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oral and nasal dna vaccines delivered by attenuated salmonella typhimurium induce protective immune response against infectious bronchitis in chickens.several studies have reported that intramuscular injection of dna vaccines against infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) induces protective immune responses. in the present study, we developed oral and nasal dna vaccines that carried the s1 gene and n gene of ibv delivered by attenuated salmonella typhimurium strains, sl/pv-s1 and sl/pv-n, respectively. the safety and stability of recombinant salmonella vaccine were evaluated. following oral and nasal administration of chickens, the serum and mucosa ...201121593235
characterisation and evaluation of antiviral recombinant peptides based on the heptad repeat regions of ndv and ibv fusion glycoproteins.mixed virus infections can cause livestock losses that are more devastating than those caused by single virus infections. newcastle disease virus (ndv) and infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), serious threats to the poultry industry, can give rise to complex mixed infections that hinder diagnosis and prevention. in this study, we show that newly designed peptides, which are based on the heptad repeat (hr) region of the fusion glycoproteins from ndv and ibv, have more potent antiviral activity than ...201121601229
binding of avian coronavirus spike proteins to host factors reflects virus tropism and pathogenicity.the binding of viruses to host cells is the first step in determining tropism and pathogenicity. while avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus (ibv) infection and avian influenza a virus (iav) infection both depend on +¦2,3-linked sialic acids, the host tropism of ibv is restricted compared to that of iav. here we investigated whether the interaction between the viral attachment proteins and the host could explain these differences by using recombinant spike domains (s1) of ibv strains with diff ...201121697468
sequence analysis of s1 genes of infectious bronchitis virus isolated in thailand during 2008-2009: identification of natural recombination in the field isolates.during 2008-2009, fifteen field infectious bronchitis viruses (ibvs) were isolated from commercial chicken farms in thailand. after sequencing of the complete s1 gene, phylogenetic analysis was performed and this found that the thai ibv isolates were divided into three distinct groups, unique to thailand (group i), qx-like ibv (group ii), and massachusetts type (group iii). this finding indicated that the recent thai ibvs evolved separately and that at least three groups of viruses are circulati ...201121706315
infectious bronchitis virus in testicles and venereal transmission.even though males represent only 8%-12% of the birds of a breeder flock, their role in infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) dissemination is largely unknown. we first assessed the effect of ibv replication in the chicken testes. ten-week-old males were inoculated with arkansas (ark) or massachusetts (mass) ibv virulent strains. seven days postinoculation (dpi) ibv rna was detected in testicles of 100% of m41- and in 96% of ark-infected males. marginal nonsynonymous variation was detected in spike ( ...201121793442
Prevalence of infectious bronchitis and Newcastle disease virus among domestic and wild birds in H5N1 outbreaks areas.The first H5N1 outbreak in Burkina Faso was reported to the World Organization for Animal Health on 3 April 2006. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of avian influenza virus, infectious bronchitis virus, and Newcastle disease virus among domestic and wild birds in highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 outbreaks areas.201121841299
phylogenetic analysis of the s1 glycoprotein gene of infectious bronchitis viruses isolated in china during 2009-2010.as part of our ongoing surveillance program, 40 field strains of avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) were isolated from dead or diseased chicken flocks in different areas of china between 2009 and 2010. s1 glycoprotein genes of these strains were sequenced and analyzed with 38 strains published in genbank. s1 genes of these isolated strains and the vaccine strains showed nucleotide homologies ranging from 65.2 to 82% and amino acid homologies ranging from 58.4 to 81.9%. meanwhile, chinese ib ...201121842233
In vitro and in vivo effects of Houttuynia cordata on infectious bronchitis virus.Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a coronavirus, causes infectious bronchitis leading to enormous economic loss in the poultry industry worldwide. Houttuynia cordata (Saururaceae) (HC) is a traditional Chinese medicine used in China. In the present study, the effect of HC on cell infection by IBV was determined using plaque assay and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The inhibitory effect of HC on IBV infection in ovo and in vivo was analysed using specific pathogen free (S ...201121848486
Molecular characterization of infectious bronchitis virus isolates from Russia and neighbouring countries: identification of intertypic recombination in the S1 gene.Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) isolates recovered in Russia, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan between 2007 and 2010 were subjected to molecular characterization and compared with those isolated a decade ago. The IBV genome was detected in 202 out of 605 field samples from chickens with various clinical signs. Partial sequencing of the S1 gene revealed 153 vaccine strains and 49 field isolates of several genetic groups. Massachusetts, 793/B and D274 remained the predominant IBV genotypes along with QX, ...201121854179
Changes in nonstructural protein 3 are associated with attenuation in avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus.Full-length genome sequencing of pathogenic and attenuated (for chickens) avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strains of the same serotype was conducted to identify genetic differences between the pathotypes. Analysis of the consensus full-length genome for three different IBV serotypes (Ark, GA98, and Mass41) showed that passage in embryonated eggs, to attenuate the viruses for chickens, resulted in 34.75-43.66% of all the amino acid changes occurring in nsp 3 within a virus typ ...201121909766
complete nucleotide analysis of the structural genome of the infectious bronchitis virus strain md27 reveals its mosaic nature.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) causes highly contagious respiratory or urogenital tract diseases in chickens. the maryland 27(md27) strain was first isolated in 1976 from diseased chicken flocks in the delmarva peninsula region. to understand the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship of existing strains with md27, the complete nucleotide sequence of the 3'end coding region (~7.2 kb) of md27 was determined and compared with other ibv strains and coronaviruses. it has the same s-3-m-5 ...200921994587
Crosstalk between innate and adaptive immune responses to infectious bronchitis virus after vaccination and challenge of chickens varying in serum mannose-binding lectin concentrations.Mannose-binding lectin (MBL), a C-type collectin with structural similarities to C1q, is an innate pattern-recognition molecule that is sequestered to sites of inflammation and infections. MBL selectively binds distinct chemical patterns, including carbohydrates expressed on all kinds of pathogens. The present study shows that serum MBL levels influence the ability of chickens to clear the respiratory tract of virus genomes after an infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) infection. The primary IBV in ...201122008821
