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discovery of the lyme disease spirochete and its relation to tick vectors.the various hypotheses concerning the etiologic agent of erythema chronicum migrans of europe and of lyme disease in the united states are reviewed, and an account of events that led to the discovery of the causative spirochetal agent in ixodes dammini is presented. spirochetes morphologically and antigenically similar, if not identical to, the organism detected in i. dammini were also found for the first time in ixodes pacificus and ixodes ricinus, the vectors hitherto incriminated, respectivel ...19846516454
erythema chronicum migrans afzelius and acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans. early and late manifestations of ixodes ricinus-borne borrelia spirochetes.in the present thesis consecutive patients, 231 with ecma, 41 with aca and 20 with facial palsy (bell's palsy), have been studied. it has been shown that spirochetes, transmitted by the tick ixodes ricinus, are involved in the etiology of ecma and aca. this has been shown through the isolation and cultivation of spirochetes from ticks and from the skin of patients with ecma and aca. the spirochetes have morphological characteristics similar to those of the genus borrelia. no antigenic difference ...19853901647
tick-borne borrelia infection in sweden.spirochetes were cultivated from 17% of 114 ixodes ricinus ticks in the stockholm area. three strains of these spirochetes were selected for studies by electron microscopy. these three strains had definite morphological similarities to spirochetes of the genus borrelia, as judged by the number of flagella, absence of cytoplasmic tubules, and dimensions. the three strains were not identical, but seemed to consist of two different kinds of cells, one with eight and one with eleven flagella. the th ...19853903977
[erythema migrans borreliosis in the federal republic of germany. epidemiology and clinical aspects].a positive antibody titre against ixodes-ricinus-borrelia (burgdorferi), using indirect immunofluorescence or elisa, could be detected in serum and (or) liquor of 935 (32%) out of a total of 2955 patients between january 1984 and july 1985. in 289 of these cases the typical clinical manifestations were lacking whereas a characteristic disease picture enabled a diagnosis to be made in 171 patients with negative or borderline antibody titres. the 1106 cases of infection observed covered all region ...19853905325
borrelia transfer by ticks during their life cycle. studies on laboratory animals.ticks of the species ixodes ricinus were cultured in the laboratory. yellow silver rabbits, gerbils and white mice served as blood hosts. borrelia burgdorferi could be detected by means of an ifa test in homogenates of female ticks, their eggs as well as the respective larval and nymphal ticks. blood infection of splenectomized gerbils and ordinary white mice or of ordinary white mice alone has been demonstrated after feeding of larval or nymphal ticks on them, respectively. spirochetemia starte ...19863577489
[disease (lyme disease) in pediatric patients in switzerland caused by spirochetes (borrelia burgdorferi) of ixodes ricinus].lyme disease in children is studied in the light of questionnaires sent out twice to departments and divisions of pediatrics in switzerland. thirty-six serologically proven cases were collected. the 48 clinical signs attributed to lyme disease involved the skin in 40%, the nervous system in 40%, and the joints in 20%. they were erythema chronicum migrans (13), lymphocytoma (4), acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans (2), peripheral facial palsy (14), sensomotor radiculoneuritis (2), meningoencephal ...19863787225
[enlarged spectrum of tick transmitted spirochaetoses].after the successful identification of borrelia burgdorferi as the cause of lyme disease, a new tick-borne infection occurring in the united states, almost identical spirochaetes have been isolated from the tick ixodes ricinus in europe. as a result, the spirochaetal aetiology of skin diseases, which had long been recognized as tick-borne infections, namely erythema chronicum migrans with its neurological complications of the tick-borne meningopolyneuritis of garin-bujadoux-bannwarth, acrodermat ...19863804731
endotoxicity associated with the lyme disease borrelia: recent findings.the endotoxicity of borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of lyme disease, a tick-borne spirochetosis, was studied using limulus assay and pyrogen test in rabbit. some suspensions of ixodes ricinus and ixodes dammini associated borrelia were able to gelify limulus lysate and demonstrated a febrile response in rabbit. these findings and other recent data demonstrating an endotoxin-like activity of the lyme disease agent are discussed in the context of the pathogenic mechanisms of the illness.19863713546
[lyme borreliosis in south germany. epidemiologic data on the incidence of cases and on the epidemiology of ticks (ixodes ricinus) carrying borrelia burgdorferi].among 2403 ticks (ixodes ricinus) tested in 1985 for borrelia 328 (13.6%) were carriers (adults about 20%, nymphs about 10%, larvae about 1%). the highest prevalence of infected ticks was among adult ticks in the isar region north of munich (33.8%). among 9383 persons whose serum had been examined by fluorescence serology in 1985 and 1986, 1035 (11%) had raised borrelia-specific igg and/or igm antibodies greater than or equal to 1:64. in 18.7% only igm antibodies were demonstrated. among 375 pro ...19873678074
infectiousness for humans of ixodes ricinus containing borrelia burgdorferi.we studied the rate of transmission of borrelia burgdorferi from ticks (ixodes ricinus) to man under field conditions in a case control study. at a holiday camp in southern germany 384 ticks were removed from 272 persons. information on symptoms possibly related to borrelia infection were obtained by a questionnaire to be sent back six weeks after the tick bite. ticks were examined by immunofluorescence microscopy (ift) for borrelia and 49 (12.8%) were found positive. blood was obtained from 41 ...19873591103
[chronic borrelia disease of the central nervous system].a few years ago meningoradiculitis garin-bujadoux-bannwarth (bannwarth's syndrome) was discovered to be a neurological manifestation of lyme disease transmitted by tick-bites and caused by ixodes-ricinus-spirochaete (borrelia burgdorferi). not enough attention is given to the fact that more serious and chronic disease of the central nervous system may be entailed. two cases are reported in which detection of the borrelian-antibodies corroborated the diagnosis. after parenteral treatment with pen ...19873670517
emerging pattern of lyme disease in the united kingdom and irish republic.in the past year there have been 68 cases of lyme disease in the united kingdom and republic of ireland. 41 patients had erythema chronicum migrans, and 8 of them had associated neurological disease. 13 further patients presented with neurological disease without a preceding skin lesion. myocarditis was present in 1 patient. ixodes ricinus was confirmed as the vector for lyme disease. in two areas deer were found to be infected by borrelia burgdorferi, the causative organism of lyme disease. 86% ...19872880076
