| targeting of cholera toxin and escherichia coli heat labile toxin in polarized epithelia: role of cooh-terminal kdel. | vibrio cholerae and escherichia coli heat labile toxins (ct and lt) elicit a secretory response from intestinal epithelia by binding apical receptors (ganglioside gm1) and subsequently activating basolateral effectors (adenylate cyclase). we have recently proposed that signal transduction in polarized cells may require transcytosis of toxin-containing membranes (lencer, w. i., g. strohmeier, s. moe, s. l. carlson, c. t. constable, and j. l. madara. 1995. proc. natl. acad. sci. usa. 92:10094-1009 ... | 1995 | 7490296 |
| cholera: current epidemiology. | cholera remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. its epidemiology has changed in the 1990s, with the spread of the seventh pandemic to the western hemisphere and the emergence of a new serogroup, vibrio cholerae o139. the spread of cholera may be rapid and unpredictable because of aeroplane travel, international shipping, and the migration of people due to war or political unrest. increasing amounts of largely untreated faeces from growing human populations favour cholera ... | 1994 | 7531564 |
| outbreak of vibrio cholerae 01 in hong kong related to contaminated fish tank water. | an outbreak of 12 cholera cases, caused by vibrio cholerae eltor inaba, occurred in hong kong during a three week period in june-july 1994. only adults of both sexes were affected. epidemiological investigations showed linkage in all cases with consumption of seafood, including shellfish, mantis shrimps and crabs. microbiological findings demonstrated that contaminated seawater in fish tanks used for keeping alive these seafoods is the most likely vehicle of transmission. aggressive control meas ... | 1995 | 7480605 |
| genital-associated lymphoid tissue in female non-human primates. | we investigated genital-associated lymphoid tissue (genalt) in non-human primates (macaques), by augmenting vaginal with oral immunization. the vaccine was a recombinant particulate siv antigen (p27:ty-vlp), linked to ct-b, and administered into the vagina by a paediatric naso-gastric tube and into the stomach by a gastric tube. oro-vaginal or vagino-oral sequence of immunization elicited specific cd4+ t cell proliferative responses to p27 antigen in the genital lymph nodes and the spleen but no ... | 1995 | 8525944 |
| development of highly specific monoclonal antibodies for the diagnosis of vibrio cholerae 01. | we report here the development of two monoclonal antibodies, termed 5g8 and 5c12, belonging to the igm and igg1 class, respectively, suitable for the identification of vibrio cholerae 01 in clinical and environmental samples. the specificities of the monoclonals were evaluated by elisa and indirect immunofluorescent microscopy of microorganisms normally present in stool samples and with two bacterial panels. one panel included 72 potentially antigenically related bacterial strains and the second ... | 1995 | 7590791 |
| cloning and sequencing of a novel hemolysis gene of vibrio cholerae. | a hemolysis gene (hlx) which lyses sheep erythrocytes on blood agar plates when expressed in escherichia coli was cloned from vibrio cholerae. the cloned gene is predicted to encode a polypeptide of 92 amino acid residues with a deduced molecular mass of 10,451. e. coli transformed with this gene lysed sheep, goose, horse and chicken erythrocytes but not those of guinea pig and human. the hlx gene was observed in classical- and el tor-biotype v. cholerae o1, v. cholerae non-o1, and v. mimicus, b ... | 1995 | 7781973 |
| atypical infection due to vibrio cholerae in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. | | 1995 | 8749654 |
| construction of plasmids useful for production of the b subunit of cholera toxin from vibrio cholerae or a heat-labile enterotoxin from enterotoxigenic escherichia coli. | a simple method to construct the plasmids producing the b subunit of porcine or human heatlabile enterotoxin or cholera toxin was developed, and the b subunits produced by the resulting plasmids were purified. the gene of ltp from pewd 299 was ligated to phsg 396 or pbluescript sk(+)-1 and the vector carrying one xbal and ecor1 site in the ltp-a gene was constructed. the xbal-ecor1 fragment of ltp-a gene was exchanged for the multicloning site of phsg 396 containing xbal, bamh1, cla 1, kpn1, sac ... | 1994 | 7843342 |
| carbohydrate receptor-mediated gene transfer to human t leukaemic cells. | the mucin-type carbohydrate tn cryptantigen (galnac alpha 1-o-ser/thr, where galnac is n-acetyl-d-galactosamine) is expressed in many carcinomas, in haemopoietic disorders including the tn syndrome, and on human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) coat glycoproteins, but is not expressed on normal, differentiated cells because of the expression of a tn-processing galactosyltransferase. using jurkat t leukaemic cells which express high levels of tn antigen due to deficient tn galactosylation, we have es ... | 1994 | 7827404 |
| epidemiologic application of a standardized ribotype scheme for vibrio cholerae o1. | a standardized scheme of 27 different bgli ribotypes and subtypes of vibrio cholerae o1 strains is proposed on the basis of data from 214 human and environmental strains isolated in 35 countries and 14 u.s. states over the past 60 years. the ribotype patterns obtained are reproducible and stable over time. seven different but very similar ribotypes (1a to 1g) were observed among 16 strains of the classical biotype. twenty ribotypes and subtypes were identified among 198 v. cholerae o1 strains of ... | 1993 | 7691876 |
| adherence to human small intestines of capsulated vibrio cholerae o139. | capsulated cells of v. cholerae o139 adhered to formalin-fixed or native mucosa of the small intestines from an adult and a child. the primary adherence target was mucus. capsulated o139 cells adhered better to the antigen sampling cells (m cells) of ileal peyer's patch than to the absorptive cells. o139 cells on the mucosa appeared as small aggregates. similar organisms were found on the mucosa of duodenal biopsy samples from patients infected with v. cholerae o139. the findings indicated that ... | 1994 | 8039663 |
| [phenotypic and genotypic characterization of vibrio cholerae o1]. | we made 52180 tests for isolation and identification of toxigenic v. cholerae o1 from rectal swabs and reference strains. we isolated 17.6% v. cholerae o1 strains in 1991, 43.5% in 1992 and 38.9% in 1993. the main serovar in 1991 was inaba, whereas in 1993 a similar percentage was serovar ogawa. the phenotype of v. cholerae strains was determined by hemolysis test, voges-proskauer test, polymyxin b resistance and phages 4 and 5 resistance. all of the mexican strains were el tor. there were 2.9-0 ... | 1994 | 7701133 |
| case of aeromonas veronii (dna group 10) bacteremia. | we describe the first case report of bacteremia due to aeromonas veronii biotype veronii. the infection occurred in a 77-year-old man suffering from multiple underlying conditions which included cancer of the sigmoid colon. because of the unusual biochemical phenotype of this group (ornithine decarboxylase positive), it was originally identified as vibrio cholerae. | 1994 | 7883912 |