effects of blood sample mishandling on elisa results for infectious bronchitis virus, avian encephalomyelitis virus and chicken anaemia virus.this study determined the effect of sample mishandling on the performance of elisas for detection of antibodies against infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), avian encephalomyelitis virus (aev) and chicken anaemia virus (cav) in the serum of chickens. the effects of five different sample mishandling treatments were assessed: heat treatment, repetitive freezing and thawing and three levels of severity of haemolysis. these mishandling treatments simulated different conditions that might occur during ...201122015139
nephritis associated with infectious bronchitis virus cal99 variant in game chickens.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) cal99 variant was isolated from the kidneys of seven 2-5-mo-old game chickens with nephritis and respiratory disease. ibv cal99 variant is usually associated with respiratory disease in broiler chickens in california. macroscopically, the majority of the birds had moderately to severely enlarged and mottled pale kidneys, with increased urates in the ureters. microscopically, most of the birds had acute nephrosis and interstitial nephritis. the birds also had sin ...201122017040
Phylogenetic analysis of S1 gene of infectious bronchitis virus isolates from China.Between 2006 and 2009, seven strains of infectious bronchitis (IB) virus (IBV) were isolated from vaccinated chicken flocks on different chicken farms in China. The pathogenic characters of seven IBV strains were assessed. Each of the seven strains was infective to the test chickens and could induce an immune response. The results from chicken embryo cross-neutralization assays showed that these strains were antigenically distinct from classic IBV strains of H120, M41, Conn, and Gray. Compared t ...201122017046
Antiviral activity of arbidol, a broad-spectrum drug for use against respiratory viruses, varies according to test conditions.The therapeutic activity of arbidol was investigated against representatives of seven different virus families. Its 50% median effective concentration (EC(50) ) was 0.22-11.8?µg/ml (0.41-22?nM). Therapeutic indices of 91 were obtained for type 1 poliovirus and 1.9-8.5 for influenza A and B, human paramyxo-3, avian infectious bronchitis-, and Marek's disease viruses. Arbidol was more inhibitory for influenza A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2) virus than rimantadine or amantadine (EC(50) 10 vs. >15 and >31.6?µg/ ...201222028179
New insights on infectious bronchitis virus pathogenesis: characterization of Italy 02 serotype in chicks and adult hens.Infectious bronchitis (IB) is a worldwide disease affecting chickens of all ages and causing important economic losses in poultry industry. Despite being one of the predominant IB virus (IBV) serotype in several European countries, slightly is known about pathogenesis and pathogenicity of Italy 02 serotype. In this study chicks and old hens were infected by oculo-nasal route with Italy 02 serotype. Clinical signs, gross and microscopic findings were evaluated, viral nucleic acid detection was as ...201122172297
Live attenuated nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus vaccine provides broad cross protection against new variant strains.Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) infections cause great economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide, and the emergence of new variant strains complicates disease control. The present study investigated the genetic and protectotypic features of newly emerged Korean IBV strains. A phylogenetic analysis showed that several recent isolates formed 2 different clusters (new cluster 1 and 2), which were distinct from other preexisting clusters. New cluster 1 IBV strains represented recombinants ...201222184432
Serotype and genotype diversity of infectious bronchitis viruses isolated during 1985-2008 in Guangxi, China.The genetic diversity of the hypervariable region I of S1 gene (HVR I) of infectious bronchitis (IB) vaccine strains H120, Ma5 and 4/91 was compared to that of 26 infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strains isolated from the field in Guangxi province of China during the years 1985-2008, and the field isolates were classified into five major genotypes. Monovalent antisera against three vaccine strains and seven field isolates of different genotypes were prepared by immunizing rabbits with mineral o ...201122198411
immune responses to mucosal vaccination by the recombinant a1 and n proteins of infectious bronchitis virus.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is prevented primarily by the use of live attenuated vaccines, which are known to have a limited strain range of protection. alternative vaccines against the emerging new virus strains can improve control of the disease. the aim of this study was to evaluate the immunogenic potential of two recombinant viral proteins, when administered by eyedrop, without the assistance of a vector. the recombinant s1 (rs1) and n (rn) proteins of the m41 strain expressed in e. c ...201222225471
up-regulation of mcl-1 and bak by coronavirus infection of human, avian and animal cells modulates apoptosis and viral replication.virus-induced apoptosis and viral mechanisms that regulate this cell death program are key issues in understanding virus-host interactions and viral pathogenesis. like many other human and animal viruses, coronavirus infection of mammalian cells induces apoptosis. in this study, the global gene expression profiles are first determined in ibv-infected vero cells at 24 hours post-infection by affymetrix array, using avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) as a model system. it reveals ...201222253918
first evidence of the emergence of novel putative infectious bronchitis virus genotypes in cuba.the emergence of new infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) genotypes or serotypes along with the poor cross-protection observed among ibv serotypes have complicated the avian infectious bronchitis (ib) control programs in different geographic regions. in cuba, the lack of genetic information regarding ibv and the increasing epidemiological importance of this virus in cuban chicken flocks demand further characterization of ibv isolates. in the present work, studies of genetic diversity and phylogenet ...201222357366
ameliorative effect of a microbial feed additive on infectious bronchitis virus antibody titer and stress index in broiler chicks fed deoxynivalenol.although acute mycotoxicoses are rare in poultry production, chronic exposure to low levels of mycotoxins is responsible for reduced productivity and increased susceptibility to infectious diseases. deoxynivalenol (don) is known to modulate immune function, but only a few studies have investigated the effect of don on the vaccinal immune response. in addition, the effects of mycofix select (biomin gmbh, herzogenburg, austria) supplementation to don-contaminated broiler diets have not yet been de ...201222399717
deoxynivalenol as a contaminant of broiler feed: effects on bird performance and response to common vaccines.recent data suggest that fusarium trichothecenes may reduce broiler performance at levels previously thought not to affect this variable in chickens. in the present study, we investigated the effects of deoxynivalenol (don), a type-b trichothecene, on broilers. male broilers at 7 d of age were fed either a basal diet (0.265 ± 0.048 mg of don; 0.013 ± 0.001 mg of zearalenone/kg), a low don diet (1.68 mg of don/kg; 0.145 ± 0.007 mg of zearalenone/kg), or a high don diet (12.209 ± 1.149 mg of don/k ...201222399723
characterization and analysis of the full-length genome of a strain of the european qx-like genotype of infectious bronchitis virus.in recent years, strains of infectious bronchitis virus belonging to the qx-like genotype have been causing huge economic losses in commercial chicken flocks in different countries in europe. in order to expand the knowledge of the molecular features of these viruses, we have sequenced and characterized the complete genome of european qx-like ibv strain ck/swe/0658946/10, which was isolated in 2010 in sweden. the genome is 27664 nucleotides in length, comprising six genes and 5' and 3' untransla ...201222421962