[epidemiology of ixodes-borreliosis in southern germany].intimate adaptation occurs between european strains of borrelia burgdorferi and the local hard tick ixodes ricinus. i. dammini, the important vector in usa, could not be infected experimentally with a strain of the lyme spirochete from southern germany. other species of blood suckers are sometimes able to maintain uptaken spirochetes for a few days, but never to compensate the tick vector. man seems to be a good host for b. burgdorferi but without epidemiological significance due to his poor vec ...19873623604
demonstration of locally synthesized borrelia antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid.antibodies against borrelia burgdorferi develop slowly. low titers can be anamnestic. in order to prove the etiology of manifestations of erythema chronicum migrans disease of the nervous system like meningopolyneuritis garin-bujadoux-bannwarth or progressive borrelia encephalomyelitis we used the elisa to measure specific igg antibodies against ixodes ricinus borrelia per microgram igg in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. with the mentioned method we were able to demonstrate locally synthesized an ...19873591093
first isolation of borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of lyme borreliosis, from ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae) in berlin (west).in 1984, two human cases of tick-borne lyme borreliosis with considerable neurologic involvement were reported in berlin (west). the diagnosis of lyme borreliosis was serologically confirmed. the ticks which had transmitted the borrelia were from berlin (west). in the autumn of 1985, 156 ticks were collected in forests of berlin (west) for the cultural detection of spirochetes by using bsk ii medium. three strains of spirochetes were isolated (from a pooled sample of two nymphs, and samples of o ...19883213319
first isolations of borrelia burgdorferi from rodents collected in northern europe.spirochetes were found in 13% of ixodes ricinus collected from an island, near stockholm where human borreliosis is endemic. borrelia burgdorferi was cultivated from the kidney and/or spleen of wild rodents (clethrionomys glareolus and apodemus flavicollis) from the same island. spirochetes were identified as borrelia burgdorferi by indirect immunofluorescence assays using species and genus specific monoclonal antibodies. in these tests the spirochetes could not be differentiated from strains pr ...19883190915
[lyme disease in belgium: presence of the spirochete borrelia burgdorferi in ixodes ricinus ticks recovered from the meuse river region]. 19892799146
prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi in ixodes ricinus ticks in berlin (west).in 1986, 1711 nymphal and adult ixodes ricinus orginating from berlin (west) forests were examined individually or in pools of up to 10 ticks for the presence of borrelia burgdorferi, the etiologic agent of lyme borreliosis. detection of borreliae was carried out by means of a culture method using modified barbour-stoenner-kelly-medium (bsk ii). tick populations from 14 out of 15 locations contained positive specimens. the calculated minimal infection rate of pooled ticks was 2.5% in nymphs (n = ...19892929194
characterization of the first tick isolate of borrelia burgdorferi from italy.we report on the first isolation of a spirochetal organism from ixodes ricinus ticks of the trieste area (northern italy) which was identified as borrelia burgdorferi by its reactivity with specific monoclonal antibodies directed against the ospa and flagella proteins.19892719854
vector/host relationships of the lyme disease spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi.lyme borreliosis is now occurring on several continents where its causative agent, borrelia burgdorferi, is maintained and transmitted by ticks of the "ixodes ricinus complex" namely i. dammini, i. pacificus, and possibly i. scapularis in north america, i. ricinus in europe, and i. persulcatus in asia. because all developmental stages of these ticks feed on a large variety of hosts including humans, the vector/host relationships of this spirochete is highly complex as indicated by the voluminous ...19892685930
epizootiology of borrelia in ixodes tick vectors and reservoir hosts.four north american and two european species of ixodes ticks harbor borreliae. three of the north american species--ixodes dammini, ixodes scapularis, and ixodes pacificus--and two old world species--ixodes ricinus and ixodes persulcatus--feed on a wide range of hosts, including humans; the north american ixodes dentatus has a predilection for cottontail rabbits and rarely parasitizes humans. in lyme disease foci in north america where i. dammini is common, borrelia burgdorferi or similar types ...19892682957
a clinical and sero-epidemiological study of 190 belgian patients suffering from lyme borreliosis.we present a sero-epidemiological study of 190 belgian cases of lyme borreliosis, a multisystemic disease caused by the spirochaete borrelia burgdorferi and transmitted by a tick bite. the whole spectrum of clinical pictures was observed in these patients, including "erythema chronicum migrans" (63%), neurological involvement (47%) and arthritis (22%), frequently in combination. our results are compared to findings in other countries. among the 437 ixodes ricinus ticks collected in the sambre an ...19892683538
[lyme disease and borrelia burgdorferi infections in europe].lyme disease is endemic in europe. the strains of the causative agent, borrelia burgdorferi, seem to be antigenically more heterogeneous than the north american isolates. the only documented vector for this bacterium in europe is ixodes ricinus, but other vectors might be involved as observed in the united states. the tick hosts are not yet well documented in europe. human infection occurs principally during summer months. the clinical aspect of the disease has particular features in europe: at ...19892683896
[borrelia burgdorferi from ixodes ricinus ticks on ameland].ixodes ricinus ticks collected from the north sea island of ameland, the netherlands, were screened for the presence of borrelia spirochaetes. the present authors used ifat on tick gut preparations and identified borrelia in 31 per cent of the adult ticks and 16 per cent of the nymphs collected from the dunes and 45 per cent of the nymphs collected from the forests. in vitro cultivation of borrelia sp. isolated from the adult ticks and its subsequent recognition by b. burgdorferi-specific monocl ...19892688191
[diagnostic possibilities and limitations in lyme borreliosis].in switzerland 5-35% of ixodes ricinus ticks are infested with borrelia burgdorferi (b.b.). there is a high risk of transmission of this infectious agent from any tick bite and 4-5% of affected subjects subsequently contract evident lyme borreliosis. however, both tick bite and erythema chronicum migrans are unreliable diagnostic pointers as they are not usually found in the history of lyme borreliosis patients. similarly, an increased titer of antibodies against b.b. is not evidence of lyme bor ...19892692151
