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[expression of fmdv vp1 protein in pichia pastoris and its immunological activity in mice].to express and identify bovine o type foot and mouth disease virus protein 1 (fmdv vp1) in yeast pichia pastoris.200415367336
molecular epidemiology of serotype o foot-and-mouth disease virus isolated from cattle in ethiopia between 1979-2001.partial 1d gene characterization was used to study phylogenetic relationships between 17 serotype o foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) viruses in ethiopia as well as with other o-type isolates from eritrea, kenya, south and west africa, the middle east, asia and south america. a homologous region of 495 bp corresponding to the c-terminus end of the 1d gene was used for phylogenetic analysis. this study described three lineages, viz. african/middle east-asia, cathay and south american. within lineage i ...200415373335
preserved antigenicity of hiv-1 p24 produced and purified in high yields from plants inoculated with a tobacco mosaic virus (tmv)-derived vector.production of structural proteins from foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) and bovine herpes virus (bhv-1) in nicotiana benthamiana through the use of a tobacco mosaic virus-based vector (tmv-30b) has been reported previously. the development of the tmv-30b-hisc vector, a new version that adds a c-terminal histidine (his) sequence to the foreign protein expressed is described. coding sequences from the fmdv vpl protein and the core protein, p24, from a clade c hiv-1 isolate from zambia were clon ...200415381357
sequencing and analysis for the full-length genome rna of foot-and-mouth disease virus china/99.the complete nucleotide sequence of genomic rna of foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) strain china/99 from infected bovine tongue epithelium is presented. the nucleotide sequence extending from the 5' end of the genomic rna to the 5' end of poly (a) tail contains 8173 nucleotides (nt). its open reading frame, which encodes a single polypeptide of 2332 amino acids, encompasses 6999 nt starting from the initiation codon aug and terminating at the uaa codon 93 bases upstream from the 5' end of pol ...200415382679
participatory diagnosis of a heat-intolerance syndrome in cattle in tanzania and association with foot-and-mouth disease.a heat-intolerance (hi) syndrome in cattle in tanzania was suspected to be associated with previous, clinical foot-and-mouth disease (fmd). a participatory appraisal (pa) method called "matrix scoring" was used to explore livestock-keeper perceptions of association between hi and cattle diseases. a pa method called 'proportional piling' was used to estimate herd incidence of fmd and other diseases, herd incidence of hi, and association between hi and other cattle diseases. use of matrix scoring ...200415454324
reintroduction of foot-and-mouth disease in argentina: characterisation of the isolates and development of tools for the control and eradication of the disease.this paper describes the antigenic and molecular characterisation of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) strains isolated during the 2000-2002 epidemic in argentina, and the strategy implemented for disease control. two different fmdv serotypes, o and a, were involved. of the various field isolates studied, two distinct o1 lineages (strains corrientes/00 and misiones/00) and two serotype a lineages (a/argentina/00 and a/argentina/01 prototypes) were identified. the genome sequences of these stra ...200415474705
new approaches to rapidly control foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks.economically, foot-and-mouth disease is the most important viral-induced livestock disease worldwide. the disease is highly contagious and foot-and-mouth disease virus replicates and spreads extremely rapidly. recent outbreaks in previously foot-and-mouth disease-free countries and the potential use of foot-and-mouth disease virus by terrorist groups have demonstrated the vulnerability of countries and the need to develop control strategies that can rapidly inhibit or limit spread of the disease ...200315482155
role of nonstructural proteins 3a and 3b in host range and pathogenicity of foot-and-mouth disease virus.the genome of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) differs from that of other picornaviruses in that it encodes a larger 3a protein (>50% longer than poliovirus 3a), as well as three copies of protein 3b (also known as vpg). previous studies have shown that a deletion of amino acids 93 to 102 of the 153-codon 3a protein is associated with an inability of a taiwanese strain of fmdv (o/taw/97) to cause disease in bovines. recently, an asian virus with a second 3a deletion (amino acids 133 to 143) h ...200314645558
induction of an antigen-specific immune response and partial protection of cattle against challenge infection with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) after lipopeptide vaccination with fmdv-specific b-cell epitopes.to evaluate the potential of chemically synthesized lipopeptides for vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease (fmd), seven lipopeptides containing the immunostimulating principle of bacterial lipoproteins and linear b-cell epitopes of fmdv strain o(1)kaufbeuren (o(1)k) were used to immunize cattle (n=7). animals were vaccinated once and 21 days after immunization animals were infected with the homologous virus. four animals were protected. after vaccination, as well as after challenge infectio ...200314645912
validation of a lightcycler-based reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for the detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus.a specific reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) for the detection of the polymerase gene (3d) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) was developed and validated with an analytical sensitivity of equal to, to 1,000 times higher than that of a single passage virus isolation. the performance of the rt-pcr was determined in 180 runs. after implementation, 5.3% of the tests had to be rejected due to invalid controls (e.g. cross-contamination of negative controls). the diagnostic s ...200314500125
adenovirus-mediated type i interferon expression delays and reduces disease signs in cattle challenged with foot-and-mouth disease virus.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is an economically important disease of livestock. eliminating fmd outbreaks in previously disease-free countries often relies on restriction of animal movement and massive slaughter of infected and in-contact susceptible animals. to develop a more effective and humane fmd control strategy, we explored the possibility of using type i interferon (ifn-alpha/beta) as a novel anti-fmd agent. we have demonstrated previously that swine inoculated with replication-defective ...200314511462
a stochastic-modeling evaluation of the foot-and-mouth-disease survey conducted after the outbreak in miyazaki, japan in 2000.when foot-and-mouth-disease (fmd) was identified in miyazaki prefecture in march 2000, japan conducted an intensive serological and clinical survey in the areas surrounding the index herd. as a result of the survey during the 21 days of the movement-restriction period, two infected herds were detected and destroyed; there were no other cases in the months that followed. to evaluate the survey used for screening the disease-control area and surveillance area, we estimated the herd-level sensitivi ...200314516716