proteomics analysis of differentially expressed proteins in chicken trachea and kidney after infection with the highly virulent and attenuated coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in vivo.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is first to be discovered coronavirus which is probably endemic in all regions with intensive impact on poultry production. in this study, we used two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-de) and two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis (2-dige), coupled with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (maldi-tof/tof-ms), to explore the global proteome profiles of trachea and kidney tissues from chicken at ...201222463732
immunopathological effects of experimental t-2 mycotoxocosis in broiler chicken co-infected with infectious bronchitis virus (ibv).a total of 128 1-week-old chicks were classified into four groups; t-2 toxin fed (t-2), ibv infected (ibv), t-2 toxin fed and co-infected with ibv (t-2+ibv), and untreated (control) for a period of 6 weeks. within their respective groups, the birds belonged to t-2 and t-2+ibv were exposed to 2 ppm of t-2 toxin contaminated feed for 6 weeks, and 0.2 ml of 10 eid(50) (10(5.69)/0.2 ml) inoculums of ibv isolate (india/lkw/56/ivri/08) was used to challenge the chicks belonged to ibv alone and t-2+ibv ...201222483992
the presence of viral subpopulations in an infectious bronchitis virus vaccine with differing pathogenicity--a preliminary study.there are currently four commercially available vaccines in australia to protect chickens against infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). predominantly, ibv causes clinical signs associated with respiratory or kidney disease, which subsequently cause an increase in mortality rate. three of the current vaccines belong to the same subgroup (subgroup 1), however, the vics vaccine has been reported to cause an increased vaccinal reaction compared to the other subgroup 1 vaccines. molecular anomalies dete ...201222542436
genetic diversity of avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus in recent years in china.fifty-six isolates of avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) were obtained from different field outbreaks in china in 2010, and they were genotyped by comparison with 19 reference strains in the present study. the results showed that lx4-type isolates are still the predominant ibvs circulating in chicken flocks in china, and these isolates could be grouped further into two clusters. viruses in each cluster had favored amino acid residues at different positions in the s1 subunit of the spike pro ...201222545524
protection conferred by a recombinant marek's disease virus that expresses the spike protein from infectious bronchitis virus in specific pathogen-free chicken.in many countries, the predominant field isolates of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) have been classified as qx-like strains since 1996. however, no commercial vaccines that are specific for this type of ibv are currently available. therefore, there is an urgent need to develop novel vaccines that prevent qx-like ibv infection.201222559869
pathogenesis and tissue distribution of avian infectious bronchitis virus isolate irfibv32 (793/b serotype) in experimentally infected broiler chickens.infectious bronchitis (ib) is one of the most important viral diseases of poultry. the aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of avian infectious bronchitis virus isolate irfibv32 (793/b serotype) in experimentally infected chicken. ninety-one-day-old commercial broilers were divided randomly into two groups (seventy in the experimental and twenty in the control group). chicks in the experimental group were inoculated intranasally with 10(5) eld50/0.1 ml of the virus at three week ...201222566769
isolation and molecular characterization of infectious bronchitis virus from recent outbreaks in broiler flocks reveals emergence of novel strain in india.in this study, two isolates of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) from field outbreaks in 2008 (india/lkw/56/ivri/08) and 2010 (india/nmk/72/ivri/10) from broiler chickens in india were isolated and characterized. reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism of the entire s1 gene revealed that these isolates belong to two different genotypes, india/lkw/56/ivri/08 as mass strain whereas india/nmk/72/ivri/10 as of different genotype. nucleotide sequencing ...201222573006
molecular evolution and emergence of avian gammacoronaviruses.coronaviruses, which are single stranded, positive sense rna viruses, are responsible for a wide variety of existing and emerging diseases in humans and other animals. the gammacoronaviruses primarily infect avian hosts. within this genus of coronaviruses, the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) causes a highly infectious upper-respiratory tract disease in commercial poultry. ibv shows rapid evolution in chickens, frequently producing new antigenic types, which adds to the multip ...201222609285
application of purified recombinant antigenic spike fragments to the diagnosis of avian infectious bronchitis virus infection.the spike (s) protein, containing two subunits, s1 and s2, is the major immunity-eliciting antigen of avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), a highly contagious disease of chickens. several immunogenic regions, mainly located within the s1 subunit, have been identified. nonetheless, these immune-dominant regions were defined using selected monoclonal antibodies or using a short peptide approach that involves only certain limited regions of the s protein. in addition, some immune-dominant regio ...201222627759
the long view: 40 years of infectious bronchitis research.the remit of this review is to provide the non-specialist reader of avian pathology with an overview of research carried out on infectious bronchitis over the 40 years since the journal was first published. in order to do this, we felt it necessary to summarize the knowledge acquired previously, since the since the disease was first identified in the 1930s. infectious bronchitis virus is a significant pathogen in the domestic chicken, affecting the respiratory and renal systems as well as the fe ...201222702451
infectious bronchitis virus nucleoprotein specific ctl response is generated prior to serum igg.infectious bronchitis (ib) is an acute and highly contagious viral respiratory disease of chickens. to understand the kinetics and relationships between the humoral (ab) and antigen specific t cell immunity as well as pathological changes during infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) infection and immunization, one-week-old spf chickens were vaccinated with live ibv h52 strain and challenged with ibv m41 15 days post primary infection. chickens were sacrificed every 3 days to monitor antigen specific ...201222835899
effects of chicken anaemia virus and infectious bursal disease virus-induced immunodeficiency on infectious bronchitis virus replication and genotypic drift.we followed changes in a portion of the s1 gene sequence of the dominant populations of an infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) arkansas (ark) vaccine strain during serial passage in chickens infected with the immunosuppressive chicken anaemia virus (cav) and/or infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) as well as in immunocompetent chickens. the ibv-ark vaccine was applied ocularly and tears were collected from infected chickens for subsequent ocular inoculation in later passages. the experiment was ...201222897690
