| prevalence and determinants of hepatitis a virus exposure among prison entrants in queensland, australia: implications for public health control. | in september 1997, a multicentre outbreak of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection occurred in the queensland prison system following a prolonged community-based hav epidemic among illicit drug users. as part of the public health response, a cross-sectional survey was undertaken to estimate the sero-prevalence of, and identify the determinants for, recent and past hav infection among the incoming male prisoner population. exposure data were collected through face-to-face interviews with 214 consenti ... | 1998 | 9751015 |
| [outbreaks of hepatitis a in the city of havana in the year 1991]. | fifty-six outbreaks of hepatitis a infection were studied in city of havana between january and september, 1991. in 34 of these, the presence of the hepatitis a virus (hav) was confirmed, either by the detection of specific serum igm antibodies to the hav or by the detection of the antigen in the feces of the subjects under study. diagnosis was not made in some of the outbreaks due to the insufficient number of samples sent to the laboratory. of the 453 blood serum samples under study, 126 were ... | 1994 | 9768233 |
| immunogenicity and reactogenicity of avaxim (160 au) as compared with havrix (1440 el.u) as a booster following primary immunization with havrix (1440 el.u) against hepatitis a. | hepatitis a vaccination is recommended for travelers from the uk to areas of moderate or high endemicity. two licensed hepatitis a vaccines are now available in the uk, and this trial was undertaken to determine whether avaxim can be used as a booster following a primary course of havrix. | 1998 | 9772311 |
| simultaneous amoebic liver abscess and hepatitis a infection. | hepatitis a virus (hav) infection and amoebic liver abscess have an identical mode of transmission (fecal-oral route) and similar epidemiology. either of these diseases might be considered in patients presenting with clinical signs and symptoms of liver disease in areas of the world where hepatitis and entamoeba histolytica are endemic. the following two cases describe patients with simultaneous infection of hav and amoebic liver abscess. this report emphasizes the role of dual infection in pati ... | 1998 | 9772324 |
| [anti-actin antibodies in acute viral hepatitis a in children]. | hepatitis a virus (hav) infection has been proposed as a possible trigger of autoimmune hepatitis type i. we have previously reported the presence of anti-actin antibodies en protracted hepatitis a. at present the presence of anti-actin antibodies in acute uncomplicated hepatitis a is unknown. the aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence and persistence of anti-actin antibodies un children with acute hepatitis a. | 1998 | 9773155 |
| immunization against hepatitis a during an outbreak in a jewish orthodox community--quebec, 1997-1998. | | 1998 | 9780447 |
| [an outbreak caused by hepatitis a virus in an institution for the mentally handicapped--detection of hepatitis a virus rna using ctab method]. | the prevalence of hepatitis a virus (hav) antibody in people has decreased from year to year in japan. a sequential outbreak occurred in an institution for the mentally handicapped people in chiba city in the summer of 1995. eight people were infected including 7 residents and one staff member. we tested to detect antigen in fecal samples by elisa and pcr for early diagnosis for hepatitis a infection. four sera and 5 feces were obtained from 5 patients between 2 and 8 days after the onset of sym ... | 1998 | 9780581 |
| persistence of infectious hepatitis a virus and its genome in artificial seawater. | the stability of the hepatitis a virus (hav) genome detectable by rt-pcr in artificial sterile seawater seeded with hav has been compared to that of hav detectable in cell culture. the hav genome was detectable by rt-pcr for 232 days while virus particles were detectable in cell culture for only 35 days. this difference in stability indicates that detection of the hav genome by rt-pcr is not a reliable indicator of the survival of hav detectable in cell cultures. however, before these results ca ... | 1998 | 9789362 |
| new target groups for vaccination against hepatitis a: homosexual men, injecting drug users and patients with chronic hepatitis. | in countries where the incidence of hepatitis a is low outbreaks of hepatitis a regularly occur among injecting drug users (idus) and homosexual men. obviously these groups are important reservoirs of hepatitis a virus (hav) and vaccination within these groups should be encouraged. in elderly patients, as well as in patients with chronic liver disease, hepatitis a infection may have a worse prognosis than in young and healthy patients. also for that reason, patients with chronic liver disease, e ... | 1998 | 9790149 |
| [secondary infection with hepatitis a in rhesus monkeys after experimental inoculation]. | time course of specific humoral immunity is studied in 186 macaca mulatta spontaneously infected with hepatitis a virus (hav). immunity parameters are characterized quantitatively and qualitatively and their similarity to those in human hepatitis a (ha) is demonstrated. repeated ha was reproduced in 12 seropositive macaca mulatta infected with hav-mr in high doses. the disease was characterized either by periodical virus release with feces for 1.5-2 months (10(4) id50) or by that together with a ... | 1998 | 9791880 |
| [the vaccinal prevention of viral hepatitis a in military groups]. | | 1998 | 9793452 |
| is a vaccination program against hepatitis a needed in india? | | 1998 | 9795512 |
| hepatitis g virus infection in acute fulminant hepatitis: prevalence of hgv infection and sequence analysis of a specific viral strain. | hepatitis g virus (hgv) is a recently discovered rna virus, which belongs to the flaviviridae family. although hgv infection is usually not associated with elevated serum transaminases, some recent studies have reported that hgv infection is found in a significant number of patients with fulminant hepatitis and may play a role in its etiopathogenesis. in this study the prevalence of hgv infection was determined in 500 healthy blood donors and in 24 patients admitted to hospital because of acute ... | 1998 | 9795913 |