development of a novel quantitative real-time rt-pcr assay for the simultaneous detection of all serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) spreads extremely fast and the need for rapid and robust diagnostic virus detection systems was obvious during the recent european epidemic. using a novel real-time rt-pcr system based on primer-probe energy transfer (priproet) we present here an assay targeting the 3d gene of fmdv. the assay was validated for the efficacy to detect all known fmdv serotypes. the test method was linear over a range of at least 7 orders of magnitude and the detection limit was b ...200314551821
studies of quantitative parameters of virus excretion and transmission in pigs and cattle experimentally infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) can be spread by a variety of mechanisms and the rate of spread, the incubation period and the severity of disease depend on a multitude of parameters, including the strain of virus, the dose received, the route of introduction, the animal species and the husbandry conditions. more knowledge with regard to these parameters is urgently needed to improve resource-efficient disease control. this report describes detailed studies of fmdv load, excretion and transm ...200314554125
construction of an infectious chimeric classical swine fever virus containing the 5'utr of bovine viral diarrhea virus, and its application as a universal internal positive control in real-time rt-pcr.rt-pcr is used widely as a diagnostic method to detect and differentiate pestiviruses. the construction of two chimeric classical swine fever virus (csfv) recombinants based on a marker virus constructed previously [j. virol. 72 (1998) 5318-5322] is described. these viruses, termed va187cat_5utrbvd and va187cat_iresbvd, contain the entire 5' untranslated region (5'utr) or the internal ribosome entry site (ires) of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), respectively. both chimeric viruses proved to ...200314599682
a solid-phase blocking elisa for detection of type o foot-and-mouth disease virus antibodies suitable for mass serology.a simple solid-phase blocking elisa for the detection of antibodies directed against type o foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) was developed. the elisa was validated using field sera collected from cattle, pigs and sheep originating from fmdv infected and non-infected dutch farms, reference sera obtained from the world reference laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease at the institute for animal health, pirbright laboratory, uk and sera from experimentally infected animals. testing 2664 sera coll ...200312445942
the risks posed by the importation of animals vaccinated against foot and mouth disease and products derived from vaccinated animals: a review.the terrestrial animal health code of the oie (world organisation for animal health) (the terrestrial code) makes recommendations for international movements of live animals and animal products because of a possible generic risk of foot and mouth disease (fmd) for these different commodities. for instance, international movement of vaccinated live animals or products of such animals is restricted due to the possible masking of clinical disease as a result of vaccination and to the perceived risk ...200315005540
evidence of the coevolution of antigenicity and host cell tropism of foot-and-mouth disease virus in vivo.in this work we analyze the antigenic properties and the stability in cell culture of virus mutants recovered upon challenge of peptide-vaccinated cattle with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) c3 arg85. previously, we showed that a significant proportion of 29 lesions analyzed (41%) contained viruses with single amino acid replacements (r141g, l144p, or l147p) within a major antigenic site located at the g-h loop of vp1, known to participate also in interactions with integrin receptors. here w ...200312502839
evaluation of automated rt-pcr to accelerate the laboratory diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease virus.automated fluorogenic (5' nuclease probe-based) reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) procedures were evaluated for the diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) using suspensions of vesicular epithelium, heparinised or clotted blood, milk and oesophageal-pharyngeal fluid ('probang') samples from the united kingdom (uk) 2001 epidemic and on sera from animals experimentally infected with the outbreak serotype o fmd virus strain. a magna pure lc was initially programmed to autom ...200312505626
the history of research in foot-and-mouth disease.the history of research in foot-and-mouth disease falls into several distinct areas. in this short chapter i have highlighted what i consider to be the significant advances in our knowledge of the disease and its causal agent. 1. loeffler and frosch's landmark description in 1898 that the disease is caused by a filterable agent, the first observation that an animal disease could be caused by a virus. 2. the search for experimental laboratory animals, culminating in the demonstration by waldmann ...200312527434
molecular basis of pathogenesis of fmdv.current understanding of the molecular basis of pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) has been achieved through over 100 years of study into the biology of the etiologic agent, fmdv. over the last 40 years, classical biochemical and physical analyses of fmdv grown in cell culture have helped to reveal the structure and function of the viral proteins, while knowledge gained by the study of the virus' genetic diversity has helped define structures that are essential for replication and prod ...200312527435
evolution of foot-and-mouth disease virus.foot-and-mouth disease virus evolution is strongly influenced by high mutation rates and a quasispecies dynamics. mutant swarms are subjected to positive selection, negative selection and random drift of genomes. adaptation is the result of selective amplification of subpopulations of genomes. the extent of adaptation to a given environment is quantified by a relative fitness value. fitness values depend on the virus and its physical and biological environment. generally, infections involving la ...200312527437
molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease virus.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is the most economically important veterinary pathogen due to its highly infectious nature, ability to cause persistent infections and long term effects on the condition and productivity of the many animal species it affects. countries which have the disease have many trade restrictions placed upon them. in the last 15 years there have been significant advances in the understanding of fmd epidemiology. these have largely been due to the application of the molecular b ...200312527438
foot-and-mouth disease virus receptors: comparison of bovine alpha(v) integrin utilization by type a and o viruses.three members of the alpha(v) integrin family of cellular receptors, alpha(v)beta(1), alpha(v)beta(3), and alpha(v)beta(6), have been identified as receptors for foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in vitro. the virus interacts with these receptors via a highly conserved arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (rgd) amino acid sequence motif located within the betag-betah (g-h) loop of vp1. other alpha(v) integrins, as well as several other integrins, recognize and bind to rgd motifs on their natural lig ...200312551988
