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first molecular evidence of potentially zoonotic babesia microti and babesia sp. eu1 in ixodes ricinus ticks in belgium.we report the first molecular evidence of the presence of babesia sp. eu1 and babesia microti in ixodes ricinus ticks in belgium. a 1-year national survey collected 1005 ticks from cats and dogs. a polymerase chain reaction technique amplifying a part of the 18s rrna gene detected babesia spp. in 11 out of 841 selected and validated tick extracts. subsequent sequencing identified ba. microti (n=3) and babesia sp. eu1 (n=6). this study has demonstrated a low infection rate (1.31% with 95% ci: 0.6 ...201120575647
small risk of developing symptomatic tick-borne diseases following a tick bite in the netherlands.in the netherlands, the incidence of lyme borreliosis is on the rise. besides its causative agent, borrelia burgdorferi s.l., other potential pathogens like rickettsia, babesia and ehrlichia species are present in ixodes ricinus ticks. the risk of disease associated with these microorganisms after tick-bites remains, however, largely unclear. a prospective study was performed to investigate how many persons with tick-bites develop localized or systemic symptoms and whether these are associated w ...201121310036
ixodes ricinus ticks (acari: ixodidae): vectors for lyme disease spirochetes in romania.in this study 1,868 questing ixodes ricinus ticks (nymphs and adults), collected in six sites from three counties--giurgiu, sibiu, and tulcea--in romania, were examined by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) followed by reverse line blot (rlb) for detection of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato presence. the bacteria were found in 18% of the investigated ticks. the prevalence of infection did not differ significantly between nymphs (19.1%) and adults (15.4%). three b. burgdorferi s.l. genospecies were ...201121431930
the importance of ixodes arboricola in transmission of rickettsia spp., anaplasma phagocytophilum, and borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in the czech republic, central europe.abstract wild birds are known to be a reservoir of infectious disease agents and disseminatory hosts of ticks. the purpose of this work was to obtain information about the occurrence of rickettsial, anaplasmal, and borrelial infections in some ticks that parasitize wild birds in the czech republic. a total of 549 subadult ticks of three species ixodes arboricola (75.0%), ixodes ricinus (23.1%), and haemaphysalis concinna (1.8%) were collected from 20 species of birds (passeriformes). rickettsiae ...201121612531
borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato detected in skin of norwegian mountain hares (lepus timidus) without signs of dissemination.the mountain hare (lepus timidus) population in southern norway appears to be in decline. necropsy and laboratory examinations of 36 hares found dead or diseased during 2007-2009 in vest- and aust-agder counties showed that disease and deaths were attributed to multiple causes, with no specific etiology emerging as a cause for population decline. to investigate whether borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) infection is associated with mortality in mountain hares, tissues and ticks collected fro ...201121441181
prevalence of lyme disease agents and several emerging pathogens in questing ticks from the german baltic coast.in summer 2008, a total of 512 ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae) ticks was collected from vegetation in four areas at the baltic coast of germany and tested for the presence of lyme disease spirochetes. among them, 293 ticks from three areas were screened for anaplasma phagocytophilum (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae), rickettsiae of the spotted fever group (rickettsiales: rickettsiaceae), and babesia spp. (piroplasmida: babesiidae), respectively. borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies (spiro ...201121485387
correlation of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato prevalence in questing ixodes ricinus ticks with specific abiotic traits in the western palearctic.this meta-analysis of reports examining ticks throughout the western palearctic region indicates a distinct geographic pattern for borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato prevalence in questing nymphal ixodes ricinus ticks. the greatest prevalence was reported between the 5°e and 25°e longitudes based on an analysis of 123 collection points with 37,940 nymphal tick specimens (87.43% of total nymphs; 56.35% of total ticks in the set of reports over the target area). climatic traits, such as temperature a ...201121498767
investigating the persistence of tick-borne pathogens via the r0 model.summaryin the epidemiology of infectious diseases, the basic reproduction number, r0, has a number of important applications, most notably it can be used to predict whether a pathogen is likely to become established, or persist, in a given area. we used the r0 model to investigate the persistence of 3 tick-borne pathogens; babesia microti, anaplasma phagocytophilum and borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in an apodemus sylvaticus-ixodes ricinus system. the persistence of these pathogens was also det ...201121518464
the range of ixodes ricinus and the risk of contracting lyme borreliosis will increase northwards when the vegetation period becomes longer.in sweden, the geographical distribution of lyme borreliosis corresponds to that of its vector ixodes ricinus. both tick activity and the length of the vegetation period are determined by daily mean temperatures ≥5°c. we analysed the correspondence between the distribution of i. ricinus in sweden, the start date, end date, and length of the vegetation period, and the distributions of tick habitat-associated plant species. the geographical distribution of i. ricinus in sweden corresponds to a veg ...201121771536
transmission dynamics of borrelia lusitaniae and borrelia afzelii among ixodes ricinus, lizards, and mice in tuscany, central italy.to estimate the basic reproduction number (r(0)) of borrelia lusitaniae and borrelia afzelii, we formulated a mathematical model considering the interactions among the tick vector, vertebrate hosts, and pathogens in a 500-ha enclosed natural reserve on le cerbaie hills, tuscany, central italy. in the study area, ixodes ricinus were abundant and were found infected by b. lusitaniae and b. afzelii. lizards (podarcis spp.) and mice (apodemus spp.), respectively, are the reservoir hosts of these two ...201120482342
are birds reservoir hosts for borrelia afzelii?it is known that birds are competent reservoir hosts of particular borrelia species like b. garinii and b. valaisiana but not for b. afzelii, a rodent-associated genospecies. since they can carry infected ticks over long distances, they are also important covectors for lyme borreliosis spirochaetes. to assess the role of different bird species in transmission and dispersal of borrelia ospa types, we examined 191 ixodes ricinus ticks from 99 birds, captured on a german conservation island in the ...201021771517
coexistence of emerging bacterial pathogens in ixodes ricinus ticks in serbia.the list of tick-borne pathogens is long, varied and includes viruses, bacteria, protozoa and nematodes. as all of these agents can exist in ticks, their co-infections have been previously reported. we studied co-infections of emerging bacterial pathogens (borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, anaplasma phagocytophilum and francisella tularensis) in ixodes ricinus ticks in serbia. using pcr technique, we detected species-specific sequences, rrf-rrl rdna intergenic spacer for b. burgdorferi s.l., p44/ ...201021073144
