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effect of the ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate on the innate defense capability of primary bovine mammary epithelial cells.negative energy balance and ketosis are thought to cause impaired immune function and to increase the risk of clinical mastitis in dairy cows. the present in vitro study aimed to investigate the effect of elevated levels of the predominant ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate on the innate defense capability of primary bovine mammary epithelial cells (pbmec) challenged with the mastitis pathogen escherichia coli (e. coli). therefore, pbmec of healthy dairy cows in mid- lactation were isolated from milk ...201627310007
meta-analysis of transcriptional responses to mastitis-causing escherichia coli.bovine mastitis is a widespread disease in dairy cows, and is often caused by bacterial mammary gland infection. mastitis causes reduced milk production and leads to excessive use of antibiotics. we present meta-analysis of transcriptional profiles of bovine mastitis from 10 studies and 307 microarrays, allowing identification of much larger sets of affected genes than any individual study. combining multiple studies provides insight into the molecular effects of escherichia coli infection in vi ...201626933871
carbapenem-resistant bacteria recovered from faeces of dairy cattle in the high plains region of the usa.a study was conducted to recover carbapenem-resistant bacteria from the faeces of dairy cattle and identify the underlying genetic mechanisms associated with reduced phenotypic susceptibility to carbapenems.201626824353
dynamics of escherichia coli virulence factors in dairy herds and farm environments in a longitudinal study in the united states.pathogenic escherichia coli or its associated virulence factors have been frequently detected in dairy cow manure, milk, and dairy farm environments. however, it is unclear what the long-term dynamics of e. coli virulence factors are and which farm compartments act as reservoirs. this study assessed the occurrence and dynamics of four e. coli virulence factors (eae, stx1, stx2, and the gamma allele of the tir gene [γ-tir]) on three u.s. dairy farms. fecal, manure, water, feed, milk, and milk fil ...201525911478
risk of escherichia coli o157:h7, non-o157 shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli, and campylobacter spp. in food animals and their products in qatar.escherichia coli o157:h7, non-o157 e. coli, and campylobacter spp. are among the top-ranked pathogens that threaten the safety of food supply systems around the world. the associated risks and predisposing factors were investigated in a dynamic animal population using a repeat-cross-sectional study design. animal and environmental samples were collected from dairy and camel farms, chicken processing plants, and abattoirs and analyzed for the presence of these pathogens using a combination of bac ...201526408129
structure and mechanism of the mammalian fructose transporter glut5.the altered activity of the fructose transporter glut5, an isoform of the facilitated-diffusion glucose transporter family, has been linked to disorders such as type 2 diabetes and obesity. glut5 is also overexpressed in certain tumour cells, and inhibitors are potential drugs for these conditions. here we describe the crystal structures of glut5 from rattus norvegicus and bos taurus in open outward- and open inward-facing conformations, respectively. glut5 has a major facilitator superfamily fo ...201526416735
prevalence of contagious and environmental mastitis-causing bacteria in bulk tank milk and its relationships with milking practices of dairy cattle herds in são miguel island (azores).this study aimed to assess the degree of contamination of bulk tank milk (btm) by staphylococcus spp. and coliform bacteria and to identify major milking practices that help perpetuate them in dairy cattle herds in são miguel island. in july 2014, btm was sampled and a survey concerning local milking practices was conducted on 100 herds. semi quantitative multiplex polymerase chain reaction detected coagulase-negative staphylococci, escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, and other coliform bac ...201526719295
diversity and health status specific fluctuations of intrauterine microbial communities in postpartum dairy cows.for the interpretation of clinical findings of endometritis and the development of disease prevention and intervention strategies a better understanding of the dynamics and interactions within intrauterine bacterial communities in healthy and diseased cows is required. to gain deeper insights into fluctuations within the uterine microbiota, intrauterine samples were collected from 122 cows at the day of calving, days 3, 9, 15, 21 and 28 postpartum. a total of 2052 bacterial isolates were identif ...201525497238
herd factors associated with dairy cow mortality.summary studies of dairy cow removal indicate increasing levels of mortality over the past several decades. this poses a serious problem for the us dairy industry. the objective of this project was to evaluate associations between facilities, herd management practices, disease occurrence and death rates on us dairy operations through an analysis of the national animal health monitoring system's dairy 2007 survey. the survey included farms in 17 states that represented 79.5% of us dairy operation ...201525721925
lactococcus lactis v7 inhibits the cell invasion of bovine mammary epithelial cells by escherichia coli and staphylococcus aureus.bovine mastitis, an inflammatory disease of the mammary gland often associated to bacterial infection, is the first cause of antibiotic use in dairy cattle. because of the risk of antibioresistance emergence, alternative non-antibiotic strategies are needed to prevent or to cure bovine mastitis and reduce the antibiotic use in veterinary medicine. in this work, we investigated lactococcus lactis v7, a strain isolated from the mammary gland, as a probiotic option against bovine mastitis. using bo ...201526322541
genetic mutations potentially cause two novel ncf1 splice variants up-regulated in the mammary gland, blood and neutrophil of cows infected by escherichia coli.neutrophil cytosolic factor 1 (ncf1) plays a crucial role in host defense against microbial pathogens. in this study, we investigated the potential alternative splicing patterns, expression and splice-relevant single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) of the bovine ncf1 gene to increase insights into its potential role against bovine mastitis caused by escherichia coli infection. using rt-pcr and clone sequencing methods, we found two novel splice variants designed as ncf1-tv1 (retained intron 6) a ...201525946326
minimum inhibitory concentrations of selected antimicrobials against escherichia coli and trueperella pyogenes of bovine uterine origin.minimum inhibitory concentrations (mic) of 9 antimicrobials for isolates of 2 common bovine intrauterine bacterial pathogens, escherichia coli (n=209) and trueperella pyogenes (n=35), were determined using broth microdilution methodology. the isolates were recovered from dairy cows from 7 herds postpartum using the cytobrush technique. the pathogens were initially identified using phenotypic techniques. additionally, pcr was used to confirm the identity of t. pyogenes isolates and to categorize ...201525935246
[infection risks associated with importation of fresh food in iceland].access to safe food is a privilege for people living in iceland. rapid increase in antimicrobial resistance, related to factory farming and antimicrobial use in agriculture, is a major threat to public health. increasing food trade between countries and continents facilitates global spread of pathogens and resistance. icelandic agriculture has benefitted from its isolation and small size. after interventions to reduce the prevalence of campylobacter and salmonella at poultry farms, the incidence ...201526158536
