| rifalazil(kaneka corp). | rifalazil is a rifamycin derivative from kaneka that is in phase ii clinical trials for the treatment of mycobacterium tuberculosis (m tuberculosis; tb) and aids-associated mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infections [108254, 165543]. pathogenesis has licensed the compound exclusively from kaneka for its development and marketing in the us and mexico, and is conducting phase i clinical trials in the us for both indications [223964]. in october 1997, pathogenesis initiated a phase ii trial in br ... | 1998 | 18465600 |
| lessons from mycobacterium avium complex-associated pneumonitis: a case report. | mycobacterium avium complex (mac) is an increasingly recognized cause of pulmonary disease in immunocompetent individuals. an acute form of mac lung disease, mac-associated pneumonitis, has generally been associated with the use of hot tubs. there is controversy in the literature about whether mac-associated pneumonitis is a classic hypersensitivity pneumonitis or is a direct manifestation of mycobacterial infection. | 2008 | 18477401 |
| two faces of mac-induced lung disease. | lung disease due to mycobacterium avium complex (mac) is being increasingly recognized. the clinical and radiological manifestations are varied and treatment is complex. we present two cases of mac-induced lung disease to illustrate this disease. | 2008 | 18478985 |
| nontuberculous mycobacteria in non-aids patients. | nontuberculous mycobacteria (ntm) play an increasingly significant pathogenic role in hiv -positive patients, in patients with chronic lung disease, in other chronic conditions and in the elderly. | 2008 | 18528595 |
| association between 16s-23s internal transcribed spacer sequence groups of mycobacterium avium complex and pulmonary disease. | organisms within the mycobacterium avium complex (mac) may have differential virulence. we compared 33 subjects with mac pulmonary disease to 75 subjects with a single positive culture without disease. m. avium isolates were significantly more likely to be associated with mac pulmonary disease (odds ratio = 5.14, 95% confidence interval = 1.25 to 22.73) than m. intracellulare. | 2008 | 18550734 |
| characterization of mycobacteria in hiv/aids patients of nepal. | besides mycobacterium tuberculosis, a number of other mycobacterium species are also occasional human pathogens. tuberculosis due to mycobacterium avium complex (mac) and mycobacterium kansasii is particularly prevalent in aids patients as compared to the normal population. a cross-sectional study was carried out during january 2004 to august 2005 in 100 hiv-infected persons visiting tribhuvan university, teaching hospital, and about a dozen of hiv/aids care centers of kathmandu with the objecti ... | 2008 | 18552887 |
| mycobacterium avium complex infection in hiv/aids patients. | disseminated mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection is a severe complication of advanced hiv/aids disease. disseminated infection due to mac appeared later in the natural history of hiv disease and was an independent predictor of mortality in patients before the extended use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart). the use of combination schemes, including three or four antimicrobial agents followed by secondary prophylaxis and haarts, improved the survival and reduced mortality rat ... | 2008 | 18588499 |
| treatment and developmental therapeutics of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infections. | opportunistic infections associated with aids pose very serious problems because of their exceedingly high morbidity and mortality. for their part, mycobacterium avium and m. intracellulare, two organisms belonging to m. avium complex (mac), are the most often isolated bacteria from aids patients. although in recent years, some progress has been made, by and large, there is no viable drug and /or combinations of drugs effective against mac, especially in aids patients. conventional therapies wit ... | 1994 | 18611616 |
| interferon-gamma receptors in hiv-1 infection. | we studied in vitro production of interferon-gamma and expression of interferon-gamma receptors (r1 and r2) by the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 24 hiv-1-infected patients and 12 healthy volunteers. interferon-gamma production was lower in hiv-1-infected patients compared with healthy volunteers (p < 0.05), and it further declined in patients with lower cd4+ t-cell counts. in contrast, expression of interferon-gamma r1 by cd4+ t lymphocytes was higher in hiv-infected patients than health ... | 2008 | 18620489 |
| probable cerebral mycobacterium avium complex-related immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in an hiv-infected patient. | the advent of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (haart) has reduced both the morbidity and incidence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids)-related central nervous system (cns) diseases. however, some patients seem to suffer paradoxical clinical deterioration after starting haart, known as immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (iris). we report a rare case of probable mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection of the brain in a patient with aids who had been treated effectively ... | 2008 | 18628585 |
| increased uptake of 18f-fluorodeoxyglucose due to mycobacterium avium complex in a solitary pulmonary nodule. | a 59-year-old woman with a history of both breast and lung cancer developed a new 1.5 cm solitary pulmonary nodule on computed tomography (ct) scan. the nodule had increased 18f-fluorodeoxyglucose (fdg) uptake on positron emission tomography (pet) with a standard uptake value (suv) of 3.4. a ct guided biopsy was performed, and mycobacterium avium complex (mac) was identified. pet scans have become an important part of the diagnosis, staging, and follow-up of cancer. even in individuals at consid ... | 2008 | 18655652 |
| clinical and immunologic features of an atypical intracranial mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection compared with those of pulmonary mac infections. | members of the mycobacterium avium complex (mac) may cause chronic pulmonary infections in otherwise healthy elderly persons but rarely invade parts of the body outside of the lungs in immunocompetent hosts. we present a case of an isolated intracranial mac infection in an apparently immunocompetent individual and review previous reports. we studied the t-cell and monocyte responses in healthy volunteers, individuals with a pulmonary mac infection, and one individual with an isolated intracrania ... | 2008 | 18701648 |
| clinical factors on cavitary and nodular bronchiectatic types in pulmonary mycobacterium avium complex disease. | pulmonary mycobacterium avium complex (mac) disease is the most common pulmonary non-tuberculous mycobacteriosis (ntm). the clinical and radiological findings were similar to those of pulmonary tuberculosis, both of which are characterized by upper lobe cavities. on the other hand, the presence of middle and lower field lesions with centrilobular nodules and bronchiectasis has been noted. we analyzed the clinical feature of these two radiologically different types and identified their prognostic ... | 2008 | 18703856 |