questing ticks in suburban forest are infected by at least six tick-borne pathogens.abstract the role of ixodes ricinus ticks in the transmission of pathogens of public health importance such as borrelia burgdorferi s.l. is widely recognized and is suspected in several emerging vector-borne pathogens in europe. here, we assess prevalence rates of several endemic and emerging zoonotic pathogens in tick populations in an area of high human population density in france, to contribute to a risk assessment for potential transmission to humans. pathogen prevalence rates were evaluate ...201021158500
the tickpro computer program for predicting ixodes ricinus host-seeking activity and the warning system published on websites.the computer program with the acronym tickpro (tick prognosis) facilitates medium-range forecasts of the level of host-seeking activity in ticks within a 1-4 day horizon. the program is based on the medium-range weather forecast routinely produced at the czech hydrometeorological institute (chmi), as well as on previously developed mathematical models describing the correlation of meteorological factors with the host-seeking activity of ixodes ricinus. these models are based on a 6-year whole-se ...201021361109
prevalence of bartonella henselae and borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato dna in ixodes ricinus ticks in europe.bartonella spp. can cause persistent bloodstream infections in humans and animals. to determine whether bartonella henselae is present in questing ixodes ricinus ticks, we analyzed the prevalence of b. henselae dna among tick stages compared to the prevalence of dna from borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the pathogen most frequently transmitted by ticks. b. henselae dna was present with a prevalence of up to approximately 40% in tick populations sampled in four european sites (eberdingen, germany ...201020061459
prevalence and seasonality of tick-borne pathogens in questing ixodes ricinus ticks from luxembourg.in europe, ixodid ticks are important arthropod vectors of human and animal pathogens, but comprehensive studies of the prevalence of all relevant pathogens in central europe are scarce. as a result of ecological changes, the incidences of tick-borne infections are expected to increase. in this study, 1,394 nymphal and adult ixodes ricinus ticks sampled monthly during the active season from 33 ecologically distinct collection sites throughout luxembourg were screened for all human tick-borne pat ...201020228110
[brazilian lyme-like disease or baggio-yoshinari syndrome: exotic and emerging brazilian tick-borne zoonosis].lyme disease (ld) is a frequent zoonosis found in the northern hemisphere and is considered an infectious disease caused by spirochetes belonging sensu lato to the borrelia burgdorferi complex transmitted by ticks of the ixodes ricinus group. in 1992, first cases similar to ld were described in brazil, when brothers, after a tick bite episode developed symptoms , as erythema migrans, general flu-like symptoms and arthritis. careful analysis of brazilian ld-like illness casuistry showed that epid ...201020676548
geographic and temporal variations in population dynamics of ixodes ricinus and associated borrelia infections in the netherlands.abstract in a countrywide investigation of the ecological factors that contribute to lyme borreliosis risk, a longitudinal study on population dynamics of the sheep tick ixodes ricinus and their infections with borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) was undertaken at 24 sites in the netherlands from july 2006 to december 2007. study sites were mature forests, dune vegetations, or new forests on land reclaimed from the sea. ticks were sampled monthly and nymphal ticks were investigated for the pr ...201021083369
survival of ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae) under challenging conditions of temperature and humidity is influenced by borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato infection.abstract to determine whether borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) influences tick survival under thermohygrometric stress, ixodesricinus (l.) (acari: ixodidae) questing ticks were tested under various relative humidities (13, 32, 51.5, 61, and 89% rh) at two different temperatures (12.5 and 25 degrees c) and investigated for borrelia infection. survival rate of females was highest (77.6%), followed by males (51.6%), and nymphs (43.2%). the thermohygrometric factor that most importantly determ ...201021175072
borrelia burgdorferi in ticks and dogs in the province of vojvodina, serbia.lyme disease is a tick borne zoonotic infection, caused by borrelia burgdorferi s.l. bacteria. for the transmission of the disease, the presence of ticks is a prerequisite. lyme borreliosis mostly occurs in people and dogs, but it may occur in other animals. ticks which carry b. burgdorferi s.l. in serbia are of the ixodes ricinus specis. in serbia, lyme disease was detected for the first time in the late '80-es. in dogs, clinical symptoms may occur even months after a tick bite, and include wea ...201021275243
[the analysis of epidemiology, clinical symptoms, serological tests in the course of borreliosis].lyme disease is an animal-borne disease, caused by spirochetes of the borrelia burgdorferi (bb). the infection is transmitted by ticks of the ixodes ricinus species. humans are infected through a tick bite to the skin. the aim of the study was evaluation of epidemiology, symptoms and serologic factors in lyme disease.201020687381
borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ixodes ricinus ticks collected from migratory birds in southern norway.borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) are the causative agent for lyme borreliosis (lb), the most common tick-borne disease in the northern hemisphere. birds are considered important in the global dispersal of ticks and tick-borne pathogens through their migration. the present study is the first description of b. burgdorferi prevalence and genotypes in ixodes ricinus ticks feeding on birds during spring and autumn migration in norway.201021054890
[diseases and pathogenic agents transmitted by ticks in switzerland].among the 20 tick species described in switzerland, ixodes ricinus, the most frequent one, is implicated in the transmission of pathogenic agents. lyme borreliosis and tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) are the major tick-borne diseases transmitted to human. presently 5 borrelia species, belonging to the group borrelia burgdorferi, are recognized as human pathogens. the risks of infection depend on the stage of the vector, the multiple hosts, the pathogenic agent, as well as human behavior in nature. ...201021089555
first detection of spotted fever group rickettsiae in ticks in serbia.ticks can transmit multiple pathogenic bacteria responsible for diseases in animals and humans such as borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, anaplasma phagocytophilum, and spotted fever group rickettsia sp. the current study aimed to investigate the presence of rickettsiae in ticks collected from seven localities in serbia. one hundred thirty-one (131) questing ticks belonging to 5 tick species (dermacentor marginatus, dermacentor reticulatus, haemaphysalis punctata, haemaphysalis concinna, and ixode ...201021142961
a comparative analysis of molecular markers for the detection and identification of borrelia spirochaetes in ixodes ricinus.borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, carried by ixodes ticks, is one of the most significant human pathogens, causing lyme disease. as there is no standardized pcr method for detection and identification of spirochaete dna, we carried out a comparative analysis using a set of complementary primers for three regions in the genomic dna of these bacteria (genes fla and rrs and the non-coding rrs-rrla region). dna extracted from 579 ixodes ricinus ticks was subjected to nested pcr. dna of the examined s ...201020007765
