Publications

effect of different gradient solutions on the buoyant density of scrapie infectivity.		1978	99747
studies of the lymphoreticular system in the pathogenesis of scrapie: the role of spleen and thymus.		1978	101558
resistance of scrapie agent to decontamination.		1978	101846
partial purification and evidence for multiple molecular forms of the scrapie agent.	a procedure for the partial purification of the scrapie agent from mouse spleen was developed based on its sedimentation profile. differential centrifugation and detergent treatment with sodium deoxycholate yielded a fraction designated "p5" which was enriched for scrapie infectivity approximately 20-fold with respect to cellular protein. the p5 fraction was devoid of cellular membranes but heavily contaminated with ribosomes as judged by electron microscopy. on centrifugation of the fraction p5 ...	1978	102338
evidence for the low molecular weight nature of scrapie agent.		1979	107457
[cellular fusion induced in vitro by the mouse scrapie agent].	a method is described to demonstrate and measure the cell-fusion in vitro induced by viruses. this technique has been established using sendai virus. it has been used to study the fusing ability of the scrapie agent which is responsible of a slowly progressing spongiform encephalopathy in mice. in vero cells, the scrapie agent induces a fusion which appears slowly and remains moderate. this test can help to detect the human spongiform encephalopathies.	1979	111844
antiviral compound effective against experimental scrapie.		1979	89602
slow viruses and chronic disease of the central nervous system.	although recognized since the 1930s, slow infections have only recently received considerable attention. there are three types, group a (related to the type c rna viruses), group b (bizarre agents such as scrapie and kuru) and group c (viruses such as measles which normally produce acute infections but which are behaving here in an unusual fashion). these viruses are only united in that they produce disease with excessively long incubation periods. many slow infections result in neurological dis ...	1979	223140
creutzfeldt-jakob disease: patterns of worldwide occurrence and the significance of familial and sporadic clustering.	the worldwide epidemiology of creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd) is presented from an analysis of 1,435 patients. in the united states, the average annual mortality rate is at least 0.26 deaths per million. temporal-spatial clustering of cases was not found in the united states, but reports from other countries indicate that such clustering does occur. fifteen percent of the cases were of the familial type, suggesting a genetic susceptibility to infection. iatrogenic transmission by corneal transpl ...	1979	371520
the scrapie agent: is it a viroid?		1979	104387
elimination of natural scrapie in sheep by sire genotype selection.		1979	759952
aetiology and genetic control of natural scrapie.		1979	423984
[naked deoxyribonucleic acid viroids as the causative agents of neuropathies?].		1979	431739
immunoglobulin g concentrations in the sera of herdwick sheep with natural scrapie.		1979	528692
pathogenesis of scrapie: agent multiplication in brain at the first and second passage of hamster scrapie in mice.	the intracerebral (i.c.) injection of mice with a particular source of hamster passaged scrapie produced disease after an incubation period of 325 +/- 6 days (mean +/- s.e.). the incubation period at the second i.e. passage in mice was reduced to 149 +/- 2 days. studies were made of the dynamics of agent replication at 1st and 2nd passages in mice. at first passage, there was a 'zero phase' lasting about 175 days, when no infectious agent was detected in brain (or spleen), followed by a period o ...	1979	103999
[creutzfeldt-jacob disease in continental france. retrospective study from 1968 to 1977].	during the decade 1968-1977, 170 cases of creutzfeldt-jakob disease were found in france. the clinical features of 124 neuropathologically-verified cases are summarized and a multi-factor analysis performed to obtain the most frequent combinations of signs and symptoms. certain exceptional features are discussed. the annual mortality rate during this period was 0.32 cases per million for the whole of france, and 0.69 cases per million for the paris metropolitan area. preliminary totals for 1978 ...	1979	395612