| the mycobacterial glycopeptidolipids: structure, function, and their role in pathogenesis. | glycopeptidolipids (gpls) are a class of glycolipids produced by several nontuberculosis-causing members of the mycobacterium genus including pathogenic and nonpathogenic species. gpls are expressed in different forms with production of highly antigenic, typeable serovar-specific gpls in members of the mycobacterium avium complex (mac). m. avium and m. intracellulare, which comprise this complex, are slow-growing mycobacteria noted for producing disseminated infections in aids patients and pulmo ... | 2008 | 18723691 |
| estimation of the spread of pathogenic mycobacteria in organic broiler farms by the polymerase chain reaction. | organic poultry breeding allows for increased exposure of birds to soil, faeces, and wildlife, which have been associated with the transmission of mycobacterial infections. therefore the aim of this study was to investigate the spread of the major pathogenic mycobacteria in organically reared broilers in greece using a diagnostic algorithm that relied on a combination of the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and the restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (rflp). liver, spleen and gonads ... | 2009 | 18774661 |
| [an adolescent case of pulmonary mac infection, found 3 years later from bone marrow transplantation for myelodysplastic syndrome]. | mycobacterium avium complex (mac) pulmonary infection is usually seen in elderly persons. we encountered a rare case of mac pulmonary disease seen in a 19-year-old adolescent. the patient had received bone marrow transplantation at the age of 16 for myelodysplastic syndrome. subsequently, he developed constrictive bronchiolitis and has been treated with corticosteroid and taclorimus. at age 19, small or fine nodules and a cavitary nodule in right lung were detected on the chest radiograph and co ... | 2008 | 18800651 |
| diagnosis and treatment of infections due to mycobacterium avium complex. | mycobacterium avium complex (mac) consists of nontuberculous mycobacteria that cause disease in immunocompromised and immunocompetent hosts. the organisms are ubiquitous in the environment, and acquisition occurs through ingestion or inhalation of aerosols from soil, water, or biofilms. disease may manifest as disseminated infection, soft tissue infection, chronic pneumonia, or hypersensitivity pneumonitis. nontuberculous mycobacteria are increasingly associated with pulmonary disease, with mac ... | 2008 | 18810690 |
| bronchoscopic microsampling to analyze the epithelial lining fluid of patients with pulmonary mycobacterium avium complex disease. | a new bronchoscopic microsampling (bms) probe has recently been developed, which allows the minimally invasivecollection of epithelial lining fluid (elf) simultaneously from multiple sites. while the number of immunocompetent patients with pulmonary mycobacterium avium complex(mac) disease is growing, the precise pathogenesis of the disease remains to be clarified. | 2008 | 18824886 |
| identification of antibody responses to the serotype-nonspecific molecular species of glycopeptidolipids in mycobacterium avium infection. | glycopeptidolipids (gpls) comprise a major surface glycolipid of mycobacterium avium complex (mac), and their unique oligosaccharide extensions are known to define mac serotypes. beside the mature form of "serotype-specific" gpls (ssgpls), those that share the backbone structure but lack the oligosaccharide extensions exist as abundantly in all mac serotypes, but the presumption was that antibody responses might not be directed to these "serotype-nonspecific" gpls (nsgpls) due to the lack of the ... | 2008 | 18831961 |
| the mycobacterium avium complex gtftb gene encodes a glucosyltransferase required for the biosynthesis of serovar 8-specific glycopeptidolipid. | mycobacterium avium complex (mac) is one of the most common opportunistic pathogens widely distributed in the natural environment. the 28 serovars of mac are defined by variable oligosaccharide portions of glycopeptidolipids (gpls) that are abundant on the surface of the cell envelope. these gpls are also known to contribute to the virulence of mac. serovar 8 is one of the dominant serovars isolated from aids patients, but the biosynthesis of serovar 8-specific gpl remains unknown. to clarify th ... | 2008 | 18849433 |
| [case of hot tub lung with confirmation of exacerbation following jet bath use]. | a 49-year-old woman presented with exertional dyspnea. chest ct revealed patchy areas of ground-glass attenuation and ill-defined centrilobular nodules scattered in both lungs. bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) fluid showed lymphocytosis. transbronchial lung biopsy revealed bronchiolocentric alveolitis and well-formed non-necrotizing granulomas were present. she had used a jet bath before the onset of symptoms and mycobacterial culture revealed the presence of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) in spu ... | 2008 | 18939416 |
| peritonitis due to mycobacterium avium complex in patients with aids: report of five cases and review of the literature. | mycobacterium avium complex (mac) often causes disseminated infection in patients at an advanced stage of hiv infection; however, peritonitis associated with disseminated mac infection is rare. | 2009 | 18955006 |
| virulence of mycobacterium avium complex strains isolated from immunocompetent patients. | mycobacterium avium complex (mac) disease has been increasing worldwide not only in immunocompromised but also in immunocompetent humans. however, the relationship between mycobacterial strain virulence and disease progression in immunocompetent humans is unclear. in this study, we isolated 6 strains from patients with pulmonary mac disease. to explore the virulence, we examined the growth in human thp-1 macrophages and pathogenicity in c57bl/6 mice. we found that one strain, designated 198, whi ... | 2009 | 19013228 |
| rpob sequence-based identification of mycobacterium avium complex species. | the mycobacterium avium complex (mac) comprises slowly growing mycobacteria responsible for opportunistic infections and zoonoses. the ability to speciate mac isolates in the clinical microbiology laboratory is critical for determining the organism implicated in clinical disease and for epidemiological investigation of the source of infection. investigation of a 711 bp variable fragment of rpob flanked by the myco-f/myco-r primers found a 0.7-5.1 % divergence among mac reference strains, with my ... | 2008 | 19047739 |
| mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease: management options in hiv-negative patients. | we present a case series and review of the literature of the management options in non-hiv-infected patients with mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease (mac-pd) with a focus on treatment failure and drug resistant disease. | 2008 | 19048978 |
| trehalose dimycolate elicits eosinophilic skin hypersensitivity in mycobacteria-infected guinea pigs. | delayed-type hypersensitivity represents high levels of protein ag-specific adaptive immunity induced by mycobacterial infection, and can be monitored in the ag-challenged skin. besides protein ags, recent evidence has suggested that a substantial immunity directed against glycolipid ags is also elicited in response to mycobacterial infection, but skin hypersensitivity to this class of ags has not been fully assessed. to address this issue directly, glycolipid-specific skin reactions were evalua ... | 2008 | 19050271 |