[meningoencephalomyelitis caused by borrelia burgdorferi: a case without epidemiologic history or chronic migratory erythema].a patient is reported with meningoencephalomyelitis with polyradiculitis caused by borrelia burgdorferi infection. neurological features developed without previously known tick bite nor the characteristic skin lesion, chronic migratory erythema (cme). the vector of the disease (the tick ixodes ricinus) exists in spain, but only one case of meningopolyradiculitis with cme has been reported in asturias. our case stresses that b. burgdorferi infection should be suspected in cases of meningoencephal ...19892601480
[lymphadenosis benigna cutis of the mammary areola: lyme borreliosis?].this lesion began two months after a tick bite on the left breast, occurring during a trip in karst (highland behind the city of trieste). this area represents an ecological shell for ixodes ricinus, hard tick often infested with borrelia burgdorferi, the aetiological agent of lyme disease. some days after tick-bite, the patient developed a typical ecm of the left breast; this lesion resolved in two months. shortly after, an erythematous, infiltrated nodule appeared on the left areola; ist size ...19892620924
transmission of lyme disease spirochetes (borrelia burgdorferi).the field and laboratory evidence incriminating nymphal ixodes dammini as the main vectors of borrelia burgdorferi is substantial. furthermore, other members of the ixodes (ixodes) ricinus 'complex', including i. ricinus, i. persulcatus, i. pacificus, and i. scapularis, are competent vectors of the lyme disease spirochete. although ticks in other genera are also naturally infected with b. burgdorferi, experimental evidence suggests that amblyomma and dermacentor ticks are inefficient vectors of ...19892667921
[borrelia burgdorferi, clinical aspects, cultivation and identification of the pathogen in erythema migrans in berlin].among other manifestations, the following diseases caused by borrelia burgdorferi in europe are transmitted by ticks of the species ixodes ricinus: erythema migrans (em), lymphadenosis benigna cutis (lbc), lymphocytic meningo-radiculitis (bannwarth's syndrome), and acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans (aca). we report on a female patient, who developed em 10 days after a-tick bite in berlin. borrelia burgdorferi could be cultivated from a skin biopsy specimen taken from the periphery of the em. t ...19892678789
[occurrence of borrelia burgdorferi in ixodes ricinus in the netherlands].in a 1989 surveillance to study the infection rate of ixodes ricinus ticks with borrelia burgdorferi, a total of 1838 nymphal and adult ixodes ricinus ticks were collected from 20 locations in the netherlands. by means of a culture method using modified barbour-kelly-stoenner medium nymphs were examined in pools of 4 and adults were examined individually. with 63 out of 75 isolates propagation and serological identification were possible. all of these 63 isolates were identified as borrelia burg ...19902374615
[lyme disease in yugoslavia].presented are results of the last five-year period study of the lyme disease in yugoslavia. on the basis of published papers and professional communications over 2500 cases of lyme disease.were detected in our country within this period. presented are common epidemiologic and clinical features of the disease and particularly cases diagnosed in belgrade. since 1987 a group of various specialists has been working on the research project in collaboration with many centres in the country. indirect i ...19902238508
[lyme disease: clinical and sero-epidemiological study of borrelia burgdorferi infections in belgium].lyme disease is a multi-systemic infection caused by the spirochaete borrelia burgdorferi: this bacterium, discovered in 1982 in the united states, is mainly transmitted by a tick bite, ixodes ricinus in europe. in belgium, a first seroepidemiological study of 3 years has revealed 190 patients and the whole spectrum of clinical pictures was observed, including the early stage of this infection in the skin (erythema chronicum migrans), neurological involvement and arthritis. the lyme borreliosis ...19902207461
[recent information on tick-borne diseases (i)].tick-borne encephalitis (central european encephalitis) and lyme disease (erythema chronicum migrans) are diseases mainly transmitted by ticks of the ixodes ricinus species. the tick-borne encephalitis, a virus infection, can produce severe encephalitic symptoms. there is no specific treatment but the infection can be prevented by active or passive immunization. lyme disease is caused by a spirochete (borrelia burgdorferi). due to the variety of often uncharacteristic symptoms this infection is ...19902158155
borrelia burgdorferi in ticks of the canton tessin (switzerland).in the northern alps it is hard to find an ixodes ricinus population which does not harbour borrelia burgdorferi. the infection rates range from 5 to 34% for adults and nymphs to 3.1% for larvae. this study shows that the infection rates on the southern side of the alps are similar, at 25% for adults, 36.2% for nymphs and 3.2% for larvae. with respect to tick species other than i. ricinus, we did not succeed in finding any spirochetes in dermacentor marginatus, haemaphysalis punctata, ixodes hex ...19902132440
prevalence of borreliae in ixodes ricinus ticks from southern moravia, czechoslovakia.a total of 378 adult ixodes ricinus ticks were collected by flagging vegetation in four localities of two districts (breclav, znojmo) in south moravia and examined microscopically. borreliae were identified in giemsa-stained midgut smears from 32 (i.e. 8.5%) ticks (9.4% females, 7.2% males); the infection rate varied between 0.0 and 11.4% in the four localities examined. among female ticks, significantly more were found to be infected in autumn (19.7%) than in spring (5.8%). dark-field (df) and ...19902093618
incidence of tick-bite in man in aland islands: reference to the spread of lyme borreliosis.the common tick ixodes ricinus is a vector both for the virus of tick-borne viral encephalitis (kumlinge disease, kd) and of borrelia burgdorferi (lyme borreliosis, lb). bites of the tick are believed to be common in aland, an island province of finland in the baltic sea. kd has been seen there for many years, and cases of lb have been diagnosed lately. the purpose of this study was to find the incidence of tick-bite among the population with possible implications for the spread of lb. a questio ...19902320965
[the identification of borrelia isolated in the soviet union and czechoslovakia from ixodes ricinus (l.) ticks].seven strains of the causative agent of lyme borreliosis have been isolated from ticks of the species ixodes ricinus (l.) obtained at the territories of leningrad province, lithuania and czechoslovakia. the strains have been studied in reactions with 5 types of monoclonal antibodies. all isolated strains belong to serotype ii according to barbour's system and are typical for european strains.19902145716