identification and isolation of foot-and-mouth disease virus from primary suspect cases in korea in 2000.the republic of korea had been free from foot and mouth disease (fmd) since 1934, until a recent outbreak in 2000. from march to april 2000, a total of 15 fmd outbreaks due to the serotype o virus were recorded. coincidental outbreaks of fmd in cattle or pigs by the serotype o virus were reported in the region, including taiwan, china, japan, russia and mongolia. in this report, the results of emergency investigations of fmd cases on a dairy farm located approximately 5-km from the demilitarized ...200312576697
molecular epidemiological investigation of foot-and-mouth disease virus in korea in 2000.the genetic relatedness of 7 korean type o field strains of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in clinical specimens collected from 5 different geographic locations in 2000 was investigated. the sequence of 162 nucleotides (nt 478-639) at the 3' end of the 1d (vp1) genes was determined from amplified cdna fragments, and subjected to the analysis for the sequence identity/divergence and phylogenetic relationship. the overall nucleotide sequence divergence among the 7 field strains was 0 to 3.8%, ...200312576698
the foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in the netherlands in 2001.an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in great britain was reported on 21 february 2001, followed by an outbreak of fmd in the netherlands a month later. this dutch index outbreak occurred on a mixed, veal-calf/dairy-goat farm in oene, in the central part of the netherlands. the most-likely route of infection was the import of irish veal-calves to this dutch herd via an fmd-contaminated staging point in france. with hindsight, more herds seemed to be infected by the time the index outbreak ...200312581598
antigenic characterization of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype asia1 field isolates using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype asia1 field isolates (n = 100) were compared using a panel of 11 monoclonal antibodies (mab) in sandwich elisa. the majority (over 89%) of the isolates showed either homologous (76% and above reactivity) or reduced affinity (20-75% reactivity) for the mabs 2a, 13, 40, 34 and 81, suggesting that these mab binding epitopes are conserved, whereas a more variable reactivity was observed for the mabs b3, 1a, 24, 72, 82 and 89. polyclonal relationship ('r' ...200312591202
description of an epidemic simulation model for use in evaluating strategies to control an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease.to develop a spatial epidemic model to simulate intraherd and interherd transmission of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus.200312602589
results of epidemic simulation modeling to evaluate strategies to control an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease.to assess estimated effectiveness of control and eradication procedures for foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in a region of california.200312602590
development of a foot-and-mouth disease nsp elisa and its comparison with differential diagnostic methods.the gene encoding the nonstructural protein (nsp) of o/skr/2000 foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) was constructed to express under the polyhedron promoter of baculovirus. the expression of nsp was confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa) and western blotting. the expressed nsp was applied as a diagnostic antigen for indirect-trapping elisa (i-elisa). an i-elisa using monoclonal antibody (mab) against 3a as trapping antibody was developed to differentiate infected from vaccinated ca ...200312615437
use of the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) for the rapid diagnosis of foot and mouth disease in south america.foot and mouth disease (fmd) is a limiting factor for the economic progress of the animal industry in south america. the presence of the disease results in the imposition of national and international sanitary barriers to animals and animal products, and, most especially, a reduction in the availability of protein from animal origin and in income. rapid and accurate identification of infected animals, those with either clinical or subclinical disease as well as with persistent infection, is esse ...200312625404
prevalence of seroreagents to fmdv in the cattle population in poland: results of 9-year monitoring studies.the aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in sera of cattle in poland. the examinations were performed using the virus neutralization (vn) test and elisa methods: liquid-phase blocking elisa (lpbe) and 3abc-elisa. during 1993-2001, about 681,000 samples of sera collected from animals held on the territory of poland were tested. of about 600,000 sera taken from animals exported to the european union, 963 samples (0.16%) were found to ...200312675463
retrospective genetic analysis of sat-1 type foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in west africa (1975-1981).the complete 1d genome region encoding the immunogenic and phylogenetically informative vp1 gene was genetically characterized for 23 south african territories (sat)-1 viruses causing foot-and-mouth (fmd) disease outbreaks in the west african region between 1975 and 1981. the results indicate that two independent outbreaks occurred, the first involved two west african countries, namely niger and nigeria, whilst the second affected nigeria alone. in the former epizootic, virus circulation spanned ...200312713891
rapid serological profiling by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and its use as an epidemiological indicator of foot-and-mouth disease viral activity.frequency distribution of reactivity levels of foot-and-mouth disease infection-specific antibodies in livestock populations was analysed. specific antibody responses against non-capsid polyprotein 3abc were assessed through a highly sensitive indirect enzyme-linked immonosorbent assay (i-elisa 3abc). a graphic display of data was designed based on three negative and three positive categories to illustrate reactivity patterns. the resulting patterns were correlated to the epidemiological status. ...200312721797
foot-and-mouth disease vaccine potency testing: determination and statistical validation of a model using a serological approach.european foot-and-mouth disease vaccine manufacturers are required to quantify the efficacy of their product in accordance with the european pharmacopoeia (ep). the method used most often to establish the potency of foot-and-mouth disease vaccines requires viral challenge of vaccinated cattle. alternative approaches, such as challenge-free serological assessments have many advantages over existing methods and could be used if robust statistical models could be developed that related antibody tit ...200312804854
benefit-cost analysis of vaccination and preemptive slaughter as a means of eradicating foot-and-mouth disease.to assess relative costs and benefits of vaccination and preemptive herd slaughter to control transmission of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus (fmdv).200312856762
the pathogenesis and diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease.the pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is reviewed, taking account of knowledge gained from field and experimental studies and embracing investigations at the level of the virus, the cell, the organ, the whole animal and the herd or flock. the review also addresses the immune response and the carrier state in fmd. progress made in understanding the pathogenesis of the disease is highlighted in relation to developments in diagnosis and methods of control.200312859905