lyme disease and the detection of borrelia burgdorferi genospecies in ixodes ricinus ticks from central italy.the province of pesaro-urbino, situated in the marche region of central italy, can be considered to be an area at risk for lyme disease because of its ecological features. field data are not yet available although the disease is known to be present in neighbouring areas. during a field study lasting twelve months, ticks were collected from the vegetation, from wild cervids and also from humans who reported a tick bite at the local hospital. all ticks were identified and ixodes ricinus specimens ...201020560127
growth, cysts and kinetics of borrelia garinii (spirochaetales: spirochaetacea) in different culture media.the aim of the present paper was to evaluate cyst formation and growth parameters of borrelia garinii in a range of media differing in formulation and cost. a qualitative assessment of morphology and motility of b. garinii was conducted. all media were prepared aseptically and used in test tubes or petri dishes. for each medium, the initial spirochete concentration was standardized to 10(3) spirochets/ml. the following culture media were suitable to grow b. garinii: barbour-stoenner-kelly, brain ...201020835623
salivary gland extract from engorged ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae) stimulates in vitro growth of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato.in vitro effect of salivary gland extract from fed ixodes ricinus, the competent vector of lyme borreliosis in europe, on the growth of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (b. garinii, b. afzelii and b. burgdorferi sensu stricto) was examined in bsk-h medium. motility rate, concentration of motile spirochetes and their morphology were estimated at intervals of 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 days using darkfield microscopy. salivary gland extract derived from i. ricinus stimulated markedly the growth of three geno ...201020143350
first report of lyme disease spirochetes in ticks from romania (sibiu county).we examined 200 questing ixodes ricinus ticks (nymphs and adults) collected in three different sites in sibiu county, romania by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) followed by reverse line blot (rlb) for borrelia burgdorferi s.l.. we detected the bacteria in 19% of the investigated ticks. the prevalence of infection was higher in nymphs (27%) than in adults (12%). two b. burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies were detected: b. garinii (20%) and b. afzelii (80%). we did not detect any mixed infections i ...201020232115
[genotyping some borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolates from ixodes ricinus ticks in russia and ukraine].the 4 borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolates obtained from 1. ricinus ticks collected in the natural foci in russia and ukraine, having an unusual rflp msel-pattern, were studied using sequencing rrfa-rrlb spacer and rrs gene. the ir-5215 isolate from the tick collected in southern ukraine represented recently described genospecies b. spielmanii pathogenic for humans. the three atypical isolates ir-3519, ir-4721, and ir-4812 had 100% identity with the sequence of the atypical european b. burgd ...201020364477
prevalence and genotypes of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato infection in ixodes ricinus ticks in southern norway.from april to october 2007, host-seeking ixodes ricinus ticks were collected from 4 locations in southern norway: farsund, mandal, søgne and tromøy. two hundred and ten larvae, 1130 nymphs and 449 adults were investigated for infection with borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) by real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification of the 16s rrna gene. the total percentage of b. burgdorferi s.l. in nymphal and adult ticks was determined to be 31.3% in farsund, 25.2% in mandal, 22.3% in søg ...201020429719
ecological factors characterizing the prevalence of bacterial tick-borne pathogens in ixodes ricinus ticks in pastures and woodlands.ecological changes are recognized as an important driver behind the emergence of infectious diseases. the prevalence of infection in ticks depends upon ecological factors that are rarely taken into account simultaneously. our objective was to investigate the influences of forest fragmentation, vegetation, adult tick hosts, and habitat on the infection prevalence of three tick-borne bacteria, borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, anaplasma phagocytophilum, and rickettsia sp. of the spotted fever group ...201020453131
role of sand lizards in the ecology of lyme and other tick-borne diseases in the netherlands.abstract:201020470386
ticks and lyme borreliosis in an alpine area in northeast italy.a 2-year study was conducted in a mountainous area of northeast italy to evaluate the occurrence and distribution of ticks, as well as to assess the prevalence of the spirochaete borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. all ticks collected were ixodes ricinus l. (parasitiformes: ixodidae). in general, most nymphs and adult ticks were collected from april to july. tick density was highly variable among sites; however, two areas with different infestation levels were recognized. prevalences of b. burgdorf ...201020534008
two novel salp15-like immunosuppressant genes from salivary glands of ixodes persulcatus schulze tick.salp15, a 15-kda tick salivary gland protein, is known for several suppressive activities against host immunity and critical functions for the transmission of lyme borrelia in ixodes scapularis and ixodes ricinus, the major vectors found in north america and western europe. salp15 inhibits the activation of cluster of differentiation (cd)4(+)t-cells through the repression of t-cell receptor (tcr)-triggered calcium fluxes and interleukin (il)-2 production. furthermore, salp15 adheres to the spiro ...201020201978
genotypic variation and mixtures of lyme borrelia in ixodes ticks from north america and europe.lyme disease, caused by various species of borrelia, is transmitted by ixodes ticks in north america and europe. studies have shown the genotype of borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (s.s.) or the species of b. burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) affects the ability of the bacteria to cause local or disseminated infection in humans.201020498837
integration of a tick-borne encephalitis virus and borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato into mountain ecosystems, following a shift in the altitudinal limit of distribution of their vector, ixodes ricinus (krkonose mountains, czech republic).the altitudinal shift in the limit of ixodes ricinus occurrence above the previously established altitude of 750 m above sea level has been monitored over the long-term (2002-2008) in the krkonose mts. (giant mts.), the highest in the czech republic, along two vertical transects in their eastern and central parts (600-1020 and 600-1270 m). ticks were collected by flagging three times annually, and examined individually by pcr or rt-pcr for the presence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato or tick- ...201019492952
altitudinal patterns of tick and host abundance: a potential role for climate change in regulating tick-borne diseases?the impact of climate change on vector-borne infectious diseases is currently controversial. in europe the primary arthropod vectors of zoonotic diseases are ticks, which transmit borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (the agent of lyme disease), tick-borne encephalitis virus and louping ill virus between humans, livestock and wildlife. ixodes ricinus ticks and reported tick-borne disease cases are currently increasing in the uk. theories for this include climate change and increasing host abundance. ...201019685082