| mycobacterium avium genes mav_5138 and mav_3679 are transcriptional regulators that play a role in invasion of epithelial cells, in part by their regulation of cipa, a putative surface protein interacting with host cell signaling pathways. | the mycobacterium avium complex (mac) is an important group of opportunistic pathogens for birds, cattle, swine, and immunosuppressed humans. although invasion of epithelial cells lining the intestine is the chief point of entry for these organisms, little is known about the mechanisms by which members of the mac are taken up by these cells. studies with m. avium have shown that cytoskeletal rearrangement via activation of the small g-protein cdc42 is involved and that this activation is regulat ... | 2009 | 19060135 |
| concentrations of clarithromycin and active metabolite in the epithelial lining fluid of patients with mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease. | clarithromycin (cam) is widely accepted for the treatment of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) pulmonary diseases. this study measured (a) the concentrations of cam and its active metabolite (14oh-cam) in bronchial epithelial lining fluid (elf) obtained by bronchoscopic microsampling (bms), and (b) the minimal inhibitory concentrations (mic) of cam for each mac isolate. | 2009 | 19061965 |
| synthesis and evaluation of rifabutin analogs against mycobacterium avium and h(37)rv, mdr and nrp mycobacterium tuberculosis. | clinical utility of rifabutin 1 (rbt), a potent antibiotic used in multidrug regimens for tuberculosis (tb) as well as for infections caused by mycobacterium avium complex (mac), has been hampered due to dose-limiting toxicity. rbt analogs 2-11 were synthesized and evaluated against m. avium 1581 and mycobacterium tuberculosis susceptible and resistant strains in vitro. a selection of candidates were also assayed against non-replicating persistent (nrp) m. tuberculosis. subsequent in vivo studie ... | 2009 | 19119013 |
| spinal infection caused by mycobacterium avium complex in a patient with no acquired immune deficiency syndrome: a case report. | spinal infection caused by mycobacterium avium complex (mac) is rarely seen in people who do not have acquired immune deficiency syndrome. we report such a case in a 60-year-old man who underwent anterior spinal fusion after treatment with antibiotics had failed. the presentation of mac spinal infection is different from that seen in mac lung infection, with more than half presenting with urgent or semi-urgent neurological deficits. younger patients who are not immunocompromised can also be infe ... | 2008 | 19126907 |
| possession of the macrophage-induced gene by isolates of the mycobacterium avium complex is not associated with significant clinical disease. | the mycobacterium avium complex (mac) is the most frequently isolated species among non-tuberculous mycobacteria (ntm) clinical isolates. physicians pay attention to the differential diagnosis of the disease caused by mac from tuberculosis because of their similar clinical presentations. expression of the macrophage-induced gene (mig) is one of the virulence phenotypes in mac, but it has not been determined whether the presence of the mig gene itself has any relationship with clinical disease or ... | 2009 | 19141746 |
| genomic comparison of pe and ppe genes in the mycobacterium avium complex. | the mycobacterium avium complex (mac) comprises genomically similar but phenotypically divergent bacteria that inhabit diverse environments and that cause disease in different hosts. in this study, a whole-genome approach was used to examine the polymorphic pe (pro-glu) and ppe (pro-pro-glu) gene families, implicated in immunostimulation and virulence. the four major groups of mac organisms were examined, including the newly sequenced type strains of m. intracellulare and m. avium subsp. avium, ... | 2009 | 19144814 |
| assessing the effectiveness of low-pressure ultraviolet light for inactivating mycobacterium avium complex (mac) micro-organisms. | to assess low-pressure ultraviolet light (lp-uv) inactivation kinetics of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) strains in a water matrix using collimated beam apparatus. | 2008 | 19146526 |
| [long-term observation of pulmonary mycobacterium avium complex disease treated with chemotherapy-- following the guidelines for treatment]. | we performed a long-term retrospective investigation of pulmonary mycobacterium avium complex (mac) disease treated with combined chemotherapy following the ats guideline or the japanese society for tuberculosis guideline. we also studied when to terminate the combined chemotherapy. | 2008 | 19172823 |
| [a possible case of pulmonary infection due to mycobacterium heckenshornense]. | a 68-year-old man with emphysema was admitted with cough and bloody sputum. chest radiography revealed infiltrative shadows in the right upper lung. microbiologically, an acid-fast bacillus was detected in the culture of sputum (gaffky (+)), but both tuberculosis bacillus (tb) and mycobacterium avium complex (mac) were negative by the pcr method. combination chemotherapy, which included isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol and pyradinamide, was initiated under a tentative diagnosis of tb. his clini ... | 2008 | 19195204 |
| structural analysis of biofilm formation by rapidly and slowly growing nontuberculous mycobacteria. | mycobacterium avium complex (mac) and rapidly growing mycobacteria (rgm) such as m. abscessus, m. mucogenicum, m. chelonae, and m. fortuitum, implicated in health care-associated infections, are often isolated from potable water supplies as part of the microbial flora. to understand factors that influence growth in their environmental source, clinical rgm and slowly growing mac isolates were grown as biofilm in a laboratory batch system. high and low nutrient levels were compared, as well as sta ... | 2009 | 19201956 |
| rapid mycobacterial liquid culture-screening method for mycobacterium avium complex based on secreted antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | sensors in automated liquid culture systems for mycobacteria, such as mgit, bact/alert 3d, and trek esp ii, flag growth of any type of bacteria; a positive signal does not mean that the target mycobacteria are present. all signal-positive cultures thus require additional and often laborious testing. an immunoassay was developed to screen liquid mycobacterial cultures for evidence of mycobacterium avium complex (mac). the method, called the mac-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), relies on ... | 2009 | 19261776 |
| chylous ascites: a late complication of intra-abdominal mycobacterium avium complex immune reconstitution syndrome in hiv-infected patients. | chylous ascites related to mycobacterium avium complex (mac) in hiv-infected patients is rare, with only six cases reported in the english literature. we report a series of six cases from a single institution. during the past six years, chylous ascites was diagnosed in six (35%) of 17 aids patients, all of whom had previously been diagnosed with intra-abdominal mac immune reconstitution syndrome (mac-irs). a review of medical records identified no other cases of chylous ascites among hiv-positiv ... | 2009 | 19304980 |