detection of carrier cattle and sheep persistently infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus by a rapid real-time rt-pcr assay.the detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in persistently infected carriers among exposed ruminants is of great importance in disease control. for this purpose, a real time, fluorogenic reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (real-time rt-pcr) assay was evaluated for the identification of fmdv carrier animals. the results indicate that this real time rt-pcr assay may be suitable for detection of fmdv carrier animals.200312880924
identification of foot-and-mouth disease virus-specific linear b-cell epitopes to differentiate between infected and vaccinated cattle.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals. for several years, vaccination of animals, which had proven to be successful for the eradication of the disease, has been forbidden in the united states and the european community because of the difficulty of differentiating between vaccinated and infected animals. in this study, detailed investigations of the bovine humoral immune response against fmd virus (fmdv) were performed with the aim of identifyi ...200312885881
a synthetic peptide containing the consensus sequence of the g-h loop region of foot-and-mouth disease virus type-o vp1 and a promiscuous t-helper epitope induces peptide-specific antibodies but fails to protect cattle against viral challenge.a pilot study was carried out in cattle to determine the immunogenicity of a synthetic consensus peptide comprising the g-h loop region of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) type-o vp1 and a non-vp1 t-helper (th) epitope. cattle vaccinated intramuscularly either once (n = 5) or twice (n = 4) with 50 microg of the peptide preparation at a 21-day interval developed antibodies to the peptide as determined by elisa with the exception of one steer that received a single dose. however, neutralizing a ...200312922108
biological effect of varying peptide binding affinity to the bola-drb3*2703 allele.mhc class i and ii molecules are immunoregulatory cell surface glycoproteins, which selectively bind to and present antigenic peptides to t-lymphocytes. murine and human studies show that variable peptide binding affinity to mhc ii molecules influences th1/th2 responses by inducing distinctive cytokine expression. to examine the biological effects of peptide binding affinity to bovine mhc (bola), various self peptides (bola-dq and fibrinogen fragments) and non-self peptides from ovalbumin (ova), ...200312927080
molecular weapons against agricultural vulnerability and the war on terror.the multiple reports in this issue of the journal from the agenda for action conference, coupled with the analysis by the national academy of sciences, the national research council, and the auditor general (uk) on bioterror preparedness and homeland security, highlight the immediate need for rapid disease detection and advanced diagnostic capabilities to protect the public health, animal agriculture, and the numerous associated economies in the united states. in response to the potentially deva ...200312970863
review of the status and control of foot and mouth disease in sub-saharan africa.six of the seven serotypes of foot and mouth disease (fmd) virus (i.e. all but asia 1) are prevalent in africa although there are marked regional differences in distribution. three of these serotypes are unique to africa, namely the three south african territories (sat) serotypes. serotype c may also now be confined to africa because it has not been reported elsewhere recently. in southern africa at least, the sat serotypes have an intimate and probably ancient association with african buffalo ( ...200212523685
regional status and approaches to control and eradication of foot and mouth disease in the middle east and north africa.the middle east is regarded as the region of the world most heavily affected by foot and mouth disease (fmd). the situation in the middle east and north africa constitutes a threat to other regions of the world, especially europe. risk management differs between north africa and the middle east due to different epidemiological situations. in the middle east, the national cattle population is the principal target of preventive vaccination. vaccination is used as a tool for preventing economic los ...200212523686
clinical variation in foot and mouth disease: cattle.foot and mouth disease (fmd) in cattle is usually clinically obvious in the unvaccinated herds of countries in which the disease occurs only occasionally. however, in vaccinated herds and in some breeds indigenous to areas in which fmd is endemic, the disease may circulate undetected.200212523690
unapparent foot and mouth disease infection (sub-clinical infections and carriers): implications for control.unlike animals which are carriers of foot and mouth disease (fmd), sub-clinically infected animals may be highly contagious. the implications of sub-clinical infections for the control of fmd are serious because such animals are likely to disseminate the disease when in contact with susceptible livestock. recent dissemination of fmd virus (fmdv) in europe shows that sub-clinically infected animals render trade in animals or animal products a potential risk for importing countries. this clearly d ...200212523693
predicting the spread of foot and mouth disease by airborne virus.foot and mouth disease (fmd) can spread by a variety of mechanisms which, under certain climatic and epidemiological conditions, includes the windborne spread of disease. recent advances in knowledge of the aerobiological features of fmd are described. the strain of virus and species of infected animal are major determinants of airborne virus emission. pigs emit most virus, cattle and sheep lesser but similar amounts to each other. peak excretion of airborne virus by sheep occurs before the clin ...200212523697
prospects, including time-frames, for improved foot and mouth disease vaccines.inactivated foot and mouth disease (fmd) vaccines have been used successfully as part of eradication programmes. however, there are a number of concerns with the use of such vaccines and the recent outbreaks of fmd in disease-free countries have increased the need for improved fmd control strategies. to address this requirement, new generation fmd vaccines are being developed. currently, one of the most promising of these vaccine candidates utilises an empty viral capsid subunit delivered to ani ...200212523699
foot and mouth disease: the experience of south africa.foot and mouth disease (fmd) is endemic in african buffalo (syncerus caffer) in the kruger national park (knp) and surrounding game parks in south africa. the last outbreak of the disease in domestic stock outside the fmd control zone occurred in 1957. due to the success in containing the disease, the country was accorded zone freedom from fmd without vaccination by the office international des epizooties (oie: world organisation for animal health) in 1995. this status was lost in september 2000 ...200212523712
isolation of foot-and-mouth disease virus from japanese black cattle in miyazaki prefecture, japan, 2000.four outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) occurred from march to may 2000 in miyazaki and hokkaido prefectures, japan. fmd virus isolation was achieved by sampling probang materials from japanese black cattle in the third case found in miyazaki prefecture. the probang materials were inoculated to bovine kidney (bk) and bovine thyroid cell cultures. cpe was observed in the bk at two days post-inoculation. specific amplified dna segments for fmd virus (fmdv) were detected by reverse transcrip ...200211853156