| characteristics of vibrio cholera 0139 strains isolated in sevagram (maharashtra) during april-august 1993. | a total of 44 strains of vibrio 0139 serotype isolated between april and august 1993 at sevagram (wardha) were examined for expression of a number of biochemical and physiological characteristics. all strains fermented lactose within 24 h and belonged to heiberg group iii. salt tolerance to 8 per cent nacl was seen in 22.72 per cent strains. haemolysis of sheep rbcs and haemagglutination of human 'o', chicken and rabbit rbcs was consistently positive. all the strains were sensitive to tetracycli ... | 1994 | 8063342 |
| human immune response to the 18-kda outer-membrane antigen of vibrio cholerae. | the serum igg response of human volunteers challenged with vibrio cholerae o1 was analysed for reactivity to v. cholerae o1 outer-membrane antigens by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and the immunoblot technique. purified outer-membrane antigen preparations from vibrios grown in low-iron conditions were separated by sds-page. specific immunoblot reactions of human sera showed that an 18-kda antigen, cholera protective antigen, was the major antigen with which sera reacted. elisa reveal ... | 1993 | 8345508 |
| leukosialin (cd43) is proteolytically cleaved from stimulated hmc-1 cells. | leukosialin (cd43), the major sialoprotein on circulating leukocytes, has been previously described to be down-regulated on neutrophils following activation with phorbol myristate acetate (pma). the other single cells previously examined, blood lymphocytes, do not down-regulate cd43 when stimulated by pma. recently, we have characterized leukosialin on the human mast cell line hmc-1 and observed that leukosialin is down-regulated after stimulation with pma. in the present study, we have investig ... | 1997 | 9241533 |
| gtp-binding proteins associated with the human placental syncytiotrophoblast plasma membrane. | the nature of gtp-binding components associated with isolated human term placental syncytiotrophoblast microvillous plasma membrane vesicles (spmv) was determined; these are relevant to elucidation of intracellular signal transduction mechanisms. four proteins were identified, with molecular weights of 29, 27, 23 and 21 kda, which specifically bound [alpha-32p]gtp in the presence of mg2+. studies employing anti-p21c-ras monoclonal antibodies indicated these four gtp-binding components were ras-r ... | 1994 | 8208666 |
| problems and prospects of a traditional source of potable water in hilly terrains. | during epidemic investigation, water sources were tested for quality for drinking purpose. out of 30 khatris tested, water of 86.7% khatris was fit for human consumption and fecal coliform was not found in any of them. modification of these khatris was stressed by respondents. | 1993 | 8076998 |
| protective properties of anticholera antibodies in human colostrum. | a comparative immunological study between two colostrum pools of indian and swedish mothers was carried out to evaluate their protective properties against vibrio cholerae. antibacterial and antitoxin titers were significantly higher in the indian colostrum pool (icp) than in the swedish colostrum pool (scp). antilipopolysaccharide as well as antitoxin antibodies belonged to secretory immunoglobulin a (iga) and igm classes as determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. icp could signifi ... | 1982 | 7095856 |
| ecology and importance of bacterial' species of the family vibrionaceae. | the bacterial species of the family vibrionaceae, particularly the species of the genus aeromonas (a. hydrophila and a. punctata and their subspecies were found to be relatively common in the running surface water in czechoslovakia (the occurrence of a. salmonicida species was not studied). the strains of the so-called nag-vibrios (vibrio cholerae unrelated to the cholera vibrio 0 group 1) were also relatively frequent, but the positive isolates of plesiomonas shigelloides were sporadic. the abo ... | 1982 | 7142689 |
| the uptake of r-type cobalamin-binding protein by isolated rat liver cells. | the uptake of r-type cobalamin-binding protein from human granulocytes and plasma by isolated parenchymal rat liver cells has been studied. when [57co] cyanocobalamin-saturated granulocyte-binding protein or transcobalamin iii was incubated with the liver cells in a concentration of 500 pm, more than 80% of the vitamin was taken up in 1 h. vitamin b-12 bound to plasma transcobalamin i, however, was not taken up unless the protein was desialylated by neuraminidase from vibrio cholerae. the uptake ... | 1982 | 7082685 |
| adhesive property of toxin-coregulated pilus of vibrio cholerae o1. | the adhesive property of toxin-coregulated pilus (tcp) to the human intestine jejunum), and whether or not tcp mediates the adhesion of vibrio cholerae 395 organisms to the intestinal epithelium were investigated using visually proving methods. the purified tcp did not agglutinate human erythrocytes nor adhere to the surface of human intestinal epithelium. v. cholerae 395 adhered to the epithelium, but the adhesion was not inhibited by blocking the pili with the fab fraction of anti-tcp igg. the ... | 1998 | 9525778 |
| virulence patterns of vibrio cholerae non-o1 strains isolated from hospitalised patients with acute diarrhoea in calcutta, india. | a collection of 28 strains of vibrio cholerae non-o1 isolated during a 3-year period (1989-1991) from hospitalised patients with acute diarrhoea in calcutta, india, were examined with regard to virulence-associated factors. of the 28 isolates (each representing a case), 18 were isolated as the sole infecting agent; the remaining 10 were recovered as co-cultures from cases infected with v. cholerae o1. of the strains isolated in this study, 82% could be serotyped, with serovars o5 (32.1%), o11 an ... | 1993 | 8411093 |
| adherence & colonization properties of vibrio cholerae & diarrhoeagenic escherichia coli. | bacterial adherence to host cells is the initial key step towards colonization and establishment of infection within the host. the adherence process requires the participation of two components: an 'adhesin' (adherence or colonization factor) of bacteria and a 'receptor' on the host (eucaryotic) cell surface. many bacteria express several distinct and alternative mechanisms of cell adherence depending on the environmental conditions and nature of the adhesins as well as receptors. bacteria causi ... | 1996 | 8783506 |
| in vivo evaluation of pathogenicity of clinical and environmental isolates of vibrio cholerae. | thirty-three minimally passaged clinical and environmental isolates of vibrio cholerae were examined for ability to survive and multiply in the upper bowel of infant mice and to elicit diarrhea. all of 21 smooth o-1 v. cholerae isolates from stool were able to multiply and elicit diarrhea. three rough strains isolated from stool were unable to multiply or to elicit diarrhea. two smooth o-1 isolates associated with cholera cases (from a sewer and a septic tank) also were able to cause disease. ho ... | 1980 | 7399688 |