| rapid prediction of bactec mgit 960 culture results by cobas amplicor mycobacterium polymerase chain reaction detection. | a combination of a rapid culture system, bactec mgit 960 (mgit), and a commercial polymerase chain reaction (pcr) system for the detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis was evaluated to predict final culture results within 2 weeks. a total of 79 sputum specimens were collected from 59 tuberculosis (tb) patients before anti-tb chemotherapy. among the 22 specimens that were smear negative and culture positive, the cobas amplicor nucleic amplification method for sputum resulted in 13 positives (59. ... | 2009 | 19362257 |
| anti-interferon-gamma autoantibody in a patient with disseminated mycobacterium avium complex. | we report the case of a 44-year-old woman with disseminated mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection involving multiple bone lesions despite a normal healthy status until 6 months previously. because she was suspected to have acquired immunodeficiency, we tested interferon (ifn)-gamma production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) after phytohemagglutinin (pha) or anti-cd3 stimulation, and found that these cells produced no, or undetectable, levels of ifn-gamma in the presence of the ... | 2009 | 19396523 |
| comparison of a variable-number tandem-repeat (vntr) method for typing mycobacterium avium with mycobacterial interspersed repetitive-unit-vntr and is1245 restriction fragment length polymorphism typing. | mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infections are increasing annually in various countries, including japan, but the route of transmission and pathophysiology of the infection remain unclear. currently, a variable-number tandem-repeat (vntr) typing method using the mycobacterium avium tandem repeat (matr) loci (matr-vntr) is employed in japan for epidemiological studies using clinical isolates of m. avium. in this study, the usefulness of this matr-vntr typing method was compared with that of the ... | 2009 | 19403768 |
| descriptive analysis of the prevalence and the molecular epidemiology of mycobacterium avium complex-infected pigs that were slaughtered on the main island of okinawa. | recent genetic studies have revealed that several epidemiological factors affect mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection in pig populations. however, mechanisms underlying the spread of mac infection among hog farms have not been clarified. in consideration of this situation, we cross-sectionally investigated the mechanisms underlying the spread of mac on the island of okinawa. pigs slaughtered (n=706,763) and 331 hog farms on okinawa were surveyed during the years 2002-2004. two outbreaks o ... | 2010 | 19443033 |
| mycobacterium avium complex organisms predominantly colonize in the bathtub inlets of patients' bathrooms. | medical treatment of pulmonary mycobacterium avium complex (mac) disease does not always provide curative effects and is frequently hampered by recurrence. this suggests the presence of a reservoir for mac in the environment surrounding patients. we previously reported the recovery of mac isolates from the residential bathrooms of outpatients. in the present study, to ascertain the colonizing sites and the possibility of an mac reservoir in the bathrooms of patients, we tested the recovery and t ... | 2009 | 19468176 |
| rifampicin-loaded liposomes for the passive targeting to alveolar macrophages: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. | mycobacterium avium complex (mac), the most frequent cause of opportunistic nontuberculous pulmonary infection, is made up of a group of intracellular pathogens that are able to survive and multiply inside lung alveolar macrophages. as nebulized liposomes are reported to be effective to target antibacterial agents to macrophages, in this work we have prepared and characterized re-dispersible freeze-dried rifampicin (rfp)-loaded vesicles by using soy lecithin (sl) and a commercial, enriched mixtu ... | 2009 | 19515009 |
| therapeutic effects of various initial combinations of chemotherapy including clarithromycin against mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease. | the objective of this study was to find an optimal initial combination chemotherapy that includes clarithromycin (cam) for treatment-naive patients with mycobacterium avium complex (mac) pulmonary disease, as assessed by microbiological conversion using a mycobacterium growth indicator tube (mgit). | 2009 | 19542259 |
| serodiagnostic contributions of antibody titers against mycobacterial lipid antigens in mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease. | although the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis is decreasing, the number of immunocompetent patients with mycobacterium avium complex (mac) pulmonary disease is steadily increasing. therefore, albeit not contagious, mac pulmonary disease needs to be diagnosed rapidly and accurately. we examined the serodiagnostic contributions of serum immunoglobulin g antibody titers against the species-specific and -common mycobacterial lipid antigens in the diagnosis of mac pulmonary disease. | 2009 | 19591595 |
| proposal to elevate mycobacterium avium complex its sequevar mac-q to mycobacterium vulneris sp. nov. | the mycobacterium avium complex (mac) consists of four recognized species, mycobacterium avium, mycobacterium colombiense, mycobacterium intracellulare and mycobacterium chimaera, and a variety of other strains that may be members of undescribed taxa. we report on two isolates of a scotochromogenic, slowly growing, non-tuberculous mycobacterium species within the m. avium complex from a lymph node and an infected wound after a dogbite of separate patients in the netherlands. the extrapulmonary i ... | 2009 | 19620376 |
| mycobacterium marseillense sp. nov., mycobacterium timonense sp. nov. and mycobacterium bouchedurhonense sp. nov., members of the mycobacterium avium complex. | an rpob sequence-based evaluation of 100 mycobacterium avium complex (mac) clinical isolates led to the identification of five respiratory tract isolates that were potential representatives of three novel mac species. distinctive phenotypic features of isolates 62863 and 5356591(t) included a pseudomycelium morphology and both esterase and acid phosphatase activities. these two isolates exhibited sequence similarities of 99.8 % for the 16s rrna gene, 86.3 and 86.1 % for 16s-23s rrna gene interna ... | 2009 | 19628609 |
| prosthetic joint infection with mycobacterium avium complex in a solid organ transplant recipient. | prosthetic joint infection (pji) occurs with significant morbidity and health care expenditure. transplant recipients on immunosuppressive medications are at increased risk for infections caused by less common organisms at unusual sites. here we report a case of isolated pji with mycobacterium avium complex (mac) in an immunosuppressed failed kidney transplant recipient and review the literature on this unique infection. we discuss the likely pathogenesis of pji with mac including the role of bi ... | 2009 | 19656344 |