different chronological patterns of appearance of blood derived milk components during mastitis indicate different mechanisms of transfer from blood into milk.this study aimed to describe chronological patterns of changes of various candidate blood components in milk during the acute phase of a mammary immune response in detail. eight dairy cows were challenged with escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide in one udder quarter. milk from challenged and control quarters and blood samples were taken before, and 1 and 2 h after challenge and then every 15 min until 5 h after challenge. the scc, serum albumin, immunoglobulin (ig)g1, igg2, lactate dehydrogenase ...201526137855
erratum: prevalence and patterns of antimicrobial resistance among escherichia coli isolated from zambian dairy cattle across different production systems. 201526390035
photoimmunological properties of borage in bovine neutrophil in vitro model.borage (echium amoenum fisch) is one of the most commonly used medicinal plants, and has long been used as a traditional herbal medicine for many (non)infectious diseases in iran. study on photoredox and photoimmunology of borage is little. natural immunomodulatory plants with minimal adverse/toxic effects could help boost animal health and, ultimately, public health. to determine the effect of borage on the functions of key circulating innate immune cells, effects of borage extract (be) on bovi ...201526334939
preparation and preliminary application of madcam-1 polyclonal antibody in dairy cows with subclinical mastitis.madcam-1 plays an important role in mediating immune response and inflammation. this study aimed to express and purify a fusion protein of madcam-1 in prokaryotic cells and to prepare rat anti-bovine madcam-1 polyclonal antibodies. prokaryotic expression vector pgex-4t-1-madcam-1 and pet-28a-madcam-1 were constructed, respectively. the above plasmids were transformed into bl21 escherichia coli strain. these recombinant strains were induced by iptg and identified by western blot analysis and sds- ...201526301930
prevalence and patterns of antimicrobial resistance among escherichia coli isolated from zambian dairy cattle across different production systems.this study focused on the use of antibiotics on small, medium and commercial-sized dairy farms in the central region of zambia and its relationship to antibiotic resistance in escherichia coli. a stratified random sample of 104 farms was studied, representing approximately 20% of all dairy farms in the region. on each farm, faecal samples were collected from a random sample of animals and a standardised questionnaire on the usage of antibiotics was completed. an e. coli isolate was obtained from ...201526211388
risk factors for quinolone-resistant escherichia coli in feces from preweaned dairy calves and postpartum dairy cows.quinolone resistance may emerge in gut bacteria (e.g., in escherichia coli) of animals. such bacteria could cause infections in the animal itself or be transmitted to humans via the food chain. quinolone resistance is also observed in fecal e. coli of healthy dairy cattle, but the prevalence varies between farms, not solely as a result of varying degree of fluoroquinolone exposure. the objective of this study was to identify risk factors for the fecal shedding of quinolone-resistant e. coli (qre ...201526188574
[on the occurence of extended-spectrum- and ampc-beta-lactamase-producing escherichia coli in livestock: results of selected european studies].extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase (esbl) and plasmid-encoded cephamycinase (pampc) producing escherichia (e.) coli in livestock farms have recently been matter of growing scientific and public concern. this article summarises selected european studies which focus on the prevalence and risk factors associated with the presence of such resistant e. coli isolates in livestock farms. due to the different methodologies used in these studies, they cannot be compared directly; nonetheless, the overall p ...201525868168
lactic acid bacteria isolated from bovine mammary microbiota: potential allies against bovine mastitis.bovine mastitis is a costly disease in dairy cattle worldwide. as of yet, the control of bovine mastitis is mostly based on prevention by thorough hygienic procedures during milking. additional strategies include vaccination and utilization of antibiotics. despite these measures, mastitis is not fully under control, thus prompting the need for alternative strategies. the goal of this study was to isolate autochthonous lactic acid bacteria (lab) from bovine mammary microbiota that exhibit benefic ...201526713450
effector responses of bovine blood neutrophils against escherichia coli: role of nod1/nf-κb signalling pathway.neutrophils use a broad array of pattern recognition receptors to sense and respond to invading pathogens and are important in the early control of acute bacterial infections. nucleotide-binding oligomerizing domain-1 (nod1) is a cytoplasmic receptor involved in recognizing bacterial peptidoglycan. reduced neutrophil nod1 expression has been reported in periparturient dairy cows. the aim of this study was to investigate the role of nod1 signalling in the early responses of bovine neutrophils to ...201526321220
antimicrobial susceptibility monitoring of mastitis pathogens isolated from acute cases of clinical mastitis in dairy cows across europe: vetpath results.vetpath is an ongoing pan-european antimicrobial susceptibility monitoring programme collecting pathogens from diseased cattle, pigs and poultry not recently treated with antibiotics. non-replicate milk samples were collected from cows with acute clinical mastitis in eight countries. escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus uberis were isolated by standardised methods. antimicrobial susceptibility was determined in a central laboratory by clsi broth microdilution methodology; re ...201526003836
draft genome sequences of 14 escherichia coli phages isolated from cattle slurry.the diversity of bacteriophages in slurry from dairy cows remains largely unknown. here, we report the draft genome sequences of 14 bacteriophages isolated from dairy cow slurry using escherichia coli k-12 mg1655 as a host.201526722010
multiple antibiotic resistances among shiga toxin producing escherichia coli o157 in feces of dairy cattle farms in eastern cape of south africa.shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) o157:h7 is a well-recognized cause of bloody diarrhea and hemolytic-uremic syndrome (hus). the ability of stec strains to cause human disease is due to the production of shiga toxins. the objectives of this study were to determinate the prevalence, serotypes, antibiotic susceptibility patterns and the genetic capability for shiga toxin production in escherichia coli (stec) strains isolated from dairy cattle farms in two rural communities in the easte ...201526475706
acute mammary and liver transcriptome responses after an intramammary escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide challenge in postpartal dairy cows.the study investigated the effect of an intramammary lipopolysaccharide (lps) challenge on the bovine mammary and liver transcriptome and its consequences on metabolic biomarkers and liver tissue composition. at 7 days of lactation, 7 cows served as controls (ctr) and 7 cows (lps) received an intramammary escherichia coli lps challenge. the mammary and liver tissues for transcriptomic profiling were biopsied at 2.5 h from challenge. liver composition was evaluated at 2.5 h and 7 days after chall ...201525921778