emergence of a novel genotype of avian infectious bronchitis virus in egypt.five avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) isolates were isolated from broiler chickens showing respiratory and renal lesions. the isolated strains were characterized by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and sequence analysis of the hypervariable region 3 of the s1 spike glycoprotein gene. three out of five isolates formed a distinct phylogenetic group with the egypt/beni-suef/01 variant (var 1). two of the five isolates showed 89 and 84 % amino acid sequence identity and 89 and ...201222903394
d1466-like genotype of infectious bronchitis virus responsible for a new epidemic in chickens in poland. 201222903901
characterization of cellular furin content as a potential factor determining the susceptibility of cultured human and animal cells to coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus infection.in previous studies, the beaudette strain of coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) was adapted from chicken embryo to vero, a monkey kidney cell line, by serial propagation for 65 passages. to characterize the susceptibility of other human and animal cells to ibv, 15 human and animal cell lines were infected with the vero-adapted ibv and productive infection was observed in four human cell lines: h1299, hepg2, hep3b and huh7. in other cell lines, the virus cannot be propagated beyond pas ...201222995191
establishment of reverse genetics system for infectious bronchitis virus attenuated vaccine strain h120.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) strain h120 was successfully rescued as infectious clone by reverse genetics. thirteen 1.5-2.8 kb fragments contiguously spanning the virus genome were amplified and cloned into pmd19-t. transcription grade complete length cdna was acquired by a modified "no see'm" ligation strategy, which employed restriction enzyme bsa i and bsmb i and ligated more than two fragments in one t4 ligase reaction. the full-length genomic cdna was transcribed and its transcript was ...201322999521
effect of infection route and concurrent infectious bronchitis virus vaccination on mycoplasma gallisepticum disease pathology in an experimental model.the study of mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) infection is needed, not only to understand the disease process but also to understand the mechanisms by which mg vaccines protect the host. many model systems have been used to study the mg disease process. this work compared two different routes of infection (intratracheal versus eye drop) in commercial pullets, looking for differences in the pathology (air sac and tracheal lesion scores, and tracheal mucosal thickness) and the humoral immune response ...201223025670
expression of avian infectious bronchitis virus multi-epitope based peptide epic in lactococcus lactis for oral immunization of chickens.the avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) multi-epitope based peptide epic was found to be effective in inducing strong humoral and cellular responses against ibv. in this study, the gene epic was introduced into lactococcus lactis nz3900, and three recombinant strains expressing epic in intracellular and extracellular forms were constructed. sds-page and western blot results indicated that epic was successfully expressed and had good immunoreactivity with chicken anti-ibv serum. fusion of the ...201223047098
infectious bronchitis virus subpopulations in vaccinated chickens after challenge.infectious bronchitis coronavirus (ibv) shows extensive genotypic and phenotypic variability. the evolutionary process involves generation of genetic diversity by mutations and recombination followed by replication of those phenotypes favored by selection. in the current study, we examined changes occurring in a wild arkansas (ark) challenge strain in chickens that were vaccinated either ocularly with commercially available attenuated arkdpi-derived vaccines or in ovo with a replication-defectiv ...201223050466
detection of avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus type qx infection in switzerland.infectious bronchitis, a disease of chickens caused by avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), leads to severe economic losses for the poultry industry worldwide. various attempts to control the virus based on vaccination strategies are performed. however, due to the emergence of novel genotypes, an effective control of the virus is hindered. in 1996, a novel viral genotype named ibv-qx was reported for the first time in qingdao, shandong province, china. the first appearance of an ...201223051829
fine level epitope mapping and conservation analysis of two novel linear b-cell epitopes of the avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus nucleocapsid protein.the nucleocapsid (n) protein of the infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) may play an essential role in the replication and translation of viral rna. the n protein can also induce high titers of cross-reactive antibodies and cell-mediated immunity, which protects chickens from acute infection. in this study, we generated two monoclonal antibodies (mabs), designated as 6d10 and 4f10, which were directed against the n protein of ibv using the whole viral particles as immunogens. both of the mabs do no ...201323123213
complete genome sequence of a recombinant nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus strain in china.recently, nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) outbreaks have occurred in commercial broiler flocks and have been associated with a high incidence and morbidity in china. the ck/ch/zhejiang/06/10 strain (ibv-yx10) was isolated from a 12-day-old broiler chicken in a flock of chickens with swollen speckled kidneys and distended ureters filled with uric acid in china in 2010. here we reported the complete genomic sequence of the ibv-yx10 which was a natural recombinant nephropathogeni ...201223166232
virulent avian infectious bronchitis virus, people's republic of china.a virulent avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) was isolated from 30-day-old broiler chickens that exhibited respiratory symptoms, nephropathologic lesions, and a high proportion of deaths in the people's republic of china during 2005. the strain, designated yn, was genetically and pathologically characterized. phylogenetic analysis showed that yn and most of the previously characterized ibv isolates found in china were phylogenetically classified into 2 main genetic clusters. the yn isolate ...201223171741
association of the chicken mhc b haplotypes with resistance to avian coronavirus.clinical respiratory illness was compared in five homozygous chicken lines, originating from homozygous b2, b8, b12 and b19, and heterozygous b2/b12 birds after infection with either of two strains of the infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). all chickens used in these studies originated from white leghorn and ancona linages. ibv gray strain infection of mhc homozygous b12 and b19 haplotype chicks resulted in severe respiratory disease compared to chicks with b2/b2 and b5/b5 haplotypes. demonstrati ...201323178407
characterization of a recombinant coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus with distinct s1 subunits of spike and nucleocapsid genes and a 3' untranslated region.an infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), ck/ch/lzj/111113, was isolated from a h120-vaccinated chicken which showed disease suspected of ibv infection. neutralization testing showed that ck/ch/lzj/111113 was distinct from either the chinese predominant ibv lx4-type or mass-type vaccine strains. phylogenetic analysis confirmed that ck/ch/lzj/111113 is of the 4/91 type; however, further extensive analyses of full-length genomes identified occurrence of recombination events. therefore, ck/ch/lzj/11111 ...201323182435