| proof of hepatitis a virus negative-sense rna by rna/dna-hybrid detection: a method for specific detection of both viral negative- and positive-strand rna species. | the detection of hepatitis a virus (hav) negative-strand rna, which is synthesized during replication of the positive-strand rna genome, proved to be difficult. we developed a method for the specific detection of hav negative-strand rna by rna-dna hybridization and luminescence detection using an anti-rna:dna hybrid antibody. this method, which is also applicable for the specific detection of positive-strand rna, offers a simple, yet relatively rapid and certain means of detecting low amounts of ... | 1998 | 9801326 |
| [prevalence of anti-hepatitis a in patients with chronic liver disease]. | the recent availability of an effective vaccine for preventing hepatitis a has led to the performance of a prevalence study of antibodies versus the hepatitis a virus (hav) in our patients with chronic liver disease by hepatitis b and c, as a step prior to vaccination. the sera of 425 patients with a mean age of 40 years was studied, with the global antibodies versus hav being determined (abbott). the prevalence was to 75.2% varying from 20% at 19 years to 93% in those over the age of 40. the pr ... | 1998 | 9808894 |
| [indications and prescription of hepatitis a vaccine in spain. report of the spanish association for the study of the liver]. | | 1998 | 9810537 |
| hepatitis a virus sequence detected in clotting factor concentrates associated with disease transmission. | since the early 1990s hepatitis a virus (hav) infections among recipients of solvent-detergent treated factor viii concentrates have occurred in europe, south africa and the united states. a review of the epidemiological and laboratory-based investigations of the outbreaks in germany and ireland were consistent with transmission by factor concentrates but limited information about transmission based upon nucleic acid sequences was obtained, and no clear chain of transmission could be established ... | 1998 | 9811512 |
| interaction of poly(rc) binding protein 2 with the 5' noncoding region of hepatitis a virus rna and its effects on translation. | utilization of internal ribosome entry segment (ires) structures in the 5' noncoding region (5'ncr) of picornavirus rnas for initiation of translation requires a number of host cell factors whose distribution may vary in different cells and whose requirement may vary for different picornaviruses. we have examined the requirement of the cellular protein poly(rc) binding protein 2 (pcbp2) for hepatitis a virus (hav) rna translation. pcbp2 has recently been identified as a factor required for trans ... | 1998 | 9811700 |
| increased infectivity of hepatitis a virus cdna clones with engineered 5'-terminal extra-cistronic sequences. | the genomic rna of hepatitis a virus (hav), a picornavirus of the hepatovirus group, is a single-stranded molecule, ca. 7.5 kb in length of positive polarity. translation of this uncapped rna starts at the 10th (or 11th) aug triplet (position 734-36), by a mechanism of internal initiation of translation. the long sequences extending between the uncapped 5'-end and the translation initiation site contain two (instead of just one) pyrimidine-rich tracts (prts) spanning nucleotides 94-140 and 711-7 ... | 1998 | 9812312 |
| the diverse patterns of hepatitis a epidemiology in the united states-implications for vaccination strategies. | hepatitis a is the most frequently reported vaccine-preventable disease in the united states. hepatitis a incidence and risk factors during 1983-1995 were examined among cases reported to the study's sentinel counties: denver county, colorado; pierce county, washington; jefferson county, alabama; and pinellas county, florida. of 4897 serologically confirmed cases, 611 patients (13%) were hospitalized and 9 (0.2%) died. the average incidence was 14.7/100, 000 (range, 0.6-100.7/100,000, depending ... | 1998 | 9815207 |
| response to hepatitis a vaccine in children after a single dose with a booster administration 6 months later. | background: children are of an age group susceptible to infection by the hepatitis a virus (hav). active immunization of children against hav became reality in 1993, when the first pediatric hepatitis a vaccine was licensed. this initial vaccine required two injections to induce a full immune response in recipients. the purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of a single dose primary vaccine plus a booster after 6 months against hepatitis a in children. methods: a total of 60 healthy ... | 1996 | 9815444 |
| age-specific anti-hepatitis a virus seroepidemiology in italian travelers: indications for anti-hepatitis a vaccination. | background: hepatitis a virus (hav) circulation in the environment is decreasing in most industrialized western countries. this decrease has lead to low seroprevalence rates in adults. as a consequence, many nonimmune unprotected travelers from areas of low prevalence are considered at risk of acquiring hav infection when traveling to high hav endemic areas in developing countries. the recent hav inactivated vaccine has proved safe and effective, and its use in different geographic areas should ... | 1996 | 9815459 |
| risk of hepatitis a infection among young travelers to developing countries: the need for vaccination. | in france, as in most industrialized countries, the seroprevalence of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection decreases due to improvements in hygiene and sanitation, but is still frequent in developing countries.1 in a cohort of military recruits followed up in france, this rate fell from 50% in 1978 to 16% in 1994.2 it is likely, therefore, that young travelers from industrialized countries would not have prior immunity and would be more susceptible to hav infection when visiting endemic areas.3 how ... | 1997 | 9815516 |
| clinical and viral marker pattern of acute sporadic hepatitis in children in madras, south india. | one hundred and twenty-seven children who presented with features of acute hepatitis during the period february 1995 to january 1996 were studied. specific aetiologic agents were identified in 89 per cent. of these, 67.7 per cent were due to a single virus, whereas 21.3 per cent were due to two or more hepatitis viruses. hepatitis a virus (hav) was the sole infecting agent in 38.6 per cent of cases, hepatitis b virus (hbv) in 13.4 per cent of cases, and hepatitis e virus (hev) in 15.7 per cent o ... | 1998 | 9819489 |