glucose transport and milk secretion during manipulated plasma insulin and glucose concentrations and during lps-induced mastitis in dairy cows.in dairy cows, glucose is essential as energy source and substrate for milk constituents. the objective of this study was to investigate effects of long-term manipulated glucose and insulin concentrations in combination with a lps-induced mastitis on mrna abundance of glucose transporters and factors involved in milk composition. focusing on direct effects of insulin and glucose without influence of periparturient endocrine adaptations, 18 dairy cows (28 ± 6 weeks of lactation) were randomly ass ...201525319117
co-infection of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus epidermidis, methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus and extended spectrum β-lactamase producing escherichia coli in bovine mastitis--three cases reported from india.emergence of antimicrobial resistance among bovine mastitis pathogens is the major cause of frequent therapeutic failure and a cause of concern for veterinary practitioners. this study describes intra-mammary infection of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus epidermidis (mrse), methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) and extended spectrum β-lactamase (esbl) producing escherichia coli in two holstein friesian crossbred cows with subclinical mastitis and one non-descript cow with clinic ...201525444074
subclinical mastitis disrupts oocyte cytoplasmic maturation in association with reduced developmental competence and impaired gene expression in preimplantation bovine embryos.subclinical chronic mastitis was induced to examine the effects on oocyte developmental competence. uninfected holstein cows were intramammary administrated with serial (every 48h for 20 days) low doses of toxin of staphylococcus aureus origin (gram-positive; g+), endotoxin of escherichia coli origin (gram-negative; g-) or sterile saline (control). follicular fluid of toxin- and saline-treated cows was aspirated from preovulatory follicles and used as maturation medium. oocytes harvested from ov ...201525891636
influence of intramammary infection of a single gland in dairy cows on the cow's milk quality.intramammary infection (imi), comprises a group of costly diseases affecting dairy animals worldwide. many dairy parlours are equipped with on-line computerised data acquisition systems designed to detect imi. however, the data collected is related to the cow level, therefore the contribution of infected glands to the recorded parameters may be over estimated. the present study aimed at evaluating the influence of single gland imi by different bacteria species on the cow's overall milk quality. ...201526134490
short communication: effects of bos taurus autosome 9-located quantitative trait loci haplotypes on enzymatic mastitis indicators of milk from dairy cows experimentally inoculated with escherichia coli.the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a quantitative trait locus associated with mastitis caused by escherichia coli, with one haplotype being more susceptible (hh) and another being more resistant (hl) to e. coli mastitis, on the activity of 4 inflammatory related milk enzymes. in particular, we investigated the suitability of β-glucuronidase (glu) as an early indicator of e. coli mastitis. besides glu, the enzymes l-lactate dehydrogenase (ldh), n-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (na ...201526026757
infrared thermography of the udder after experimentally induced escherichia coli mastitis in cows.the study aimed to use infrared thermography (irt) to evaluate the changes in udder surface temperature after induction of escherichia coli mastitis in the right hind quarter. over a time period of 24 h before to 24 h post-inoculation, thermograms of both hind quarters were taken every 2 h to determine maximum (tmax) and average (tavg) temperatures. differences in both maximum and average temperatures (dtmax and dtavg) were calculated, as well as temperature differences between both hind quarter ...201525957921
molecular cloning and characterization, and prokaryotic expression of the gnrh1 gene obtained from jinghai yellow chicken.the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gnrh) plays an important role in the control of reproductive functions. recent studies have reported the occurrence of gnrh molecular variants in numerous species. in this study, the gnrh1 gene from jinghai yellow chicken was cloned by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and transformed into bl21 (de3) competent cells. the gnrh1 gene and amino acid sequences were subjected to bioinformatic analyses. the gnrh1 gene nucleotide sequence was discovered ...201525867433
prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of salmonella and escherichia coli from australian cattle populations at slaughter.antimicrobial agents are used in cattle production systems for the prevention and control of bacteria associated with diseases. australia is the world's third largest exporter of beef; however, this country does not have an ongoing surveillance system for antimicrobial resistance (amr) in cattle or in foods derived from these animals. in this study, 910 beef cattle, 290 dairy cattle, and 300 veal calf fecal samples collected at slaughter were examined for the presence of escherichia coli and sal ...201525951384
public health investigation of two outbreaks of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli o157 associated with consumption of watercress.an increase in the number of cases of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) o157 phage type 2 (pt2) in england in september 2013 was epidemiologically linked to watercress consumption. whole-genome sequencing (wgs) identified a phylogenetically related cluster of 22 cases (outbreak 1). the isolates comprising this cluster were not closely related to any other united kingdom strain in the public health england wgs database, suggesting a possible imported source. a second outbreak of stec ...201525841005
characterization of persistent and transient escherichia coli isolates recovered from clinical mastitis episodes in dairy cows.escherichia coli usually cause transient intramammary infections in dairy cows, but persistent intramammary infections have been observed. the objective of the study was to compare antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes found in persistent and transient e. coli isolated from clinical mastitis cases in a cohort of 91 canadian dairy herds monitored over a 2-year period. antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by broth microdilution and the presence of 27 virulence genes associated with e ...201525631255
associations between intrauterine bacterial infection, reproductive tract inflammation, and reproductive performance in pasture-based dairy cows.reproductive tract bacterial infections, particularly those caused by escherichia coli and trueperella pyogenes, can have a negative impact on reproductive performance. it has been hypothesized that the presence of e coli early postpartum may increase the risk of isolation of t pyogenes later postpartum. the objective of the present study was to examine associations between intrauterine bacterial infections with e coli and t pyogenes and any bacterial growth (irrespective of bacterial species), ...201525801340
