| can immunity induced by the human influenza virus n1 neuraminidase provide some protection from avian influenza h5n1 viruses? | | 2007 | 17298170 |
| [neuraminidase inhibitors and risk of h5n1 influenza]. | oseltamivir and zanamivir are highly potent inhibitors of influenza a and b neuraminidase and operate by inhibiting viral replication, and more specifically, the release and the movement of the virus through mucus. neuraminidase inhibitors reduce the severity and duration of symptoms, and prevent clinical influenza as post-exposure and seasonal prophylaxis. both have similar efficacy; oseltamivir has a more convenient route of administration, and zanamivir a more favourable resistance profile. p ... | 2007 | 17299351 |
| comparison of the mchip to viral culture, reverse transcription-pcr, and the quickvue influenza a+b test for rapid diagnosis of influenza. | the performance of a diagnostic microarray (the mchip assay) for influenza was compared in a blind study to that of viral culture, reverse transcription (rt)-pcr, and the quickvue influenza a+b test. the patient sample data set was composed of 102 respiratory secretion specimens collected between 29 december 2005 and 2 february 2006 at scott & white hospital and clinic in temple, texas. samples were collected from a wide range of age groups by using direct collection, nasal/nasopharyngeal swabs, ... | 2007 | 17301287 |
| link between h5n1 in uk and recent outbreaks in hungary is investigated. | | 2007 | 17303863 |
| workers at uk turkey farm with symptoms of bird flu test negative for h5n1. | | 2007 | 17303867 |
| hunting down the h5n1 virus. | | 2007 | 17303878 |
| improvement of model for prediction of hemagglutinin mutations in h5n1 influenza viruses with distinguishing of arginine, leucine and serine. | in a continuation of our attempt to predict mutations in proteins from influenza a virus, this study attempted to answer the question of whether distinguishing between arginine, leucine and serine can improve the predictability as these residues are governed by different probabilistic mechanism translating from rna codons to amino acids. in this study, we made the prediction based on the mutation relation among 299 h5n1 hemagglutinins of influenza a virus. then, we compared the results based on ... | 2007 | 17305607 |
| immunogenicity of novel consensus-based dna vaccines against avian influenza. | the frequency of h5n1 avian influenza outbreaks in china and eastern europe has raised concern in the world health community regarding the potential for an influenza pandemic. efforts to monitor the disease will only provide minimal warning in a global society, and steps must be taken to prevent the morbidity and mortality associated with past pandemics. the current stockpiling of antibody-inducing "bird flu" vaccines assumes the strain that emerges will be the same as strains currently circulat ... | 2007 | 17306909 |
| asian h5n1 still going strong at 10 years old. | | 2007 | 17317593 |
| pathology of natural infections by h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in mute (cygnus olor) and whooper (cygnus cygnus) swans. | mortality in wild aquatic birds due to infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaiv) is a rare event. during the recent outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza in germany, mortality due to h5n1 hpaiv was observed among mute and whooper swans as part of a rapid spread of this virus. in contrast to earlier reports, swans appeared to be highly susceptible and represented the mainly affected species. we report gross and histopathology and distribution of influenza virus anti ... | 2007 | 17317790 |
| h5n1 influenza virus and the safety of plasma products. | the ever-increasing number of human h5n1 influenza virus infections may enable these viruses to acquire the ability to spread effectively among humans and potentially to cause a pandemic. recently, more systemic virus dissemination was reported during h5n1 virus infection of humans, resulting in significant virus concentrations also in the blood. the observation has raised concerns about the safety of labile blood products for transfusion and consequentially also for plasma derivatives. to confi ... | 2007 | 17319825 |
| risk factors for human infection with avian influenza a h5n1, vietnam, 2004. | to evaluate risk factors for human infection with influenza a subtype h5n1, we performed a matched case-control study in vietnam. we enrolled 28 case-patients who had laboratory-confirmed h5n1 infection during 2004 and 106 age-, sex-, and location-matched control-respondents. data were analyzed by matched-pair analysis and multivariate conditional logistic regression. factors that were independently associated with h5n1 infection were preparing sick or dead poultry for consumption < or =7 days b ... | 2006 | 17326934 |
| highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza: entry pathways into north america via bird migration. | given the possibility of highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza arriving in north america and monitoring programs that have been established to detect and track it, we review intercontinental movements of birds. we divided 157 bird species showing regular intercontinental movements into four groups based on patterns of movement-one of these groups (breed holarctic, winter eurasia) fits well with the design of the monitoring programs (i.e., western alaska), but the other groups have quite differe ... | 2007 | 17330144 |
| the 1918 influenza pandemic: insights for the 21st century. | the 1918-1919 h1n1 influenza pandemic was among the most deadly events in recorded human history, killing an estimated 50-100 million persons. because recent h5n1 avian epizootics have been associated with sporadic human fatalities, concern has been raised that a new pandemic, as fatal as the pandemic of 1918, or more so, could be developing. understanding the events and experiences of 1918 is thus of great importance. however, despite the genetic sequencing of the entire genome of the 1918 viru ... | 2007 | 17330793 |
| preventing avian influenza in humans: the role of simple public health interventions. | an influenza pandemic due to influenza virus a h5n1 subtype is considered highly likely. strategies for prevention and control of a pandemic include actions that need to be taken by the national authorities and communities. the availability of a vaccine and antiviral drugs in sufficient quantities for billions of people in the developing world is doubtful. simple cost effective public health interventions can significantly reduce the risk of contracting infection. these interventions include pre ... | 2006 | 17333782 |
| h5n1 viruses and vaccines. | | 2007 | 17335350 |
| [reassortment and gene interactions in the crossing of low-pathogenic avian influenza h5 virus with human influenza virus]. | the reassortants obtained via the crossing of highly productive influenza virus a/puerto rico/8/34 (h1n1) strain and the low pathogenic avian influenza virus a/duck/primorie/2621/2001 (h5n2) strain were genotyped and characterized. the h5n2 reassortant having 6 genes from a/puerto rico/8/34 virus has the high level of reproduction in chick embryos, while slightly more moderate than in the parent a/puerto rico/8/34 strain. the reproduction of the h5n1 reassortant that had 7 genes from a/puerto ri ... | 2007 | 17338230 |
| [the spectrum of vetebrates' cell lines sensitive to highly pathogenic influenza a/tern/sa/61 (h5n3) and a/duck/novosibirsk/56/05 (h5n1) viruses]. | the reproduction of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) a/tern/sa/61 h5n3 and a/ducklnovosibirsk/56/05 h5ni viruses was comparatively studied in 16 human and animal cell lines. the strain a/duck/novosibirsk/56/05 was shown to have a wider range of hosts. the most sensitive transplanted cell lines were found to be feline fibroblasts (cc-81), primarily trypsin-treated cells of chick embryonic fibroblasts (cef), the kidney of dogs (mdck), pigs (spev), monkeys (vero), the human conjunctiva (1-5 ... | 2007 | 17338234 |
| avian influenza and pandemics. | the confirmation of h5n1 avian influenza in england has caused renewed concern over the prospect of a global influenza pandemic. this article outlines the extent of government contingency plans for an influenza pandemic and the role healthcare workers will be expected to play. | 2007 | 17338422 |
| avian influenza: are we ready? | we cannot be certain when the next influenza pandemic will emerge, or even whether it will be caused by avian influenza (h5n1) or some unrelated virus. however, we can be certain that an influenza pandemic will occur. the united states is leading the scientific effort to contain the pandemic through vaccine studies and antiviral studies. the need for pandemic influenza preparedness is extensive and expensive. planning entails increased development of antivirals and vaccines, effective surveillan ... | 2007 | 17338956 |
| human avian influenza: how ready are we? | three influenza pandemics emerged in the 20th century, and scientists are concerned that the currently circulating, highly pathogenic a (h5n1) avian influenza virus could lead to the next pandemic, one as deadly as the 1918 influenza pandemic. not since the identification of hiv and aids will the duty to care among health care providers be tested as during such an event. nonetheless, the expertise of health care providers is an integral part of the response to a pandemic. in the fight against fl ... | 2007 | 17338983 |
| detection of h5 avian influenza viruses by antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using h5-specific monoclonal antibody. | the unprecedented spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype h5n1 in asia and europe is threatening animals and public health systems. effective diagnosis and control management are needed to control the disease. to this end, we developed a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against the h5n1 avian influenza virus (aiv) and implemented an antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ac-elisa) to detect the h5 viral antigen. mice immunized with denatured hemagglutinin (ha) ... | 2007 | 17344345 |