| enhancement of the immunogenicity of a synthetic peptide bearing a vp3 epitope of hepatitis a virus. | the immune responses elicited in mice by different forms of the vp3(110-121) b-epitope of the hepatitis a virus (hav) were studied. different forms of incorporation in liposomes were tested, encapsulation, rather than surface exposure, being the best antigenic preparation. three larger peptides of the vp3 epitope, two of them containing a hepatitis b virus t-epitope, and a third containing a putative t-epitope of hav (vp3(102-121)) were assayed. while this latter t-epitope induced an enhancement ... | 1998 | 9821968 |
| experience of hepatitis a vaccination during an outbreak in a nursery school of tuscany, italy. | an outbreak of hepatitis a started in late october 1996 in a nursery school in tuscany, italy. a programme of hepatitis a vaccination without the use of immunoglobulin started at the beginning of december 1996 and included 33 children, 21 household contacts and 6 adults working in the school. overall, 11 cases occurred in children attending the school (attack rate 27%) and 10 among their household contacts (attack rate 9 %). the latter also included parents, and, in two cases, grandmothers. the ... | 1998 | 9825788 |
| feline calicivirus as a model system for heat inactivation studies of small round structured viruses in shellfish. | commercial heat treatment procedures for molluscan shellfish are based on data obtained for the inactivation of hepatitis a virus (hav) in cockles. however, the most frequently reported illness associated with consumption of bivalve molluscs is gastroenteritis caused by small round structured viruses (srsvs) of the norwalk group. conditions for inactivation of srsvs are unknown. in this study a feline calicivirus was used as a model for the srsv group and conditions for its heat inactivation det ... | 1998 | 9825793 |
| hepatitis a antibody prevalence among young adults in israel--the decline continues. | this study sought to determine whether the decline in prevalence of hepatitis a virus (hav) antibodies detected in israel in 1977, 1984, and 1987 has continued. the anti-hav antibody prevalence of a systematic sample of 578 male and female recruits inducted into the israel defence force in 1996 was 38.4%. the reduction in antibody prevalence from 1977 (64%) was highly significant (p < 0.001). there was a smaller decrease rate in recruits of european, north american, australian and south african ... | 1998 | 9825802 |
| the elimination of hepatitis b virus infection: changing seroepidemiology of hepatitis a and b virus infection in okinawa, japan over a 26-year period. | serial changes in hepatitis a virus (hav) and b virus (hbv) markers were determined from 1970 to 1996 in healthy japanese residents of a rural area of okinawa, japan. all 190 serum samples taken in 1970, 791 in 1980, 708 in 1988, and 523 in 1996 from residents 0 to more than 60 years of age were tested for antibody to hav (anti-hav), antibody to hepatitis b core antigen (anti-hbc), and hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag). the age-adjusted prevalences of anti-hav and anti-hbc decreased significan ... | 1998 | 9840583 |
| molecular confirmation of hepatitis a virus from well water: epidemiology and public health implications. | an outbreak of hepatitis a in a rural river-island community was found to be associated with consumption of contaminated well water. specimens from case-patients, the implicated well, and a cesspool suspected to be the source of contamination were all positive for hepatitis a virus (hav) rna by immunocapture reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. all isolates were identical over about 400 bases from two capsid-encoding regions of the genome, identifying the chain of transmission. other ... | 1999 | 9841820 |
| risk of hepatitis a infection in sewage workers. | to evaluate the risk of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection among sewage workers from occupational exposure to raw sewage. | 1998 | 9849545 |
| viral superinfection in previously unrecognized chronic carriers of hepatitis b virus with superimposed acute fulminant versus nonfulminant hepatitis. | the role of viral superinfection in hepatitis b surface antigen carriers with superimposed fulminant (n = 60) versus nonfulminant (n = 90) acute hepatitis was studied. the frequency of hepatitis a virus (hav) (0 versus 2.2%), hcv (18.3 versus 21.1%), hdv (15.0 versus 7.8%), and hev (1.7 versus 4.4%) infection showed no significant difference, while simultaneous hcv and hdv infection was significantly more prevalent in the former (8.3 versus 0%). only 3. 6% of fulminant cases and 3.3% of nonfulmi ... | 1999 | 9854101 |
| folding of pyrimidine-enriched rna fragments from the vicinity of the internal ribosomal entry site of hepatitis a virus. | two rna fragments from the region just upstream of the internal ribosome entry site of hepatitis a virus (hav) were studied, a 35mer (hav-35), 5'u4c3u3c3u4c3u3c2uau2c3u33(4), and a 23mer (hav-23), 5(4)u4c3u3c3u4c3u33(4). secondary structural predictions and nuclease digestion patterns obtained with genomic rnas suggested that they link two stable watson-crick (wc) hairpins in the genomic rna and do not form conventional wc secondary structure, but do fold to form a condensed, stacked 'domain'. t ... | 1999 | 9862995 |
| hepatitis a in urban ireland. | to determine the prevalence of immunity to hepatitis a virus (hav) infection in urban ireland and to categorize the region into low, intermediate or high hav endemicity, and to analyse the significance of certain commonly associated risk factors. | 1998 | 9868861 |
| quantification of hepatitis a virus in shellfish by competitive reverse transcription-pcr with coextraction of standard rna. | to quantify hepatitis a virus (hav) in experimentally contaminated mussels, we developed an internal standard rna with a 7-nucleotide deletion for competitive reverse transcription (rt)-pcr. deposited directly into the sample, this standard was used both as extraction control and as quantification tool. after coextraction and competitive rt-pcr, standard and wild-type products were detected by differential hybridization with specific probes and a dna enzyme immunoassay. the quantifiable range wi ... | 1999 | 9872801 |
| membrane permeability induced by hepatitis a virus proteins 2b and 2bc and proteolytic processing of hav 2bc. | the ability to rearrange membranes is a unique feature of nonstructural proteins 2b, 2c, and 2bc of some picornaviruses. to analyze in detail membrane binding of the respective proteins of hepatitis a virus (hav), they were transiently expressed in the vaccinia/t7 system, and their effect on membrane permeability was studied using beta-galactosidase as reporter. although 2c had no effect, the significantly increased reporter activity observed in the extracellular space of 2b- and 2bc-expressing ... | 1998 | 9875331 |