| gangliosides protect human melanoma cells from ionizing radiation-induced clonogenic cell death. | with an experimental model of spontaneous lung metastases of melanoma developed in this laboratory, a range of sublines (variants and clones) with different metastatic potential and ganglioside expression was established from a single human melanoma cell line m4be. using an in vitro clonogenic assay and provided that cells were cultured for no more than five passages, variations in cellular radioresistance of m4be and seven sublines derived from m4be were detected. this study shows a positive co ... | 1996 | 8781968 |
| antibacterial and antitoxin responses in the serum and milk of cholera patients. | antibacterial and antitoxin responses in the acute and convalescent (7 to 10 days) sera of 14 cholera patients were determined by various serological techniques. similar studies were also carried out with corresponding milk samples of six of these patients who were lactating women. a significant rise in antibacterial titers was observed in all convalescent serum and milk samples. a similar rise in antitoxin titers was observable in all serum and four milk samples. specificity of the antibacteria ... | 1981 | 7216479 |
| aeromonas trota strains, which agglutinate with vibrio cholerae o139 bengal antiserum, possess a serologically distinct fimbrial colonization factor. | pili of aeromonas trota strain 1220, which agglutinates with vibrio cholerae o139 bengal antiserum, were purified and characterized. the molecular mass of the subunit protein was estimated to be 20 kda and the pl was 5 center dot 4. the pili were immunologically unrelated to the other aeromonas pili reported so far. however, the n-terminal amino acid sequence of the subunit pilin was similar to those of the pilins from other aeromonas pili reported previously. neither a. trota cells nor pili pur ... | 1996 | 8932704 |
| role of the escherichia coli o157:h7 o side chain in adherence and analysis of an rfb locus. | shiga-toxigenic escherichia coli strains belonging to serotype o157 are important human pathogens, but the genetic basis of expression of the o157 antigen and the role played by the lipopolysaccharide o side chain in the adherence of this organism to epithelial cells are not understood. we performed tnphoa mutagenesis on e. coli o157:h7 strain 86-24 to identify a mutant (strain f12) deficient in o-antigen expression. nucleotide sequence analysis demonstrated that the transposon inserted within a ... | 1996 | 8890241 |
| the evolution and maintenance of virulence in microparasites. | in recent years, population and evolutionary biologists have questioned the traditional view that parasite-mediated morbidity and mortality¿virulence¿is a primitive character and an artifact of recent associations between parasites and their hosts. a number of hypotheses have been proposed that favor virulence and suggest that it will be maintained by natural selection. according to some of these hypotheses, the pathogenicity of hiv, vibrio cholerae, mycobacterium tuberculosis,theshigella,as wel ... | 1996 | 8903208 |
| emerging foodborne pathogens: escherichia coli o157:h7 as a model of entry of a new pathogen into the food supply of the developed world. | there would appear to be little argument that the large outbreaks of e. coli o157:h7 which have occurred since the early 1980s represent a distinct, new phenomenon. the number of reported cases have increased dramatically, starting from zero in 1981; however, it is also clear that this increase in reported cases is in part an artifact of improved surveillance and reporting. available data suggest that e. coli o157:h7 infections were present prior to 1982, although numbers appear to have been sma ... | 1996 | 8877329 |
| effects of cell surface ganglioside sialidase inhibition on growth control and differentiation of human neuroblastoma cells. | gangliosides on the external side of the plasma membrane are important modulators of cellular functions. in previous work we had found that in cultured human sk-n-mc neuroblastoma cells a cell surface sialidase activity specifically cleaved terminal sialic acids from gangliosides, leading to a shift from higher sialylated species to gm1 and a decrease of gm3. to further elucidate the function of the enzyme, we have now examined the consequences of ganglioside sialidase inhibition. when present i ... | 1997 | 9174666 |
| unexpected carbohydrate cross-binding by escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin. recognition of human and rabbit target cell glycoconjugates in comparison with cholera toxin. | the bacterial protein enterotoxins, cholera toxin (ct) of vibrio cholerae and heat-labile toxin (lt) of escherichia coli, induce diarrhea by enhancing the secretory activity of the small intestine of man and rabbit (animal model). this physiological effect is mediated by toxin binding to a glycolipid receptor, the ganglioside gm1, gal beta 3galnac beta 4(neuac alpha 3)gal beta 4glc beta 1cer. however, lt, but not ct, was recently shown by us to bind also to paragloboside, gal beta 4glcnac beta 3 ... | 1996 | 9007276 |
| flow cytometric analysis for adhesion of vibrio cholerae to human intestinal epithelial cell. | the adhesion of vibrio cholerae o1 strains to human intestinal epithelial cell, intestine 407, was analyzed by flow cytometer. according to positive percentages of intestine 407 cells adhered by v. cholerae, two groups of v. cholerae strains were classified as follows: more adhesive (more than 50%), less adhesive (less than 50%) strains. in addition, the fluorescence intensity after attachment of v. cholerae was directly correlated to the number of the microorganisms. it was concluded that flow ... | 1997 | 9324220 |
| emerging disease surveillance in southeast asia. | the emergence of infectious disease causing agents/pathogens necessitates a rational surveillance approach leading to early detection and appropriate intervention. surveillance activities with support from the us naval medical research unit no. 2 (namru-2), targeting susceptible populations/areas in southeast asia, have been organised using a multi-design strategy: 1) systematic multi-size (usually hospital-based) study; 2) investigation of (suspected) outbreak events involving significant case ... | 1997 | 9494669 |
| comparative sensitivity of 13 species of pathogenic bacteria to seven chemical germicides. | the relative resistance of diverse human bacterial pathogens to commonly used germicidal agents has not been established. | 1997 | 9276546 |
| immune responses towards intestinal bacteria--current concepts and future perspectives. | the intestinal mucosa constitutes an important barrier as it separates each individual from a large array of antigens within the bowel lumen. these luminal antigens may either be derived from pathogens or may be derived from harmless constituents such as ingested food or the normal intestinal flora. the dichotomy of potentially harmful and potentially harmless antigens encountered by the mucosal immune system poses the important task that, with regard to bacteria-derived antigens, the gut associ ... | 1997 | 9188147 |