creutzfeldt-jakob disease in france: iii. epidemiological study of 170 patients dying during the decade 1968--1977.	systematic search for creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd) in france yielded a total of 170 patients dying between 1968 and 1977. the overall annual mortality rate from cjd for france was 0.32 case per million persons, with by far the highest rate (1.33 cases per million) in the most densely populated parts of paris. a highly significant correlation between population density and the mortality rate of cjd in the paris urban agglomeration was consistent with the hypothesis of human-to human disease tr ...	1979	391142
transmission of chronic spongiform encephalopathy with kuru plaques from humans to small rodents.	an unusual case of spongiform encephalopathy was transmitted directly from a human to rats and mice. after serial passages, incubation periods were shortened to about six months in rats and four months in mice. clinical symptoms were similar in rats and mice, including ruffled fur, arched back, bradykinesia, and hind limb paralysis. pathologically, a spongy state, proliferation of astrocytes, and neuronal changes were observed. electron microscopic observation of the parietal cortex of rats and ...	1979	382976
pathogenesis of mouse scrapie: dynamics of agent replication in spleen, spinal cord and brain after infection by different routes.		1979	120379
slow viral infections.		1979	231926
[in vitro fusion ability of agents causing slow diseases of the central nervous system].	the authors study cell fusion in vitro induced by two kinds of slow viruses : visna virus of sheep and scrapie of mouse and creutzfeldt-jakob disease of man agents. cell-fusion induced by visna virus is either slow and late occuring (fusion from within) or early and rapid (fusion from without) according to experimental conditions. whereas, cell-fusion induced by spongiform encephalopathies agents is only of slow appearance, looking an endogenous phenomenon.	1979	226238
the discovery of a particle unique to brain and spleen subcellular fractions from scrapie-infected mice.		1979	113498
biohazards of investigations on the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.	there is considerable current interest in the agents that cause the spongiform encephalopathies: scrapie, transmissible mink encephalopathy, kuru, and creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd). the unusual properties of these agents, their elusiveness, and their pathogenicity for humans (in the cases of kuru and cjd) make these agents interesting subjects of investigation but also make imperative a consideration of their potential biohazards in the laboratory. in view of both the potential pathogenicity o ...	1980	6302811
sensitivity of scrapie infectivity to detergents and 2-mercaptoethanol.	exposure of fractions obtained from scrapie-infected mouse brain to triton x-100 resulted in no change in its infectivity except after sedimentation. infectivity was reduced after exposure to 2-mercaptoethanol but only in the presence of sds. these results support the view that protein is an important component of the scrapie agent and that disulfide bonds may play a part in maintaining the structural integrity of the infectious agent.	1980	6768695
interactions between viral infection and immune mechanisms.		1980	6451349
an epidemiologic critique of creutzfeldt-jakob disease.		1980	6448751
[creutzfeld-jakob disease: recent advances; biology of unconventional viruses (author's transl)].	the authors update their earlier review (1973) of the unconventional viruses responsible for the subacute spongiform encephalopathies of man and animals. newer data about the viruses of scrapie and creutzfeldt-jakob disease are summarized. the biology and experimental pathology of the diseases are discussed.	1980	6776473
attempts to establish cell cultures infected with the viruses of subacute spongiform encephalopathies.		1980	6777783
replication of the scrapie agent in ocular neural tissues.	optic nerves and retinas removed from hamsters experimentally inoculated with the scrapie agent contain a high titer of infectivity. ophthalmoscopic examination of these animals revealed gross lesions of retinopathy as early as 3 weeks before the onset of clinical signs of brain degeneration. these results suggest that the scrapie agent may spread centrifugally in nerve fibers after intracerebral inoculation and that the scrapie-associated retinopathy seen in hamsters is directly induced by the ...	1980	6767244