| comparison of two immunization schedules with an inactivated hepatitis a vaccine (avaximtm). | inactivated hepatitis a vaccines are licensed with a vaccination schedule based on two injections of vaccine given at least 6 months apart. | 1998 | 9876189 |
| yellow fever 5' noncoding region as a potential element to improve hepatitis c virus production through modification of translational control. | the lengthy 5' noncoding region (5' ncr) of hepatitis c virus (hcv) rna forms a highly ordered secondary structure, very conserved among different strains. it includes an internal ribosome entry site (ires) element, responsible for the cap-independent translation initiation of hcv rna. similarly to the ires of hepatitis a virus (hav), another human hepatitis virus, hcv ires, activity in internal initiation of translation is weak. furthermore, both viruses exhibit a poor growth phenotype that may ... | 1998 | 9878525 |
| [vaccination against hepatitis a]. | | 1998 | 9885656 |
| hepatitis a virus: declining seroprevalence in children and adolescents in southeast asia. | the prevalence of hepatitis a virus (hav) in a country largely reflects its standards of hygiene and socioeconomic conditions. countries which undergo socioeconomic development show major change in hav prevalence from high to low endemicity, and this is largely reflected in patterns of age-related seroprevalence. this paper presents age-related hav seroprevalence patterns of se asian countries, and highlights how these patterns have changed over recent decades. singapore, thailand and malaysia h ... | 1998 | 9886108 |
| a new cluster of hepatitis a infection in hemophiliacs traced to a contaminated plasma pool. | recently, several clusters of hepatitis a have been observed among hemophiliacs linked to factor viii concentrates treated for virus inactivation solely with the solvent/detergent (s/d) method, a procedure that does not affect nonenveloped viruses such as the hepatitis a virus (hav). a new outbreak of hepatitis a in six hemophiliacs treated with the same lot of a factor viii preparation occurred recently in germany. the objective of the study was to clarify whether these diseases were caused by ... | 1999 | 9892390 |
| an economic analysis of different strategies of immunization against hepatitis a virus in developed countries. | acute hepatitis a is a major public health problem in developed countries, and because a large proportion of patients with acute hepatitis a do not have any identifiable risk factors, current practice of targeting the high-risk groups for vaccination against hepatitis a virus (hav) is unlikely to have a significant impact on the overall incidence of acute hepatitis a. no economic analysis of strategies of mass immunization against hav is available. three different strategies of immunization agai ... | 1999 | 9918934 |
| hepatitis a virus translation is rate-limiting for virus replication in mrc-5 cells. | translation of hepatitis a virus (hav) rna is controlled by an internal ribosome entry site (ires) located within the 5' untranslated region (utr). in some cell types, the characteristically slow growth of hav may be due to inefficient viral translation. we investigated whether this is true in mrc-5 cells, which are used for vaccine production. we measured the impact of two clusters of mutations in the 5' utr on virus translation and replication: the ag group was selected during passage in afric ... | 1999 | 9986793 |
| intrinsic signals for the assembly of hepatitis a virus particles. role of structural proteins vp4 and 2a. | capsid assembly is the final event of virus replication, and its understanding is pivotal for the design of empty capsid-based recombinant vaccines and drug delivery systems. although the capsid structure of several members of the picornavirus family has been elucidated, little is known about the structural elements governing the assembly process that is tightly associated with proteolytic processing of the viral polyprotein. among the picornaviruses, hepatitis a virus (hav) is unique in that it ... | 1999 | 9988685 |
| comparison of seven rna extraction methods on stool and shellfish samples prior to hepatitis a virus amplification. | when choosing an extraction method, two parameters have to be considered: recovery of the viral material and elimination or inactivation of inhibitory substances. seven techniques for extracting hepatitis a virus (hav) from stool and shellfish samples were compared, in order to identify the protocol most suited to both types of sample and with the best extraction yield. the protocols tested were either techniques for the recovery and purification of total rna, such as rnazol, peg-cetab, gtc-sili ... | 1999 | 10029321 |
| prevalence of enteric hepatitis a and e viruses in the mekong river delta region of vietnam. | a study of antibody prevalence for hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis e virus (hev) was carried out in southwestern vietnam in an area adjacent to a known focus of epidemic hev transmission. the purpose of this investigation was first to provide a prevalence measure of hepatitis infections, and second to determine the outbreak potential of hev as a function of the susceptible population. blood specimens collected from 646 persons in randomly selected village hamlets were examined by an elisa ... | 1999 | 10072151 |
| hepatitis a vaccine in healthy adults: a comparison of immunogenicity and reactogenicity between two- and three-dose regimens. | inactivated hepatitis a virus (hav) vaccine was administered to 55 healthy seronegative adult volunteers to evaluate the immunogenicity and adverse reactions of two doses of hav vaccination (25 units) in comparison with a three-dose regimen. the volunteers were randomly assigned to receive one of the two regimens: 26 were vaccinated with two doses at 0 and 24 weeks (group 1), and 29 were vaccinated with three doses at 0, 2, and 24 weeks (group 2). the vaccine was well tolerated and there was no ... | 1999 | 10078604 |