| [research progress of h5n1 influenza viruses and the threat to human]. | human, birds and other mammals can be infected by avian influenza a (h5n1) virus. bird infections spread among continents in the last 2 years. human infections become endemic in certain areas, characterized with young patients and high mortality. an unprecedented epizootic avian influenza a (h5n1) virus that is highly pathogenic has crossed the species barrier in asia to cause many human fatalities and poses an increasing pandemic threat. this summary describes the features of human infection wi ... | 2007 | 17344581 |
| [influenza a/h5n1 virus outbreaks and prepardness to avert flu pandemic]. | this review emphasizes the need to improve the knowledge of the biology of h5n1 virus, a candidate for causing the next influenza pandemic. in-depth knowledge of mode of infection, mechanisms of pathogenesis and immune response will help in devising an efficient and practical control strategy against this flu virus. we have discussed limitations of currently available vaccines and proposed novel approaches for making better vaccines against h5n1 influenza virus. they include cell-culture system, ... | 2007 | 17353166 |
| viral respiratory disease in pregnancy. | recently there has been an increased concern over viral respiratory infections and their potential for a pandemic. this concern makes it important to review the most current guidelines for the management of viral respiratory diseases in pregnancy. | 2007 | 17353679 |
| assay to detect h5n1 oseltamivir resistance. | | 2006 | 17354342 |
| [infectious diseases (beside aids)]. | important epidemiological developments include the continuing dissemination of influenza a h5n1. it is not adapted to human beings, but its potential to cause a pandemic is confirmed. chikungunya has spread around the indian ocean. a new resistant staphylococcus aureus in increasingly prevalent in the community. finally, a virulent strain of clostridium difficile is emerging in north america and europe. new therapeutic developments are scarce. several studies promote a rational use of available ... | 2007 | 17354657 |
| anticipated and current preventive behaviors in response to an anticipated human-to-human h5n1 epidemic in the hong kong chinese general population. | the prevalence of self-reported preventive behaviors in response to an anticipated local human-to-human h5n1 transmission outbreak and factors associated with such behaviors have not been examined. | 2007 | 17359545 |
| a statistical phylogeography of influenza a h5n1. | the geographic diffusion of highly pathogenic influenza a h5n1 has largely been traced from the perspective of the virus's victims. birds of a variety of avian orders have been sampled across localities, and their infection has been identified by a general genetic test. another approach tracks the migration from the perspective of the virus alone, by way of a phylogeography of h5n1 genetic sequences. although several phylogenies in the literature have labeled h5n1 clades by geographic region, no ... | 2007 | 17360548 |
| human influenza a virus (h5n1) detection by a novel multiplex pcr typing method. | we report the use of resplex iii for genotyping influenza a viruses. the performance characteristics of the assay with regard to h5n1 are further evaluated. the resplex system incorporates a novel multiplex pcr technology, target-enriched multiplex pcr, to simultaneously amplify multiple molecular targets in one reaction. the resplex iii assay targets the h1, h2, h3, h5, h7, h9, n1, and n2 genes from the influenza a virus as well as the ns genes from influenza a (nsa) and b (nsb) viruses, provid ... | 2007 | 17360846 |
| avian mortality surveillance for west nile virus in colorado. | we tested 1,549 avian carcasses of 104 species to identify targets for west nile virus (wnv) surveillance in colorado, determine species affected by wnv, compare virus isolation versus rna detection applied to hearts and oral swabs from carcasses, and compare the vectest wnv antigen assay (vectest) to standard assays. forty-two species tested positive. from june to september 2003, 86% of corvids, 34% of non-corvid passerines, and 37% of raptors tested positive. we developed the target species in ... | 2007 | 17360863 |
| [emerging viral infectious diseases and pregnancy]. | various emerging diseases have been reported in recent years as epidemiologic monitoring improves. these infections can compromise the pregnancy, through adverse maternal outcomes, as well as the outcome for the child following transmission. we report a review of the literature concerning the most quoted emergent virus (h5n1, sars coronavirus, chikungunya, west nile virus), and relate the perinatal management. | 2007 | 17368948 |