development of an antigen-capture elisa for the detection of avian leukosis virus p27 antigen.an antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ac-elisa) employing monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against p27 was developed for the detection of the avian leukosis virus (alv). the specificity of the optimized ac-elisa was evaluated using avian leukosis virus subgroup j (alv-j), avian leukosis virus subgroup a (alv-a), avian leukosis virus subgroup b (alv-b), avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), marek's disease virus (mdv), avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus (iltv), fowlpo ...201323201286
comparative genomics of korean infectious bronchitis viruses (ibvs) and an animal model to evaluate pathogenicity of ibvs to the reproductive organs.the k-i and nephropathogenic k-ii genotypes of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) have been isolated since 1995 and 1990, respectively, in korea and commercial inactivated oil-emulsion vaccines containing km91 (k-ii type) and massachusetts 41 strains have been used in the field. to date, genomic analyses of korean ibv strains and animal models to test the pathogenicity of korean ibvs to the reproductive organs have been rare. in the present study, comparative genomics of snu8067 (k-i type) and km ...201223202499
comparative dynamic distribution of avian infectious bronchitis virus m41, h120, and saibk strains by quantitative real-time rt-pcr in spf chickens.avian infectious bronchitis is an acute, highly contagious disease of chickens. to study the differences of dynamic distribution between nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) strains such as saibk and other strains (the m41 and h120 strains), relative quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was developed by housekeeping gene selection. glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and ubiquitin were chosen for normalization in this experimental set. then ni ...201223221700
rapid nk-cell activation in chicken after infection with infectious bronchitis virus m41.natural killer (nk) cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes and play an important role in the early defence against viruses. in this study we focussed on nk cell and interferon (ifn) responses after infection with infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). based on surface expression of cd107+, enhanced activation of lung nk cells was observed at 1 dpi, whereas in blood prolonged nk-cell activation was found. ifn-α and ifn-β mrna and proteins were not rapidly induced whereas ifn-γ production in lung, measured b ...201323245429
visualizing the autophagy pathway in avian cells and its application to studying infectious bronchitis virus.autophagy is a highly conserved cellular response to starvation that leads to the degradation of organelles and long-lived proteins in lysosomes and is important for cellular homeostasis, tissue development and as a defense against aggregated proteins, damaged organelles and infectious agents. although autophagy has been studied in many animal species, reagents to study autophagy in avian systems are lacking. microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (map1lc3/lc3) is an important marker for ...201323328491
development of a chick bioassay for determination of infectivity of viral pathogens in poultry litter.to develop a chicken bioassay to detect infective viral pathogens in poultry litter and to determine the effects of type of chicken and age of exposure, as well as the effect of simulated litter transportation, on the level of viral infectivity detected.201323356376
[evaluation of antigenic relationship of guangxi isolates of infectious bronchitis virus].monovalent antisera of 3 vaccine strains and 7 representative field isolates were prepared based on the comparison of genetic diversity of the hypervariable region i of s1 gene (hvr i from 3 infectious bronchitis (ib) vaccine strains (h120, ma5 and 4/91) ,one reference strain m41 and 26 ib field isolates. these 30 strains were classified in 7 different genotypes, respectively. virus-neutralizing test on tracheal organ cultures (toc) with chicken embryo were used to evaluate relatedness values of ...201223367560
protection of chickens against infectious bronchitis virus with a multivalent dna vaccine and boosting with an inactivated vaccine.the protective efficacy of dna plasmids encoding avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) s1, n, or m protein was investigated in chickens. chickens were inoculated monovalently (with plasmid pvax1-16s1, pvax1-16m, or pvax1-16n alone) or multivalently (combination of the three different plasmids, pvax1-16s1/m/n). a prime-boost immunization protocol against ibv was developed. chickens were immunized with the multivalent dna vaccine twice and then boosted with an inactivated vaccine once. antibody ...201323388447
the required sample size in vaccination-challenge experiments with infectious bronchitis virus, a meta-analysis.for statistical, animal welfare and financial reasons the choice of the number of chickens per group in experiments is important. this estimation, together with the number of tracheal organ cultures (tocs) that need to be examined from each chicken in order to assess protection, should be based on the difference in level of protection that one would like to be able to detect (effect size), the expected variability of the results between and within the chickens, the desired confidence level and t ...201323391176
review of infectious bronchitis virus around the world.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is a gamma coronavirus that causes a highly contagious disease in chickens. the virus can affect the upper respiratory tract and the reproductive tract, and some strains can cause a nephritis. different serotypes and genetic types of the virus have been identified worldwide and for the most part do not cross-protect. in addition, new types of the virus continue to arise due to mutations and recombination events in the viral genome, making this virus difficult to ...201223397833
the proportion of specific viral subpopulations in attenuated arkansas delmarva poultry industry infectious bronchitis vaccines influences vaccination outcome.we investigated the significance of differing proportions of specific subpopulations among commercial arkansas (ark) delmarva poultry industry (dpi) vaccines with regard to vaccination outcome. two arkdpi-derived vaccines that contain a higher proportion of viruses with s1 genes that become selected during replication in chickens exhibited more rapid establishment of those selected subpopulations in chickens, produced significantly higher viral loads in tears, and induced higher antibody respons ...201223397834
detection of infectious bronchitis virus serotypes by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in broiler chickens.infectious bronchitis (ib) is a highly contagious disease of the respiratory and urogenital tract of chickens, caused by infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), a member of the family coronaviridae. the disease is common throughout the world where chickens are produced commercially. pcr on reverse transcribed rna is a potent technique for the detection of ibv. in comparison with classical detection methods, pcr-based techniques are both sensitive and fast. dozens of serotypes and genotypes of ibv hav ...201323450039
continuous evolution of avian infectious bronchitis virus resulting in different variants co-circulating in southern china.sixty field strains of avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) were isolated from chicken flocks in different regions of guangxi from 1985 to 2012. phylogenetic analysis of s1 subunit glycoprotein genes revealed that field isolates from 2009-2011 mostly belonged to the lx4 type, while those from 1985-2008 belonged to the hn08 type, and a few others belonged to the 4/91 type, the tw type and the mass type. in addition, it is noteworthy that no obvious regional differences were found among these 6 ...201323474985