| avian encephalomyelitis virus is a picornavirus and is most closely related to hepatitis a virus. | the complete rna genome of avian encephalomyelitis virus (aev) has been molecularly cloned and sequenced. this revealed aev to be a member of the picornaviridae and consequently it is the first avian picornavirus for which the genome has been sequenced. excluding the poly(a) tail the genome comprises 7032 nucleotides, which is shorter than that of any mammalian picornavirus sequenced to date. an open reading frame commencing at nucleotide 495 and terminating at position 6896 (6402 nucleotides) p ... | 1999 | 10092005 |
| seroepidemiologic studies of hepatitis c virus infection in a population of okayama prefecture screened for liver disease. | to better understand the spread of hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection, we studied the association of hcv infection with similarly transmissible hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection and with hepatitis a virus (hav) infection, which is supposed to be related to a nosocomial transmission of hcv. this was done by studying the presence or absence of antibodies to these viruses, as well as hepatitis b surface antigen, in a population of 1,398 inhabitants with abnormal liver function tests or history of li ... | 1999 | 10096736 |
| cost effectiveness of hepatitis a virus immunisation in spain. | the aim of this study was to evaluate, in economic terms, the recently launched hepatitis a vaccine in comparison with the use of nonspecific immune globulin, for the prevention of hepatitis a. a cost-effectiveness analysis was performed, comparing mass and selective strategies for both active and passive immunisation in children, adolescents and the high-risk adult population. direct costs of diagnosis, treatment and immunisation, and travelling expenses of the individuals, were considered. the ... | 1997 | 10170461 |
| an outbreak of hepatitis a associated with an infected foodhandler. | the recommended criteria for public notification of a hepatitis a virus (hav)-infected foodhandler include assessment of the foodhandler's hygiene and symptoms. in october 1994, a kentucky health department received a report of a catering company foodhandler with hepatitis a. patrons were not offered immune globulin because the foodhandler's hygiene was assessed to be good and he denied having diarrhea. during early november, 29 cases of hepatitis a were reported among people who had attended an ... | 1999 | 10199718 |
| high prevalence of gb virus c in brazil and molecular evidence for intrafamilial transmission. | the prevalence of gb virus c (gbv-c) in candidate brazilian blood donors with normal and elevated alanine aminotransferase levels was found to be 5.2% (5 of 95) and 6.5% (5 of 76), respectively. among brazilian patients, gbv-c was found in 9.5% (13 of 137) of cases of hepatitis not caused by hepatitis a virus (hav), hbv, hcv, hdv, or hev (non-a-e hepatitis) and in 18.2% (8 of 44) of individuals infected with hcv. molecular characterization of gbv-c by partial sequencing of the ns3 region showed ... | 1999 | 10203545 |
| inactivation kinetics of model and relevant blood-borne viruses by treatment with sodium hydroxide and heat. | to determine the efficacy of a clean-in-place system for the inactivation of viruses present in human plasma, the effect of 0.1 m sodium hydroxide at 60 degrees c on viral infectivity was investigated. inactivation of the following model and relevant viruses were followed as a function of time: human hepatitis a virus (hav), canine parvovirus (cpv; a model for human parvovirus b-19) pseudorabies virus (prv, a model for hepatitis b virus), and bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv, a model for hepat ... | 1998 | 10208725 |
| efficacy of hepatitis a vaccine in prevention of secondary hepatitis a infection: a randomised trial. | hepatitis a vaccination stops outbreaks of hepatitis a infection, but its efficacy against infection after exposure has not been proven. we investigated the use of hepatitis a vaccine to prevent secondary infections with hepatitis a virus (hav). | 1999 | 10209977 |
| decline of hepatitis a antibodies during the first 7 months of life in full-term and preterm infants. | in a previous study we have shown that transplacental transfer of hepatitis a antibodies to preterm infants does not differ from that observed in full-term infants. this follow-up study was designed to investigate the decline of hepatitis a virus (hav) antibodies during the first 7 months of life in full-term and preterm infants, in an endemic region for hepatitis a. two hundred and fifty newborn infants--147 full-term and 103 preterm infants--were enrolled. blood samples from the infants were t ... | 1999 | 10219645 |
| detection of hepatitis c and e virus genomes in sera of patients with acute viral hepatitis and fulminant hepatitis by their simultaneous amplification in pcr. | a study was undertaken to investigate the role of hepatitis c virus (hcv) and hepatitis e virus (hev), either alone or together, in the causation of sporadic acute viral hepatitis (avh) and fulminant hepatitis (fh) by simultaneous detection of their genomes in serum samples using the reverse transcription and nested polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). a total of 50 patients were enrolled in the study of which 34 had avh and 16 had sporadic fh. the serum samples were first tested for hepatitis b ... | 1998 | 10221812 |
| conformational changes in the hepatitis a virus capsid in response to acidic conditions. | low ph values encountered during uptake of viruses by receptor-mediated endocytosis have been shown to expose hydrophobic residues of many viruses and result in viral conformational changes leading to uncoating of the viral genome. an assay for hydrophobicity utilising the non-ionic detergent triton x-114 was established, making use of metabolically-labelled hepatitis a virus (hav). in this assay, hydrophilic proteins interact with the aqueous (buffer) phase, while hydrophobic proteins interact ... | 1999 | 10229541 |
| [studies on re-immunization with live attenuated hepatitis a vaccine]. | the possibility of re-immunization with a booster dose of live attenuated hepatitis a (ha) vaccine was studied. | 1998 | 10322791 |
| examination of potential inhibitors of hepatitis a virus uncoating. | hepatitis a virus (hav) replication in bs-c-1 cells was studied in the presence of ten potential uncoating inhibitors. strong inhibition of hav replication was only observed in the presence of the phenothiazine compound chlorpromazine and the lysosomotropic agent chloroquine, but not by other lysosomotropic agents. chlorpromazine and chloroquine were found to prevent virus uncoating. chlorpromazine is known to inhibit endocytosis of non- clathrin-coated vesicles. chloroquine is a weak base amine ... | 1998 | 10325536 |