virologic and neurohistologic findings in dairy goats affected with natural scrapie.	virologic and neurohistologic findings in three dairy goats that became affected with scrapie while living with naturally infected suffolk sheep were essentially like those in affected sheep. virus, detected by mouse inoculation, was widespread in non-neural sites, particularly in lymphatic tissues and intestine. im most sites, titers of virus ranged from 3.0 to 3.5 log10 mouse intracerebral ld50/30 mg of tissue. virus was in nervous tissue in much higher titer. ranging from 5.1 to 5.8 log10, th ...	1980	6767304
electrophoretic properties of the scrapie agent in agarose gels.	the molecular properties of the scrapie agent were investigated by subjecting partially purified preparations to electrophoresis on agarose gels. when electrophoresis was performed at room temperature in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (nadodso4), most of the recoverable agent was found at the top of the gel, consistent with previous studies indicating aggregation of the agent upon exposure to elevated temperatures. in addition, less than 5% of the agent applied to the gel was found after ...	1980	6771764
pathogenesis of mouse scrapie: evidence for neural spread of infection to the cns.	the replication of infectious agent has been studied in brain, thoracic cord, and lumbar cord of compton white mice (sinc87) infected with the 139a strain of scrapie. nine experiments were carried out using four different peripheral routes of injection. a highly consistent pattern of results was obtained in which replication in the cns started in the thoracic cord after about 35% of the total incubation period had elapsed (range 25 to 42%). this was followed by the simultaneous onset of replicat ...	1980	6780656
[cell fusion induced in vitro by spongiform encephalopathy agents. value of a diagnostic test].		1980	6771862
slow viruses: molecular properties of the agents causing scrapie in mice and hamsters.		1980	6773068
molecular properties, partial purification, and assay by incubation period measurements of the hamster scrapie agent.	the scrapie agent causes a progressive degeneration of the central nervous system of animals after a prolonged incubation period. measurements of incubation period length, defined as the time from inoculation to the onset of clinical signs of neurological dysfunction, were related to the titer of the agent and the dilution of the inoculated sample. equations defining the relationship provide a new assay for the agent requiring fewer animals than end point titrations. by use of this incubation pe ...	1980	6775697
gel electrophoresis and glass permeation chromatography of the hamster scrapie agent after enzymatic digestion and detergent extraction.		1980	6775698
clinical signs of scrapie in sheep and goats.		1980	6947297
requirement of a protein component for scrapie infectivity.	scrapie infectivity in the hirt supernatant of a 20% scrapie-infected mouse brain filtrate was almost totally inactivated by pronase treatment. it was not affected by rnase a treatment and was only slightly reduced by dnase i treatment. these results indicate that a protein component is required for the transfection of scrapie nucleic acid and that free scrapie nucleic acid is either not infectious or its infectivity is extremely low.	1980	6786997
further observations on particulate structures in scrapie affected brain.	a search procedure at the ultrastructural level revealed characteristic particulate structures in mice of two further laboratory stocks experimentally inoculated with scrapie. the structures represent a specific change related to scrapie disease; their relationship to the scrapie agent is discussed.	1980	7189583
experimental scrapie in the mouse: electrophoretic and sedimentation properties of the partially purified agent.	some biochemical and biophysical properties of the scrapie agent in a partially purified fraction p5 from murine spleen are described in this communication. the agent was stable in the nonionic detergents triton x-100 and nonidet p40 and stable in the nondenaturing, anionic detergents sodium cholate and sodium n-lauroyl sarcosinate. in contrast, sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds) inactivated the agent at high concentrations (1% or >) when the detergent-to-protein ration approached 1.5 g sds/g protein. ...	1980	6778963
host and viral genetic determinants of the behavioral effects of scrapie encephalopathy.		1980	6773083
oral transmission of kuru, creutzfeldt-jakob disease, and scrapie to nonhuman primates.	kuru and creutzfeldt-jakob disease of humans and scrapie disease of sheep and goats were transmitted to squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus) that were exposed to the infectious agents only by their nonforced consumption of known infectious tissues. the asymptomatic incubation period in the one monkey exposed to the virus of kuru was 36 months; that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of creutzfeldt-jakob disease was 23 and 27 months, respectively; and that in the two monkeys exposed to the vi ...	1980	6997404