regulation of macrophage and dendritic cell function by pathogens and through immunomodulation in the avian mucosa.macrophages (mph) and dendritic cells (dc) are members of the mononuclear phagocyte system. in chickens, markers to distinguish mph from dc are lacking, but whether mph and dc can be distinguished in humans and mice is under debate, despite the availability of numerous markers. mucosal mph and dc are strategically located to ingest foreign antigens, suggesting they can rapidly respond to invading pathogens. this review addresses our current understanding of dc and mph function, the receptors exp ...201323542704
immune responses to infectious laryngotracheitis virus.infectious laryngotracheitis (ilt) is an upper respiratory tract disease in chickens caused by infectious laryngotracheitis virus (iltv), an alphaherpesvirus. despite the extensive use of attenuated, and more recently recombinant, vaccines for the control of this disease, ilt continues to affect the intensive poultry industries worldwide. innate and cell-mediated, rather than humoral immune responses, have been identified as responsible for protection against disease. this review examines the cu ...201323567343
avian metapneumoviruses expressing infectious bronchitis virus genes are stable and induce protection.the study investigates the ability of subtype a avian metapneumovirus (ampv) to accept foreign genes and be used as a vector for delivery of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) qx genes to chickens. initially the gfp gene was added to ampv at all gene junctions in conjunction with the development of cassetted full length dna ampv copies. after recombinant virus had been recovered by reverse genetics, gfp positions supporting gene expression while maintaining virus viability in vitro, were determin ...201323588091
characterization of nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus dmv/1639/11 recovered from delmarva broiler chickens in 2011.a limited outbreak of nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis (nib) occurred in three delmarva (dmv) commercial broiler chicken flocks in 2011. isolates of nib virus (nibv)--dmv/1639/11, dmv/3432/11, and dmv/3902/11--were characterized by sequence analysis of the n-terminal subunit (s1) of the spike (s) gene. findings indicated that the isolates were identical to each other and to pa/9579a/10, a 2010 isolate from poultry in pennsylvania. the 2010 and 2011 isolates appear to have originated from a ...201323678731
experimental study on histopathological changes and tissue tropism of iranian infectious bronchitis serotype 793/b-like virus in spf chickens.avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is prevalent in all countries with intensive poultry flocks. this disease is characterised primarily by respiratory signs, but some ibv strains may also infect other organs such as the intestinal and urogenital tracts. the aim of this study was to characterise the histopathological lesions and tissue tropism of iranian isolate ir/773/2001(793/b) of avian infectious bronchitis virus in different organs of experimentally infected spf chickens. forty-two one- ...201323718717
presence of infectious bronchitis virus strain ck/ch/ldl/97i in the middle east.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is a very dynamic and evolving virus, causing major economic losses to the global poultry industry. in early 2011, respiratory disease outbreaks were investigated in iraq, jordan, and saudi arabia. five ibv isolates (joa2, joa4, saudi-1, saudi-2, and iraqi ibv) were detected by diagnostic-nested nucleocapsid rt-pcr. strain identification was characterised by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the amplified hypervariable region of the spike 1 (s1) gene. thes ...201223738118
a cholesterol tag at the n terminus of the relatively broad-spectrum fusion inhibitory peptide targets an earlier stage of fusion glycoprotein activation and increases the peptide's antiviral potency in vivo.in previous work, we designed peptides that showed potent inhibition of newcastle disease virus (ndv) and infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) infections in chicken embryos. in this study, we demonstrate that peptides modified with cholesterol or 3 u of polyethylene glycol (peg3) conjugated to the peptides' n termini showed even more promising antiviral activities when tested in animal models. both cholesterol- and cholesterol-peg3-tagged peptides were able to protect chicken embryos from infection ...201323804636
a duplex sybr green i-based real-time rt-pcr assay for the simultaneous detection and differentiation of massachusetts and non-massachusetts serotypes of infectious bronchitis virus.infectious bronchitis is a highly contagious viral disease of poultry caused by infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) and is considered one of the most economically important viral diseases of chickens. control of ibv has been attempted using live attenuated and inactivated vaccines. live attenuated vaccines of the massachusetts (mass.) serotype are the most commonly used for this purpose. due to the continuous emergence of new variants of the infectious bronchitis virus, the identification of the t ...201323810983
lactococcus lactis anchoring avian infectious bronchitis virus multi-epitope peptide epic induced specific immune responses in chickens.mucosal immunity is critical in preventing infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) infection. to deliver viral antigens to the mucosal immune system of chickens safely and effectively, we constructed a lactococcus lactis strain carrying ibv multi-epitope gene epic fused with the gene of the cell-wall anchoring domain of staphylococcus aureus protein a. sds-page and western blot results indicated that the fused peptide was located partially on the cell surface. oral and nasal inoculation with the recom ...201323832344
simultaneous detection of five major serotypes of avian coronavirus by a multiplex microsphere-based assay.avian coronavirus (commonly known as infectious bronchitis virus [ibv]) is of major economic importance to commercial chicken producers worldwide. due to the existence of multiple serotypes and variants of the virus that do not cross-protect, it is important to diagnose circulating serotypes and choose the right vaccine type for successful protection. in an effort to improve conventional diagnostic tests, a microsphere-based assay was developed and evaluated for simultaneous detection of the mos ...201323847226
humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to different doses of attenuated vaccine against avian infectious bronchitis virus.the antibody and cellular immune responses against infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) were evaluated at mucosal sites of chickens after immunization with various doses of an attenuated vaccine at 1 day of age. the correlation of these immune responses with protection of tracheal tissues was evaluated after experimental infection of these birds. significantly reduced tracheal pathologic effects, measured according to ciliostasis and histology lesions, and reduced viral load were observed only in t ...201323865943
changes of several acute phase factors in broiler chickens in response to infectious bronchitis virus infection.this study was performed to clarify the acute phase response following infectious bronchitis virus inoculation. ninety clinically healthy 1-d-old ross chicks were randomly assigned into 2 groups: control (n = 20) and infected group (n = 70). at the age of 20 d, all birds in the infected group were challenged intranasally with allantoic fluid containing 10(5) embryo lethal dose (eld50)/0.1 ml of the infectious bronchitis virus. blood samples were collected from 20 clinically healthy and 70 infect ...201323873545