| mode of primary binding to target membranes and pore formation induced by vibrio cholerae cytolysin (hemolysin). | vibrio cholerae cytolysin (vcc) is produced by many non-choleratoxigenic strains of v. cholerae, and possibly represents a relevant pathogenicity determinant of these bacteria. the protein is secreted as a pro-toxin that is proteolytically cleaved to yield the active toxin with a molecular mass of approximately 63 kda. we here describe a simple procedure for preparative isolation of mature vcc from bacterial culture supernatants, and present information on its mode of binding and pore formation ... | 1997 | 9249028 |
| [the capacity to lyse human erythrocytes as a factor in the pathogenicity of vibrio cholerae]. | | 1999 | 10876862 |
| genomics happens. | cholera has been the scourge of humankind for centuries. although most of the time vibrio cholerae, the microbe that causes this disease, is a free-living organism inhabiting aquatic environments, it can invade human hosts causing severe diarrhea and often death. as dirita explains in his perspective, sequencing of the entire v. cholerae genome is revealing new facets of the pathogenesis of this dangerous microbe. | 2000 | 10991736 |
| molecular mechanisms of bacterial pathogenicity. | cautious optimism has arisen over recent decades with respect to the long struggle against bacteria, viruses, and parasites. this has been offset, however, by a fatal complacency stemming from previous successes such as the development of antimicrobial drugs, the eradication of smallpox, and global immunization programs. infectious diseases nevertheless remain the world's leading cause of death, killing at least 17 million persons annually [61]. diarrheal diseases caused by vibrio cholerae or sh ... | 1998 | 9562989 |
| recent advances in vaccine adjuvants for systemic and mucosal administration. | although vaccines produced by recombinant dna technology are safer than traditional vaccines, which are based on attenuated or inactivated bacteria or viruses, they are often poorly immunogenic. therefore, adjuvants are often required to enhance the immunogenicity of these vaccines. a number of adjuvants which are particulates of defined dimensions (<5 microm) have been shown to be effective in enhancing the immunogenicity of weak antigens in animal models. two novel adjuvants which possess sign ... | 1998 | 9504429 |
| human matrix metalloprotease activation by insults of bacterial infection involving proteases and free radicals. | we found that human matrix metalloproteases (mmps) may be processed from their proenzyme forms (prommp) to their active forms by two new and unique mechanisms: firstly, by bacterial proteases such as pseudomonas elastase and vibrio cholerae protease, which cleave off the n-terminal autoinhibitory domain (so-called cysteine switch) from prommps. the second mechanism depends on free radical generation by activated polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmns). in this case, peroxynitrite (onoo-) or nitrogen ... | 1998 | 9524071 |
| modulation of intestinal permeability: an innovative method of oral drug delivery for the treatment of inherited and acquired human diseases. | conventional forms of administrations of nonabsorbable drugs and peptides rely on their parenteral injection. the intestinal epithelium represents the major barrier to the oral absorption of these therapeutical agents into the systemic circulation. recently, a number of innovative drug delivery approaches have been developed, including the drug entrapment within small vesicles or their passage through the intestinal paracellular pathway. zonula occludens toxin, a recently discovered protein elab ... | 1998 | 9682213 |
| [cholera immunology and the molecular biology of cholera toxin. recent progress and future prospects]. | cholera toxin (ct) and the analogous heat-labile enterotoxin (lt) from escherichia coli have several immunomodulating effects that might explain their adjuvant action in stimulating secretory mucosal iga after oral immunization. in mice experimental model, these effects include: enhanced antigen presentation by macrophages and other cell types; promotion of isotype differentiation in b cells leading to increased iga formation; and other important effects on t cell proliferation and lymphokine pr ... | 1993 | 8143024 |
| [the current status of research on a cholera vaccine]. | cholera remains today a major health problem in most developing countries. the long-term control of cholera depends on the improvement of hygiene but this is a distant goal for many countries. the availability of an effective cholera vaccine is thus important for the prevention of cholera in such countries. more than a century after the first attempt to vaccinate against cholera by ferran in spain, there is still no truly effective cholera vaccine. a bacterial fraction vaccine, referred to as ch ... | 1998 | 10078377 |
| acalculous cholecystitis and septicemia caused by non-o1 vibrio cholerae: first reported case and review of biliary infections with vibrio cholerae. | the first case of septicemic acute acalculous cholecystitis caused by non-o1 vibrio cholerae is described in a healthy traveler, and biliary tract infections from v. cholerae are reviewed. immediately after a vacation in cancun, mexico, a 55-year-old man developed acute cholecystitis. blood and bile cultures grew non-o1 v. cholerae. at surgery, the gallbladder was acalculous, inflamed, distended, and nearly ruptured. pathogenetic factors may have included diarrhea prophylaxis with bismuth subsal ... | 1998 | 9572025 |
| the first prokaryotic lipocalins. | | 1995 | 8571450 |
| analysis of receptor for vibrio cholerae el tor hemolysin with a monoclonal antibody that recognizes glycophorin b of human erythrocyte membrane. | el tor hemolysin (eth), a pore-forming toxin secreted by vibrio cholerae o1 biotype el tor and most vibrio cholerae non-o1 isolates, is able to lyse erythrocytes and other mammalian cells. to study the receptor for this toxin or the related molecule(s) on erythrocyte, we first isolated a monoclonal antibody, b1, against human erythrocyte membrane, which not only blocks the binding of eth to human erythrocyte but also inhibits the hemolytic activity of eth. biochemical characterization and immuno ... | 1999 | 10496913 |
| characterisation of g serotype dependent non-antibody inhibitors of rotavirus in normal mouse serum. | serotype specific (non-immunoglobulin) inhibitors of rotavirus have been identified in normal mouse serum obtained from balb/c, cba, and bl10 mice. sialic acid was essential for the neutralising activity sera treated with the neuraminidase from vibrio cholerae failed to neutralise rotavirus. g serotypes 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, and 10 were unaffected by the inhibitor(s) while g serotypes 1, 2, 6 and two g3 strains were neutralised to significant titres. assessment of neutralisation of reassortants suggest ... | 1998 | 9722874 |