[kuru and scrapie as study models for creutzfeldt-jakob disease].		1980	7011481
[experimental pathology of subacute spongiform encephalopathies].		1980	7011482
experimental transmission of human subacute spongiform encephalopathy to small rodents. i. clinical and histological observations.	experimental transmission of subacute spongiform encephalopathy from three human cases to small rodents is reported. the first case with atypical cjd with spongiform change, kuru plaques, and leukomalacia was transmitted directly to mice, rats, and guinea pigs and indirectly to hamsters and mongolian gerbils through rats. from two other typical sse cases the disease was also successfully transmitted; from he second case to mice and rats, and from the third case to guinea pigs. brain showed the h ...	1980	7001848
early behavioral abnormalities in mice due to scrapie virus encephalopathy.	the behavioral effects of scrapie virus infection, a slow degenerative disease of the central nervous system, were examined in mice. testing was conducted at 50, 100, and 150 days postinfection and included open-field behavior, y-maze alternation and activity, and two-way shuttle-box avoidance. the behavioral pathology was found to be task-specific rather than of a global nature. furthermore, the effects observed could be classified as either early or late components of the disease. the relevanc ...	1980	7357057
[slow virus infections: the concept of chronic diseases].		1980	6999335
virus-induced subacute degenerative diseases of the central nervous system.		1980	7017526
brain tissue from persons dying of creutzfeldt-jakob disease causes scrapie-like encephalopathy in goats.	two goats became affected with an encephalopathy indistinguishable from scrapie 43 months after they were inoculated intracerebrally with 10% suspensions of brain from two persons dying of creutzfeldt-jakob disease. although this observation does not establish the common identity of creutzfeldt-jakob disease virus and scrapie virus, it is thought to provide strong evidence of a close etiological relationship between the two diseases.	1980	7011169
slow virus infections in sheep.		1980	7388592
medico-geographical aspects of some nervous diseases of animals.	illustrating with some examples of animal diseases appearing to be less important like the cerebellar hypoplasy of cats, pig chorea, louping ill and scrapie, the author wants to enlighten the significance of medico-geographical investigations concerning the distribution of nervous diseases of animals. he is supplying data to confirm the fact that many diseases of central nervous system of animals - after having detected their nosology and distribution more extensively - would come much more into ...	1980	7419058
slow virus infections of the nervous system of sheep.		1980	7467102
[the creutzfeldt-jakob disease. clinical, epidemiological, pathogenetic and aetiological aspects (author's transl)].	creutzfield-jakob disease is a kind of fatal progressive dementia in adults with cerebellar, extrapyramidal and corticospinal signs leading via decerebration to death within an average period of 7 months. eeg and biopsy of the brain are the only diagnostic means of significant importance. neuropathologically, there are spongiform changes with loss of neurons and gliosis. the epidemiological conditions are complicated and indicate that certain families and population groups are preferred. togethe ...	1980	7000649
scrapie.		1981	7225777
[morbus gerstmann-sträussler-scheinker. the sch. family-a report of three cases (author's transl)].	the clinical symptoms from three cases and histological findings from two patients suffering from morbus gerstmann-sträussler-scheinker (m-gss) are reported. this disease belongs to the group of subacute spongiform encephalopathies. it is extremely rare and so far has only been observed in 52 members of four large families, in which the symptoms begin between the age of 33 and 50 and lead to death in 4-5 years. in the family reported here, cerebellar symptoms including myoclonia and later dement ...	1981	7295008
serial studies on the development of cerebral amyloidosis and vacuolar degeneration in murine scrapie.		1981	7320256