otolaryngologic aspects of lyme disease.lyme disease is a systemic illness caused by the spirochete borrelia burgdorferi and transmitted by the bite of a tick in the ixodes ricinus complex. while the illness is often associated with a characteristic rash, erythema migrans, patients may also present with a variety of complaints in the absence of the rash. the otolaryngologist may be called upon to see both groups of patients, with any number of signs and symptoms referable to the head and neck, including headache, neck pain, odynophagi ...19912041438
hosts on which nymphal ixodes ricinus most abundantly feed.to identify hosts that may serve as european reservoirs for the agent of lyme disease, borrelia burgdorferi, we determined whether nymphal ixodes ricinus feed mainly on particular mice (apodemus flavicollis or a. agrarius), voles (clethrionomys glareolus) or on sand lizards (lacerta agilis) and whether the abundance of these hosts corresponds to the seasonal activity of the subadult stages of the vector tick. in all sites, the mice appeared most heavily infested by larvae; at least seven parasit ...19911996733
[first isolation of borrelia burgdorferi (lyme spirochaeta) from ticks in hungary].31 field collected ixodes ricinus adult ticks were investigated for the lyme-disease spirochete. 5/31 ixodes ricinus contained borrelia burgdorferi. the spirochete was successfully cultivated in four cases, and they were found in two ticks by immunofluorescence technique and dark field microscopy, as well. two of the isolated strains were tested by western blot. the antigen pattern in both strains showed marked bands in 41 and 60 kd antigen, but only a week band appeared at 32 kd, with the lack ...19911996203
lyme disease: a clinical review.lyme disease is caused by the spirochete borrelia burgdorferi, which is transmitted primarily by ixodes dammini ticks in the northeast and upper midwest, by ixodes pacificus in western states, and by ixodes ricinus in europe. lyme disease can affect the skin, nervous system, heart, eyes, and joints, and is diagnosed in patients with these characteristic clinical features: exposure to an endemic area and usually a positive serologic test for b. burgdorferi six or more weeks after infection. full ...19911944020
[borrelia infections of the skin--progress of knowledge since the discovery of lyme disease].the description of lyme disease in 1976 and the detection of its causative agent, the spirochete borrelia burgdorferi (b. burgdorferi), in 1982 led to an increase in our knowledge of the course of b. burgdorferi infection and its clinical manifestations. the classic tick-borne dermatoses erythema chronicum migrans (ecm), lymphadenosis benigna cutis (labc) and acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans (aca) were proven by isolation of the spirochete from skin lesions to be caused by b. burgdorferi infe ...19911917458
[survey during 4 years of the infestation level of the tick ixodes ricinus (acari ixodidae) by borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of lyme borreliosis, in 2 forests in brittany].the authors followed, during 4 years consecutively, from 1987 to 1990, by immunofluorescence, the frequency of b. burgdorferi in an amount of 677 nymphs of i. ricinus tick, collected fasting by flagging in 2 forests in brittany (france). percentages obtained in each of these forests do not reveal significative differencies statistically and seem to show a relative stability, from one year to the following, during the considered period, of the infestation levels in ticks.19911807855
a comparison of the occurrence of borreliae in nymphal and adult ixodes ricinus ticks.the prevalence of borreliae in 209 nymphal and 251 adult ixodes ricinus was investigated in two areas of southern moravia, czechoslovakia, using the dark-field and the giemsa stained-smear techniques. the proportions of infected ticks were 3.8% in nymphs and 10.6% in adults of area a, while they were 29.1% in nymphs and 35.9% in adults of area b. the mean number of borreliae per tick was about 3 to 10 times greater in adult than in nymphal i. ricinus. the results indicate a significant role of n ...19911930561
epizootiology of lyme borreliosis.borrelia burgdorferi is transmitted from animals to humans by ticks belonging primarily to the ixodes ricinus complex. transmission occurs during feeding, either by salivation, regurgitation, or by both processes. two eurasian (ixodes ricinus and i. persulcatus) and three north american (i. dammini, i. scapularis and i. pacificus) species vector b. burgdorferi to humans. all ticks feed on three different host animals during their lives, and each species parasitizes a relatively large number of d ...19911947808
[ixodes ricinus, a demonstrated vector of borrelia burgdorferi in spain]. 19912051824
lyme borreliosis: ten years after discovery of the etiologic agent, borrelia burgdorferi.since the recovery of its causative agent, borrelia burgdorferi, in 1981, lyme borreliosis has become the most prevalent tick-borne disease in the united states as well as in europe. its steadily increasing clinical spectrum now includes erythema migrans, acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans, lymphadenosis beniga cutis, arthritis, myocarditis, progressive meningoencephalitis, myositis, and various ocular and skin disorders. the true incidence of lyme borreliosis in the world is unknown. in the un ...19911917043
[lyme borreliosis: should we prepare for an epidemic?].lyme borreliosis results from the persistent infection with a spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi, transmitted by ticks of the ixodes ricinus complex. the geographic distribution of these ticks depends on specific climatic and ecologic conditions. lyme borreliosis is a disease with protean manifestations whose distribution is world-wide. in north america, the disease usually begins between may and august with a characteristic rash, erythema chronicum migrans, accompanied by non specific or meningit ...19911866842
loss of lyme disease spirochetes from ixodes ricinus ticks feeding on european blackbirds.to determine whether blackbirds (turdus merula), the most abundant and most abundantly tick-infested ecotonal bird of central europe, may contribute to the transmission of the lyme disease spirochete (borrelia burgdorferi), we compared the infectivity to ticks of naturally as well as experimentally infected blackbirds and rodents. european blackbirds experience intense exposure to ixodes ricinus ticks and to the pathogens that they transmit. in nature, subadult i. ricinus ticks found feeding on ...19921740177
molecular characterization of borrelia burgdorferi isolated from ixodes ricinus in northern sweden.ixodes ricinus ticks, harbouring borrelia burgdorferi, were found in an area in northern sweden, not thought to be endemic for lyme borreliosis. this investigation took place at norrbyskär, an island situated in the bothnian gulf, 63 degrees 33'n/19 degrees 52'e. one of 42 nymphal and 8/43 adult i. ricinus ticks collected carried spirochetes as seen by phase contrast microscopy. pure bacterial cultures were obtained from 2 of the ticks. western blot analysis using species-specific monoclonal ant ...19921641595