| efficient expression, processing and secretion of a biologically active mammalian protein by vibrio cholerae. | the use of vibrio cholerae as a secretory expression system for the expression of a mammalian protein, namely human growth hormone, under the control of the heat labile enterotoxin chain b signal sequence is reported. the protein is efficiently expressed and processed. the mature protein is exported to the periplasm after which it is secreted to the extracellular milieu. the expressed and secreted hgh actively binds to its receptor as established by its receptor binding activity. the biological ... | 1996 | 8674542 |
| the chemotactic response of vibrio anguillarum to fish intestinal mucus is mediated by a combination of multiple mucus components. | chemotactic motility has previously been shown to be essential for the virulence of vibrio anguillarum in waterborne infections of fish. to investigate the mechanisms by which chemotaxis may function during infection, mucus was isolated from the intestinal and skin epithelial surfaces of rainbow trout. chemotaxis assays revealed that v. anguillarum swims towards both types of mucus, with a higher chemotactic response being observed for intestinal mucus. work was performed to examine the basis, i ... | 1999 | 10400589 |
| the antimicrobial efficiency of piper betle linn leaf (stalk) against human pathogenic bacteria and phytopathogenic fungi. | the in vitro antimicrobial activity of different varieties of piper betle linn, leaf stalk extracts were studied against human pathogenic bacteria and phytopathogenic fungi by comparing the results with standard microbial susceptibility testing biodiscs. the ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of all the four varieties have shown significant activity against bacteria vibrio cholerae ogawa, staphylococcus aureus, diplococcus pneumoniae and klebsiella aerogenes. the hexane and benzene extracts have ... | 1999 | 10499145 |
| validation and characterization of a human volunteer challenge model for cholera by using frozen bacteria of the new vibrio cholerae epidemic serotype, o139. | until recently, all epidemic strains of vibrio cholerae were of the o1 serotype. current epidemics have also been caused by a new serotype, vibrio cholerae o139. although the pathogenesis and clinical features of o139 cholera are similar to those of o1 cholera, immunity to serotype o1 does not confer immunity to serotype o139. therefore, prior to beginning vaccine efficacy studies, we sought to validate the use of a large standardized frozen inoculum of virulent v. cholerae o139 4260b for use in ... | 1999 | 10569748 |
| berna: a century of immunobiological innovation. | at the time the swiss serum and vaccine institute berne (berna) was found in 1898, few vaccines or immune globulins were available. this short list included vaccines against cholera, typhoid fever, plague, smallpox and rabies and equine anti-tetanus and diphtheria immune globulins. furthermore, their use was restricted due to limited production capacity, uncertainty regarding safety and no public health infrastructure to promote their utilization. today, safe and effective vaccines exist for mor ... | 1999 | 10506402 |
| two-step purification and partial characterization of a variant of the vibrio cholerae non-o1 hemolysin. | a two-step purification method using ammonium sulfate precipitation and gel filtration was developed for the purification of a variant of the el tor hemolysin/cytolysin from supernatant fluids of a vibrio cholerae non-o1 human isolate (strain 2194c). the toxin displayed delayed elution from a sephacryl gel filtration column, eluting at between two and three column volumes. the molecular mass and isoelectric point of the purified 2194c toxin were 60 kda and 5. 3, respectively. the n-terminal amin ... | 1999 | 10556709 |
| the virulence regulatory protein toxr mediates enhanced bile resistance in vibrio cholerae and other pathogenic vibrio species. | the transmembrane regulatory protein toxr is required for expression of virulence factors in the human diarrheal pathogen vibrio cholerae, including cholera toxin (ct) and the toxin coregulated pilus (tcp). toxr is necessary for transcription of the gene encoding a second regulatory protein, toxt, which is the direct transcriptional activator of ct and tcp genes. however, toxr, independent of toxt, directly activates and represses transcription of the outer membrane porins ompu and ompt, respect ... | 2000 | 10678965 |
| affinity purification and partial characterization of the zonulin/zonula occludens toxin (zot) receptor from human brain. | the intercellular tight junctions (tjs) of endothelial cells represent the limiting structure for the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (bbb). although the bbb has been recognized as being the interface between the bloodstream and the brain, little is known about its regulation. zonulin and its prokaryotic analogue, zonula occludens toxin (zot) elaborated by vibrio cholerae, both modulate intercellular tjs by binding to a specific surface receptor with subsequent activation of an intracell ... | 2000 | 10617135 |
| are the environmental niches of vibrio cholerae o139 different from those of vibrio cholerae o1 el tor? | vibrio cholerae are known to be normal inhabitants of surface water. however, the environmental niches of the different strains of cholera are not well known, and therefore, populations at risk for cholera outbreaks cannot be clearly identified. | 2001 | 11953220 |
| an endogenous retrovirus and exogenous scrapie in a mouse model of aging. | as we enter the post-genomic era, there is an increasing need for accurate methods of identifying host and pathogen factors that contribute to bacterial, viral and fungal disease. in addition, there is a requirement for fast and precise techniques to evaluate potential therapies for the prevention of infectious diseases. the development of useful and cost-effective model systems will be crucial in advancing our knowledge of all aspects of microbial pathogenesis. in this series, we will learn of ... | 2000 | 10637643 |
| phosphorylation of the flagellar regulatory protein flrc is necessary for vibrio cholerae motility and enhanced colonization. | the human pathogen vibrio cholerae specifically expresses virulence factors within the host, including cholera toxin (ct) and the toxin co-regulated pilus (tcp), which allow it to colonize the intestine and cause disease. v. cholerae is a highly motile organism by virtue of a polar flagellum, and motility has been inferred to be an important aspect of virulence, yet the exact role of motility in pathogenesis has remained undefined. the two-component regulatory system flrb/flrc is required for po ... | 2000 | 10692152 |
| delineation of pilin domains required for bacterial association into microcolonies and intestinal colonization by vibrio cholerae. | the toxin-co-regulated pilus (tcp), a type 4 pilus that is expressed by epidemic strains of vibrio cholerae o1 and o139, is required for colonization of the human intestine. the tcp structure is assembled as a polymer of repeating subunits of tcpa pilin that form long fibres, which laterally associate into bundles. previous passive immunization studies have suggested that the c-terminal region of tcpa is exposed on the surface of the pilus fibre and has a critical role in mediating the colonizat ... | 2000 | 10692166 |