[development of a gexp assay for simultaneous differentiation of six chicken respiratory viruses].a gexp based multiplex pcr assay was developed to simultaneously detect six different chicken respiratory viruses including h5, h7, h9 subtypes of avian influenza virus(aiv), new castle disease virus (ndv), infectious bronchitis virus(ibv) and infectious laryngotracheitis virus(iltv). according to the conserved sequences of genes of each pathogen, seven pairs of specific primers were designed, and the reaction conditions were optimized. the specificity and accuracy of gexp were examined using sa ...201323905467
cell-mediated immune responses in the head-associated lymphoid tissues induced to a live attenuated avian coronavirus vaccine.humoral immunity is important for controlling viral diseases of poultry, but recent studies have indicated that cytotoxic t cells also play an important role in the immune response to infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). to better understand the cell mediated immune responses to ibv in the mucosal and systemic immune compartments chickens were ocularly vaccinated with ibv. this induced a lymphocyte expansion in head-associated lymphoid tissues (halt) and to a lesser extent in the spleen, followed ...201323948147
altered pro-inflammatory cytokine mrna levels in chickens infected with infectious bronchitis virus.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) replicates primarily in the respiratory tract and grows in various organs in chickens, with or without pathological effects. the diversity of this virus has been verified by sequence analysis of the s1 glycoprotein gene, but this method must be supplemented with further analysis for characterization of the agent. to increase our understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease caused by this virus, we investigated the response of chickens to 2 ibv with different ...201323960111
decay of maternal antibodies in broiler chickens.the objective of this study was to determine the decay rate of maternal antibodies against major broiler chicken pathogens. a total of 30 one-day-old broiler chicks were obtained from a commercial hatchery and reared in isolation. these chicks were retrieved from a parent flock that received a routine vaccination program. chicks were bled at hatch and sequentially thereafter every 5 d through 30 d of age. maternal antibody titers were measured by elisa for avian encephalomyelitis (aev), avian in ...201323960115
role of chicken astrovirus as a causative agent of gout in commercial broilers in india.several outbreaks of gout were reported in commercial broilers in india during 2011 and 2012, causing up to 40% mortality in the birds. gross and histopathological observations confirmed gout. quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qrt-pcr) analysis from kidney samples of gout-affected birds indicated the presence of chicken astrovirus (castv) in 41.7% of cases and a mixed infection of castv and avian nephritis virus (anv) in 36.4% of cases. castv isolated from gout-affect ...201324015918
identification and survey of a novel avian coronavirus in ducks.the rapid discovery of novel viruses using next generation sequencing (ngs) technologies including dna-seq and rna-seq, has greatly expanded our understanding of viral diversity in recent years. the timely identification of novel viruses using ngs technologies is also important for us to control emerging infectious diseases caused by novel viruses. in this study, we identified a novel duck coronavirus (cov), distinct with chicken infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), using rna-seq. the novel duck-s ...201324023656
contributions of the s2 spike ectodomain to attachment and host range of infectious bronchitis virus.the spike protein is the major viral attachment protein of the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) and ultimately determines viral tropism. the s1 subunit of the spike is assumed to be required for virus attachment. however, we have previously shown that this domain of the embryo- and cell culture adapted beaudette strain, in contrast to that of the virulent m41 strain, is not sufficient for binding to chicken trachea (wickramasinghe et al., 2011). in the present study, we demons ...201324041648
molecular survey of enteric viruses in commercial chicken farms in korea with a history of enteritis.several enteric viruses have increasingly received attention as potential causative agents of runting-stunting syndrome (rss) in chickens. a molecular survey was performed to determine the presence of a broad range of enteric viruses, namely chicken astrovirus (castv), avian nephritis virus (anv), chicken parvovirus (chpv), infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), avian rotavirus (avrv), avian reovirus (arv), and fowl adenovirus (fadv), in intestinal samples derived from 34 commercial chicken flocks t ...201324135590
transcriptome analysis of chicken kidney tissues following coronavirus avian infectious bronchitis virus infection.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), a prototype of the coronaviridae family, is an economically important causative agent of infectious bronchitis in chickens and causes an acute and highly contagious upper respiratory tract infections that may lead to nephritis. however, the molecular antiviral mechanisms of chickens to ibv infection remain poorly understood. in this study, we conducted global gene expression profiling of chicken kidney tissue after nephropathogenic ibv infection to better under ...201324168272
cross-protective immune responses elicited by a korean variant of infectious bronchitis virus.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) infections cause great economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. ibvs continuously evolve by developing mutations in antigenic sites; therefore, an ibv vaccine that provides broad cross-protection can be a highly relevant and practical method in ibv control strategies. although some ibv vaccine strains are known to provide protection against multiple ibv serotypes, in general commercially available ibv vaccine strains provide protection against antigeni ...201324283135
development and characterization of a recombinant infectious bronchitis virus expressing the ectodomain region of s1 gene of h120 strain.infectious bronchitis (ib), caused by infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), is a highly contagious chicken disease, and can lead to serious economic losses in poultry enterprises. the continual introduction of new ibv serotypes requires alternative strategies for the production of timely and safe vaccines against the emergence of variants. modification of the ibv genome using reverse genetics is one way to generate recombinant ibvs as the candidates of new ibv vaccines. in this study, the recombina ...201424287931
adjuvant effects of mannose-binding lectin ligands on the immune response to infectious bronchitis vaccine in chickens with high or low serum mannose-binding lectin concentrations.mannose-binding lectin (mbl) plays a major role in the immune response as a soluble pattern-recognition receptor. mbl deficiency and susceptibility to different types of infections have been subject to extensive studies over the last decades. in humans and chickens, several studies have shown that mbl participates in the protection of hosts against virus infections. infectious bronchitis (ib) is a highly contagious disease of economic importance in the poultry industry caused by the coronavirus ...201424305086
mapping of the receptor-binding domain and amino acids critical for attachment in the spike protein of avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus.the infection of the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is initiated by the binding of the spike glycoprotein s to sialic acids on the chicken host cell. in this study we identified the receptor-binding domain (rbd) of the spike of the prototype ibv strain m41. by analyzing the ability of recombinantly expressed chimeric and truncated spike proteins to bind to chicken tissues, we demonstrate that the n-terminal 253 amino acids of the spike are both required and sufficient for bi ...201424314633