[lyme disease in switzerland: ocular involvement].lyme disease is a multisystem disorder caused by the spirochete borrelia burgdorferi, which is transmitted by a tick (ixodes ricinus). lyme disease is divided into three stages (infection, dissemination and immunological reactions). ocular manifestations are rare except for conjunctivitis and facial nerve palsy. switzerland is an endemic zone for lyme disease; the presence of an atypical pars planitis should prompt a search for lyme disease.19921614153
suspected lyme borreliosis in sheep.two cases of suspected lyme borreliosis in lambs are described. the clinical signs observed resemble those described for lyme borreliosis in dogs and horses. the lambs were approximately six months old and came from two different flocks in a district heavily infested with ixodes ricinus ticks. the lambs had pronounced lameness in one leg, generally bad condition and poor appetite. they had high serum levels of igg antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi when tested in an elisa. the other lambs in the ...19921595160
seroepidemiological studies of borrelia burgdorferi infection in sheep in norway.an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi in sheep was established. the assay was used in a seroepidemiological survey in which serum samples from 327 norwegian rams were screened for antibodies to b. burgdorferi. these rams were randomly chosen, clinically healthy animals from all parts of norway. they came both from areas where ixodes ricinus is common and from areas where the tick has not been found. the age of the animals varied from 0.5 to 7.5 years. sera f ...19921583130
capacity of european animals as reservoir hosts for the lyme disease spirochete.the abundance of spirochete-infected ixodes ricinus ticks naturally derived from endemic rodents was compared to identify the reservoir hosts of the agent of lyme disease at a series of enzootic sites in central europe. black-striped mice appear to be the most important rodent host for the tick and infect more ticks with borrelia burgdorferi than do other mice and voles tested. although rodents infect about half of the ticks that feed on them, lizards infect none. these spirochete-incompetent ho ...19921538153
[survey of the infestation level of the ixodes ricinus tick by borrelia burgdorferi. complimentary report].in a recent report, we gave results of a 4 year consecutively survey (1987 to 1990) of the level of ixodes ricinus nymphs infested by borrelia burgdorferi in two forests of the western part of france. this brought us to conclude that there was a relative stability for this level in course of time. results of this survey kept on in 1991 oblige us to partly modify our conclusion, on account of an important dropping of the tick infection frequency in one of the two forests, this perhaps in connecti ...19921446183
arthropoda as zoonoses and their implications.some aspects of changing patterns of arthropodal infections and arthropod-borne diseases in mediterranean areas are briefly discussed. selected examples are given, with particular emphasis on the phenomenon of the synanthropic flea ctenocephalides felis felis and on health problems caused by human infections with argas reflexus, the common tick of urban pigeons in europe. finally, the risk of the emergence of lyme borreliosis (borrelia burgdorferi) is considered in relation to the increasing spr ...19921441188
changes in the protein profile and antigenicity of different borrelia burgdorferi strains after reintroduction to ixodes ricinus ticks.eight swiss strains of borrelia burgdorferi, with various protein profiles and the north-american strain b31 were artificially introduced into ixodes ricinus ticks and reisolated 10 days later. all isolates were subsequently examined by sds-page analysis. comparing initial isolates with the reisolates, we observed that 7 out of 9 strains changed their protein pattern with respect to the major proteins ospa, ospb and the 22 kda protein after passage in the tick. the strains ne2, ne4 and ne83 with ...19921437234
borrelia burgdorferi infection in ixodes ricinus from habitats in denmark.a total of 2647 ticks of the genus ixodes was sampled by flagging the vegetation in thirty-one sites in eastern jutland, denmark. all ticks were identified as ixodes ricinus linnaeus. a total of 317 ticks (202 nymphs and 115 adults) from three different sites were examined for the spirochaete borrelia burgdorferi johnson et al. by indirect fluorescent antibody staining; the frequency of infection varied from 7% to 22%. it is concluded that i. ricinus, known to be the most common tick in denmark, ...19921421487
incompetence of roe deer as reservoirs of the lyme borreliosis spirochete.to determine whether the roe deer, capreolus capreolus l. may serve as a reservoir host for the lyme disease spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi johnson, schmid, hyde, steigerwalt & brenner, evidence of spirochetal infection was sought in nymphal ixodes ricinus (l.) that had engorged as larvae on roe deer. sixteen roe deer were shot in lyme disease enzootic areas of south-central sweden during august-november 1990 and august 1991. an average of 276 (range, 84-658) larvae of i. ricinus was collected ...19921404260
studies on the ecology of lyme disease in a deer forest in county galway, ireland.the abundance of the tick ixodes ricinus (l.) and the infection rate of ticks with borrelia burgdorferi (johnson et al.) were compared on either side of a deer fence in a forest park in county galway, ireland, in an attempt to elucidate the role of fallow deer, dama dama, and woodmice, apodemus sylvaticus, in determining the population density of i. ricinus and the transmission of b. burgdorferi. the results showed that tick numbers were much higher on the deer side of the fence, although the de ...19921460628
stage-associated risk of transmission of the lyme disease spirochete by european ixodes ticks.to more closely define the risk of infection by the agent of lyme disease in europe, we determined whether spirochetal prevalence increases throughout the development of the ixodes ricinus vector tick. of all ticks that could be flagged from vegetation, i. ricinus were by far the most abundant. spirochetal infection rates in the adult stage of this tick (15%) are no higher than those in nymphs (18%) but greatly exceed those in larvae (0.7%). this tick therefore appears to attain infection mainly ...19921480608
[the characterization of a spanish strain of borrelia burgdorferi].the characteristics of a spanish strain of borrelia burgdorferi, the spirochete which causes lyme's disease, and which, up to the present, has not been isolated in spain, are described.19921552756
epidemiology and prevalence of seropositivity against borrelia burgdorferi antigen in la rioja, spain.the aim of this study was to acquire a better knowledge of the epidemiology of lyme disease. a seroepidemiologic study was made by evaluating the different levels of antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi in a five hundred serum representative sample of a population from the province of la rioja, spain. samples were randomly selected and stratified to take into account sex, age, rural or urban residence, and geographical area. all subjects included in the study were asked to fill out a questionnaire ...19921631381