| sensitivity of pcr assays for the determination of hepatitis a virus rna in plasma pools. a collaborative study. | a collaborative study was organised to establish a hepatitis a virus (hav) rna standard for genomic amplification assays (gat). | 1999 | 10341331 |
| synthesis and testing of azaglutamine derivatives as inhibitors of hepatitis a virus (hav) 3c proteinase. | hepatitis a virus (hav) 3c proteinase is a picornaviral cysteine proteinase that is essential for cleavage of the initially synthesized viral polyprotein precursor to mature fragments and is therefore required for viral replication in vivo. since the enzyme generally recognizes peptide substrates with l-glutamine at the p1 site, four types of analogues having an azaglutamine residue were chemically synthesized: hydrazo-o-nitrophenylsulfenamides a (e.g. 16); frame-shifted hydrazo-o-nitrophenylsul ... | 1999 | 10353640 |
| hepatitis a virus capsid protein vp1 has a heterogeneous c terminus. | hepatitis a virus (hav) encodes a single polyprotein which is posttranslationally processed into the functional structural and nonstructural proteins. only one protease, viral protease 3c, has been implicated in the nine protein scissions. processing of the capsid protein precursor region generates a unique intermediate, px (vp1-2a), which accumulates in infected cells and is assumed to serve as precursor to vp1 found in virions, although the details of this reaction have not been determined. co ... | 1999 | 10364353 |
| comparative immunogenicity and tolerance of vaqta and havrix. | in an open-label, randomised trial, 520 adults of both sexes aged 18-30 years were allocated to receive one of two inactivated hepatitis a vaccines; vaqta or havrix, at 0 and 24 weeks. doses used were 50 or 100 antigen units (u) of vaqta and 1440 enzyme linked immunosorbent assay u of havrix given as 1 ml intramuscular injections. for each trial group safety data were available for all subjects and full serological data for more than 80% of randomised volunteers. local side effects which were mi ... | 1999 | 10367952 |
| [viral hepatitis: vaccination for hepatitis a and b virus]. | | 1999 | 10370475 |
| protease inhibitors as potential antiviral agents for the treatment of picornaviral infections. | the picornavirus family contains several human pathogens including human rhinovirus (hrv) and hepatitis a virus (hav). in the case of hrvs, these small single-stranded positive-sense rna viruses translate their genetic information into a polyprotein precursor which is further processed mainly by two viral proteases designated 2a and 3c. the 2a protease (2apro) makes the first cleavage between the structural and non-structural proteins, while 3c protease (3cpro) catalyzes most of the remaining in ... | 1999 | 10396129 |
| ph-induced destabilization of lipid bilayers by a peptide from the vp3 protein of the capsid of hepatitis a virus. | the membrane destabilizing and fusogenic properties of the synthetic peptide vp3(110-121), corresponding to an immunogenic sequence of the hepatitis a virus (hav) vp3 capsid protein, were studied. by tryptophan fluorescence and acryalmide quenching it was demonstrated that the peptide binds liposomes of popc-sm-dppe (47 + 39 + 14) and popc-sm-dppe-dotap (40 + 33 + 12 + 15) and penetrates the membrane, at both neutral and acidic ph (popc = 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylglycero-sn-3-phosphocholine; sm = sph ... | 1998 | 10396798 |
| maturation of the hepatitis a virus capsid protein vp1 is not dependent on processing by the 3cpro proteinase. | most details of the processing of the hepatitis a virus (hav) polyprotein are known. unique among members of the family picornaviridae, the primary cleavage of the hav polyprotein is mediated by 3cpro, the only proteinase known to be encoded by the virus, at the 2a/2b junction. all other cleavages of the polyprotein have been considered to be due to 3cpro, although the precise location and mechanism responsible for the vp1/2a cleavage have been controversial. here we present data that argue stro ... | 1999 | 10400711 |
| removal of viruses from human intravenous immune globulin by 35 nm nanofiltration. | viral safety is an important prerequisite for clinical immunoglobulin preparations. a common manufacturing practice is to utilize several virus removal/inactivation process steps to ensure the safety of human intravenous immunoglobulin (ivig). in this regard, we examined the use of planova 35 nm filters to reduce potential loads of both non-enveloped and enveloped viruses prior to end-stage solvent detergent treatment. the nanofiltration process was validated for removal of a variety of envelope ... | 1998 | 10403036 |
| comparison of immunogenicity of two hepatitis a vaccines--vaqta and havrix--in young adults. | two new hepatitis a vaccines have been developed, and their immunogenicity tested using different immunoassays. the present study was designed to compare the immunogenicity of these two hepatitis a virus (hav) vaccines--vaqta and havrix--as determined by seroconversion rates and anti-hav titers, and using the same immunoassay. healthy volunteers (15-30 y), seronegative for anti-hav, were randomized in an open single center study to four groups of 20-21 vaccinees each, to receive either a 25 u or ... | 1999 | 10403597 |
| [a combined vaccine against hepatitis a and b]. | | 1999 | 10413972 |
| hepatitis a outbreaks among illicit drug users and their contacts in queensland, 1997. | to describe five outbreaks of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection associated with illicit drug use during a statewide outbreak of hav infection in queensland. | 1999 | 10416427 |
| antigenic epitopes of the hepatitis a virus polyprotein. | forty-two antigenic domains were identified across the hepatitis a virus (hav) polyprotein by using a set of 237 overlapping 20-mer synthetic peptides spanning the entire hav polyprotein and a panel of serum samples from acutely hav-infected patients. the term "antigenic domain" is used in this study to define a protein region spanned with consecutive overlapping immunoreactive peptides. nineteen antigenic domains were found within the structural proteins, and 22 were found within the nonstructu ... | 1999 | 10417261 |