a genome-wide association study identifies major loci affecting the immune response against infectious bronchitis virus in chicken.coronaviruses are a hot research topic because they can cause severe diseases in humans and animals. infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), belonging to gamma-coronaviruses, causes a highly infectious respiratory viral disease and can result in catastrophic economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. unfortunately, the genetic basis of the host immune responses against ibv is poorly understood. in the present study, the antibody levels against ibv post-immunization were measured by an enzyme- ...201424333371
bacmam virus-based surface display of the infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) s1 glycoprotein confers strong protection against virulent ibv challenge in chickens.avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is associated with production inefficiencies in domestic fowl, and causes massive economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. progress has been made in designing novel and efficient candidate vaccines to control ibv infection. bacmam virus, a modified baculovirus mediating transgene expression under the control of a mammalian promoter, has emerged as a versatile and safe vector during vaccine development. in previous work, we generated the bacmam vi ...201424342247
diagnostic and clinical observation on the infectious bronchitis virus strain q1 in italy.this paper describes the diagnostic and clinical observations of an infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) variant, referred to as q1, in clinically ill chickens in italy. this ibv variant was described for the first time in 1998 in china. in the autumn of 2011 it caused a small-scale epidemic in nonvaccinated meat chickens in farms located in northern italy. the disease was characterized by increased mortality, kidney lesions and proventriculitis. histopathological observations confirmed the nephrit ...201324362775
production and immunogenicity of chimeric virus-like particles containing the spike glycoprotein of infectious bronchitis virus.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) poses a severe threat to the poultry industry and causes heavy economic losses worldwide. vaccination is the most effective method of preventing infection and controlling the spread of ibv, but currently available inactivated and attenuated virus vaccines have some disadvantages. we developed a chimeric virus-like particle (vlp)-based candidate vaccine for ibv protection. the chimeric vlp was composed of matrix 1 protein from avian influenza h5n1 virus and a fus ...201324378590
emerging viral diseases of livestock in the developing world.emerging and reemerging viral diseases of livestock and human beings are in sharp rise in recent years. importantly, many of these viruses, including influenza, hendra, nipah and corona are of zoonotic importance. several viral diseases of livestock such as bluetongue, peste des petits ruminants, camel pox, equine infectious anaemia, chicken anaemia and sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever are crossing their traditional boundaries. emergence of new serotypes and variant forms of viruses as ...201324426290
sambucus nigra extracts inhibit infectious bronchitis virus at an early point during replication.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is a pathogenic chicken coronavirus. currently, vaccination against ibv is only partially protective; therefore, better preventions and treatments are needed. plants produce antimicrobial secondary compounds, which may be a source for novel anti-viral drugs. non-cytotoxic, crude ethanol extracts of rhodiola rosea roots, nigella sativa seeds, and sambucus nigra fruit were tested for anti-ibv activity, since these safe, widely used plant tissues contain polyphenol ...201424433341
induction of innate immune response following infectious bronchitis corona virus infection in the respiratory tract of chickens.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) replicates in the epithelial cells of trachea and lungs of chicken, however the mechanism of generation of innate immune response against ibv infection in these tissues has not been fully characterized. our objective was to study innate responses induced early following ibv infection in chickens. initiation of the transcription of selected innate immune genes such as tlr3, tlr7, myd88, il-1β and ifn-β, as well as recruitment of macrophages, were evident followin ...201424503073
emergence of enteric viruses in production chickens is a concern for avian health.several viruses have been identified in recent years in the intestinal contents of chickens and turkeys with enteric problems, which have been observed in commercial farms worldwide, including brazil. molecular detection of these viruses in brazil can transform to a big threat for poultry production due to risk for intestinal integrity. this disease is characterized by severely delayed growth, low uniformity, lethargy, watery diarrhea, delayed feed consumption, and a decreased conversion rate. c ...201424578633
high-level protein expression following single and dual gene cloning of infectious bronchitis virus n and s genes using baculovirus systems.baculovirus is an efficient system for the gene expression that can be used for gene transfer to both insect and different vertebrate hosts. the nucleocapsid gene (n) of the infectious bronchitis virus was cloned in a baculovirus expression system for insect cell expression. dual expression vectors containing ibv n and spike (s) proteins of the avian infectious bronchitis virus were engineered under the control of human and murine cytomegalovirus immediate-early enhancer/promoter elements in com ...201424605790
effects of avian infectious bronchitis virus antigen on eggshell formation and immunoreaction in hen oviduct.the aim of this study was to determine the mechanism by which the avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) affects eggshell formation. attenuated ibv (aibv group) or vehicle (control group) was injected into the oviductal magnum lumen of white leghorn laying hens. the changes in the expression of genes related to eggshell formation (collagen types i and v, and cabp-d28k), densities of cytotoxic cells (cd8(+) and tcr-γδ(+) t cells), and gene expression of molecules related to cytotoxic immunoreact ...201424612789
origin and characteristics of the recombinant novel avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus isolate ck/ch/ljl/111054.recombination among infectious bronchitis viruses (ibvs), coupled with point mutations, insertions, and deletions that occur in the genome, is thought to contribute to the emergence of new ibv variants. in this study an ibv, ck/ch/ljl/111054, was isolated from a h120-vaccinated chicken, which presented with a suspected ibv infection. phylogenetic analysis of the s1 subunit sequence confirmed that strain ck/ch/ljl/111054 is of the connecticut-type; however, further extensive full-length genomic a ...201424613433
assessment of the potential relationship between egg quality and infectious bronchitis virus infection in australian layer flocks.this investigation aimed to determine if there was a relationship between the production of eggs with poor internal quality, as measured by poor haugh units, by australian layer flocks and the detection of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) in the hens. other risk factors including flock size, flock type, flock age, chicken breed and vaccination frequency were also assessed.201424673141
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