efficacy of enrofloxacin for the treatment of acute clinical mastitis caused by escherichia coli in dairy cows.evidence for the efficacy of antimicrobial treatments in escherichia coli mastitis is limited. the aim of this double-blinded field trial was to investigate the efficacy of enrofloxacin compared with placebo, with a special focus on survival, in dairy cows with acute clinical mastitis caused by e. coli. dairy cows (n=116) with acute clinical mastitis were included in the study. a clinical examination was performed and a milk sample from the affected udder quarter was collected for investigation ...201525724541
prevalence of virulence determinants and antimicrobial resistance among commensal escherichia coli derived from dairy and beef cattle.cattle is a reservoir of potentially pathogenic e. coli, bacteria that can represent a significant threat to public health, hence it is crucial to monitor the prevalence of the genetic determinants of virulence and antimicrobial resistance among the e. coli population. the aim of this study was the analysis of the phylogenetic structure, distribution of virulence factors (vfs) and prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among e. coli isolated from two groups of healthy cattle: 50 cows housed in t ...201525607605
effects of dexamethasone and mycoplasma bovis on bovine neutrophil function in vitro.it is well established that exposure either to elevated levels of glucocorticoids, or to mycoplasma bovis (m. bovis), has a negative effect on bovine neutrophil function. the objective of this research was to determine whether in vitro treatment of bovine neutrophils by m. bovis strains (n=4) and glucocorticoids would additively impair phagocyte function. twenty, healthy, dairy cows were enrolled. whole blood was collected from all cows for neutrophil isolation. phagocytosis and the generation o ...201525593042
reduction of lactobacillus in the milks of cows with subclinical mastitis.clinical and subclinical bovine mastitis are the most frequent diseases encountered on dairy farms worldwide, which cause significant economic loss and veterinary cost. the mastitic disease status is associated with increases in both milk bacterial pathogens and somatic cell count (scc). although it is well established that the mastitic pathogens generally correlate with the milk scc, to our knowledge, the correlation between the probiotic genus, lactobacillus, and the mastitic causative bacteri ...201525711409
comparative proteomic analysis of proteins expression changes in the mammary tissue of cows infected with escherichia coli mastitis.cows infected with escherichia (e.) coli usually experience severe clinical symptoms, including damage to mammary tissues, reduced milk yield, and altered milk composition. in order to investigate the host response to e. coli infection and discover novel markers for mastitis treatment, mammary tissue samples were collected from healthy cows and bovines with naturally occurring severe e. coli mastitis. changes of mammary tissue proteins were examined using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and ...201525549220
mediation analysis to estimate direct and indirect milk losses due to clinical mastitis in dairy cattle.milk losses associated with mastitis can be attributed to either effects of pathogens per se (i.e., direct losses) or effects of the immune response triggered by intramammary infection (indirect losses). the distinction is important in terms of mastitis prevention and treatment. regardless, the number of pathogens is often unknown (particularly in field studies), making it difficult to estimate direct losses, whereas indirect losses can be approximated by measuring the association between increa ...201525638330
elevated plasma haptoglobin concentrations following parturition are associated with elevated leukocyte responses and decreased subsequent reproductive efficiency in multiparous holstein dairy cows.the objectives were to describe the relationship between the intensity of the acute phase response and the metabolic status and leukocyte responses of early postpartum, multiparous cows and determine if subsequent reproductive performance was impaired in cows with a greater acute phase response. peripheral blood was collected from 240 holstein cows, 2-8 days in milk and 2nd-8th parity from 8 dairies in western tx and eastern nm across 5 days (n=6 cows/dairy/day). plasma concentrations of haptogl ...201525613776
airborne dissemination of escherichia coli in a dairy cattle farm and its environment.there are multiple ways bacteria can be transported from its origin to another area or substrate. water, food handlers, insects and other animals are known to serve as a vehicle for bacterial dispersion. however, the importance of the air in open areas as a possible way of bacterial dissemination has not been so well analyzed. in this study, we investigated the airborne dissemination of escherichia coli from the inside of a dairy cattle farm to the immediate environment. the air samples were tak ...201525555228
prevalence of carriage of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli serotypes o157:h7, o26:h11, o103:h2, o111:h8, and o145:h28 among slaughtered adult cattle in france.the main pathogenic enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec) strains are defined as shiga toxin (stx)-producing e. coli (stec) belonging to one of the following serotypes: o157:h7, o26:h11, o103:h2, o111:h8, and o145:h28. each of these five serotypes is known to be associated with a specific subtype of the intimin-encoding gene (eae). the objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of bovine carriers of these “top five” stec in the four adult cattle categories slaughtered in france. ...201525527532
effects of lactoferrin treatment on escherichia coliescherichia coli o157:h7 rectal colonization in cattle.the terminal rectal mucosa has been identified as the predominant colonization site of escherichia coli o157:h7 in cattle, thus a possible intervention approach should directly target this colonization site. to determine the effect of lactoferrin on e. coli o157:h7 mucosal colonization at the rectum, five 6-month-old holstein-friesian calves were experimentally infected with e. coli o157:h7 and received daily rectal treatment with bovine lactoferrin. three calves that did not receive the lactofe ...201526791110
clearance of escherichia coli o157:h7 infection in calves by rectal administration of bovine lactoferrin.enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec) strains, of which e. coli o157:h7 is the best-studied serotype, are an important group of foodborne pathogens causing severe illness in humans worldwide. the main reservoirs for ehec are ruminants, mostly cattle, which harbor the bacteria in their intestinal tracts without showing clinical symptoms. in this study, we used bovine lactoferrin, a natural occurring bactericidal and immunomodulating protein, as an antibacterial agent against ehec infection in ...201525527551
spatial epidemiology of escherichia coli o157:h7 in dairy cattle in relation to night roosts of sturnus vulgaris (european starling) in ohio, usa (2007-2009).the goal of our study was to use spatial scan statics to determine whether the night roosts of european starlings (sturnus vulgaris) act as point sources for the dissemination of escherichia coli o157:h7 among dairy farms. from 2007 to 2009, we collected bovine faecal samples (n = 9000) and starling gastrointestinal contents (n = 430) from 150 dairy farms in northeastern ohio, usa. isolates of e. coli o157:h7 recovered from these samples were subtyped using multilocus variable-number tandem repe ...201424279810
quantification of e. coli o157 and stec in feces of farm animals using direct multiplex real time pcr (qpcr) and a modified most probable number assay comprised of immunomagnetic bead separation and qpcr detection.to better understand escherichia coli o157:h7 on-farm transmission dynamics requires sensitive methods for quantification of a broad range of concentrations of target organisms. for this purpose, a multiplex real time pcr (qpcr) assay was developed for quantification of o157 e. coli from 1g fecal samples of cattle and other animal species, targeting the shiga toxin genes (stx1 and stx2) and the o157 somatic antigen gene, per. the multiplex qpcr assay provided specific detection across a broad ra ...201424530484