| the hepatitis alphabet--hepatitis a-g and ttv. | during the past three decades the number of viruses known to be capable to inducing liver inflammation has been considerably expanded. this short review gives a quick overview of the virologic characteristics, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment options. newer hepatitis viruses such as hepatitis e virus (hev), hepatitis gb-virus c/hepatitis g virus (gbv-c/hgv), and transfusion-transmitted virus (ttv) are discussed and data concerning their disease-inducing capacity reviewed. | 1999 | 10420504 |
| hepatitis a among health workers in paris hospitals. occupational health physicians of paris hospital (ap-hp). | to design a vaccination strategy against hepatitis a among hospital employees, we carried out a serological survey of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection in 10 university hospitals in the paris area. subjects under 60 years of age were consecutively enrolled by occupational health services and tested for igg to hav by elisa. of the 1,516 subjects recruited, 926 were health workers (hw), 322 clerks, and 268 cooks or kitchen employees. among hw and clerks the hav seroprevalence was 53.8% (95% ci: 44 ... | 1999 | 10421396 |
| ascertainment of secondary cases of hepatitis a--kansas, 1996-1997. | each year, 25,000-30,000 cases of hepatitis a are reported in the united states. the most common infection source (22%-26%) is household or sexual contact with a person already infected with hepatitis a virus (hav) (i.e., the source-patient). in kansas during 1992-1997, contact with a source-patient was reported by 39% of persons with hepatitis a. cases reported in 1996 and 1997 were studied retrospectively to determine the reasons for the apparently high proportion of secondary cases and to eva ... | 1999 | 10428094 |
| hepatitis a in australia in the 1990s: future directions in surveillance and control. | the national notification data from 1952 to 1997 was examined in order to characterise hepatitis a virus (hav) infection in australia in the 1990s, and to determine whether currently available surveillance data are sufficient to inform disease control strategies and vaccination policies. hepatitis a annual notification rates declined dramatically from a high of 123 notifications per 100,000 persons in 1961, to 3 per 100,000 in 1989. during 1991-97, the hepatitis a notification rate was 12 per 10 ... | 1999 | 10429311 |
| low prevalence of anti-hav among children in southern thailand. | | 1998 | 10437938 |
| evaluation of the purity of a purified, inactivated hepatitis a vaccine (vaqta). | manufacture of vaqta, an inactivated hepatitis a virus vaccine, includes extensive purification of the intact virus particle to remove endogenous components from the host cell culture lysate as well as compounds introduced in the upstream purification process. analysis of the final purified hepatitis a virus product by sds-page prior to inactivation shows that greater than 95% of the protein in the preparation is found in four protein bands, which have been confirmed to be hepatitis a virus caps ... | 1999 | 10438053 |
| hepatitis a vaccine for secondary hepatitis a infection. | | 1999 | 10440342 |
| hepatitis a vaccine for secondary hepatitis a infection. | | 1999 | 10440343 |
| hepatitis a vaccine for secondary hepatitis a infection. | | 1999 | 10440344 |
| hepatitis a vaccine for secondary hepatitis a infection. | | 1999 | 10440345 |
| changes in seroepidemiological pattern of helicobacter pylori and hepatitis a virus over the last 20 years in japan. | the age groups most susceptible to infection and the mode of transmission of helicobacter pylori (h. pylori) are not yet clear. to contribute to a better understanding of this disease, this study was undertaken to evaluate changes in the seroepidemiological pattern of h. pylori in a group of japanese people over the last 20 yr sampled in 1974, 1984, and 1994 in comparison with that of the hepatitis a virus (hav), which was used as a marker of the fecal-oral route of transmission. | 1999 | 10445533 |
| [serum antibodies against hepatitis a virus among subjects of middle and low socioeconomic levels in urban area of santiago, chile]. | the epidemiology of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection is closely associated to the level of hygiene and sanitation of the population. newly industrialising areas experience a transition from high to intermediate endemicity, which is characterized by a shift in the exposure age to hav, from early childhood to school ages or adolescence. | 1999 | 10451608 |
| outbreak of hepatitis a in rotterdam associated with visits to 'darkrooms' in gay bars. | an unexpectedly large number of hepatitis a virus (hav) infections were notified among homosexual men in rotterdam in the first five months of 1998. a case control study was conducted to investigate the hypothesis that this outbreak was associated with sexual practices and to collect information with which to focus preventive activities. notified cases and controls selected from male members of a gay sports club completed anonymous questionnaires about known risk factors for hav infection and se ... | 1999 | 10462895 |
| pediatric migration and hepatitis a risk in host population. | hepatitis a virus (hav) circulation in a given area is closely related to socioeconomic standards. following the improvement of living conditions, hav seroprevalence rates in the population have decreased steadily during the last decades in many western european countries, including italy, thereby leading to a shift of risk of disease towards older age groups. since the severity of the disease closely parallels age, a higher incidence of symptomatic cases in adults is now reported in europe and ... | 1999 | 10467157 |
| hepatitis a incidence rate estimates from a pilot seroprevalence survey in rio de janeiro, brazil. | to assess the impact of water sanitation and sewage disposal, part of a major environmental control programme in rio de janeiro, we carried out sero-prevalence studies for hepatitis a virus (hav) in three micro-regions in rio de janeiro. each region varied with regard to level of sanitation. we are interested in assessing the discriminating power of age-specific prevalence curves for hav as a proxy for improvement in sanitation. these curves will serve as baseline information to future planned s ... | 1999 | 10480710 |
| changing hepatitis a epidemiology among hong kong chinese adolescents: what are the implications? | to study the sero-epidemiology of hepatitis a virus (hav) among adolescents in hong kong and analyse the changing patterns of the infection rates. | 1999 | 10483081 |
