat null mutant. this mutant, lat3.3a (previously designated lat1.5a), thus showed that the expression of just the first 1.5 kb of lat is sufficient ...19999882292
functional anatomy of herpes simplex virus 1 overlapping genes encoding infected-cell protein 22 and us1.5 protein.earlier studies have shown that (i) the coding domain of the alpha22 gene encodes two proteins, the 420-amino-acid infected-cell protein 22 (icp22) and a protein, us1.5, which is initiated from methionine 147 of icp22 and which is colinear with the remaining portion of that protein; (ii) posttranslational processing of icp22 mediated largely by the viral protein kinase ul13 yields several isoforms differing in electrophoretic mobility; and (iii) mutants lacking the carboxyl-terminal half of the ...199910196329
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