prevalence and characteristics of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) from cattle in korea between 2010 and 2011.a total of 156 shiga-like toxin producing escherichia coli (stec) were isolated from fecal samples of korean native (100/568, 18%) and holstein dairy cattle (56/524, 11%) in korea between september 2010 and july 2011. fifty-two stec isolates (33%) harbored both of shiga toxin1 (stx1) and shiga toxin2 (stx2) genes encoding enterohemolysin (ehxa) and autoagglutinating adhesion (saa) were detected by pcr in 83 (53%) and 65 (42%) isolates, respectively. by serotyping, six stec from native cattle and ...201423820205
new application of indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) technique using latex particles coupled with verotoxin 2 from escherichia coli o157:h7 in order to determine colostral antibody titers in immunized dairy cows.a simple and novel assay method for determining colostral and serum against soluble verotxin 2 (vt2) titers by indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) assay using latex sensitized with vt2 was devised. the latex particles did not auto-fluoresce, and non specific reactions disappeared after washing with phosphate buffered saline containing 3 m nacl. the highest titer measured by neutralizing test was observed at 1 day after delivery. the highest titer for each immunoglobulin class measured by enzyme- ...201424215286
dynamics of bacteriologic and cytologic changes in the uterus of postpartum dairy cows.the objectives of this study were to characterize clinical, intrauterine, bacteriologic and cytologic changes during the first month after parturition in healthy dairy cows and in cows with subclinical endometritis (se) or clinical endometritis (ce). furthermore, risk factors related to clinical bacteriologic and cytologic findings were determined. a total of 170 calvings were enrolled, and intrauterine samples were collected on days 0, 3, 9, 15, 21, and 28 postpartum using the cytobrush techniq ...201425270027
short communication: relationship between natural antibodies and postpartum uterine health in dairy cows.postpartum uterine diseases of dairy cows compromise animal welfare and may result in early removal from the herd or impaired reproductive performance. the relationship between poor immune status around calving and uterine diseases is well established; however, that between natural antibodies (nab) and uterine health has not yet been studied. the objective of this study was to evaluate the association of circulating nab levels around parturition with puerperal metritis, clinical endometritis, an ...201425262191
effects of escherichia coli- and staphylococcus aureus-induced mastitis in lactating cows on oocyte developmental competence.mastitis is associated with decreased fertility in dairy cows. in the current study, we created an experimental model to simulate short-term mastitis by a single intramammary administration of gram-negative endotoxin of escherichia coli origin (g-), or gram-positive toxin of staphylococcus aureus origin (g+), to examine the effect of mastitis on oocyte developmental competence. healthy holstein cows were synchronized, and follicular fluid (ff) of cows treated with g+ or g- and of uninfected cows ...201424129150
pathogen-specific incidence rate of clinical mastitis in flemish dairy herds, severity, and association with herd hygiene.a one-year survey on clinical mastitis was conducted on 50 randomly selected commercial flemish dairy herds to estimate the pathogen-specific incidence rate of clinical mastitis (ircm). the severity of the cases and the potential associations with herd hygiene were studied. participating producers sampled 845 cases and 692 dairy cows. the mean and median ircm was estimated at 7.4 and 5.3 quarter cases per 10,000 cow-days at risk, respectively. a large between-herd variation was observed (range o ...201425218745
experimental model of toxin-induced subclinical mastitis and its effect on disruption of follicular function in cows.this study establishes an experimental model for subclinical mastitis induced by gram-positive (g+) exosecretions of staphylococcus aureus origin or gram-negative (g-) endotoxin of escherichia coli origin to examine its effects on follicular growth and steroid concentrations in holstein dairy cows. cows were synchronized with the ovsynch protocol followed by a series of follicular cycles that included gnrh and pgf2α doses administered every 8 days. cows received small intramammary doses of eithe ...201425212394
a highly active beta-glucanase from a new strain of rumen fungus orpinomyces sp.y102 exhibits cellobiohydrolase and cellotriohydrolase activities.a new strain of rumen fungus was isolated from bos taurus, identified and designated orpinomyces sp.y102. a clone, celc7, isolated from the cdna library of orpinomyces sp.y102, was predicted to encode a protein containing a signal peptide (residues 1-17), an n-terminal dockerin-containing domain, and a c-terminal cellobiohydrolase catalytic domain of glycoside hydrolase family 6. celc7 was insoluble when expressed in escherichia coli. deletion of 17 or 105 residues from the n-terminus significan ...201425164344
risk factors for uterine diseases on small- and medium-sized dairy farms determined by clinical, bacteriological, and cytological examinations.the involution process of the postpartum bovine uterus is usually accompanied by invasion of various bacteria. the objectives of this study were to identify the relationship between the postpartum findings as risk factors for clinical endometritis (ce) and subclinical endometritis (se). furthermore, the effects of ce or se on reproductive performance in small- and medium-sized dairy herds were investigated. a total of 400 cows were examined by vaginoscopy for ce at 20 to 30 days postpartum, and ...201425066047
acute escherichia coli mastitis in dairy cattle: diagnostic parameters associated with poor prognosis.this study aimed to identify the diagnostic characteristics associated with poor prognosis and mortality in dairy cows with acute clinical escherichia coli mastitis. on 17 dairy farms, 24 dairy cows with acute e. coli mastitis that had received therapeutic treatment were categorized into 2 groups by outcome: 17 cows that recovered (survivors) and 7 cows that died or were euthanized (non-survivors). two days after onset of acute e. coli mastitis, dysstasia was observed in non-survivors, but not i ...201425056677
milk metabolites as indicators of mammary gland functions and milk quality.the assumption, that metabolites derived from the activity of the mammary gland epithelial cells reflect changes in milk secretion and its coagulation properties, was tested in dairy cows. the experiment included cows with uninfected udders and cows with one of the glands infected by different bacteria specie. analysis were carried at the cow level (including all four glands), or at the gland level. high and significant correlations among the concentrations of lactose, glucose, glucose-6-posphat ...201425052436
long term effects of escherichia coli mastitis.escherichia coli is one of the most frequently diagnosed causes of bovine mastitis, and is typically associated with acute, clinical mastitis. the objective of the present study was to evaluate the long term effects of intramammary infections by e. coli on milk yield and quality, especially milk coagulation. twenty-four israeli holstein cows diagnosed with clinical mastitis due to intramammary infection by e. coli were used in this study. mean lactation number, days in milk (dim) and daily milk ...201424906501