| protein-losing enteropathy during highly active antiretroviral therapy in a patient with aids-related disseminated mycobacterial avium complex infection. | protein-losing enteropathy (ple) is defined as a condition in which excess protein loss into the gastrointestinal lumen, due to various causes, is severe enough to produce hypoproteinemia and hypoalbuminemia. we report a 28-year-old japanese woman with ple. she had been diagnosed with aids and disseminated mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection at age 26. although highly active antiretroviral and antimycobacterial treatments helped her overcome this critical situation, 2 years after initiat ... | 2009 | 19688246 |
| mycobacterial bacteraemia in patients infected and not infected with human immunodeficiency virus, taiwan. | the clinical characteristics and outcomes of 71 patients with mycobacterial bacteraemia, infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) (n = 47) and not infected with hiv (n = 24) are described. mycobacterium avium complex (mac) (54.9%) constituted the most frequently isolated mycobacterium, followed by mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) (38.0%), mycobacterium kansasii (4.2%), and mycobacterium abscessus (2.8%). the beijing family genotype was the most common type in mtb, and mycobacterium intra ... | 2010 | 19709128 |
| the incidence of pulmonary non-tuberculous mycobacteria in british columbia, canada. | british columbia centre for disease control (bccdc), vancouver, canada. | 2009 | 19723396 |
| [chest x-ray image findings of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) lung disease]. | recently mycobacterium avium complex (mac) lung disease has increased in number remarkably in japan. the mac lung disease is divided into four types: a nodular bronchiectatic disease, a fibrocavitary disease, a hypersensitivity like disease, and a disseminated disease. since the latter two types are rare, it is important in the diagnosis and treatment to understand the images of the former two. formerly the fibrocavitary disease was more common, which occurred in the preceding tuberculous lesion ... | 2009 | 19764462 |
| usefulness of f-18 fdg pet/ct in the assessment of disseminated mycobacterium avium complex infection. | a patient showing abnormal fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose (fdg) uptake due to disseminated mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection is presented. increased focal fdg uptake was demonstrated in the cervical and supraclavicular lymph nodes, spleen, and diffuse bone marrow. fdg pet/ct is considered as a useful diagnostic tool to assess the exact extent and activity of disseminated mac infection. moreover, it is advantageous over ct and magnetic resonance imaging to assess the treatment response ... | 2009 | 19787313 |
| [novel type of antimicrobial mechanism in host macrophages against mycobacterial infections]. | macrophages (m(phi)s) play a central role as anti-microbial effector cells in the expression of host resistance to mycobacterial infections. with respect to antimicrobial effector molecules of host m(phi) against mycobacterial pathogens, recent studies suggest the possibility that the reactive nitrogen intermediates (rni)--and reactive oxygen intermediates-independent antimycobacterial mechanism(s) may be crucial for the antimycobacterial function of host m(phi). in this context, we previously f ... | 2009 | 19803380 |
| multicenter study of prevalence of nontuberculous mycobacteria in patients with cystic fibrosis in france. | we performed a multicenter prevalence study of nontuberculous mycobacteria (ntm) involving 1,582 patients (mean age, 18.9 years; male/female ratio, 1.06) with cystic fibrosis in france. the overall ntm prevalence (percentage of patients with at least one positive culture) was 6.6% (104/1,582 patients), with prevalences ranging from 3.7% (in the east of france) to 9.6% (in the greater paris area). mycobacterium abscessus complex (mabsc; 50 patients) and mycobacterium avium complex (mac; 23 patien ... | 2009 | 19846643 |
| molecular typing of mycobacterium intracellulare using multilocus variable-number of tandem-repeat analysis: identification of loci and analysis of clinical isolates. | in addition to its known status as a disseminated disease in hiv-positive patients, mycobacterium avium complex (mac) is increasingly recognized as a causative pathogen of respiratory disease in hiv-negative patients. mac is divided into mycobacterium avium, and the less-epidemiologically studied mycobacterium intracellulare. genetic typing for m. intracellulare using variable number of tandem repeats (vntr) has not yet been developed. the aim of this study was to identify vntr loci in the genom ... | 2010 | 19850613 |
| genotyping of mycobacterium avium complex organisms using multispacer sequence typing. | mycobacterium avium complex (mac) currently comprises eight species of environmental and animal-associated, slowly-growing mycobacteria: mycobacterium avium, mycobacterium intracellulare, mycobacterium chimaera, mycobacterium colombiense, mycobacterium arosiense , mycobacterium bouchedurhonense, mycobacterium marseillense and mycobacterium timonense. in humans, mac organisms are responsible for opportunistic infections whose unique epidemiology remains poorly understood, in part due to the lack ... | 2010 | 19926652 |
| experimental and clinical studies on rifacinna--the new effective antituberculous drug (review). | a new rifamycin derivative 3-(4-cinnamyl-piperazinyl iminomethyl) rifamycin sv (t9) and its sodium salt (t11, rifacinna((r))) were in vitro, in vivo, toxicologically and clinically investigated in comparison with rifampicin, rifapentine, rifabutin, rifalazil. our experiments showed that rifacinna exhibits excellent in vitro activity against gram(+), gram (-) aerobic, anaerobic pathogens and mycobacteria. rifacinna is active against staphylococcus, streptococcus spp. including mrsa, with mic90- 0 ... | 2010 | 19929844 |
| solitary pulmonary nodules caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis and mycobacterium avium complex. | few studies have compared the clinical and radiographic findings of tuberculomas to those of solitary pulmonary nodules (spns) caused by mycobacterium avium complex (mac). we retrospectively analyzed clinical and radiographic findings from 26 patients with tuberculomas and 15 patients with spns caused by mac. median spn size was 22 mm. in 26 patients (63%), the spn was detected during a routine health checkup or evaluation of organs other than lungs. patients with spns due to mac were slightly o ... | 2010 | 19956964 |
| demographic risk factors of pulmonary colonization by non-tuberculous mycobacteria. | british columbia (bc), canada. | 2010 | 20003703 |
| bone marrow infection caused by mycobacterium avium complex in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. | systemic lupus erythematosus (sle) is a disease with wide range of signs and symptoms. sle patients have increased infective diathesis, and infections are a very important cause of death in these patients. infections can sometimes mimic the signs and symptoms of sle. thus, it is important to recognize that infection can induce a lupus flare-up or can be difficult to distinguish from a lupus flare-up. we describe a 36-year-old female patient with sle, who presented with skin lesions and pancytope ... | 2010 | 20007815 |