| activation, stimulation and uptake of bacterial ghosts in antigen presenting cells. | bacterial ghosts have been shown to be an innovative system to prepare vaccines of various bacteria with all features of the intact bacterial cell envelopes, especially all antigenic epitopes, but also to target recombinant proteins inserted in the cell envelopes of the ghost preparations to specific antigen presenting cells. to investigate the activation of the antigen presenting cell by bacterial ghosts in more detail we studied the uptake of bacterial ghosts in dendritic porcine cells and raw ... | 2000 | 11000461 |
| bacteremic cellulitis caused by non-01, non-0139 vibrio cholerae: report of a case in a patient with hemochromatosis. | we report a case of bacteremia associated with hemorrhagic bullous skin lesions on the leg caused by non-01, non-0139 vibrio cholerae in a 66-year-old man with hemochromatosis developed in an inland region. the organism was isolated from blood and bullae fluid. the patient was treated successfully with cefotaxime and doxycycline. this report emphasizes the potential of this organism to produce bacteremic cellulitis in people with underlying illness in the absence of usual epidemiological risk fa ... | 2000 | 10794945 |
| purification and preliminary characterization of the zonula occludens toxin receptor from human (caco2) and murine (iec6) intestinal cell lines. | in the present study, we report the preliminary characterization of the epithelial cell receptor for vibrio cholerae zonula occludens toxin (zot). zot receptor was purified by ligand-affinity chromatography. analysis of affinity-purified preparations by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed a protein of ca. 66 kda. partial n-terminal sequence obtained from purified murine and human zot receptor revealed homology between the two proteins and with human alpha-1-chimaerin. zot protein domain( ... | 2001 | 11150657 |
| vibrio parahaemolyticus associated with cholera-like diarrhea among patients in north jakarta, indonesia. | a diarrhea study was conducted in north jakarta, indonesia from december 1996 through december 1997. vibrio parahaemolyticus was isolated from 333 (6.1%) of 5442 rectal swab samples collected from patients with cholera-like diarrhea. vibrio cholerae o1 was isolated from 545 (10.0%) and v. cholerae non-o1 from 183 samples (3.4%), respectively. patients positive for v. parahaemolyticus were mostly adults between 20 and 40 years of age, with males constituting 62%. a majority (65%) of these patient ... | 2001 | 11248518 |
| identification of the cobalamin-dependent methionine synthase gene, meth, in vibrio fischeri atcc 7744 by sequencing using genomic dna as a template. | to confirm the presence of cobalamin-dependent methionine synthase (cdms) in luminous bacteria, which is a prerequisite for the substantiation of our proposals on the physiological function of the lux operon, we identified the cdms gene (meth) in vibrio fischeri atcc 7744. two partial meth sequences, one located near the 5'-terminus of the gene and the other near the 3'-terminus, were sequenced by a pcr based method. to design a new set of pcr primers located on the two flanking regions of the g ... | 2001 | 11250084 |
| [isolation of vibrio strains in french coastal waters and infection with vibrio cholerae non-o1/non-o139]. | although the incidence in france of v. cholerae non-o1/non-o139 infection in man has increased since 1996, it remains low (7 cases in 1999). after the death in 1994 of an immunodepressed patient presenting a skin lesion showing superinfection by a strain of non-o1/non-o139 v. cholerae following exposure to seawater, we examined 22 samples of sea-water collected from 20 french coastal areas (mediterranean coast). | 2001 | 11346901 |
| characterization of the role of the toxr-modulated outer membrane porins ompu and ompt in vibrio cholerae virulence. | toxr, the transmembrane regulatory protein required for expression of virulence factors in the human diarrheal pathogen vibrio cholerae, directly activates and represses the transcription of two outer membrane porins, ompu and ompt, respectively. in an attempt to dissect the role of the ompu and ompt porins in viability and virulence factor expression, in-frame chromosomal deletions were constructed in the coding sequences of ompu and ompt of v. cholerae. two separate deletions were introduced i ... | 2001 | 11371530 |
| development of a monoclonal sandwich elisa for the detection of animal and human escherichia coli o157 strains. | production of a monoclonal antibody (mab) to escherichia coli o157 to develop a rapid test using a sandwich elisa (selisa) format. | 2001 | 11309065 |
| informed consent of volunteers: a direct measurement of comprehension and retention of information. | | 1979 | 10297568 |
| quorum-sensing regulators control virulence gene expression in vibrio cholerae. | the production of virulence factors including cholera toxin and the toxin-coregulated pilus in the human pathogen vibrio cholerae is strongly influenced by environmental conditions. the well-characterized toxr signal transduction cascade is responsible for sensing and integrating the environmental information and controlling the virulence regulon. we show here that, in addition to the known components of the toxr signaling circuit, quorum-sensing regulators are involved in regulation of v. chole ... | 2002 | 11854465 |
| selection for in vivo regulators of bacterial virulence. | we devised a noninvasive genetic selection strategy to identify positive regulators of bacterial virulence genes during actual infection of an intact animal host. this strategy combines random mutagenesis with a switch-like reporter of transcription that confers antibiotic resistance in the off state and sensitivity in the on state. application of this technology to the human intestinal pathogen vibrio cholerae identified several regulators of cholera toxin and a central virulence gene regulator ... | 2001 | 11391007 |
| the use of rde to improve the sensitivity of the hemagglutination-inhibition test for the serologic diagnosis of influenza. | | 1954 | 13143204 |
| a bacteriophage encoding a pathogenicity island, a type-iv pilus and a phage receptor in cholera bacteria. | the virulence properties of many pathogenic bacteria are due to proteins encoded by large gene clusters called pathogenicity islands, which are found in a variety of human pathogens including escherichia coli, salmonella, shigella, yersinia, helicobacter pylori, vibrio cholerae, and animal and plant pathogens such as dichelobacter nodosus and pseudomonas syringae. although the presence of pathogenicity islands is a prerequisite for many bacterial diseases, little is known about their origins or ... | 1999 | 10360577 |