ctx-m-type extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from cases of bovine mastitis in japan.three klebsiella pneumoniae isolates producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl) were obtained from three dairy cows with clinical mastitis in two farms in western japan. two of the 3 isolates from cows in different farms were able to transfer plasmids carrying the blactx-m-2 gene to escherichia coli recipient. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) patterns of the 2 isolates were different from each other, although restricted-fragment patterns of the two conjugative plasmids were similar ...201424784438
intravenous lipopolysaccharide challenge alters ruminal bacterial microbiota and disrupts ruminal metabolism in dairy cattle.in the present study, three primiparous lactating holstein cows (260-285 d in lactation) were used in a 3 × 3 latin square design to assess the effects of three doses (0.0, 0.4 and 0.8 μg/kg body weight) of lipopolysaccharide (lps, escherichia coli 0111:b4) on changes in ruminal microbiota and ruminal fermentation. ruminal ph was linearly decreased (p< 0.001) by lps challenge, and the concentrations of acetate, propionate, butyrate, total volatile fatty acids and amino n increased linearly (p< 0 ...201424774964
enterohaemorrhagic escherichia coli o157: a survey of dairy cattle in tripoli, libya. 201424763134
association of veterinary third-generation cephalosporin use with the risk of emergence of extended-spectrum-cephalosporin resistance in escherichia coli from dairy cattle in japan.the use of extended-spectrum cephalosporins in food animals has been suggested to increase the risk of spread of enterobacteriaceae carrying extended-spectrum β-lactamases to humans. however, evidence that selection of extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant bacteria owing to the actual veterinary use of these drugs according to criteria established in cattle has not been demonstrated. in this study, we investigated the natural occurrence of cephalosporin-resistant escherichia coli in dairy ca ...201424755996
diagnosis of acute puerperal metritis by electronic nose device analysis of vaginal discharge in dairy cows.the objective of this study was to estimate the diagnostic accuracy of an electronic nose device using vaginal discharge samples to diagnose acute puerperal metritis (apm) in dairy cows. uterine fluid was sampled manually with a gloved hand and under sterile conditions for electronic nose device analysis (day in milk (dim) 2, 5, and 10) and bacteriologic examination (dim 5), respectively, and on additional days, if apm was diagnosed during the daily clinical examinations. a dataset containing sa ...201424746098
molecular characterization and expression profile of partial tlr4 gene in association to mastitis in crossbred cattle.crossbred cattle are more prone to mastitis in comparison to indigenous cattle. toll-like receptor 4 (tlr4) recognizes pathogen ligands, for example, lipopolysaccharide (lps) endotoxin from escherichia coli and mediates signaling to initiate innate and adaptive immune responses. mutations in tlr4 can compromise the host immune response to certain pathogens, so it may be a potential candidate for marker assisted selection to enhance mastitis resistance in dairy cattle. hence, in this study role o ...201424669869
the protective effect of caffeic acid against inflammation injury of primary bovine mammary epithelial cells induced by lipopolysaccharide.caffeic acid possesses multiple biological effects, such as antibacterial, antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and anticancer growth; however, what effects it has on bovine mastitis have not been investigated. the aim of this study was to verify the antiinflammatory properties of caffeic acid on the inflammatory response of primary bovine mammary epithelial cells (bmec) induced by lipopolysaccharide (lps), and to clarify the possible underlying mechanism. bovine mammary epithelial cells were treated ...201424612802
optimal insemination and replacement decisions to minimize the cost of pathogen-specific clinical mastitis in dairy cows.mastitis is a serious production-limiting disease, with effects on milk yield, milk quality, and conception rate, and an increase in the risk of mortality and culling. the objective of this study was 2-fold: (1) to develop an economic optimization model that incorporates all the different types of pathogens that cause clinical mastitis (cm) categorized into 8 classes of culture results, and account for whether the cm was a first, second, or third case in the current lactation and whether the cow ...201424534495
enterohaemorrhagic escherichia coli o157: a survey of dairy cattle in tripoli, libya. 201428156276
proteomic analysis reveals protein expression differences in escherichia coli strains associated with persistent versus transient mastitis.escherichia coli is a leading cause of bacterial mastitis in dairy cattle. typically this infection is transient in nature, causing an infection that lasts 2-3days. however, in a minority of cases, e. coli has been shown to cause a persistent infection. the mechanisms that allow for a persistent e. coli infection are not fully understood. the goal of this work was to determine protein expression differences between e. coli strains isolated from dairy cattle with transient and persistent mastitis ...201424954099
hyperketonemia during lipopolysaccharide-induced mastitis affects systemic and local intramammary metabolism in dairy cows.hyperketonemia interferes with the metabolic regulation in dairy cows. it is assumed that metabolic and endocrine changes during hyperketonemia also affect metabolic adaptations during inflammatory processes. we therefore studied systemic and local intramammary effects of elevated plasma β-hydroxybutyrate (bhba) before and during the response to an intramammary lipopolysaccharide (lps) challenge. thirteen dairy cows received intravenously either a na-dl-β-oh-butyrate infusion (n = 5) to achieve ...201424679930
dynamics of uterine infections with escherichia coli, streptococcus uberis and trueperella pyogenes in post-partum dairy cows and their association with clinical endometritis.the diversity and dynamics of the uterine microbiota of dairy cows are poorly understood although it is becoming increasingly evident that they play a crucial role in the development of metritis and endometritis. fourier-transform infrared (ftir) spectroscopy was used to monitor the bovine microbiota of 40 cows on the day of calving and days 3, 9, 15, and 21 after parturition, and to investigate the associations of selected species with clinical endometritis (ce). trueperella pyogenes (43.5%), e ...201425439441
proteomics and pathway analysis of n-glycosylated mammary gland proteins in response to escherichia coli mastitis in cattle.the aim of this study was to investigate the n-linked glycosylated protein profile of mammary tissue from healthy cows and cows with mastitis due to escherichia coli, in order to understand the molecular mechanisms of the host response to mastitis. n-glycopeptides were enriched with a lectin mixture and identified through high-accuracy mass spectrometry. a total of 551 n-glycosylation sites, corresponding to 294 proteins, were identified in the mammary tissues of healthy cows; these glycoprotein ...201424751801