| lack of evidence for increased risk of hepatitis a infection in homosexual men. | in 1997, prevalence of and risk factors for hepatitis a virus (hav) infection were evaluated in 146 homosexual and 286 heterosexual men attending a sexually transmitted disease (std) clinic in rome, italy. total hav antibody (anti-hav) was detected in 60.3% of homosexuals and 62.2% of heterosexuals. after adjustment for the confounding effects of age, years of schooling, number of sexual partners, use of condoms, and history of std, homosexuals were not found to be at increased risk of previous ... | 1999 | 10487644 |
| exposure of indian children to hepatitis a virus & vaccination age. | it is known that 90 per cent of children in india are exposed to hepatitis a virus (hav) by the age of six years. the aim of the study was to determine when in early childhood maximum hav infections take place and to deduce an appropriate age for vaccination against hav. blood samples of 499 children between the ages of three days and six years were collected and tested for the presence of antibodies against hepatitis a. a statistically significant negative correlation between igg anti-hav and a ... | 1999 | 10489736 |
| [screening policy for travellers from rotterdam for hepatitis a antibodies prior to eventual immunization: favourable cost-benefit ratio]. | to evaluate costs and benefits of the screening and immunisation policy for hepatitis a virus (hav) infection among travellers from rotterdam. | 1999 | 10494329 |
| age-specific prevalence and transmission of tt virus. | tt virus (ttv) is an unenveloped, single-stranded dna virus that was discovered recently in the sera of japanese patients with posttransfusion hepatitis of unknown etiology. a high prevalence of ttv infection in blood donors of several countries, including brazil, has been demonstrated. to study the variation in ttv prevalence between different age groups, sera from 223 individuals without liver disease, aged 0-80 years, were tested by the polymerase chain reaction for the presence of ttv dna. a ... | 1999 | 10502263 |
| selection of human anti-hav mcab from a phage antibody library. | the phage displaying antibody fragments were subjected to three rounds of panning with hepatitis a virus (hav) antigen in solid phase. the eluted phage was enriched nearly 100 fold, and the percentage of recombinant clones increased from 25% to 100% after three rounds of panning. the hav antigen-specific monoclonal antibody (mcab) was screened by sandwich elisa, and the specificity of these antibodies was further confirmed by competitive inhibition elisa. | 1998 | 10503077 |
| hepatitis a: infection, detection, vaccination and immunity. | | 1999 | 10509073 |
| hepatitis a virus proteins. | the rna genome of hepatitis a virus (hav) shares common characteristics of the picornavirus family. however, the nucleotide or amino acid sequences are distantly related with other members of the family. like other picornaviruses, hav proteins are cleaved from a large polyprotein (po), but the processing and some products are quite different. the 3c protein is the sole processing enzyme, and the primary cleavage takes place at the 2a/2b site. several vp1-2a sites are proposed. in some strains, t ... | 1999 | 10516462 |
| excretion of hepatitis a virus (hav) in adults: comparison of immunologic and molecular detection methods and relationship between hav positivity and infectivity in tamarins. | fecal excretion of hepatitis a virus (hav) in 18 patients with hav infection was evaluated by enzyme immunoassay (eia) to detect viral antigen and by reverse transcription-pcr amplification followed by ethidium bromide staining (pcr-etbr) or nucleic acid hybridization (pcr-na) to detect viral genetic material. a gradation of sensitivity was observed in the detection of virus by the three methods. in persons who had detectable virus, serial stool samples were found to be positive by eia for up to ... | 1999 | 10523563 |
| a multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction method for the detection of foodborne viruses. | a multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) method was developed for the simultaneous detection of the human enteroviruses, hepatitis a virus (hav) and norwalk virus (nv). poliovirus type 1 (pv1) was chosen as a model for the human enterovirus group. three different sets of primers were used to produce three size-specific amplicons of 435 bp, 270 bp, and 192 bp for pv1, nv, and hav, respectively. rt-pcr products were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis, and amplicon ... | 1999 | 10528729 |
| prevention of hepatitis a through active or passive immunization: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip). | routine vaccination of children is the most effective way to reduce hepatitis a incidence nationwide over time. since licensure of hepatitis a vaccine in 1995, this strategy has been implemented incrementally, starting with the recommendation of the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip) in 1996 to vaccinate children living in communities with the highest rates of infection and disease. these updated recommendations represent the next phase of this hepatitis a immunization strategy. ... | 1999 | 10543657 |
| safety, immunogenicity and antibody persistence of an inactivated hepatitis a vaccine in 4 to 15 year old children. | among 277 healthy venezuelan children, aged between 4 and 15 years, who were screened for hepatitis a virus (hav) antibodies, 118 seronegative children were enrolled in an open study. each child received one dose of the pasteur mérieux connaught inactivated hepatitis a vaccine (avaxim¿trade mark omitted¿, 160 antigen units), followed by a booster dose 24 weeks later. all seronegative subjects seroconverted 2 weeks after immunisation (antibody titres greater, similar20 miu/ml), and antibody titre ... | 1999 | 10547425 |
| improving proteolytic cleavage at the 3a/3b site of the hepatitis a virus polyprotein impairs processing and particle formation, and the impairment can be complemented in trans by 3ab and 3abc. | the orchestrated liberation of viral proteins by 3c(pro)-mediated proteolysis is pivotal for gene expression by picornaviruses. proteolytic processing is regulated either by the amino acid sequence at the cleavage site of the substrate or by cofactors covalently or noncovalently linked to the viral proteinase. to determine the role of the amino acid sequence at cleavage sites 3a/3b and 3b/3c that are essential for the liberation of 3c(pro) from its precursors and to assess the function of the st ... | 1999 | 10559299 |