experimental transmission of human subacute spongiform encephalopathy to small rodents. iii. further transmission from three patients and distribution patterns of lesions in mice.	further experimental transmission of creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd) from three patients to mice and rats was carried out successfully. the clinical signs and pathologic features of spongiform encephalopathy transmitted to animals were much the same as in previous experiments, except that distribution of the lesions in the mice differed with each inoculated material taken from the patients. these observations suggest that multiplicity of cjd agents, as in the case of scrapie agents.	1981	7010877
in vitro interaction of scrapie agent and mouse peritoneal macrophages.	scrapie brain homogenate was mixed with mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro. after 2 h of incubation at 37 degrees, a portion of the scrapie infectivity was associated with macrophages. in contrast, very little infectivity was associated with kidney cells that had been exposed to scrapie brain homogenate. after incubation of the scrapie brain homogenate-macrophage mixture at 4 degrees rather than 37 degrees, a reduced quantity of infectivity was associated with the macrophages. these result sh ...	1981	6799420
epidemiologic comparisons between creutzfeldt-jakob disease and scrapie in france during the 12-year period 1968-1979.	systematic investigation of the occurrence of scrapie in france revealed that between 1968 and 1979 the disease has been diagnosed in a total of 145 flocks, in virtually every region where sheep are raised. the geographic distribution of scrapie-affected flocks was unrelated to the residential location of patients dying of creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd) during this period, arguing against direct contact or indirect vector transmission of the disease to humans. regional lamb consumption was not ...	1981	7024478
absence of vertical transmission of subacute spongiform viral encephalopathies in experimental primates.		1981	6784125
scrapie-associated particles in postsynaptic processes. further ultrastructural studies.	both tubular and spherical densities have been described in postsynaptic processes of mice with clinical scrapie. to determine whether the tubular appearances resulted from tubular structures or from overlap of spherical particles, electron microscopic examination was performed by tilting the specimen through large angles. in every instance where such could be analyzed, the tubular appearances resulted from overlapping of tightly aggregated spherical particles.	1981	7194369
effect of vaccinia-activated macrophages on scrapie infection in hamsters.		1981	7194567
use of the golden syrian hamster in the study of scrapie virus.		1981	7194568
hamster scrapie: evidence for alterations in serotonin metabolism.		1981	7194569
determination of scrapie agent titer from incubation period measurements in hamsters.	progress in studies on the scrapie agent has been hampered by the slow and tedious endpoint titration assays in rodents. a new assay based on incubation period measurements has been developed. the incubation period is defined as the time interval from inoculation to the onset of clinically detectable neurological illness or as the interval from inoculation to death. both of these intervals or incubation periods are inversely proportional to the size of the dose injected intracerebrally into rand ...	1981	7194570
abnormal fibrils from scrapie-infected brain.	abnormal fibrillary structures, designated "scrapie-associated fibrils" (saf), have been observed using negative stain techniques in subfractions of brains from scrapie-affected animals. saf have been observed in all combinations of strain of scrapie agent and strain or species of host examined, regardless of their histopathology, in particular the presence or absence of amyloid plaques. saf consist either of two or four filaments. they are morphologically dissimilar to the normal brain fibrils- ...	1981	7195134
increased concanavalin a capping in cells from brains of scrapie-infected hamsters.		1981	7195698
effect of route of infection on the frequency and distribution of cerebral amyloid plaques in scrapie mice.	cerebral amyloid plaques are a conspicuous pathological feature in mice infected with certain strains of scrapie. the origin of the amyloid protein in these plaques, whether it is locally or systemically synthesized, and the mechanisms leading to its deposition are not known. the frequency of plaques and their distribution in the brain are greatly influenced by the route of injection of the scrapie inoculum. intracerebral injection consistently results in greater numbers of plaques than are obta ...	1981	7197001