prevalence of five pathogenic agents in questing ixodes ricinus ticks from western france.in europe, ixodes ricinus ticks are vectors of many emerging pathogens, including borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (sl), anaplasma phagocytophilum, spotted fever group rickettsia sp., babesia sp., and very likely bartonella sp. in this study, we looked for the presence of dna of these microorganisms in 572 ticks from two forests in the west of france. dna extraction and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification were performed on individual nymphal, male, and female i. ricinus ticks. amplifica ...201020020814
prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi in ixodes ricinus ticks in belgrade area.lyme borreliosis is vector-borne zoonosis. the causative agent of lyme borreliosis is a spirochete of borrelia burgdorferi (bb) sensu lato complex, which is transmitted by ticks of the ixodes ricinus complex. the aim of our paper is to estimate the prevalence of i. ricinus ticks, the level of their infectivity by bb, and the prevalence of certain genospecies of bb sensu lato in ixodide ticks inhabiting belgrade.201020017716
vertical distribution of the tick ixodes ricinus and tick-borne pathogens in the northern moravian mountains correlated with climate warming (jeseníky mts., czech republic).a study of the vertical distribution of the common tick ixodes ricinus and tick-borne pathogens--tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) and genospecies of borrelia burgdorferi s.l.--was performed in the highest part of the jeseniky mountain area (the hrubý jesenik mts. with the highest summit praded, 1,491 m above see level). altogether 1,253 specimens of all tick stages (607 larvae, 614 nymphs, 8 females and 24 males) were collected at the altitude 990-1,300 m above sea level on 12 collection sit ...200920020603
isolation of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato from the skin of the european badger (meles meles) in switzerland.no data are available on the role of badgers in the ecology of lyme borreliosis spirochetes in europe. in a recent study describing validation of a molecular method allowing host dna identification and borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato detection in ixodes ricinus, the simultaneous presence of b. afzelii dna and of european badger (meles meles) dna was detected in i. ricinus ticks in switzerland. this suggested that badgers might be reservoir hosts for b. afzelii. here, we present results obtained ...200918945190
iram-an alpha2-macroglobulin from the hard tick ixodes ricinus: characterization and function in phagocytosis of a potential pathogen chryseobacterium indologenes.the universal protease inhibitors of the alpha(2)-macroglobulin (alpha(2)m) family are evolutionarily conserved constituents of innate immunity, presumably because they guard organisms against undesired proteolytic attacks of a different origin. here, we determined the primary structure of alpha(2)-macroglobulin from the hard tick ixodes ricinus (iram) by sequencing of overlapping pcr products. predicted disulfide and glycosylation patterns, post-translational cleavage and alternative splicing w ...200918948134
differential role of passerine birds in distribution of borrelia spirochetes, based on data from ticks collected from birds during the postbreeding migration period in central europe.borrelia spirochetes in bird-feeding ticks were studied in the czech republic. during the postbreeding period (july to september 2005), 1,080 passerine birds infested by 2,240 ixodes ricinus subadult ticks were examined. borrelia garinii was detected in 22.2% of the ticks, borrelia valaisiana was detected in 12.8% of the ticks, borrelia afzelii was detected in 1.6% of the ticks, and borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto was detected in 0.3% of the ticks. after analysis of infections in which the bl ...200919060160
molecular identification of salp15, a key salivary gland protein in the transmission of lyme disease spirochetes, from ixodes persulcatus and ixodes pacificus (acari: ixodidae).salp15 is a multifunctional protein, vital to the tick in its need to obtain vertebrate host blood without stimulating a host inflammatory and immune response. the salpl5 protein from both ixodes scapularis say and ixodes ricinus (l.), the principal vectors of the lyme disease spirochete in eastern north america and europe, respectively, have been well characterized and found to bind the murine cd4 receptor, dc-sign, and the ospc protein of borrelia burgdorferi. in the current study, we characte ...200919960697
tick bites in a lyme borreliosis highly endemic area in switzerland.the duration of tick feeding is an important indicator to evaluate the risk of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato transmission, which increases considerably with the blood meal duration. this blood meal duration may be estimated from scutal index, the ratio between body length (idiosoma) and scutum width. for the estimation of blood meal duration in ixodes ricinus, nymphal and adult female ticks were detached at predetermined intervals (24, 48, 72, and 96h) from laboratory mice and rabbits and thei ...200918722157
detection of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in lizards and their ticks from hungary.to investigate the involvement of lizard species in the natural cycle of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) in hungary, a total of 186 reptiles belonging to three species--126 green lizards (lacerta viridis), 40 balkan wall lizards (podarcis taurica), and 20 sand lizards (lacerta agilis)--were captured in 2007 and 2008. all ticks removed from the lizards were ixodes ricinus, either larvae (324/472; 68.6%) or nymphs (148/472; 31.4%). more than half (66/126; 52.4%) of l. viridis individuals we ...200919492950
analysis of the distribution of the tick ixodes ricinus l. (acari: ixodidae) in a nature reserve of western germany using geographic information systems.from may to november 2003, at five selected sites of the 'siebengebirge', a nature reserve near bonn, germany, data on microclimate, pedology, plant sociology and tick abundance were collected weekly and correlated. a total of 2832 host-seeking ixodes ricinus (2660 nymphs and 172 adults) were collected, with maximal abundance in june and a minor second increase in abundance in august. the spatial and temporal variation in tick abundance was closely related to the air temperature, relative humidi ...200918262840
what should one do in case of a tick bite?ixodes ricinus is the commonest tick species in europe, and transmits lyme borreliosis, tick-borne encephalitis, ehrlichiosis, tularemia, rickettsiosis, and babesiosis. the risk of borrelia burgdorferi infection increases with the time of tick engorgement, but not every infection necessarily causes erythema migrans or lyme borreliosis. therefore, the finding of b. burgdorferi dna in a tick does not prove that the patient will subsequently develop lyme borreliosis. ticks should be removed as earl ...200919367100
occurrence of igg antibodies to anaplasma phagocytophilum in humans suspected of lyme borreliosis in eastern slovakia.human granulocytic anaplasmosis (hga) and lyme borreliosis (lb) are tick-borne and emerging infectious diseases caused by the anaplasma phagocytophilum and borrelia burgdorferi species. in europe, including slovakia, the principal vector of both pathogens is the common tick - ixodes ricinus, in which double infections with these pathogens have been reported. the aim of our study was evidence of igg antibodies against a. phagocytophilum in blood sera of humans with suspects lb from several clinic ...200920047263
assortative pairing in ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae), the european vector of lyme borreliosis.in sexual organisms, the way in which gametes associate can greatly influence the maintenance of genetic variation, the structure of this variation in space, and ultimately organismal evolution. based on patterns of genetic structure previously found, we explicitly tested whether adults of the sheep tick ixodes ricinus pair according to their genetic relatedness. we sampled tick pairs from the vegetation in four natural populations and genotyped individual ticks at seven microsatellite loci. bas ...200919496415