| vibrio cholerae and cholera: out of the water and into the host. | the facultative human pathogen vibrio cholerae can be isolated from estuarine and aquatic environments. v. cholerae is well recognized and extensively studied as the causative agent of the human intestinal disease cholera. in former centuries cholera was a permanent threat even to the highly developed populations of europe, north america, and the northern part of asia. today, cholera still remains a burden mainly for underdeveloped countries, which cannot afford to establish or to maintain neces ... | 2002 | 12069878 |
| transfer of multiple drug resistance plasmids between bacteria of diverse origins in natural microenvironments. | plasmids harboring multiple antimicrobial-resistance determinants (r plasmids) were transferred in simulated natural microenvironments from various bacterial pathogens of human, animal, or fish origin to susceptible strains isolated from a different ecological niche. r plasmids in a strain of the human pathogen vibrio cholerae o1 e1 tor and a bovine escherichia coli strain were conjugated to a susceptible strain of the fish pathogenic bacterium aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida in marine ... | 1994 | 11865872 |
| molecular ecology of toxigenic vibrio cholerae. | toxigenic vibrio cholerae is the etiological agent of cholera, an acute dehydrating diarrhea that occurs in epidemic form in many developing countries. although v. cholerae is a human pathogen, aquatic ecosystems are major habitats of vibrio species, which includes both pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains that vary in their virulence gene content. v. cholerae belonging to the 01 and 0139 serogroups is commonly known to carry a set of virulence genes necessary for pathogenesis in humans. recent ... | 2002 | 11939579 |
| [aspects of vibrio cholerae lipopolysaccharide]. | in this review information on the chemical structure, biosynthesis, antigenic and biological properties of v. cholerae lipopolysaccharide (lps) is presented. the specific structural feature of this lps is a small size of the polysaccharide chain of o-antigen. in vibrios of serogroup o 139 it is oligosaccharide. the modification of the o-chain (methylation of individual sugars, shortened chain, etc.) plays an essential role in the antigenic specificity of v. cholerae lps. all these factors affect ... | 2002 | 12043141 |
| involvement of in vivo induced icmf gene of vibrio cholerae in motility, adherence to epithelial cells, and conjugation frequency. | previously, using global transcription profile approach icmf gene of vibrio cholerae was identified as an in vivo induced gene. in the present study, the icmf gene of v. cholerae o395 was cloned, sequenced, and used to construct an icmf insertion mutant. this icmf is homologous to legionella pneumophila icmf, belonging to the icm cassette responsible for macrophage killing and intracellular survival of the organism. the icmf insertion mutant exhibited reduced motility and increased adherence to ... | 2002 | 12127983 |
| single-tube, nested pcr for the diagnosis of human brucellosis in kuwait. | the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) offers a sensitive and specific way of detecting microbial dna in clinical samples. the aims of the present study were to develop an assay, based on a single-tube, nested pcr, for identifying brucella in samples of human blood and then to explore the use of this test in diagnosis. the primers chosen were derived from is711, the insertion sequence gene found in all species of brucella. the assay amplified a 52-bp final product which was detected colorimetricall ... | 2002 | 12171621 |
| endotoxins of enteric pathogens are chemotactic factors for human neutrophils. | early activation of human peripheral blood polymorphonuclear neutrophils is characterized by their morphological changes from spherical to polarized shapes. the endotoxins from enteric pathogens (s. dysenteriae type 1, v. cholerae inaba 569b, s. typhimurium, and k. pneumoniae) were assessed by their ability to induce morphological polarization of the neutrophils as measures of early activation. phagocytic activity, adhesion, chemokinetic locomotion, and nitroblue tetrazolium (nbt) dye-reduction ... | 2002 | 12359090 |
| sanitation in the time of cholera. | cholera, identified by violent diarrhea, cramps, vomiting, and dehydration, is spreading through peru into colombia, ecuador, child, and brazil. water contaminated with vibrio cholerae is used for washing food and/or drinking thereby transmitting the disease. paho estimates 6 million people in south america may get cholera within the next 3 years. this cholera epidemic is the result of unsanitary conditions in which the urban poor in south america live. in fact, in lima, peru, 40% of the peo ... | 1991 | 12343751 |
| involvement of in vivo induced chey-4 gene of vibrio cholerae in motility, early adherence to intestinal epithelial cells and regulation of virulence factors. | using a global transcription profile approach chey-4 of vibrio cholerae was identified as an in vivo induced gene. in the present study, duplication of the gene in the chromosome resulted in increased motility, increased chemotactic response towards isolated intestinal mucus layer and stronger adhesion to human intestinal epithelial cell line at an early phase of infection compared to wild type and a null mutant strain. in contrast to the chey-4 null mutant, duplication of chey-4 gene resulted i ... | 2002 | 12459494 |
| [cloning and expression of vibrio cholerae zonula occludens toxin (zot) gene in escherichia coli]. | two recombinant plasmids containing the cloned pcr-amplifled vibrio cholerae zonula occludens toxin (zot) gene was constructed in orientation providing its transcription from lac-promoter. one of them contained also its own zot promoter. the third plasmid was obtained by subcloning a vibrio cholerae dna fragment including intact zot and ace (accessory cholera enterotoxin) genes. the expression levels of the cloned genes in escherichia coli varied depending on a promoter type, host strain and cul ... | 2005 | 15790030 |
| vibrio cholerae persistence in aquatic environments and colonization of intestinal cells: involvement of a common adhesion mechanism. | forty-one tnpho a mutants of vibrio cholerae o1 classical strain cd81 were analyzed for their ability to interact with chitin particles, tigriopus fulvus copepods and the intestine 407 cell line compared to the parent strain. thirteen mutants were less adhesive than cd81; in particular, t21, t33 and t87 were less adhesive towards all substrates and insensitive to inhibition by n-acetyl glucosamine (glcnac). by sds-page analysis of sarkosyl-insoluble membrane proteins (simps) isolated from mutant ... | 2005 | 15766778 |
| toxr regulon of vibrio cholerae and its expression in vibrios shed by cholera patients. | toxigenic vibrio cholerae cause cholera, a severe diarrheal disease responsible for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. two determinants, cholera enterotoxin (ct) and toxin coregulated pilus (tcp) are critical factors responsible for this organism's virulence. the genes for these virulence determinants belong to a network of genes (the toxr regulon) whose expression is modulated by transcriptional regulators encoded by the toxrs, tcpph, and toxt genes. to define the toxr regulon more ... | 2003 | 12601157 |