occurrence of borrelia spirochaetes in ticks (acari, ixodidae) collected in the forest areas in olsztyn province (north central poland).in 1993, 2178 out of 3816 ixodes ricinus and 45 out of 82 dermacentor reticulatus collected from vegetation at 35 sites and removed from hunter-killed deer in olsztyn province (n. c. poland) were examined individually for the presence of borrelia spirochaetes. detection of spirochaetes was carried out by the routine indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa) using polyclonal antibody anti-b. burgdorferi, strain 1 b 29. borreliae, presumably b. burgdorferi, were evident in 192 (11.5%) i. ricinus (ny ...19937580351
the first isolation of borrelia burgdorferi from ixodes ricinus (acari, ixodidae) ticks in poland.among ticks ixodes ricinus collected in april 1994 in the forest near fraknowo (olsztyn province, n. c. poland), 17 ticks were evaluated for borrelia infection by cultivating in the bsk-h medium (sigma). the ticks were examined in five pools--four of 3 females and one pool of 5 nymphs. spirochaetes were cultured successfully only from one pool of females and identified as borrelia burgdorferi with monoclonal antibodies: h 9724, h 5332, h 3ts and 11 g 1 by indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa). ...19937580352
[epidemiologic study of lyme disease in asturias].the aim of this study was to confirm the sierra del sueve (asturias) as an endemic area for lyme's disease and determine the seroprevalence of this disease in inhabitants of this and other zones of asturias.19938260513
[the ecology index, an epidemiologic marker of foci of lyme borreliosis].the ecological index (ei) as defined by schulze et al. was determined in three localities of western slovakia (malacky, podunajské biskupice, olichov) using the following criteria: suitability of the habitats for the occurrence of ixodes ricinus ticks and their number, accessibility of habitat for men (i. phase); furthermore the abundance and infection rate of ticks (ii. phase). a scoring procedure (point values of 1-5 for each parameter) was used to evaluate the ei of three localities studied. ...19938306400
maintenance by hares of european borrelia burgdorferi in ecosystems without rodents.during may-october 1991 shrews (sorex spp.), small rodents (apodemus spp., clethrionomys glareolus [schreber]), and hares (lepus spp.) were sampled near stockholm, sweden. nymphal ixodes ricinus (l.) derived from blood-engorged larvae collected from these mammals were investigated by phase-contrast microscopy and immunofluorescence assay (ifa) using the monoclonal antibody h6831 directed against the ospb protein of borrelia burgdorferi johnson, schmid, hyde, steigerwalt & brenner. three rodent s ...19938433337
late lyme borreliosis: epidemiology, diagnosis and clinical features.lyme borreliosis is endemic in the aland islands. exposure of the inhabitants to bites of the tick ixodes ricinus is heavy. the purpose of this study was to describe symptoms and signs of patients with late lyme borreliosis in this area, and to correlate the findings with the epidemiological setting. the first 100 consecutive patients with late lyme borreliosis found in the region since 1984 are included in this study. neurological, articular and muscular symptoms and signs dominate. general scr ...19938217100
[faunistic-ecological studies of ixodes ricinus in the urban area of leipzig].the urban-ecological rule of decrease of the population size from the environs to the town centre is established also for ixodes ricinus. the manifold impairments are shown which urban influences have on the cycle of the parasite, especially in the transitional zone between the forest area and the totally sealed ground. the presentation of an urban gradient is tried for the first time. there is potential danger of infection with borrelia burgdorferi deep into the conurbation.19938220577
advances in investigations of lyme borreliosis in the territory of the former ussr.whereas late manifestations of lyme borreliosis were described in russia more than 100 years ago, early manifestations were described as different disease entities such as tick-borne erythema, etc. in 1985 lyme borreliosis was first verified serologically and the agent was first identified in 1986. by the beginning of 1992 lyme borreliosis was serologically confirmed in patients from the baltics to the far east. their geographical patterns in russia are closely related to areas of the hard ticks ...19938472805
the ixodes ricinus tick as a vector of borrelia burgdorferi in slovenia.in many parts of slovenia, the vegetation, climate and animals form an ideal natural environment for the persistence of different tick species. in this study, ixodes ricinus ticks, the prevalent tick species in our country, are identified as the vectors of borrelia burgdorferi in slovenia. ticks were collected by flagging between may and october 1990. all the ticks collected from different parts of slovenia were i. ricinus and each one was examined individually. the ticks were tested to determin ...19938243594
seasonal prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi in ixodes ricinus in different vegetation types in sweden.the aim of this investigation was to estimate the seasonal risk of contracting human lyme disease in different vegetation types in southern sweden. host-seeking ixodes ricinus ticks (acari: ixodidae) were collected with standardized methods during may-september 1988 and march-october 1989 at 10 different sampling sites. tick abundance was greatest during may-june and august-september. prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi infection of the ticks was assessed by phase-contrast microscopy complemented ...19938248744
[cutaneous manifestations of lyme disease and results of our study].an investigation of 395 patients with tick bites or suspected tick bites has been conducted. patients were from 14 months to 86 years old. erythema migrans was found in 83 (21.01%), lympocytoma in 2 (0.5%) and scleroderma lesions in 2 (0.5%) patients. there were 12 asymptomatic seropositive patients. the presence of borrelia burgdorferi in two ixodes ricinus ticks was investigated and demonstrated.19938262400
[ecology of borrelia burgdorferi].much still remains to be understood about ecology of borrelia burgdorferi which is transmitted by a number of ticks belonging primarily to the ixodes complex, known to feed on different animal hosts and humans. this article pretends to be a review of previous knowledge of borrelia burgdorferi ecology. special emphasis is placed on the preliminary results of an investigation conducted in yugoslavia on the risk of developing lyme borreliosis after a tick bite (ixodes ricinus). lyme borreliosis was ...19938262424
[vectors of borrelia burgdorferi].during the period 1990-1992-5,915 ticks were collected and identified in the area of belgrade. identification has shown that 99.8% were ixodes ricinus and 0.2% dermacentor marginatus. infection with borrelia burgdorferi was found in 27.0% to 31.7%. females were more often infected than males and nymphs more often than larvae. tick infection was at lowest degree in parks, little bit higher in woods and highest in mixed park-wood areas. out of 28 locations, six can not be defined as foci of lyme b ...19938262425