complex population structure of lyme borreliosis group spirochete borrelia garinii in subarctic eurasia.borrelia garinii, a causative agent of lyme borreliosis in europe and asia, is naturally maintained in marine and terrestrial enzootic cycles, which primarily involve birds, including seabirds and migratory passerines. these bird groups associate with, correspondingly, ixodes uriae and ixodes ricinus ticks, of which the latter species may bite and transmit the infection to humans. studies of the overlap between these two natural cycles of b. garinii have been limited, in part due to the absence ...200919513109
[borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ixodid ticks from ostrava slag heaps].in 2005 and 2006, ixodes ricinus ticks were collected on two slag (waste rock) heaps from coal mines in the ostrava area (north moravia/silesia, czech republic), oskar (site a) and emma (site b), partially covered by vegetation including trees, and at a control forest site near hlucín (site c). the mean numbers of l. ricinus nymphs and imagoes flagged per person-hour were high: 35.3 nymphs and 12.7 imagoes, at site a, 23.3 and 26.0, respectively, at site b, and 25.4 and 16.8, respectively, at co ...200919526923
lyme disease--current state of knowledge.lyme disease is the most frequent tick-borne infectious disease in europe. the discovery of the causative pathogen borrelia burgdorferi in 1982 opened the way for the firm diagnosis of diseases in several clinical disciplines and for causal antibiotic therapy. at the same time, speculation regarding links between borrelia infection and a variety of nonspecific symptoms and disorders resulted in overdiagnosis and overtreatment of suspected lyme disease.200919562015
tick saliva affects both proliferation and distribution of borrelia burgdorferi spirochetes in mouse organs and increases transmission of spirochetes to ticks.ixodes ricinus tick saliva-activated transmission of borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto spirochetes was studied on the c3h/hen mouse model. the influence of the feeding of uninfected nymphs on the proliferation and distribution of intradermally inoculated spirochetes was compared with the effect of co-inoculated saliva or salivary gland extract (sge), respectively. spirochete loads in murine tissues were evaluated using real-time q-pcr. sge induced significantly increased spirochete numbers in t ...200919147403
risk indicators for the tick ixodes ricinus and borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in sweden.the distributional area of the tick ixodes ricinus (l.), the primary european vector to humans of lyme borreliosis spirochaetes (borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato) and tick-borne encephalitis virus, appears to be increasing in sweden. it is therefore important to determine which environmental factors are most useful to assess risk of human exposure to this tick and its associated pathogens. the geographical distribution of i. ricinus in sweden was analysed with respect to vegetation zones and clim ...200919712153
prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and anaplasma phagocytophilum in questing ixodes ricinus ticks in relation to the density of wild cervids.borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and anaplasma phagocytophilum have been considered as pathogens in animals and humans. the role of wild cervids in the epidemiology is not clear. we analyzed questing ixodes ricinus ticks collected in spring for these pathogens from sites with high (fjelløyvaer and strøm) and low density (tjore, hinnebu and jomfruland) of wild cervids to study the spread of the pathogens in questing ticks.200919943915
[epidemiology of lyme borreliosis and neuroborreliosis in france].lyme borreliosis (lb) is a systemic disease called neuroborreliosis (nb) when neurological symptoms are pre-eminent. lb is a zoonosis caused by borrelia bacteria transmitted by ixodes tick-bite. because of the absence of a national registry, epidemiology of lb in france is not well known. moreover, diagnosis of nb may be difficult because of the various clinical forms. acute meningoradiculitis is the most common presentation, but pauci-symptomatic meningitis, encephalitis, myelitis, polyneuropat ...200919447458
[pandora's box: pathogens in ixodes ricinus ticks in central europe].among the various species of hard ticks, ixodes ricinus is the most frequently found tick throughout europe. as with other ixodid ticks, the developmental cycle runs through three stages. in each stage a blood meal is required in order to develop to the next stage. ixodes ricinus has been found to feed on more than 300 different vertebrate species. usually, larval ticks feed on small mammals such as mice and become infected with various microorganisms and viruses, of which some are substantial p ...200919998007
life cycle of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and transmission to humans.lyme borreliosis is a zoonosis: its causative agent, borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, circulates between ixodes ricinus ticks and a large variety of vertebrates. i. ricinus has a wide geographical distribution throughout europe within the latitudes of 65 degrees and 39 degrees and from portugal into russia. enzootic cycles in europe involve at least 7 borrelia species. apparently, associations exist in nature between borrelia species and hosts. b. afzelii and b. burgdorferi sensu stricto are ass ...200919367095
reviewing molecular adaptations of lyme borreliosis spirochetes in the context of reproductive fitness in natural transmission cycles.lyme borreliosis (lb) is caused by a group of pathogenic spirochetes - most often borrelia burgdorferi, b. afzelii, and b. garinii - that are vectored by hard ticks in the ixodes ricinus-persulcatus complex, which feed on a variety of mammals, birds, and lizards. although lb is one of the best-studied vector-borne zoonoses, the annual incidence in north america and europe leads other vector-borne diseases and continues to increase. what factors make the lb system so successful, and how can resea ...200919368764
[assessment of rate of infection with agents of bacterial infections in ticks captured on one of the moscow park terrains].to study the rate of infection of ticks captured one of the moscow park terrains with bacteria (agents of tick borreliosis and anaplasmosis).200919621812
coincidence of three pathogens (borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, anaplasma phagocytophilum and babesia microti) in ixodes ricinus ticks in the lublin macroregion.ticks are very important vectors of pathogenic microorganisms (viruses, bacteria, protozoans), which may induce serious contagious diseases in humans and in farm animals. the aim of the study was to determine the coincidence of 3 pathogens: borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, anaplasma phagocytophilum and babesia microti in ixodes ricinus ticks in south-eastern poland and to estimate the degree of infection with each of the examined pathogens depending on the developmental stage of ticks (nymph, fe ...200919630205
the occurrence of toxoplasma gondii and borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ixodes ricinus ticks from east poland with the use of pcr.715 ixodes ricinus ticks from 4 regions of lublin macroregion (piotrowice, polesie national park, dabrowa and leczynsko-wlodawskie lakeland) were examined for the presence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and toxoplasma gondi, using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and nested-pcr methods. the clonal type of samples tested positive for t. gondii was identified by amplification and fragmenting with restrictions enzymes (rflp-restriction fragment length polymorphism). positive results were confirm ...200920047269