genetic diversity in the vp1 gene of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype asia 1.complete nucleotide sequence of the 1d (vp1-encoding) gene of 61 foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) serotype asia i virus isolates recovered from different outbreaks in india between 1985 and 1999 including two vaccine strains currently used were determined. the sequences were compared with each other and those from other asian countries. on the basis of phylogenetic analysis the viruses could be grouped into four genotypes (genotypes i-iv). all the 61 isolates from india belong to a single genotype ( ...200211855637
a review of emergency foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) vaccines.the primary objectives of this paper are to describe emergency foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) vaccines and review literature on emergency vaccine efficacy to protect animals against (1) clinical signs and (2) infection (local virus replication). the reviewed experiments suggest that in cattle, sheep and pigs, the vaccine could be effective in preventing disease within 4-5 days post-vaccination. these studies also suggest that the risk of spreading infection decreases as the interval between vaccin ...200211858856
antigenic sites of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv): an analysis of the specificities of anti-fmdv antibodies after vaccination of naturally susceptible host species.of the known neutralizing antigenic sites of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), site 1 or a, formed in part by the g-h loop of vp1, has historically been considered immunodominant because of evidence implicating its importance in the induction of a protective immune response. however, no systematic study has been done to determine the relative importance of the various specificities of antibodies against the known neutralizing antigenic sites of fmdv in the polyclonal immune response of a natu ...200211907326
functional mimicry of a discontinuous antigenic site by a designed synthetic peptide.functional reproduction of the discontinuous antigenic site d of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) has been achieved by means of synthetic peptide constructions that integrate each of the three protein loops that define the antigenic site into a single molecule. the site d mimics were designed on the basis of the x-ray structure of fmdv type c-s8c1 with the aid of molecular dynamics, so that the five residues assumed to be involved in antigenic recognition are located on the same face of the m ...200211921395
phylogenetic analysis of serotype a foot-and-mouth disease virus isolated in india between 1977 and 2000.the genetic diversity among the indian serotype a foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) isolates sampled over a period of 24 years (1977-2000) was studied by sequencing the vp1 gene. in the phylogenetic tree, constructed from 83 indian and 37 other available sequences, the fmdv type a isolates were distributed into 10 major genotypes (designated as i-x). the indian isolates were distributed in 4 genotypes (i, iv, vi and vii), and co-circulation of at least 2 genotypes (vi and vii) in different sta ...200211958451
vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease: the implications for canada.vaccination of susceptible animals against foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a well established strategy for helping to combat the disease. traditionally, fmd vaccine has been used to control a disease incursion in countries where the disease has been endemic rather than in countries considered free of the disease. in 2001, the use of vaccine was considered but not implemented in the united kingdom (1), whereas vaccine was used to help to control fmd in the netherlands (2,3). canadian contingency ...200212001500
natural aerosol transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus to pigs: minimal infectious dose for strain o1 lausanne.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) can spread by a variety of mechanisms, including, under certain circumstances, by the wind. simulation models have been developed to predict the risk of airborne spread of fmdv and have played an important part in decision making during emergencies. the minimal infectious dose of fmdv for different species by inhalation is an important determinant of airborne spread. whereas the doses for cattle and sheep have been quantified, those for pigs are not known. the ...200212002549
further studies to quantify the dose of natural aerosols of foot-and-mouth disease virus for pigs.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) can be spread by a variety of mechanisms, including wind. simulation models, developed to predict the risk of airborne spread, have played an important part in decision making in some outbreaks. the amount of airborne virus excreted as well as the minimal infectious dose (mid) of fmdv for different species are important determinants of airborne spread. the objective of this study was to obtain data for the o1 lausanne, o skr 2000 and o ukg 2001 strains of fmdv ...200212002550
dose-response relationships for foot and mouth disease in cattle and sheep.the relationships between the inhaled dose of foot and mouth disease virus and the outcomes of infection and disease were examined by fitting dose-response models to experimental data. the parameters for both the exponential and beta-poisson models were estimated using maximum likelihood and bayesian methods. the median probability of infection given a single inhaled tcid50 was estimated to be 0.031 with 95% bayesian credibility intervals (ci) of 0.018-0.052 for cattle, and 0.045 (ci = 0.024-0.0 ...200212002551
serological evidence of fmd subclinical infection in sheep population during the 1999 epidemic in morocco.during 1999, 11 outbreaks of foot and mouth disease (fmd) were declared in the east and central part of morocco. all the fmd clinical cases reported were cattle. in order to analyse the serological status of sheep from the fmd outbreak areas, 598 sheep sera were tested using a liquid-phase blocking elisa (lpbe) to detect antibodies against fmdv structural proteins. the study confirmed the presence of fmdv specific antibodies in 77 clinically normal sheep, indicating that unrecognised fmdv-infect ...200211792487
immune responses of goats against foot-and-mouth disease quadrivalent vaccine: comparison of double oil emulsion and aluminium hydroxide gel vaccines in eliciting immunity.the epidemiological role of small ruminants in foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) outbreaks has been generally neglected. although, the disease in these species is sub-clinical in nature, their role as virus carriers represents a reservoir for further infection and spread of disease. data on the usefulness of polyvalent fmd vaccine (fmdv) in goats is scant. thus, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the benefits of a highly potent polyvalent fmdv in goats. in the present investigations, fmdv q ...200212034105
early antibody responses of cattle for foot-and-mouth disease quadrivalent double oil emulsion vaccine.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is an economically important disease of cloven-hoofed animals. the multiplicity of fmdv serotypes in animals poses a central problem in the policy of vaccination and is of much concern to health authorities. hence it is the practice of vaccination with polyvalent vaccine for prophylactic measure. in the present report, we analysed the early antibody responses elicited by fmdv quadrivalent (fmdv o, a, c and asia 1 serotypes) double emulsion (montanide isa 206) vaccine ...200212034538