lipopolysaccharide (lps) inhibits steroid production in theca cells of bovine follicles in vitro: distinct effect of lps on theca cell function in pre- and post-selection follicles.in postpartum dairy cows, lipopolysaccharide (lps) derived from gram-negative bacteria such as escherichia coli causes uterine inflammation and leads to ovarian dysfunction. the aim of this study was to determine the effect of lps on steroid production in bovine theca cells at different stages of follicular development. theca cells isolated from pre- and post-selection follicles (prfs, <8.5 mm in diameter, and pofs, >8.5 mm in diameter, respectively) of bovine ovaries were exposed to lps under l ...201424769841
infrared thermography of the udder surface of dairy cattle: characteristics, methods, and correlation with rectal temperature.thermograms of the caudal udder surface were taken of five healthy cows before and after inoculation of escherichia coli into the right hind quarter. images in clinically normal udder quarters from cows without fever (cn) were compared with those post inoculation when cows had fever (⩾ 39.5°c) and showed elevation of somatic cell counts (⩾ 400,000 cells/ml) in the inoculated quarter (cm). using graphic software tools, different geometric analysis tools (gats: polygons, rectangles, lines) were se ...201424368082
isolation, prevalence, and risk factors for infection by shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) in dairy cattle.rectal swabs of 198 holstein × gir crossbred beef cattle from 34 milk farms in the central west of brazil were analyzed from august 2010 to february 2011. strains of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) were isolated from 72.73% (144/198) of the animals, on over 97% of the surveyed properties. the molecular characterization indicated the most common toxin gene stx1 in 70.88% of the animals (202/285), followed by 18.95% (54/285) stx1/sxt2, and 10.18% (29/285) stx2. the presence of stec i ...201424510196
development of a multiplex pcr for the identification of major pathogenic bacteria of post-partum endometritis in dairy cows.post-partum period has an important role in cows' breeding due to its effects on reproductive efficiency and subsequent pregnancy. escherichia coli, trueperella pyogenes (arcanobacterium pyogenes), fusobacterium necrophorum and prevotella melaninogenicus are recognized as major pathogens associated with uterine endometrial lesions. the objective of this study was to identify these pathogens using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) as a culture-independent sensitive method. a total of 172 cows w ...201424325777
impact of intramammary treatment on gene expression profiles in bovine escherichia coli mastitis.clinical mastitis caused by e. coli accounts for significant production losses and animal welfare concerns on dairy farms worldwide. the benefits of therapeutic intervention in mild to moderate cases are incompletely understood. we investigated the effect of intramammary treatment with cefapirin alone or in combination with prednisolone on gene expression profiles in experimentally-induced e. coli mastitis in six mid-lactating holstein friesian cows. cows were challenged with e. coli in 3 quarte ...201424454893
prevalence and molecular characterization of fluoroquinolone resistance in escherichia coli isolates from dairy cattle with endometritis in china.fluoroquinolones are frequently used to treat infectious disease that is caused by escherichia coli in dairy cattle. however, fluoroquinolone resistance occurs and is due either to chromosomal mutations in the bacterial topoisomerase genes and/or to plasmid-mediated resistance genes. the purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and molecular characteristics of fluoroquinolone resistance determinants in e. coli strains (n=148) isolated from dairy cattle with bovine endometritis in in ...201424224497
antimicrobial resistance trends among escherichia coli isolates obtained from dairy cattle in the northeastern united states, 2004-2011.monitoring antimicrobial resistance trends among bacteria isolated from food animals and people is necessary to inform risk analyses and guide public policy regarding antimicrobial use. our objectives were to describe the antimicrobial resistance status of escherichia coli isolates from dairy cattle in the northeastern united states and to identify trends in resistance to selected antimicrobial agents over time. we collected data retrospectively for all bovine e. coli isolates that were obtained ...201424134668
pathogen-specific effects on milk yield in repeated clinical mastitis episodes in holstein dairy cows.the objective of this study was to estimate the effects of clinical mastitis (cm) cases due to different pathogens on milk yield in holstein cows. the first 3 cm cases in a cow's lactation were modeled. eight categories of pathogens were included: streptococcus spp.; staphylococcus aureus; coagulase-negative staphylococci (cns); escherichia coli; klebsiella spp.; cases with cm signs but no bacterial growth (above the level detectable by our microbiological procedures) observed in the culture sam ...201424418269
changes in various metabolic parameters in blood and milk during experimental escherichia coli mastitis for primiparous holstein dairy cows during early lactation.the objective of this study was to characterize the changes in various metabolic parameters in blood and milk during imi challenge with escherichia coli ( e. coli ) for dairy cows during early lactation. thirty, healthy primiparous holstein cows were infused (h = 0) with ~20-40 cfu of live e. coli into one front mammary quarter at ~4-6 wk in lactation. daily feed intake and milk yield were recorded. at -12, 0, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 96, 108, 120, 132, 144, 156, 168, 180 and 192 h rela ...201425368807
modulation of innate immune function and phenotype in bred dairy heifers during the periparturient period induced by feeding an immunostimulant for 60 days prior to delivery.the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a feed additive (omnigen-af(®), reported to have immune modulating activity) on innate immunity and health events during the periparturient period in dairy heifers when immunity is suppressed. from 60 days prepartum through calving, supplemented heifers (n=20) received omnigen-af(®) daily and were compared with unsupplemented controls (n=20). blood leukocyte innate immune activity (phenotype markers, phagocytic activity, and reactive oxygen ...201425219783
effects of pathogen-specific clinical mastitis on probability of conception in holstein dairy cows.the objective of this study was to estimate the effects of pathogen-specific clinical mastitis (cm), occurring in different weekly intervals before or after artificial insemination (ai), on the probability of conception in holstein cows. clinical mastitis occurring in weekly intervals from 6 wk before until 6 wk after ai was modeled. the first 4 ai in a cow's lactation were included. the following categories of pathogens were studied: streptococcus spp. (comprising streptococcus dysgalactiae, st ...201425173468
oral administration of lps and lipoteichoic acid prepartum modulated reactants of innate and humoral immunity in periparturient dairy cows.the study evaluated the effects of repeated oral exposure to lps and lipoteichoic acid (lta) on immune responses of dairy cows. thirty pregnant holstein cows were randomly assigned to two treatment groups. cows received orally either 2 ml of 0.85% sterile saline solution (control group), or 2 ml of sterile saline solution containing three doses of lps from escherichia coli 0111 : b4 along with a flat dose of lta from bacillus subtilis. blood and saliva samples were collected and analyzed for ser ...201423941759