[spatial and temporal variability of ixodes ricinus and ixodes persulcatus infection with the lyme disease agent in moscow region].analysis of long-term data on the infection rated of the taxonomic complex borrelia burgdorferi s. l. in ixodes persulcatus and i. ricinus from moscow region is carried out. more than 14 000 tick specimens were examined by dark-field microscopy and 704 specimens were investigated by pcr. two borrelia genospicies, b. afzelii (6.3%) and b. garinii (20%) proved the most prevalent. the genospecies could form a mixtinfection (11%). borrelia miyamotoi, b. valaisiana, and b. burgdorferi s. s. were also ...200819198169
study on lyme borreliosis focus in the lublin region (eastern poland).a suburban focus of lyme borreliosis situated 11 km from the southern border of the city of lublin (eastern poland) was characterized. the focus covers an area of circa 100 km(2), surrounding 3 localities inhabited by circa 7,500 people engaged mostly in farming. it was demonstrated that on the area of focus the infection rate of ixodes ricinus ticks with borrelia burgdorferi, frequency of serological response of inhabitants to the antigen of borrelia burgdorferi, and incidence of lyme borrelios ...200819061271
tick infestation risk and borrelia burgdorferi s.l. infection-induced increase in host-finding efficacy of female ixodes ricinus under natural conditions.an investigation of the risk of human tick infestation, together with the prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi s.l. infection, was conducted in a sylvatic habitat in western germany to provide data needed for future risk-benefit evaluations of acaricides used for clothing impregnation. additionally, data were collected on behavioural changes in borrelia burgdorferi s.l.-infected adult female i. ricinus ticks and the possible impact of such changes on host-finding efficacy. the risk of i. ricinus-i ...200818273686
occurrence of multiple infections with different borrelia burgdorferi genospecies in danish ixodes ricinus nymphs.the pathogen borrelia burgdorferi causes lyme borreliosis in human and animals world-wide. in europe the pathogen is transmitted to the host by the vector ixodes ricinus. the nymph is the primary instar for transmission to humans. we here study the infection rate of five borrelia genospecies: b. burgdorferi sensu stricto, b. afzelii, b. garinii, b. valaisiana, b. lusitaniae in nymphs, by ifa and pcr. 600 nymphs were collected in north zealand of denmark. each nymph was first analysed by ifa. if ...200817804280
prevalence of babesia canis, borrelia afzelii, and anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in hard ticks removed from dogs in warsaw (central poland).the purposes of this study were to specify the occurrence and prevalence of babesia canis, borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, and anaplasma phagocytophilum in ticks removed from dogs in warsaw, and to determine the borrelia species occurring in ixodes ricinus ticks. among 590 collected ticks, 209 were identified as i. ricinus, and 381 as dermacentor reticulatus. dna of b. canis was detected in 11% of d. reticulatus ticks. we found that 6.2% of i. ricinus ticks harbored b. burgdorferi s.l. specific ...200818328630
diversity of ixodes ricinus tick-associated bacterial communities from different forests.nymphal ixodes ricinus ticks (n=180) were collected from three different areas in the netherlands to investigate the effect of forest composition on tick-associated microbial communities. sampled habitats differed in thickness of leaf litter and humus layers and vegetation associations and were located near amsterdam (beech-oak), ede (birch-oak) and veldhoven (birch-oak). analysis of nine 16s rrna gene clone libraries made from individual ticks showed nearest matches with presumed pathogens cand ...200818355299
the tick salivary protein salp15 inhibits the killing of serum-sensitive borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolates.borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of lyme disease, is transmitted by ticks. during transmission from the tick to the host, spirochetes are delivered with tick saliva, which contains the salivary protein salp15. salp15 has been shown to protect spirochetes against b. burgdorferi-specific antibodies. we now show that salp15 from both ixodes ricinus and ixodes scapularis protects serum-sensitive isolates of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato against complement-mediated killing. i. ricinus salp15 showed ...200818426890
preferential protection of borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto by a salp15 homologue in ixodes ricinus saliva.ixodes ticks are the main vectors for borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. in the united states, b. burgdorferi is the sole causative agent of lyme borreliosis and is transmitted by ixodes scapularis. in europe, 3 borrelia species-b. burgdorferi, b. garinii, and b. afzelii-are prevalent, which are transmitted by ixodes ricinus. the i. scapularis salivary protein salp15 has been shown to bind to b. burgdorferi outer surface protein (osp) c, protecting the spirochete from antibody-mediated killing.200818752445
distantly related lipocalins share two conserved clusters of hydrophobic residues: use in homology modeling.lipocalins are widely distributed in nature and are found in bacteria, plants, arthropoda and vertebra. in hematophagous arthropods, they are implicated in the successful accomplishment of the blood meal, interfering with platelet aggregation, blood coagulation and inflammation and in the transmission of disease parasites such as trypanosoma cruzi and borrelia burgdorferi. the pairwise sequence identity is low among this family, often below 30%, despite a well conserved tertiary structure. under ...200818190694
prevalence of tick-borne zoonotic bacteria in questing adult ticks from northern spain.a total of 691 questing adult ixodid ticks of the genera ixodes, haemaphysalis, dermacentor, and rhipicephalus were tested by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and reverse line blot (rlb) for the presence of anaplasma phagocytophilum, coxiella burnetii, borrelia spp., and spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsiae. ticks were collected by blanket dragging during 2 sampling years (2003-2005) in 10 recreational areas in the basque country (northern spain). adult ticks were collected every month of the ye ...200818759563
borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, anaplasma phagocytophilum, francisella tularensis and their co-infections in host-seeking ixodes ricinus ticks collected in serbia.to evaluate the prevalence rate of tick-borne bacterial pathogens, unfed adult ixodes ricinus ticks were collected from vegetation in 2001, 2003, and 2004 at 18 localities throughout serbia. a total of 287 ticks were examined by pcr technique for the presence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, anaplasma phagocytophilum, and francisella tularensis. the highest prevalence rate was that for b. burgdorferi sensu lato (42.5%), followed by a. phagocytophilum (13.9%) and f. tularensis (3.8%). the pres ...200818551370
epidemiological aspects and molecular characterization of borrelia burgdorferi s.l. from southern germany with special respect to the new species borrelia spielmanii sp. nov.in 475 borrelia-infected ixodes ricinus (2155 ticks investigated) from southern germany the most common borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species was b. garinii (34.3%) followed by b. afzelii (25.1%), b. burgdorferi sensu stricto (22.0%), and b. valaisiana (12.7%). b. spielmanii sp. nov. was detected in 5.9% of the 475 infected ticks. hints for a focal distribution were found for b. spielmanii sp. nov. and b. garinii ospa type 4. in 242 patient isolates, dominance (66.9%) of b. afzelii for skin co ...200817616434
prevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum and its coinfection with borrelia afzelii in ixodes ricinus and ixodes persulcatus ticks inhabiting tver province (russia) - a sympatric region for both tick species.human granulocytic anaplasmosis (hga) and lyme borreliosis (lb) are tick-borne infectious diseases caused by anaplasma phagocytophilum and borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species, respectively. in this study, p44/msp2 paralogues specific to a. phagocytophilum and 5s-23s rrna gene-intergenic spacers specific to b. burgdorferi sensu lato species were detected by pcr in ticks collected in two regions, tver (kalinin) and konakovo, of the tver (kalinin) province located 150 km north-west of moscow. t ...200818628500
two ways of experimental infection of ixodes ricinus ticks (acari: ixodidae) with spirochetes of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex.a previously reported procedure for the introduction of borrelia spirochetes into tick larvae by immersion in a suspension of spirochetes was tested on ixodes ricinus (l.) ticks and three of the most medically important european borrelia genomic species, b. burgdorferi sensu stricto, b. garinii and b. afzelii. the procedure was compared with "classical" infection of nymphs by feeding on infected mice. both methods yielded comparable results (infection rate 44-65%) with the exception of b. afzeli ...200818666419
meta-analysis of coinfection and coexposure with borrelia burgdorferi and anaplasma phagocytophilum in humans, domestic animals, wildlife, and ixodes ricinus-complex ticks.anaplasma phagocytophilum, which causes granulocytic anaplasmosis, and borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of lyme borreliosis, are transmitted in multiple holarctic regions by the same ixodes sp. tick vectors and maintained in sylvatic cycles with the same rodent reservoirs. coinfection of humans, domestic animals, wildlife, and ticks with both b. burgdorferi and a. phagocytophilum appears to be common, yet the pathologic mechanisms and ecology remain poorly understood compared with single-agent in ...200818789001
borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the agent of lyme borreliosis: life in the wilds.in europe, borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (sl) the agent of lyme borreliosis circulates in endemic areas between ixodes ricinus ticks and a large number of vertebrate hosts upon which ticks feed. currently, at least 12 different borrelia species belonging to the complex b. burgdorferi sl have been identified among which seven have been detected in i. ricinus: b. burgdorferi sensu stricto (ss), b. garinii, b. afzelii, b. valaisiana, b. spielmanii and b. bissettii. a few dozens of vertebrate host ...200818814688
ribotyping and whole-cell protein analysis of spirochetes isolated from arthropods in the czech republic.in the presented work, six borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolates were recovered from ixodes ricinus ticks and one strain of spirochete with uncertain taxonomic position isolated from culex pipiens mosquito collected in the valtice area (south moravia, czech republic), as well as representative type strains, were further characterized by ribotyping and whole-cell protein fingerprinting. the ribotype patterns obtained with hindii and ecorv ribotype patterns showed good correlations with the rec ...200819061259
molecular identification of bloodmeal source in ixodes ricinus ticks using 12s rdna as a genetic marker.we developed an efficient molecular method for the identification of the bloodmeal sources in the tick ixodes ricinus (l.), the european vector of the agents of lyme borreliosis and tick-borne encephalitis. an approximately 145-bp orthologous fragment of the vertebrate mitochondrial 12s rdna was used as a molecular marker to discriminate host vertebrate species. the method consists of a single run polymerase chain reaction amplification of the 12s rdna molecular marker by using nondegenerate pri ...200717915521
lyme borreliosis incidence in two french departments: correlation with infection of ixodes ricinus ticks by borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato.we conducted a prospective study to estimate the lyme borreliosis incidence in two rural french departments, meuse and puy-de-dôme. concurrently, we investigated the prevalence of ticks infected with borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (sl) and anaplasma phagocytophilum. the incidence of lyme borreliosis decreased from 156 to 109/100,000 inhabitants in meuse and from 117 to 76/100,000 inhabitants in puy-de-dôme in 2004 and 2005, respectively, corresponding to a decrease in the density of ixodes rici ...200717979533
a comparison of two dna extraction approaches in the detection of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato from live ixodes ricinus ticks by pcr and reverse line blotting.we tested two approaches to extract borrelia dna from live ixodes ricinus ticks before polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and reverse line blotting (rlb): dna extraction of one half of the tick after incubation in bsk medium and dna extraction of the other half of the tick directly, using ammonium hydroxide. among 2079 ticks, 31.2% (n=649) were found to be borrelia-infected by pcr-rlb test using at least one of the dna extraction methods. five hundred four ticks (24.2%) were found infected after in ...200717979538
phenotypic and genotypic analysis of borrelia spp. isolated from ixodes ricinus ticks by using electrophoretic chips and real-time polymerase chain reaction.the genotype of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato was detected in 371 out of 1244 ticks. borrelia determination was based on partial sequencing of the 16s rrna gene and real-time polymerase chain reactions for identification and quantitation of ospa and reca genes. different borrelia spp. were identified; b. garinii in 40% ticks followed by b. afzelii (36.3%), b. burgdorferi sensu stricto (12.9%), b. valaisiana (3.5%), b. lusitaniae (0.8%), b. bissettii (0.5%) and b. miyamotoi-like (0.5%). cultiva ...200718062179
[significance of red deer (cervus elaphus) in the ecology of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato].background: red deer (cervus elaphus) is one of the most important host of the adult tick (ixodes ricinus) which is the basic vector of the lyme disease causative agent--borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in europe. the aim of the present study was to establish the role of red deer in the transmission of b. burgdorferi s.1. material and methods. tissues from 74 red deers were evaluated and the presence of b. burgdorferi s.1 dna was identified using nested pcr technique based on fla gene. the identi ...200718075156
identification of host bloodmeal source and borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in field-collected ixodes ricinus ticks in chaumont (switzerland).to evaluate the importance of vertebrate species as tick hosts and as reservoir hosts in two endemic areas for lyme borreliosis in switzerland, we applied molecular methods for the analysis of bloodmeal source and borrelia infection in questing ixodes ricinus l. ticks. in total, 1326 questing ticks were simultaneously analyzed for borrelia and for blood meal remnants by using reverse line blot. an overall infection prevalence of 19.0% was recorded for borrelia sp., with similar rates in both sit ...200718047213
ticks and associated pathogens collected from domestic animals in the netherlands.following an outbreak of autochthonous canine babesiosis in the netherlands, a request made to veterinarians and the public to collect ticks from companion animals resulted in 4298 ticks submitted between july 2005 and october 2006 to our center. ticks were identified as ixodes ricinus adults (2907/4298, 67.6%), ixodes sp. nymphs (529/4298, 12.3%) and ixodes sp. larvae (385/4298, 9.0%), i. hexagonus adults (328/4298, 7.6%), dermacentor reticulatus (72/4298, 1.7%), and several other exotic tick s ...200717979540
borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in siberian chipmunks (tamias sibiricus) introduced in suburban forests in france.numerous vertebrate reservoirs have been described for borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (sl), which includes the etiological agents of lyme borreliosis (lb). the siberian chipmunk (tamias sibiricus) is a rodent originating from asia, where it is suspected to be a b. burgdorferi reservoir. it has been intentionally released into the wild in europe since the 1970s, but has not yet been subject to any study regarding its association with the lb agent. in this paper we studied siberian chipmunk infes ...200718021026
isolation, cultivation and identification of borrelia burgdorferi genospecies from ixodes ricinus ticks from the city of brno, czech republic.a total of 305 ticks (21 larvae, 243 nymphs, 19 females and 22 males) were collected by flagging of vegetation in suburban woods of pisarky park (city of brno) from july to october 2002. the midgut of each tick was dissected out and transferred individually into bsk-h medium. after cultivation, all specimens were examined by dark-field microscopy (dfm) for the presence of borreliae. out of 305 tick samples, 45 were (14.8%) dfm positive. the following polymerase chain reaction (pcr) then revealed ...200717655181
phenology of ixodes ricinus and infection with borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato along a north- and south-facing altitudinal gradient on chaumont mountain, switzerland.questing ixodes ricinus l. ticks were collected monthly from 2003 to 2005 on the north- and south-facing slopes of chaumont mountain in neuchâtel, switzerland, at altitudes varying from 620 to 1,070 m. on the south-facing slope, questing tick density was higher than on the north-facing slope, and it decreased with altitude. density tended to increase with altitude on the north-facing slope. saturation deficit values higher than 10 mmhg and lasting for >2 mo were often recorded on the south-facin ...200717695026
[occurrence of borrelia burgdorferi s.l. in selected ixodes ricinus populations within nadbuzański landscape park].the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ixodes ricinus ticks within nadbuzański landscape park (central-eastern mazovian province, poland). material and200718441877
ixodes ricinus density and infection prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato along a north-facing altitudinal gradient in the rhône valley (switzerland).questing ixodes ricinus ticks were sampled monthly along a north-facing altitudinal gradient in the canton of valais, switzerland, from march 2004 to february 2005. tick density and infection with borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato were monitored. ticks were collected by flagging vegetation at three different altitudes (750 m, 880 m, and 1020 m above sea level). ticks were examined for borrelia by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) followed by reverse line blot. at the three altitudes, questing tick a ...200717417957
[scientific basis for prevention].lyme borreliosis is the most common tick-transmitted disease in north america and europe. borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato causes lyme disease and is transmitted by a tick belonging to ixodes genus. the risk of tick-borne infection depends on the ecology of ticks. the risk of human infection depends on the density of the tick population and its infection rate. the aim of this manuscript is to review the ecology of ixodes ricinus the main vector of lyme disease in western europe, the reservoir hos ...200717434699
first report of anaplasma phagocytophilum and its co-infections with borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ixodes ricinus ticks (acari: ixodidae) from republic of moldova.we examined 198 questing ixodes ricinus ticks collected in chisinau city, republic of moldova by pcr assays for anaplasma phagocytophilum, borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and co-infection of both pathogens, which were detected in 9%, 25.2% and 2.5% of tested ticks, respectively. b. burgdorferi s.l. genotyping revealed the presence of five genospecies with dominance of b. garinii. our preliminary study provides evidence about occurrence of both pathogens in this populated area, which represent a ...200717342346
detection and identification of anaplasma phagocytophilum, borrelia burgdorferi, and rickettsia helvetica in danish ixodes ricinus ticks.borreliosis is an endemic infection in denmark. recent serosurveys have indicated that human anaplasmosis may be equally common. the aim of this study was to look for anaplasma phagocytophilum and related pathogens in ixodes ricinus ticks and estimate their prevalence, compared to borrelia, using pcr. ticks were collected from three locations in denmark: jutland, funen, and bornholm. ticks from jutland and funen were analysed individually, ticks from bornholm were analysed in pools of 20. a. pha ...200717367468
ticks and mosquitoes as vectors of borrelia burgdorferi s. l. in the forested areas of szczecin.the aim of the study was to determine the infection level of adult forms and larvae of ticks and mosquitoes with borrelia burgdorferi in the forested areas of szczecin. a total of 1699 ticks ixodes ricinus, including 1422 nymphs, 277 adult forms and 2862 mosquito females representing the genera aedes (89.6%) and culex (10.4%) were collected between the years 2004 and 2005. a further 3746 larvae and 1596 pupae of culex pipiens pipiens were colleted from water bodies. borrelia burgdorferi s. l. wa ...200718274258
ixodes ricinus: the potential of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis as a tool for studying host-vector-pathogen interactions.ixodes ricinus is a three-host tick, with three active instars. for moulting to occur the tick has to find a host where it can take a blood meal. throughout feeding i. ricinus can be infected or infect the host with different pathogens, e.g., tick-borne encephalitis virus or borrelia burgdorferi. the host-vector-pathogen interaction is very complex, making a detailed study difficult. here we analyse the potential of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2de) to study the host-vector-pathogen inte ...200716904668
gene organization of a novel defensin of ixodes ricinus: first annotation of an intron/exon structure in a hard tick defensin gene and first evidence of the occurrence of two isoforms of one member of the arthropod defensin family.antimicrobial peptides (defensins) are effectors of the immune system. herein, we describe a novel ixodes ricinus defensin gene(s), analyse its structure and compare it with other known antimicrobial peptides from different tick species. for the first time, an intron/exon structure is discovered in a hard-tick defensin gene. the intron/exon genomic organization of the gene is similar to the organization in ornithodoros moubata, but not to that of the intronless defensins of dermacentor variabili ...200717651239
genospecies of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ixodes ricinus ticks from the autonomous province of trento, italy.sequences of the variable intergenic spacer region 5s (rrfa) 23s (rrlb) rrna were used to identify borrelia genospecies present in ixodes ricinus nymphs collected from the lamar lakes area of the province of trento, italy (overall prevalence=6.3%). four genospecies were identified, one for the first time in this province (b. valaisiana), and three which have been noted previously (b. afzelii, b. garinii, and b. burgdorferi s.s.). in order to compare the genetic variability of these genospecies i ...200717137840
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