use of a portable real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay for rapid detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus.to evaluate a portable real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay designed to detect all 7 viral serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv).200212051502
experimental studies with foot-and-mouth disease virus, strain o, responsible for the 2001 epidemic in the united kingdom.in 2001, the united kingdom experienced its worst epidemic of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd). to date approximately 3.9 million animals have been culled and direct and indirect revenue losses are probably in excess of pound 12 billion. this study was carried out to investigate the biological characteristics of the fmd virus strain o/ukg/2001 responsible for the epidemic. animal transmission experiments indicated that this strain is not host restricted and will infect the three main susceptible liv ...200212057606
the role of mathematical modelling in the control of the 2001 fmd epidemic in the uk.mathematical models played an important role in guiding the development of the control policies in the 2001 foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in the uk. the variety of approaches that helped to guide the policy can sometimes be confusing. here, the different modelling exercises that were developed over the course of the epidemic are reviewed, describing the difficulties in interpreting the available data and the appropriateness of the various assumptions.200212088664
viral infections and bovine mastitis: a review.this review deals with the role of viruses in the aetiology of bovine mastitis. bovine herpesvirus 1, bovine herpesvirus 4, foot-and-mouth disease virus, and parainfluenza 3 virus have been isolated from milk from cows with clinical mastitis. intramammary inoculations of bovine herpesvirus 1 or parainfluenza 3 virus-induced clinical mastitis, while an intramammary inoculation of foot-and-mouth disease virus resulted in necrosis of the mammary gland. subclinical mastitis has been induced after a ...200212119136
quantities of infectious virus and viral rna recovered from sheep and cattle experimentally infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus o uk 2001.the profiles of virus production and excretion have been established for sheep experimentally infected with the uk 2001 strain of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus by inoculation and by direct and intensive contact. virus replicated rapidly in the inoculated sheep, from which a peak infectivity of airborne virus of 10(4.3) tcid(50) per sheep per 24 h was recovered. around 24 h later, contact-infected sheep excreted airborne virus maximally. similar amounts of airborne virus were recovered from ...200212124455
detection of all seven serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus by real-time, fluorogenic reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay.a fluorogenic rt-pcr (5'-nuclease probe-based) assay using a primer/probe set designed from the internal ribosomal entry site region of the virus genome was developed for the specific detection of all seven serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus in epithelial suspensions and cell culture virus preparations. the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) specifically detected fmd virus in sample submissions from the uk 2001 fmd outbreak with greater sensitivity than our con ...200212176143
contaminants in feed for food-producing animals.outbreaks of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) and food borne microbial infections, dioxin contaminated animal products, the presence of veterinary drug residues, microbial resistance to antibiotics, mycotoxins, agricultural and industrial chemicals, etc. are serious concerns for the food industry in many countries. since the direct links between feed safety and safety of foods of animal origin are obvious, feed production and manufacture should be considered as an integral part of the food ...200212189948
emergence of a new strain of type o foot-and-mouth disease virus: its phylogenetic and evolutionary relationship with the panasia pandemic strain.in india, foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype o has been associated with more than 75% of the outbreaks. previous studies with this serotype have indicated that the viruses circulating in india belong to a single genotype. recent (february 2001) fmd epidemics in europe have focussed global attention on the source of the virus and have been traced to a strain, panasia (serotype o), which is present in india since 1990. in this study, to further characterize the isolates belonging to the ...200212206305
a method to detect major serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus.nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (nasba) is an isothermal technique that allows the rapid amplification of specific regions of nucleic acid obtained from a diverse range of sources. it is especially suitable for amplifying rna sequences. a rapid and specific nasba technique was developed, allowing the detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus genetic material in a range of sample material, including preserved skin biopsy material from infected animals, vaccines prepared from denatured c ...200212237113
dose-dependent responses of sheep inoculated intranasally with a type o foot-and-mouth disease virus.unlike foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in cattle and pigs, which spreads rapidly, resulting in easily detectable foci of clinical infection, the disease in sheep is characterized by restricted transmission, low morbidity and sporadic clinical cases. the study described was designed to investigate whether the ability of sheep to transmit and maintain fmd virus was dose-related. the viral isolate used was known to be associated epidemiologically with rapid fade-out of transmission within sheep flocks ...200212354542
foot-and-mouth disease virus: biology and prospects for disease control.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is the causative agent of a disease that constitutes one of the main animal health concerns, as evidenced by the devastating outbreaks that occurred in different areas of the world over the last few years. in this review, we summarise important features of fmdv, aspects of its interactions with cells and hosts as well as current and new strategies for fmd control by vaccination.200212361919
diagnosis and screening of foot-and-mouth disease.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) diagnostic methods are reviewed. as the presence of clinical signs alone is inconclusive, laboratory diagnosis should always be carried out. the presence of fmd virus can be demonstrated by cell culture isolation, complement fixation test, elisa or the more recent polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method. serological diagnosis is also a valuable tool. the virus neutralization test has been replaced by elisa and the antibody response to some viral non-structural protein ...200212365807