| infectious diseases. taming pathogens: an elegant idea, but does it work? | | 2003 | 12775814 |
| transcriptional profiling of vibrio cholerae recovered directly from patient specimens during early and late stages of human infection. | understanding gene expression by bacteria during the actual course of human infection may provide important insights into microbial pathogenesis. in this study, we evaluated the transcriptional profile of vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, in clinical specimens from cholera patients. we collected samples of human stool and vomitus that were positive by dark-field microscopy for abundant vibrios and used a microarray to compare gene expression in organisms recovered directly from sp ... | 2005 | 16040959 |
| nasally administered cholera toxin a-subunit acts as a mucosal adjuvant. | it is well established that cholera toxin (ct) produced by vibrio cholerae acts as a potent mucosal adjuvant; however, the native form of this molecule causes severe diarrhea. furthermore, both native ct and its b-subunit derivative bind to monosialogangliosides (gm1) in membrane raft micro-domains on neural tissues and are thus unsuitable for use in humans. in this study, we evaluated the adjuvanticity of the ct a-subunit (ct-a) administered with ovalbumin (ova) by the nasal route. we found tha ... | 2003 | 12816361 |
| ompu genes in non-toxigenic vibrio cholerae associated with aquaculture. | the study was undertaken with the objective of understanding the virulence-associated genes of the ctx and tcp gene clusters in environmental isolates of vibrio cholerae, an important human pathogen, isolated from the aquaculture environment. the involvement of the ompu gene in conferring bile resistance in these isolates was also evaluated. | 2003 | 12859767 |
| the atp binding cassette multidrug transporter lmra and lipid transporter msba have overlapping substrate specificities. | lmra is an atp binding cassette (abc) multidrug transporter in lactococcus lactis that is a structural and functional homologue of the human multidrug resistance p-glycoprotein mdr1 (abcb1). lmra is also homologous to msba, an essential abc transporter in escherichia coli involved in the trafficking of lipids, including lipid a. we have compared the substrate specificities of lmra and msba in detail. surprisingly, lmra was able to functionally substitute for a temperature-sensitive mutant msba i ... | 2003 | 12842882 |
| cholera and other types of vibriosis: a story of human pandemics and oysters on the half shell. | vibrios are ubiquitous in the aquatic environment and are commonly present in or on shellfish and other seafood. a small subset of strains/species are able to cause human disease, including the cholera toxin-producing strains of vibrio cholerae that are responsible for epidemic/pandemic cholera; thermostable direct hemolysin-producing strains of vibrio parahaemolyticus; and vibrio vulnificus, which can cause fulminant sepsis. cholera outbreaks can be initiated by transmission of "epidemic" v. ch ... | 2003 | 12856219 |
| identification and strain differentiation of vibrio cholerae by using polyclonal antibodies against outer membrane proteins. | cholera is caused only by o1 and o139 vibrio cholerae strains. for diagnosis, 3 working days are needed for bacterial isolation from human feces and for biochemical characterization. here we describe the purification of bacterial outer membrane proteins (omp) from v. cholerae o1 ogawa, o1 inaba, and o139 strains, as well as the production of specific antisera and their use for fecal vibrio antigen detection. anti-omp antisera showed very high reactivity and specificity by enzyme-linked immunosor ... | 2001 | 11427424 |
| environmental determinants of vibrio cholerae biofilm development. | vibrio cholerae is a versatile bacterium that flourishes in diverse environments, including the human intestine, rivers, lakes, estuaries, and the ocean. surface attachment is believed to be essential for colonization of all of these natural environments. previous studies have demonstrated that the vps genes, which encode proteins required for exopolysaccharide synthesis and transport, are required for v. cholerae biofilm development in luria-bertani broth. in this work, we showed that v. choler ... | 2003 | 12957889 |
| molecular cloning and characterization of an abc multidrug efflux pump, vcam, in non-o1 vibrio cholerae. | a gene responsible for multidrug resistance was cloned from the chromosomal dna of non-o1 vibrio cholerae nctc 4716 by using as a host drug-hypersensitive escherichia coli strain kam32, which lacks major multidrug efflux pumps. e. coli cells transformed with the gene showed elevated levels of resistance to a number of structurally dissimilar drugs, such as tetracycline, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, doxorubicin, daunomycin, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, and hoechst 33342. we determined the nucleo ... | 2003 | 12878498 |
| persistence of adhesive properties in vibrio cholerae after long-term exposure to sea water. | the effect of exposure to artificial sea water (asw) on the ability of classical vibrio cholerae o1 cells to interact with chitin-containing substrates and human intestinal cells was studied. incubation of vibrios in asw at 5 degrees c and 18 degrees c resulted in two kinds of cell responses: the viable but non-culturable (vbnc) state (i.e. <0.1 colony forming unit ml-1) at 5 degrees c, and starvation (i.e. maintenance of culturability of the population) at 18 degrees c. the latter remained rod ... | 2003 | 14510838 |
| [a comparative analysis of molecular-genetic peculiarities of the genomes of cholera, plague and anthrax agents and their evolutional transformations]. | cholera, plague, and anthrax, the diseases that have accounted for millions of human victims, still endanger the entire mankind by possible development of epidemic outbreaks due to their spread or application as bioterrorist agents. generalized results of research into the genomic features of the vibrio cholerae, yersinia pestis, and bacillus anthracis are discussed. despite different frequencies of evolutional transformations occurring in their genomes, that are likely to be associated with div ... | 2006 | 16755997 |
| induction of interleukin-8 in t84 cells by vibrio cholerae. | the induction of interleukin-8 (il-8) in vitro has been suggested to correlate with the reactogenicity of vibrio cholerae vaccine candidates. v. cholerae vaccine candidate 638, a hemagglutinin protease/hap-defective strain, was recently reported to be well tolerated in human volunteers, suggesting a role for hap in reactogenicity. we examined the role of hap in the induction of il-8 in intestinal epithelial t84 cells. wild-type v. cholerae strains 3038 and c7258 and a vaccine candidate strain, j ... | 2004 | 14688120 |
| studies on the elimination of non-specific inhibitors in sera against influenza viruses with the aid of filtrates of vibrio cholerae. | | 1953 | 13125328 |