inactivation of selected bacterial pathogens in dairy cattle manure by mesophilic anaerobic digestion (balloon type digester).anaerobic digestion of animal manure in biogas digesters has shown promise as a technology in reducing the microbial load to safe and recommended levels. we sought to treat dairy manure obtained from the fort hare dairy farm by investigating the survival rates of bacterial pathogens, through a total viable plate count method, before, during and after mesophilic anaerobic digestion. different microbiological media were inoculated with different serial dilutions of manure samples that were withdra ...201425026086
subcutaneous immunization with inactivated bacterial components and purified protein of escherichia coli, fusobacterium necrophorum and trueperella pyogenes prevents puerperal metritis in holstein dairy cows.in this study we evaluate the efficacy of five vaccine formulations containing different combinations of proteins (fimh; leukotoxin, lkt; and pyolysin, plo) and/or inactivated whole cells (escherichia coli, fusobacterium necrophorum, and trueperella pyogenes) in preventing postpartum uterine diseases. inactivated whole cells were produced using two genetically distinct strains of each bacterial species (e. coli, f. necrophorum, and t. pyogenes). fimh and plo subunits were produced using recombin ...201424638139
prevalence and characterization of foodborne pathogens in dairy cattle in the eastern part of japan.to investigate the prevalence and characterization of foodborne pathogens [campylobacter spp., shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec), listeria monocytogenes and salmonella spp.] in dairy cows, rectal content grab samples were collected from 250 dairy cows reared on 25 dairy farms in eastern japan from december 2010 through february 2011. campylobacter jejuni was isolated from 106 (42%) cows on 23 (92%) farms, stec o157 from three cows on one farm, l. monocytogenes from three cows on anot ...201323208291
drinking water for dairy cattle: always a benefit or a microbiological risk?drinking water can be considered an essential nutrient for dairy cattle. however, because it comes from different sources, its chemical and microbiological quality does not always reach accepted standards. moreover, water quality is not routinely assessed on dairy farms. the microecology of drinking water sources and distribution systems is rather complex and still not fully understood. water quality is adversely affected by the formation of biofilms in distribution systems, which form a persist ...201323457917
concomitant lipopolysaccharide-induced transfer of blood-derived components including immunoglobulins into milk.during a mammary immune response, the integrity of the blood-milk barrier is negatively affected and becomes leaky. the aim of the present study was to demonstrate the blood origin, and to investigate changes in the concentration, of various constituents including immunoglobulins in blood and milk during the early phase of lipopolysaccharide (lps)-induced mastitis. five lactating dairy cows received continuous β-hydroxybutyrate (bhba) clamp infusions to maintain elevated bhba blood concentration ...201323219120
investigating the function of [2fe-2s] cluster n1a, the off-pathway cluster in complex i, by manipulating its reduction potential.nadh:quinone oxidoreductase (complex i) couples nadh oxidation and quinone reduction to proton translocation across an energy-transducing membrane. all complexes i contain a flavin to oxidize nadh, seven iron-sulfur clusters to transfer electrons from the flavin to quinone and an eighth cluster (n1a) on the opposite side of the flavin. the role of cluster n1a is unknown, but escherichia coli complex i has an unusually high-potential cluster n1a and its reduced flavin produces h2o2, not superoxid ...201323980528
escherichia coli- and staphylococcus aureus-induced mastitis differentially modulate transcriptional responses in neighbouring uninfected bovine mammary gland quarters.the most important disease of dairy cattle is mastitis, caused by the infection of the mammary gland by various micro-organisms. although the transcriptional response of bovine mammary gland cells to in vitro infection has been studied, the interplay and consequences of these responses in the in vivo environment of the mammary gland are less clear. previously mammary gland quarters were considered to be unaffected by events occurring in neighbouring quarters. more recently infection of individua ...201323324411
characterisation of the bacterial microbiota of the vagina of dairy cows and isolation of pediocin-producing pediococcus acidilactici.uterine infections in dairy cows lower profitability of dairy operations. infections of the reproductive tract are related to the overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria during the first three weeks after parturition. however, alterations in the vaginal microbiota composition in the first weeks after parturition remain poorly documented.201323356904
[development of an ims-qpcr method for detection of cryptosporidium parvum in water].to develop a detection method for cryptosporidium parvum oocysts from water samples, which combined immunomagnetic separation (ims) with taqman real-time pcr (qpcr).201324812853
the effect of prepartum intravaginal bacteriophage administration on the incidence of retained placenta and metritis.the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of prepartum intravaginal administration of an anti-escherichia coli bacteriophage cocktail on uterine health and reproductive performance of lactating dairy cows. the study was conducted on a commercial dairy farm located near ithaca, new york, from march to september 2012, and 107 cows were enrolled. the cows were divided randomly into 2 groups (treatment and control); treatment group cows were submitted to 3 intravaginal administrations o ...201324119800
prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing escherichia coli on bavarian dairy and beef cattle farms.extended-spectrum β-lactamase (esbl)-producing escherichia coli strains are believed to be widely distributed among humans and animals; however, to date, there are only few studies that support this assumption on a regional or countrywide scale. therefore, a study was designed to assess the prevalence of esbl-producing e. coli in dairy cows and beef cattle in the southern part of bavaria, germany. the study population included 30 mixed dairy and beef cattle farms and 15 beef cattle farms. fecal ...201323455336
the effect of meloxicam on pain sensitivity, rumination time, and clinical signs in dairy cows with endotoxin-induced clinical mastitis.the objectives of this study were to (1) evaluate the use of a pressure algometer and an automated rumination monitoring system to assess changes in pain sensitivity and rumination time in response to endotoxin-induced clinical mastitis and (2) evaluate the effect of the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug meloxicam on pain sensitivity and rumination time, as well as other clinical signs, in dairy cattle with endotoxin-induced clinical mastitis. clinical mastitis was induced in 12 primiparous and ...201323522672
determination of ceftiofur derivatives in serum, endometrial tissue, and lochia in puerperal dairy cows with fever or acute puerperal metritis after subcutaneous administration of ceftiofur crystalline free acid.acute puerperal metritis (apm) is one of the most common diseases during the puerperal period. systemic administration of ceftiofur for 5 consecutive days has been shown to be effective for treatment of apm. the objective of this study was to determine concentrations of ceftiofur derivatives in serum, endometrial tissue, and lochia of cows with fever postpartum or apm 4 to 6d after treatment with a single subcutaneous dose of 6.6 mg of ceftiofur crystalline free acid (ccfa)/kg of estimated bw at ...201323261383
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