epidemiological basis useful for the control of foot-and-mouth disease.although known for many years, foot-and-mouth disease is still able to represent a real threat to many farming economies in the world. the recent 2001 western european epizootics linked to o panasia virus strain can illustrate the fact that many questions are still unanswered in the field of foot-and-mouth epidemiology. it also demonstrates that the increase in international trade, including livestock, animal products and animal food, means an increase in the probability of transmitting, through ...200212365808
the possible role that buffalo played in the recent outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease in south africa.african buffalo (syncerus caffer) act as maintenance hosts for foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in southern africa. a single buffalo can become infected with all three of the endemic serotypes of fmd virus (sat-1, sat-2, and sat-3) and pose a threat of infection to other susceptible cloven-hoofed animals. the floods of 2000 in southern africa damaged the kruger national park (knp) game fence extensively, and there were several accounts of buffalo that had escaped from the park. the vp1 gene, which c ...200212381589
foot-and-mouth disease: susceptibility of domestic poultry and free-living birds to infection and to disease--a review of the historical and current literature concerning the role of birds in spread of foot-and-mouth disease viruses.ruminants and pigs are the dominant natural hosts of food-and-mouth disease (fmd) viruses. approximately 70 additional mammalian species are found to be susceptible under natural or experimental conditions. reptilia, amphibia, and fish are probably naturally resistant to infection. according to the reviewed literature, domestic birds (chickens, turkeys, guinea fowl, ducks and geese) have been experimentally infected with some strains of fmd viruses and may develop lesions suggestive of fmd such ...200212395578
immune responses of sheep to quadrivalent double emulsion foot-and-mouth disease vaccines: rate of development of immunity and variations among other ruminants.despite representing the majority of the world's foot-and-mouth disease (fmd)-susceptible livestock, sheep and goats have generally been neglected with regard to their epidemiological role in the spread of fmd. in the present investigations, fmd virus quadrivalent double emulsion (montanide isa 206) vaccines were tested in sheep. the oil adjuvant elicited a better immune response at any time than did aluminum hydroxide gel vaccine, and the response developed quicker. the animals maintained their ...200212409434
the complete nucleotide sequence of the panasia strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus isolated in japan.the complete nucleotide sequence of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) o/jpn/2000 strain, the panasia strain, was determined by cycle sequencing and primer walking. the 5' end of the genome upstream from homopolymeric poly(c) tract (s-fragment) was 367 nucleotides in length, and the remainder of the genome (l-fragment), excepting the poly(a) tail, was 7808 nucleotides. the l-fragment contains a single open reading frame of 6996 nucleotides terminating at a uaa codon 96 bases from the 3' pol ...200212416675
the effects of gamma interferon on replication of foot-and-mouth disease virus in persistently infected bovine cells.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) causes a highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals, which has a considerable socio-economic impact on the countries affected. in addition, persistent infection can occur following clinical or sub-clinical disease in either vaccinated or non-vaccinated cattle. the mechanism(s) by which fmdv persistence is established and maintained is not fully understood. to better understand the basic mechanisms controlling the virus infection in cattle, the ef ...200212417950
broad-spectrum virus reduction in red cell concentrates using inactine pen110 chemistry.the risk of transmission of blood-borne pathogens by transfusion is a persistent problem in medicine. to address this safety issue, inactine pen110 chemistry is being utilized to develop a process for preparing pathogen-reduced red blood cell concentrates (rbcc). the purpose of this study was to characterize the virucidal effectiveness of the inactine pen110 chemistry in full units of rbcc by using a panel of viruses with diverse properties in composition, size and shape.200212437518
foot and mouth disease.foot and mouth disease (fmd) affects cloven-footed animals. it is caused by seven species ("types") of foot and mouth virus (fmdv) in the genus aphthovirus, family picornaviridae (). fmdv is a single-stranded rna virus, with a protein coat consisting of four capsid proteins enumerated as vp1, vp2, vp3, and vp4 (garland and donaldson 1990).200212443674
the hand, foot and mouth disease virus capsid: sequence analysis and prediction of antigenic sites from homology modelling.enterovirus 71 (ev71) is the most common aetiological agent detected in cases of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) resulting in incidences of neurological complications and fatality in recent years. a comparison of the capsid proteins implicated in the pathogenicity of the fatal and non-fatal strains of ev71, reveals a high degree of homology (93%-100% identity). to facilitate diagnostic immunoassays and vaccine development, a consensus structural model for the ev71 coat protein has been devel ...200215130856
molecular characterization of foot-and-mouth disease virus o/skr/2000.molecular cloning and sequencing of the genome of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) o/skr/2000, one of panasia strain, were performed from fmdv infected cattle. from the poly (c) tract of the 5' nontranslated region (ntr) to the 3' ntr including 14 base pairs (bp) of poly (a) tail, 7813 bp sequences comprising approximately 95% of the whole genome were obtained by reverse transcription polymerase reaction (rt-pcr). the deduced amino acid sequences of the structural and nonstructural proteins ( ...200212457959
investigation of the possible spread of foot-and-mouth disease virus by the burning of animal carcases on open pyres.an atmospheric dispersion model was used to predict the airborne spread and concentrations of foot-and-mouth disease virus within the plumes generated by 11 pyres built to burn infected carcases during the epidemic of 2001 in the uk. on the basis of assumptions about the quantity of virus emitted during the three hours after the pyres were built and the threshold concentration of virus required to cause an infection in cattle, it was concluded that none of the disease breakdowns which occurred u ...200212463534
sensitivity of primary cells immortalised by oncogene transfection for the detection and isolation of foot-and-mouth disease and swine vesicular disease viruses.primary cells derived from calf thyroid (cty), calf kidney (ck) and piglet kidney (pk) were immortalised by oncogene transfection and their susceptibility to infection by foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus and swine vesicular disease (svd) virus examined. eighty-five immortalised cell lines (47 cty, 20 ck and 18 pk) proved stable upon repeated cell culture passage and many supported the growth of fmd virus and several of the pk cell lines supported svd virus. however, none of the immortalised li ...200211750139
anti-3ab antibodies in the chinese yellow cattle infected by the o/taiwan/99 foot-and-mouth disease virus.the o/taiwan/99 foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), a south asian topotype of serotype o, was introduced into taiwan in 1999. the chinese yellow cattle infected by the virus did not develop clinical lesions under experimental and field conditions. a blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) kit with the 3ab antigen, a polypeptide of fmdv non-structural (ns) proteins, was used to evaluate the development and duration of anti-3ab antibodies, proving active viral replication, in the chine ...200211750140