| high-resolution ct of nontuberculous mycobacteria pulmonary infection in immunocompetent, non-hiv-positive patients. | the objective of this study was to demonstrate that nontuberculous mycobacteria (ntm) pulmonary infections are not so infrequent and that the diagnosis may be suggested on the basis of the high-resolution computed tomography (hrct) pattern alone. | 2010 | 20012920 |
| determination of genotypic diversity of mycobacterium avium subspecies from human and animal origins by mycobacterial interspersed repetitive-unit-variable-number tandem-repeat and is1311 restriction fragment length polymorphism typing methods. | members of the mycobacterium avium complex (mac) are ubiquitous bacteria that can be found in water, food, and other environmental samples and are considered opportunistic pathogens for numerous animal species, mainly birds and pigs, as well as for humans. we have recently demonstrated the usefulness of a pcr-based mycobacterial interspersed repetitive-unit-variable-number tandem-repeat (miru-vntr) typing for the molecular characterization of m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis and m. avium strains ... | 2010 | 20107094 |
| molecular characterization of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis types ii and iii isolates by a combination of miru-vntr loci. | mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units and variable number tandem repeats typing (miru-vntr) is a useful technique that has been recently applied to characterize members of the mycobacterium avium complex (mac). the aim of this study was to examine the genetic variability among a collection of spanish m. avium subspecies paratuberculosis (m. a. paratuberculosis) isolates with a combination of miru-vntr loci. for this purpose we tested six miru-vntr loci (miru-2, miru-3, vntr-25, vntr-32, vn ... | 2010 | 20116185 |
| two cases of disseminated mycobacterium avium infection associated with a new immunodeficiency syndrome related to cxcr4 dysfunctions. | disseminated mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection is a rare but severe disease mostly seen in patients with aids. it has been previously described in patients suffering from other kinds of immunodeficiency (e.g. primary immunodeficiency diseases in children or hairy cell leukaemia). we report two cases of disseminated mac disease in young women with extended granulomatosis that revealed a new form of severe immunodeficiency syndrome. both clinical observations initially appeared to be ver ... | 2011 | 20148920 |
| use of the "ram" susceptibility testing method for rapid detection of clarithromycin resistance in the mycobacterium avium complex. | standard susceptibility testing of the mycobacterium avium complex (mac) can require 7 to 14 days from initial isolation. we evaluated a high-performance liquid chromatography-based susceptibility test for rapid determination of clarithromycin (clr) resistance in mac. this method can be completed in 72 h of incubation. a total of 110 mac strains were tested using the following concentrations of clr: 4, 16, and 64 microg/ml, for a total of 330 tests. microbroth dilution was used as the reference ... | 2010 | 20226616 |
| distribution of mycobacterium avium subsp. avium and m. a. hominissuis in artificially infected pigs studied by culture and is901 and is1245 quantitative real time pcr. | mycobacterium avium subsp. avium (maa) and m. a. hominissuis (mah) belong to the mycobacterium avium complex (mac) and are frequently associated with diseases in animals and humans. the aim of this study was to develop a system for rapid and accurate real time quantitative pcr (qpcr) identification and quantification of maa and mah. this study included 22 per os infected pigs, of which 10 were infected with maa, 10 with mah and 2 were present as a negative control group. from each animal, 21 dif ... | 2010 | 20227841 |
| [japanese new guidelines for nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease]. | three important statements for japanese pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacteriosis (ntm) were published in 2008. the first one is a new diagnostic criteria for pulmonary ntm, which was organized in association with the task force for nontuberculous mycobacteriois of the japanese society for tuberculosis and the section for infectious disease and tuberculosis of the japanese respiratory society. the second is a treatment guideline for pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacteriosis also which was made by ... | 2010 | 20229821 |
| surviving within the amoebal exocyst: the mycobacterium avium complex paradigm. | most of environmental mycobacteria have been previously demonstrated to resist free-living amoeba with subsequent increased virulence and resistance to antibiotics and biocides. the mycobacterium avium complex (mac) comprises of environmental organisms that inhabit a wide variety of ecological niches and exhibit a significant degree of genetic variability. we herein studied the intra-ameobal location of all members of the mac as model organisms for environmental mycobacteria. | 2010 | 20359345 |
| disseminated mycobacterium avium complex infection in a non-hiv-infected patient undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. | isolated bone marrow infection by nontuberculous mycobacteria (ntm) is extremely rare. recently, we encountered a case of bone marrow mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection, which presented as a fever of unknown origin shortly after starting continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (capd). the patient was diagnosed with mac infection on the basis of pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and sequencing of dna obtained from bone marrow specimens. although this was a case of s ... | 2010 | 20445335 |
| multiplex pcr for detection of clarithromycin resistance and simultaneous species identification of mycobacterium avium complex. | multiplex pcr (mpcr) was established for the simultaneous detection of clarithromycin (clr) resistance and species identification of mycobacterium avium complex (mac). mpcr was tested on 218 mac clinical isolates. clr-resistance was detected by mpcr in 31 of 35 isolates identified by a microdilution method. of the remaining 187 susceptible isolates identified by mpcr, 183 isolates had mic < or = 8 microg/ml (susceptible), 3 with mic of 16 (intermediate resistant) and 1 with mic of > or = 32 micr ... | 2010 | 20578547 |
| infection of eurasian badgers (meles meles) with mycobacterium avium complex (mac) bacteria. | there are few reports of infection with mycobacterium avium complex (mac) bacteria in badgers. in this study archive data relating to the isolation of mac organisms from badgers in the uk is presented, and information derived from recent cases of such infection in spain is used to illustrate the associated pathology and to characterise strain types. tissue samples were cultured for mycobacteria and, in the case of spanish badgers, were examined both histopathologically and using immunohistochemi ... | 2011 | 20605496 |