serotonin concentrations in brain and blood of scrapie-infected and normal hamsters and mice.	whole brains and bloods of scrapie-infected and control mice and hamsters were assayed for serotonin content. late clinical scrapie-infected mice showed a 20% reduction in whole-brain serotonin concentrations but no change in blood concentrations relative to controls. late clinical scrapie-infected hamsters showed no change in whole-brain serotonin concentrations but a 2.5-fold decrease in blood concentrations relative to controls.	1981	7197184
structural modifications of nerve membranes during experimental scrapie evolution in mouse.		1981	7197931
perivascular infiltrates of leukocytes in brains of scrapie-infected mice.		1981	7198185
evidence for induction of localized amyloid deposits and neuritic plaques by an infectious agent.	mice inoculated intracerebrally with mouse brain homogenate infected with a particular strain of scrapie agent developed amyloid and neuritic plaques and amyloid tubercles along the injection track, solid wall-like infiltrations at the injection site, or both. our observations implicate an infections agent in the localized formation of the amyloid and the neuritic plaque--the leading pathological change found in normal elderly people and animals and in patients with senile dementia of the alzhei ...	1981	7198888
thiocyanate and hydroxyl ions inactivate the scrapie agent.	to probe the macromolecular structure of the scrapie agent and explore conditions for monomerization, the stability of the agent in low concentrations of inorganic ions was determined. a reduction by a factor of 10(5) in scrapie titer was found on exposure of the agent to 1 m kscn or 0.3 m naoh. in addition to the inactivation by thiocyanate ions, other chaotropic ions such as guanidinium and trichloroacetate inactivate the scrapie agent. removal of thiocyanate ions by dialysis or glass permeati ...	1981	6794034
[hyperproduction of glial fibrillary acidic protein (gfa) during development of experimental scrapie in mice].		1981	6796203
[trials of in vitro propagation of the scrapie agent in mouse nerve cells].	we attempted to propagate the scrapie agent in vitro in glia and neuroblastoma cells of mice. four out of seven assays of infection were positive, i.e. after several passages in vitro yielding at most a 10(9) fold final dilution of the original material, the extracts of each of the four cultures, when injected intracerebrally into cd1 mice, produced a deadly disease displaying the clinical and pathological signs characteristic of scrapie.	1981	6797691
reversible chemical modification of the scrapie agent.	the scrapie agent causes a degenerative nervous system disease in sheep and goats. studies with extensively purified preparations demonstrated that the agent contains a protein that is required for infectivity. chemical modification of the scrapie agent by diethyl pyrocarbonate reduced the titer 1000-fold. exposure of the inactivated agent to hydroxylamine, a strong nucleophile, resulted in complete restoration of infectivity. presumably, nucleophilic residues within a scrapie agent protein unde ...	1981	6795721
apomorphine-induced circling behaviour in hamsters following unilateral injection of scrapie gent in the striatum.	twenty golden hamsters received a microinjection of scrapie agent into the left striatum. at different times after inoculation animals were injected intraperitoneally with apomorphine, a direct dopamine receptor agonist. two types of effects developed simultaneously, starting at about 80 days after infection. first, apomorphine induced a rotational behaviour which showed a progressive destruction of the striatal neurones at the site of injection. this suggest a local spread of scrapie agent by c ...	1981	6785675
brain glycosidases in creutzfeldt-jakob disease.	several glycosidase activities were measured in frontal gray matter of 4 brains from subjects affected by creutzfeldt-jakob disease. the changes of n-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, n-acetyl-beta-galactosaminidase, beta-glucosidase, alpha-fucosidase and alpha-mannosidase were not statistically significant but significant increases of beta-glucuronidase and beta-galactosidase activities were found. these results are in accordance with several reports on brain glycosidases in scrapie and semliki fore ...	1981	6783737