ixodes ricinus immatures on birds in a focus of lyme borreliosis.the infestation of birds by immature ixodes ricinus was studied during 6 months in a swiss woodland, where lyme borreliosis is endemic. thirteen passerine species were found to be parasitized by i. ricinus subadults and specially turdus merula, t. philomelos and erithacus rubecula. overall, 300 larvae and 162 nymphs were collected on 95 avian hosts. prevalence of infestation of nymphs on birds was higher in spring; larvae peaked in summer. the infection of birds by borrelia burgdorferi was also ...19938314179
borrelia burgdorferi in a focus of lyme borreliosis: epizootiologic contribution of small mammals.the contribution of woodmice (apodemus sylvaticus), yellow-necked mice (apodemus flavicollis) and bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus) was compared in a focus of lyme borreliosis in switzerland during a 7 months' study. all three species of mice and one species of shrews (sorex araneus) were shown parasitized by infected ixodes ricinus immatures. about 14% of larvae and 50% of nymphs collected on small mammals were infected with b. burgdorferi. spirochetes were isolated from blood of 3 woodmice ...19938325567
seasonal variation in the capacity of the bank vole to infect larval ticks (acari: ixodidae) with the lyme disease spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi.seasonal variation in the capacity of bank voles, clethrionomys glareolus (schreber), to infect larval ixodes ricinus (l.) ticks with borrelia burgdorferi johnson, schmid, hyde, steigerwalt & brenner was examined from may through october 1991 at bogesund, near stockholm in south-central sweden. although larval infestations of bank voles were greatest in june and july, nearly 70% of all larval ticks infected with spirochetes by bank voles at this site became infected during august and september. ...19938360909
comparison of western blot and microimmunofluorescence as tools for lyme disease seroepidemiology.sera from a population of 212 farmers of the puy de dôme (midlands of france) who are in close contact with ixodes ricinus, the vector of lyme disease in europe, and sera from 100 urban blood donors from the nearly city of clermont ferrand were examined by microimmunofluorescence (mif) for antibodies reacting with borrelia burgdorferi. the results showed a higher seroprevalence of igg > 1/100 in farmers (25%) than in blood donors (10%). using western blot with antibody at a 1/200 dilution, and r ...19938405312
the major histocompatibility complex-restricted response of recombinant inbred strains of mice to natural tick transmission of borrelia burgdorferi.the causative agent of lyme disease, borrelia burgdorferi, is transmitted by ticks of the ixodes ricinus complex. in this study, we report the antibody response of recombinant inbred strains of mice of the h-2, b, d, and k haplotypes, infected with b. burgdorferi as a result of exposure to infected i. dammini. the patterns of antibody response assayed by western blot analysis indicate significant major histocompatibility complex (mhc) restriction to bacterial antigens within the first 2 mo of in ...19938418212
diversionary role of hoofed game in the transmission of lyme disease spirochetes.to determine whether the presence of ungulates may inhibit transmission of the agent of lyme disease (borrelia burgdorferi) while promoting the abundance of its european vector tick (ixodes ricinus), we compared the feeding density of subadult ticks on roe deer (capreolus capreolus), red deer (cervus elaphus), fallow deer (dama dama), and wild sheep (ovis ammon) near berlin and in brandenburg state, germany. the prevalence of spirochetal infection in these ticks was compared with that in ticks s ...19938517488
a serological survey and review of clinical lyme borreliosis in spain.a serosurvey for lyme disease was conducted by the national reference center for microbiology in spain. all serum specimens received from patients with erythema migrans (em), arthritis, and cardiac and neurological disorders were tested for antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi. sera from 499 patients were tested. of these patients, 310 had neurological disease, 101 had carditis, 79 had arthropathies, and 9 had em; for 35 patients, a diagnosis of lyme disease was confirmed. of these 35, 68% had neu ...19938443316
mode of inoculation of the lyme disease agent borrelia burgdorferi influences infection and immune responses in inbred strains of mice.mice were infected with borrelia burgdorferi by infection via ixodes ricinus and experimental inoculation to determine whether transmission rates of spirochetes and antibody responses are influenced. mice infected by the natural route were substantially more infective for ticks; two- to sixfold more tick larvae were positive for b. burgdorferi than those fed on experimentally inoculated mice. in natural infection, spirochetemia may be greater or spirochetes may be more accessible for transmissio ...19938450262
[the first isolation of borrelia burgdorferi in apodemus flavicollis in yugoslavia].small rodent species, as well as their ectoparasitic fauna, and the presence of borrelia burgdorferi in their blood and internal organs (liver and spleen) was investigated, at two locations (kosutnjak, lipovicka suma) in belgrade. animals were caught between september 15-17, 1992. on location kosutnjak two apodemus flavicollis were trapped and borrelia burgdorferi was isolated from the spleen of one of them. on location lipovicka suma 13 rodents were trapped as follows: 10 apodemus flavicollis, ...19938262432
[tick bite and lyme borreliosis. an epidemiologic study in the erlangen area].lyme borreliosis is transmitted by tick bites. approximately every fifth local tick (ixodes ricinus) is infected. transmission, therefore does not occur with every bite, and disease doesn't always follow infection. the goal of the study was to investigate the risks of infection and disease after tick bites in the area of erlangen/germany.19938283994
[ecoepidemiology of lyme borreliosis in the rhône-alps region. distribution, ecological context, relationship to the distribution of ixodes ricinus (linnaeus, 1758)].the aim of the study was to precise the geographical repartition of lyme borreliosis in the rhône-alpes district, to describe the ecological characteristics of the areas propitious to the disease, and to verify the vectorial competence of i. ricinus. the cases of lyme disease were located by means of a questionnaire sent to 1156 physicians. the vector role of i. ricinus was studied by two ways: firstly by searching a correlation between the geographical repartition of the tick and that of cases, ...19949235207
lyme borreliosis in lithuania.the first cases of lyme borreliosis in lithuania were diagnosed in 1987, since when the number of reported cases has varied between 50 and 300 per year. in 1988, 354 cases were found through active surveillance. during 1988-91, 3,820 ixodes ricinus ticks were collected in lithuania; 11% of adult and 1% of nymphal ticks were infected with borrelia as determined by dark-field microscopy. infected ticks were found in 27/31 (87%) of the regions investigated. two isolates of borrelia were obtained by ...19948036470