| mycobacterium avium complex suppurative parotitis in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection presenting with immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. | restoration of the immune system following initiation of antiretroviral therapy can result in an adverse phenomenon known as immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (iris). herein, we report a case of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) suppurative parotitis associated with iris in a patient with advanced human immunodeficiency virus disease. to the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of mac parotitis in the setting of iris and clinicians should be aware of this condition. | 2010 | 20634331 |
| [susceptibility test of the mycobacterium avium complex to sixteen anti-infective agents]. | to compare the in vitro activities of 13 anti-infective agents and 3 new quinolones (sitafloxacin, gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin) against mycobacterium avium complex (mac) isolates, and therefore to explore the possibility of using these quinolones to treat mac diseases. | 2010 | 20646615 |
| clinical significance of isolation of mycobacterium avium complex from respiratory specimens. | mycobacterium avium complex (mac) is frequently considered to be a contaminant or transient colonizer. to the best of our knowledge, there have been very few reports regarding the clinical significance of mac isolates in respiratory specimens, and the associated disease spectrum in taiwan. the purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical significance of mac isolates in respiratory specimens. | 2010 | 20654791 |
| primary aortoenteric fistula caused by an infected abdominal aortic aneurysm with mycobacterium avium complex in an hiv patient. | primary aortoenteric fistula (paef) is a rare but complex clinical entity requiring multimodality approach for diagnosis and treatment. we report the first ever case of upper gastrointestinal (ugi) hemorrhage caused by an aortoenteric fistula (aef) secondary to mycobacterium avium complex (mac) in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. esophagogastroduodenoscopy (egd) showed an ulcer in the distal duodenum and a computed tomography (ct) scan confirmed a contained abdominal ... | 2010 | 20690571 |
| efficient differentiation of mycobacterium avium complex species and subspecies by use of five-target multiplex pcr. | infections caused by the mycobacterium avium complex (mac) are on the rise in both human and veterinary medicine. a means of effectively discriminating among closely related yet pathogenetically diverse members of the mac would enable better diagnosis and treatment as well as further our understanding of the epidemiology of these pathogens. in this study, a five-target multiplex pcr designed to discriminate mac organisms isolated from liquid culture media was developed. this mac multiplex was de ... | 2010 | 20810779 |
| novel rhamnosyltransferase involved in biosynthesis of serovar 4-specific glycopeptidolipid from mycobacterium avium complex. | glycopeptidolipids (gpls) are one of the major glycolipid components present on the surface of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) that belong to opportunistic pathogens distributed in the natural environment. the serovars of mac, up to around 30 types, are defined by the variable oligosaccharide portions of the gpls. epidemiological studies show that serovar 4 is the most prevalent type, and the prognosis of pulmonary disease caused by serovar 4 is significantly worse than that caused by other se ... | 2010 | 20817766 |
| decreased plasma efavirenz concentrations in a patient receiving rifabutin. | the case of a patient with decreased plasma efavirenz concentrations during concomitant rifabutin therapy is reported. | 2010 | 20852162 |
| standardized combination antibiotic treatment of mycobacterium avium complex lung disease. | the optimal treatment regimen for mycobacterium avium complex (mac) lung disease has not yet been fully established. we evaluated the efficacy of standardized combination antibiotic therapy and the factors that might affect unfavorable microbiologic responses in patients with mac pulmonary disease. | 2010 | 20879056 |
| in vitro antimicrobial activities of capuramycin analogues against non-tuberculous mycobacteria. | to determine antibacterial activity of capuramycin analogues sq997, sq922, sq641 and rks2244 against several non-tuberculous mycobacteria (ntm). | 2010 | 20952419 |
| genomic and transcriptomic studies in mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. | microarray technology is an important tool in functional genomic research. it has enabled a deeper analysis of genomic diversity among bacteria belonging to the mycobacterium avium complex (mac). in addition, the expression of thousands of genes can be studied simultaneously in a single experiment. with the complete genome sequence of a bovine isolate of m. avium subspecies paratuberculosis, and the independent construction of dna microarrays in our laboratories, transcriptomic studies for this ... | 2010 | 21047690 |
| increased intracellular growth of mycobacterium avium in hiv-1 exposed monocyte-derived dendritic cells. | dendritic cells (dc) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells, and form a link between the innate and adaptive immune system. they sample the periphery of the body for antigens and present them to t cells to elicit a proper immune response. it has been shown that dendritic cells phagocytose mycobacteria, but there have been conflicting reports as to whether the bacteria are capable of intracellular replication in dcs. mycobacterium avium is a facultative intracellular bacterium, part of the ... | 2010 | 21078405 |
| opportunistic disorders of the gastrointestinal tract in the age of highly active antiretroviral therapy. | since the 1996 advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) for the treatment of hiv/aids, the incidence of most opportunistic disorders in the developed world has dramatically declined but definitely has not disappeared. the number of new yearly hiv infections (about 55,000) and the total number of us infections (more than 1.1 million) remain very significant. post-haart gastrointestinal (gi) symptoms and biopsy results are still common, especially in large inner-city hospitals. the s ... | 2010 | 21078437 |
| serodiagnosis of mycobacterium avium-complex pulmonary disease with an enzyme immunoassay kit that detects anti-glycopeptidolipid core antigen iga antibodies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. | rheumatoid arthritis (ra) has many pulmonary manifestations, including bronchial abnormalities that can develop into mycobacterium avium-complex (mac) pulmonary disease (pd). mac-pd can be lethal in patients receiving tumor necrosis factor-alpha blockers despite administration of antibiotics. diagnosis of mac-pd is often difficult, because mac is an environmental organism. in this study, we investigated the usefulness of serodiagnosis of mac-pd in ra patients by using an enzyme immunoassay (eia) ... | 2010 | 21082209 |
| clinical usefulness of combination chemotherapy for pulmonary mycobacterium avium complex disease. | background: this study compared the clinical usefulness of combination chemotherapy including various doses of clarithromycin (cam) for pulmonary mycobacterium avium complex (mac) disease. methods: the subjects were divided into three groups receiving combination chemotherapy at various dose levels of cam. the analysis of microbiological effects was based on the sputum conversion rate and sputum relapsing rate and that of clinical effects was performed by clinical symptoms and radiological findi ... | 2010 | 21094662 |