progressive retinal degeneration in scrapie-infected hamsters: a light and electron microscopic analysis.	scrapie is considered a prototype of the spongiform encephalopathies. this group of diseases is characterized by a prolonged incubation period, without symptoms, followed by an insidious onset of clinical disease leading to death. attention has mainly been focused on central nervous system pathology, and reports of pathology in the retina have been limited. in this study, hamsters were inoculated intracerebrally with the scrapie agent and serially sacrificed to determine agent titers and patholo ...	1981	6779055
hypersensitivity to central serotonin receptor activation in scrapie-infected hamsters and the effect of serotonergic drugs on scrapie symptoms.	low doses of the serotonin agonist, quipazine, and the serotonin precursor, l-5-hydroxytryptophan methyl ester, produce small but significant reductions in scrapie-induced ataxia and action jerks in hamsters. higher doses of both drugs elicit a behavioral syndrome specific for central serotonin receptor activation. scrapie-infected hamsters show a dramatic hypersensitivity to both drugs compared to control animals. this suggests that scrapie infection in hamsters causes a disturbance in the sero ...	1981	6456788
histochemical and morphometric evaluation of skeletal muscle of cachectic sheep.	skeletal muscle of sheep was examined histochemically in an attempt to define muscle fiber populations capable of distinctive biological behavior. atpase at alkaline and acid ph, nadh-tr, and succinic dehydrogenase showed at least 12 fiber types, but only three often enough to be considered biologically important muscle fiber populations. the proportions of the three major types altered during early life, but not perceptibly during adult life. proportions of type i and type ii fibers were differ ...	1981	6455004
evidence for normal cell-mediated immunity in scrapie-infected mice.	comparisons between mixed lymphocyte cultures of splenocytes from scrapie-infected and normal mouse brain-inoculated control mice did not reveal any evidence of an impaired cell-mediated immune response in scrapie-infected mice. likewise, mixed lymphocyte cultures of splenocytes from scrapie-infected and normal mice demonstrated that infected spleen cells had no scrapie-specific antigens on their surfaces. these data suggested that the absence of a detectable scrapie-specific immune response in ...	1981	6454663
toward development of assays for scrapie-specific antibodies.		1981	6261543
scrapie agent contains a hydrophobic protein.	the scrapie agent causes a degenerative nervous system disorder of sheep and goats. considerable evidence indicates that the scrapie agent contains a protein that is necessary for infectivity [prusiner, s. b., groth, d. f., cochran, s. p., masiarz, f. r., mckinley, m. p. & martinez, h. m. (1980) biochemistry 19, 4883-4891], but direct demonstration of a protein moiety has been hampered by lack of sufficiently purified preparations. employing preparations of the scrapie agent enriched 100- to 100 ...	1981	6273882
observation on the capping of spleen lymphocytes from scrapie infected mice after treatment with anti ig.	staining of lymphocytes from scrapie-infected stu mice with fitc-labelled anti-mouse ig revealed disturbances in the capping process when compared with lymphocytes from mock-infected animals. quantitative evaluation indicates that 10-15% of cells from scrapie-infected animals show an altered capping behaviour. these phenomena are discussed with special reference to the role of the lymphoreticular system in early scrapie agent replication.	1981	6163956
slow viral infections of animals: experimental models for human disease.	sigurdsson's three criterions for a slow viral infection are quoted and discussed and the background of his work briefly described. a fourth criterion for a slow viral infection, is suggested, infection of the hosts lymphoid tissues, which is a common feature of slow infections that have been observed. the general properties of the maedi-visna virus, the diseases and the immune response it causes are discussed. sheep and goats are susceptible to natural maedi-visna infection. in the goat an iden ...	1981	6273667
golgi and electronmicroscopic studies of spongiform encephalopathy.	golgi impregnations of cerebral biopsies from two patients suffering from creutzfeldt-jakob disease (subacute spongiform encephalopathy) revealed striking loss of dendritic spines of pyramidal neurons and unusual focal spherical distensions of dendritic and axonal processes. light and electronmicroscopic studies disclosed spongiform changes, which seemed to be caused by intracytoplasmic vacuoles and expansion of the plasmalemmal membranes of neurons and astrocytes. although the diagnostic biopsi ...	1981	6164953