sequence analysis of recent indian isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes o, a and asia 1 from clinical materials.partial nucleotide sequences of 1d gene of 38 isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) of serotypes o, a and asia 1 originating from various parts of india were determined. field materials were subjected straight to rna extraction, reverse transcription - pcr (rt-pcr) and sequencing. also 3 fmdv vaccine strains, ind r2/75 (serotype o), ind 63/72 (serotype asia 1) and ind 17/77 (serotype a) were included in the analysis. the seqences were compared mutually as well as with available corresp ...200111774894
[persistence of fdmv and its effects on disease control strategies].it is well-known that foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) causes a persistent infection, lasting for more than 28 days, in cattle, sheep, goat as well as some other ruminant species, but not in pigs. although convincing evidence for virus transmission is missing, these carrier animals have to be considered as a potential risk of infection. some aspects of fmdv persistence are presented and discussed with regard to disease control strategies.200111822166
synthetic peptide-based vaccine and diagnostic system for effective control of fmd.we have designed synthetic peptides corresponding to two different regions of the genome of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) that are effective as (a) a vaccine or (b) a diagnostic reagent which differentiates convalescent from vaccinated animals, respectively. the peptide vaccine is based on a sequence from the prominent g-h loop of vp1, one of the four capsid proteins. the sequence was optimized by the inclusion of a cyclic constraint and adjoining sequences, and broader immunogenicity was ...200111851319
synthetic peptides as functional mimics of a viral discontinuous antigenic site.functional reproduction of discontinuous antigenic site d of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) has been achieved by means of synthetic peptide constructions that integrate into a single molecule each of the three protein loops that define the antigenic site. the site d mimics are designed on the basis of the x-ray structure of fmdv type c-s8c1 with the aid of molecular dynamics, so that the five residues assumed to be involved in antigenic recognition are located on the same face of the molecu ...200111851326
the ability of integrin alpha(v)beta(3) to function as a receptor for foot-and-mouth disease virus is not dependent on the presence of complete subunit cytoplasmic domains.the integrin alpha(v)beta(3) has been shown to function as one of the integrin receptors on cultured cells for foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), and high-efficiency utilization of the bovine homolog of this integrin is dependent on the cysteine-rich repeat region of the bovine beta(3) subunit. in this study we have examined the role of the cytoplasmic domains of the alpha(v) and beta(3) subunits in fmdv infection. we have found that truncations or extensions of these domains of either subunit ...200111119622
emergence in asia of foot-and-mouth disease viruses with altered host range: characterization of alterations in the 3a protein.in 1997, an epizootic in taiwan, province of china, was caused by a type o foot-and-mouth disease virus which infected pigs but not cattle. the virus had an altered 3a protein, which harbored a 10-amino-acid deletion and a series of substitutions. here we show that this deletion is present in the earliest type o virus examined from the region (from 1970), whereas substitutions surrounding the deletion accumulated over the last 29 years. analyses of the growth of these viruses in bovine cells sug ...200111152528
the localization of persistent foot and mouth disease virus in the epithelial cells of the soft palate and pharynx.after contact with foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv), cattle may become persistently infected, regardless of their pre-existing immune status or whether they develop clinical disease. the cellular sites of fmdv persistence have not previously been determined. the use of in-situ hybridization in combination with tyramide signal amplification (tsa) provided the first direct evidence that fmdv rna is localized within the epithelial cells of the soft palate and pharynx during persistent infection, ...200111222004
residual foot-and-mouth disease virus antibodies in french cattle and sheep six years after the vaccination ban.a serological survey was carried out on french cattle to establish a reference pattern of residual vaccine antibodies and non-specific reactions against the foot-and-mouth disease virus 6 years after the ban on vaccination and in the absence of any foot-and-mouth disease outbreak. most of the multi-vaccinated cattle still displayed high titres of antibodies and up to 50% of those which had received a single injection still had antibodies. non-specific reactors were also recorded among animals bo ...200111254180
inhibition of l-deleted foot-and-mouth disease virus replication by alpha/beta interferon involves double-stranded rna-dependent protein kinase.we previously demonstrated that the ability of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) to form plaques in cell culture is associated with the suppression of alpha/beta interferon (ifn-alpha/beta). in the present study, we used escherichia coli-expressed porcine and bovine ifn-alpha or -beta individually to demonstrate that each was equally effective in inhibiting fmdv replication. the block in fmdv replication appeared to be at the level of protein translation, suggesting a role for double-stranded ...200111356957
molecular characterization of foot-and-mouth disease virus isolated from ruminants in taiwan in 1999-2000.in 1999, 10 sporadic outbreaks of cattle foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) occurred in taiwan. by the time, infection was limited to the chinese yellow cattle (a native species of beef cattle in mainland china), which did not develop vesicular lesions under field conditions. five viruses isolates obtained from individual farms were confirmed to be the serotype o fmd virus (o/taiwan/1999). during january-february 2000, however, this virus has spread to dairy cattle and goat herds, causing severe morta ...200111390103
development of a rapid chromatographic strip test for the pen-side detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus antigen.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is the most contagious animal virus disease of cloven-hoofed livestock and requires reliable and accurate diagnosis for the implementation of measures to control effectively its spread. routine diagnosis of fmd is carried out at the oie/fao world reference laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease (wrl for fmd), pirbright by the combined use of elisa and virus isolation in cell culture supplemented by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) methods. thes ...200111445149
direct and indirect contact rates among beef, dairy, goat, sheep, and swine herds in three california counties, with reference to control of potential foot-and-mouth disease transmission.to estimate direct and indirect contact rates on livestock facilities and distance traveled between herd contacts.200111453490
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