| [susceptibility to rifabutin and novel fluoroquinolones in mycobacterium avium complex isolates from patients with sputum culture-positive pulmonary disease who are undergoing standard chemotherapy]. | we investigated the susceptibility to conventional and newer antimycobacterial agents including rifabutin (rbt) and novel fluoroquinolones (nfqs) among 48 clinical mycobacterium avium complex (mac) isolates from patients with sputum culture-positive mac disease who were undergoing standard chemotherapy. rbt and nfqs were superior to conventional agents because of higher rates of susceptibility and lower minimum inhibitory concentration. nfqs showed cross-resistance among quinolones. in contrast, ... | 2010 | 21141056 |
| clinical symptoms and survival in non-smoking and smoking hiv-negative patients with non-tuberculous mycobacterial isolation. | non-tuberculous mycobacteria (ntm) cause infections in patients with smoking-related chronic lung diseases and also in non-smoking healthy elderly women. we analyzed the clinical symptoms, underlying diseases and mortality in patients with ntm culture findings, with special emphasis on smoking status. | 2010 | 21162612 |
| pediatric hivqual-t: measuring and improving the quality of pediatric hiv care in thailand, 2005-2007. | as increasing numbers of children initiate antiretroviral treatment (art), a systematic process is needed to measure and improve pediatric hiv care quality. | 2010 | 21222356 |
| clinical significance of nontuberculous mycobacteria isolates in elderly taiwanese patients. | the aim of this study was to investigate the clinical significance of nontuberculous mycobacteria (ntm) isolates in elderly taiwanese patients. from 2004 through 2008, patients >65 years old with ntm isolation were identified. the definitions of ntm disease followed the american thoracic society and infectious disease society of america (ats/idsa) criteria. among the 3,175 ntm isolates, mycobacterium avium complex (mac; n = 1,118, 35.2%) was the most prevalent species, followed by m. abscessus ( ... | 2011 | 21240651 |
| mycobacterium avium complex (mac) lung disease in two inner city community hospitals: recognition, prevalence, co-infection with mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) and pulmonary function (pf) improvements after treatment. | the purpose of this study was to separate mac lung disease from colonization and to define indications for treatment. materials and methodology: over 4 years, we evaluated patients who had positive mac cultures, mac infection and coinfection with mtb. in the first study, 42 immunocompetent patients with sputum or bal culture positive only for mac during a single year (2004) were reviewed. on clinical and radiographic review, they were classified as disease related to mac, likely related to mac o ... | 2010 | 21258569 |
| drug efficacy by direct and adjusted indirect comparison to placebo: an illustration by mycobacterium avium complex prophylaxis in hiv. | | 2011 | 21388558 |
| evaluation of a rapid detection method of clarithromycin resistance genes in mycobacterium avium complex isolates. | clarithromycin is the key drug in the various treatment regimens of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) diseases, and is the only drug for which drug susceptibility has been shown to correlate with clinical response in these diseases. a point mutation at either positions 2058 or 2059 of the 23s rrna gene has been reported to occur in high-level clarithromycin-resistant isolates. in this study, we examined the correlation between the results from a drug susceptibility test and the mutation of the 2 ... | 2011 | 21393190 |
| [genetic research about mycobacterium avium complex]. | a variable-number tandem-repeat (vntr) typing method using the mycobacterium avium tandem repeat (matr) loci (matr-vntr) is employed in japan for epidemiological studies using clinical isolates of m. avium. in this study, the usefulness of this matr-vntr typing method was compared with that of the is1245-restriction fragment length polymorphism (is1245-rflp) typing method and a mycobacterial interspersed repetitive-unit (miru)-vntr typing method reported previously (boschiroli, c. hubbans, p. ov ... | 2011 | 21404652 |
| [non-tuberculous mycobacteriosis. what has been coming out]. | diagnosis of non-tuberculous mycobacteriosis is relatively easy, because of recent technological advances (hrct, mgit, pcr, ddh etc). although many reports of this disease have been published, there are many problems to resolve. (1) prevalence of non-tuberculous mycobacteriosis: shigeki sato (department of medical oncology and immunology, nagoya city university graduate school of medical sciences) questionnaire surveys to determine the prevalence of nontuberculous mycobacterial (ntm) disease wer ... | 2011 | 21404655 |
| hiv: primary and secondary prophylaxis for opportunistic infections. | opportunistic infections can occur in up to 40% of people with hiv infection and a cd4 count less than 250/mm(3), although the risks are much lower with use of highly active antiretroviral treatment. methods and outcomes: we conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical questions: what are the effects of prophylaxis for pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (pcp) and toxoplasmosis? what are the effects of antituberculosis prophylaxis in people with hiv infection? what are t ... | 2010 | 21418688 |
| polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism of the rpob gene for identification of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and differentiation of mycobacterium avium subspecies. | mycobacterial speciation by polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (pra) of the rpob gene was evaluated for identification of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) and other mycobacterium avium complex (mac) members to the species or subspecies level by comparison with conventional methods including hsp65 sequencing, high-performance liquid chromatography, and pcr for accepted species- or subspecies-specific genomic targets. a total of 185 t ... | 2011 | 21429694 |
| treatment outcome of combination therapy including clarithromycin for mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease. | the frequency of nontuberculous mycobacteria pulmonary disease in hiv-negative patients is increasing; the most common pathogen in korea is the mycobacterium avium complex (mac). however, few studies have evaluated the treatment outcome of mac pulmonary disease in korea. | 2011 | 21437163 |
| mimicry of the pathogenic mycobacterium vacuole in vitro elicits the bacterial intracellular phenotype, including early-onset macrophage death. | mycobacterium avium complex (mac) within macrophages undergoes a phenotype change that allows for more efficient entry into surrounding host cells. we hypothesized that, by developing an in vitro system resembling the intravacuolar environment, one could generate insights into the mycobacterial intracellular phenotype. mac was incubated in "elemental mixtures" that reproduce metal concentrations and ph in the vacuoles at different time points and then used to infect fresh macrophages. incubation ... | 2011 | 21444666 |