spongiform polioencephalomyelopathy caused by a murine retrovirus. ii. ultrastructural localization of virus replication and spongiform changes in the central nervous system.	the development of murine retrovirus induced spongiform polioencephalomyelopathy was studied sequentially by electron microscopy. during the initial 30 days, viral infection of the central nervous system, as evidenced by viral budding from membranes, was limited to the endothelial cells and pericytes. viral particles were observed in the lumen of blood vessels, extracellular spaces and astrocytic endfeet surrounding blood vessels, but no morphological evidence of productive infection was found i ...	1981	6272148
ultrastructural cytochemical studies of cerebral microvasculature in scrapie infected mice.	alkaline phosphatase, 5'-nucleotidase nucleoside diphosphatase and thiamine pyrophosphatase activities were studied by cytochemical method applied to electron microscopy of brain microvasculature in normal and scrapie infected mice. in control mice, the major location of all phosphatases studied was the luminal plasma membrane of the endothelial cells. in scrapie infected mice, changes in activity and distribution of the above mentioned phosphatases manifested themselves in the appearance of the ...	1981	6111887
neuronal spread of scrapie agent and targeting of lesions within the retino-tectal pathway.		1982	6173756
immunological studies of scrapie infection.		1982	6183292
polyadenylated rna and scrapie in mice.		1982	6180544
transmission of scrapie by oral route: effect of gingival scarification.		1982	6119548
scrapie: strategies, stalemates, and successes.		1982	6122977
research on scrapie.		1982	6125659
inability to transmit scrapie by transfection of mouse embryo cells in vitro.	infectivity of nucleic acid from highly infectious mouse scrapie brains was studied by transfecting the nucleic acid in vitro prior to inoculation into animals. foetal mouse brain and whole mouse embryo cultures were chosen as the cells used for the transfection. as an internal control, infectious nucleic acid was recovered from bacteriophage phi x174 and whole virus particles were obtained when cultures were transfected with herpes simplex virus dna. in contrast, none of the animals inoculated ...	1982	6278059
retrovirus antigens in brains of mice with scrapie- and murine leukemia virus-induced spongiform encephalopathy.	wild mouse ecotropic virus-induced spongiform encephalomyelopathy pathologically similar to scrapie was associated with the expression of retrovirus antigens in mouse brains. however, scrapie-infected mice with spongiform encephalopathy showed no increased expression of retrovirus antigens in brain. thus, the pathogenesis of the scrapie spongiform lesion does not appear to involve activation of endogenous retrovirus.	1982	6292099
alzheimer's disease and transmissible virus dementia (creutzfeldt-jakob disease).	ample justification exists on clinical, pathologic, and biologic grounds for considering a similar pathogenesis for ad and the spongiform virus encephalopathies. however, the crux of the comparison rests squarely on results of attempts to transmit ad to experimental animals, and these results have not as yet validated a common etiology. investigations of the biologic similarities between ad and the spongiform virus encephalopathies proceed in several laboratories, and our own observation of inoc ...	1982	6758661
novel proteinaceous infectious particles cause scrapie.	after infection and a prolonged incubation period, the scrapie agent causes a degenerative disease of the central nervous system in sheep and goats. six lines of evidence including sensitivity to proteases demonstrate that this agent contains a protein that is required for infectivity. although the scrapie agent is irreversibly inactivated by alkali, five procedures with more specificity for modifying nucleic acids failed to cause inactivation. the agent shows heterogeneity with respect to size ...	1982	6801762
experimental scrapie in golden syrian hamsters: temporal comparison of in vitro cell-fusing activity with brain infectivity and histopathological changes.	golden syrain hamsters were inoculated intracerebrally with the hamster-adapted 263k strain of scrapie virus, and the evolution of in vitro cell fusing activity induced by brain suspensions was compared with brain infectivity titers and histological changes. cell-fusing activity abruptly appeared 4 weeks after inoculation, 1 week before the earliest detectable histopathological changes, at an infectivity level of 7.6 log 50% lethal doses per g of brain. cell-fusing activity was sustained through ...	1982	6809626