[incidence of borrelia burgdorferi in scale ticks ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae) in the brandenburg district]. 19948147027
[variations in the occurrence of borrelia in the tick, ixodes ricinus (l.) in the olomouc district].examinations of 1,998 ticks ixodes ricinus in the district of olomouc revealed 182 cases of borrelia, i.e. in 9.1% ticks. prevalence in males is 10.7%, in females 12.8% and in nymphs 7.0%. a certain coincidence was observed between mosquito incidence, in particular during the first half of the year, and borrelia prevalence in ticks in the course of the following year, with prevalence variations manifested in tick imagos only. a hypothesis is formulated that mosquitos feeding on larger animals, w ...19948168165
comparison in the immunological properties of borrelia burgdorferi isolates from ixodes ricinus derived from three endemic areas in switzerland.borrelia burgdorferi isolates were obtained from ixodes ricinus from three sites in switzerland. they were examined by sds-page and immunoblotting. the phenotypes, in respect of three outer surface proteins (osp), differed between the sites of collection. in site 1, most isolates had an ospa of 31 kda and an ospb of 34 kda; in site 2, isolates presenting an ospa of 33 kda dominated and in site 3, the isolates with an ospa of 32 kda and an ospb of 35 kda were most frequent. this distribution diff ...19948005219
characterization of borrelia burgdorferi isolated from different organs of ixodes ricinus ticks collected in nature.borrelia burgdorferi was isolated from 22 out of 133 adult ixodes ricinus ticks collected from vegetation at two sites in switzerland. from 17 ticks, spirochetes could be isolated from more than one organ. when the different isolates obtained from one tick were compared by sds-page analysis, differences in the protein profiles were observed in 8 cases. the isolates were further compared by immunological methods using mono- and polyclonal antibodies. differences were observed in the proteins of 3 ...19948061407
infection of field-collected ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae) larvae with borrelia burgdorferi in switzerland.free-living larvae from natural areas in five regions in switzerland were collected to determine the infection rate of ixodes ricinus l. larvae by borrelia burgdorferi johnson. larvae were examined for the spirochetes using direct fluorescent antibody assay. of 652 larvae examined, spirochetes were detected in 20 (3.1%). no differences in infection rate among sites were detected. the low prevalence of b. burgdorferi in larvae, compared with higher infection rate in nymphs (12.8%) and adults (14. ...19947966183
borrelia burgdorferi in rodents (apodemus flavicollis and a. sylvaticus): duration and enhancement of infectivity for ixodes ricinus ticks.ixodes ricinus is an important vector of borrelia burgdorferi in europe, and small rodents (apodemus flavicollis, a. sylvaticus and clethrionomys glareolus) are important sources for infecting ticks. in this study, we examined their reservoir role by studying the duration of their infectivity for ticks. a. flavicollis and a. sylvaticus mice captured in nature were exposed to uninfected i. ricinus larvae at different times after their capture: 10 days, and 2, 7, 11, 14 and 40 months. ticks were e ...19947957795
lyme disease: a growing threat to urban populations.lyme disease or lyme borreliosis, which is caused by three groups of the spirochete borrelia burgdorferi, is transmitted in north america, europe, and asia by ticks of the ixodes ricinus complex. the primary areas around the world that are now affected by lyme disease are near the terminal moraine of the glaciers 15,000 years ago. the emergence of lyme disease in the united states in this century is thought to have occurred because of ecological conditions favorable for deer. from 1982 through 1 ...19948146126
transmission of the agent of lyme disease on a subtropical island.to determine whether the agent of lyme disease (borrelia burgdorferi) perpetuates on a subtropical island, we recorded prevalence of spirochetal infection in ixodes ricinus ticks collected on madeira island and identified local reservoir hosts of both pathogen and vector tick. spirochetes infect at least 1.3% of the nymphal ticks collected in a particular site. subadult ticks frequently parasitized norway as well as black rats on the island, and lyme disease spirochetes were found in these hosts ...19948066380
prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi in selected tick populations in finland.the purpose of the studies was to determine the prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in selected populations of ixodes ricinus in finland and to secure strains of the spirochete for further characterization. 1,210 ixodes ricinus ticks (399 females, 419 males and 392 nymphs) were collected during june to august 1992 by flagging from 8 sites in 3 regions. the frequency of b. burgdorferi infection was determined by isolation in bsk ii medium. the species identity of most of the isolates wa ...19947939436
amplifying role of edible dormice in lyme disease transmission in central europe.to determine whether the presence of edible dormice (glis glis) amplifies the risk of human infection by the lyme disease spirochete (borrelia burgdorferi), the capacity of dormice as reservoir hosts was compared with that of other potential reservoirs in a central european site where risk of human infection is intense. dormice appeared to be more heavily infested by subadult vector wood ticks (ixodes ricinus) than were other reservoir hosts. although their spirochete competence was similar to o ...19948014486
immunization of mice by recombinant ospa preparations and protection against borrelia burgdorferi infection induced by ixodes ricinus tick bites.the wide distribution of borrelia burgdorferi, the spirochete causing lyme borreliosis, represents a human health hazard in many areas of the world. vaccination has been proposed as an effective prevention strategy. vaccination experiments were conducted with preparations of recombinant outer surface protein a (ospa) derived from borrelia burgdorferi strain zs7. mice received three doses (1 microgram each) of the antigens adsorbed to aluminum hydroxide. a strong immune response to the vaccine an ...19948034340
epidemiological studies of lyme borreliosis and tick-borne encephalitis.the hard tick ixodes ricinus, vector of borrelia burgdorferi and tbe virus (tbev), is most abundant in the southern and central parts of sweden. about 2000 cases of lyme borreliosis (lb) and 50-80 cases of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) are estimated to occur in sweden annually. five populations, including 903 individuals living in five different areas close to stockholm where lb and tbe are endemic, were studied with regard to the clinical manifestations and antibody prevalence of lb and tbe. th ...19948047853
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