| interaction between humans and poultry, rural cambodia. | because avian influenza h5n1 infection risks are associated with exposure to infected poultry, we conducted a knowledge, attitudes, and practices survey of poultry-handling behavior among villagers in rural cambodia. despite widespread knowledge of avian influenza and personal protection measures, most rural cambodians still have a high level of at-risk poultry handling. | 2007 | 17370527 |
| clinical evaluation of vaccines for pandemic influenza h5n1. | avian influenza (h5n1) was first associated with human respiratory disease in hong kong in 1997. in 2004 the virus re-emerged among poultry and migratory birds in asia and has spread into europe and africa, raising concerns that an h5 pandemic is imminent. | 2007 | 17370705 |
| avian influenza update: recent outbreaks of h5n1 in poultry worldwide. | | 2007 | 17370942 |
| confirmed h5n1 avian influenza outbreak on a poultry farm in england, february 2007. | | 2007 | 17370950 |
| two outbreaks of h5n1 avian influenza in farm geese, hungary, january 2007. | | 2007 | 17370957 |
| outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (a/h5n1) in commercial poultry in hungary and the uk--public health implications? | | 2007 | 17370958 |
| differential onset of apoptosis in influenza a virus h5n1- and h1n1-infected human blood macrophages. | pathogenesis of the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus a/hong kong/483/97 (h5n1/97) remains to be investigated. it was demonstrated recently that h5n1 dysregulation of proinflammatory cytokines in human macrophages is a p38-kinase-dependent process. the results indicated that macrophages may play a role in disease severity. to investigate cellular responses to h5n1 infection further, apoptosis and its related pathways were studied in primary blood macrophages. here, it is shown that the h5n ... | 2007 | 17374772 |
| transmission of influenza a in human beings. | planning for the next influenza pandemic is occurring at many levels throughout the world, spurred on by the recent spread of h5n1 avian influenza in asia, europe, and africa. central to these planning efforts in the health-care sector are strategies to minimise the transmission of influenza to health-care workers and patients. the infection control precautions necessary to prevent airborne, droplet, and contact transmission are quite different and will need to be decided on and planned before a ... | 2007 | 17376383 |
| surveillance for reassortant virus by multiplex reverse transcription-pcr specific for eight genomic segments of avian influenza a h5n1 viruses. | avian influenza h5n1 virus is a global threat. an emergence of a reassortant virus with a pandemic potential is a major concern. here we describe a multiplex reverse transcription-pcr assay that is specific for the eight genomic segments of the currently circulating h5n1 viruses to facilitate surveillance for a virus resulting from reassortment between human influenza virus and the h5n1 virus. | 2007 | 17376885 |
| h5n1 influenza questionnaire: are scottish emergency departments ready to isolate and treat a possible index case? | h5n1 has emerged as a highly pathogenic strain of avian flu. cases of bird-to-human transmission have occurred and raised concerns that human-to-human transmission may be possible. therefore, it is vitally important to isolate any index case arising from bird-to-human transmission. questionnaires were sent out to emergency departments throughout scotland seeking information on the availability of facilities and supplies necessary to treat and prevent onward infection from a suspected index case ... | 2007 | 17384384 |
| risk factors and outcomes of influenza a (h3n2) pneumonia in an area where avian influenza (h5n1) is endemic. | we conducted a cohort study to identify the risks and outcomes of influenza a (h3n2) pneumonia. of the 145 patients studied, 10 (7%) had influenza a pneumonia. logistic regression identified multiple comorbidities (p<.001) and diarrhea at the initial presentation (p=.001) as associated risks. infection with influenza a (p=.01) and receipt of inadequate antimicrobial therapy (p=.005) were predictors of mortality. | 2007 | 17385156 |
| thermal inactivation of h5n1 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus in naturally infected chicken meat. | thermal inactivation of the h5n1 high pathogenicity avian influenza (hpai) virus strain a/chicken/korea/es/2003 (korea/03) was quantitatively measured in thigh and breast meat harvested from infected chickens. the korea/03 titers were recorded as the mean embryo infectious dose (eid50) and were 10(8.0) eid50/g in uncooked thigh samples and 10(7.5) eid50/g in uncooked breast samples. survival curves were constructed for korea/03 in chicken thigh and breast meat at 1 degrees c intervals for temper ... | 2007 | 17388058 |
| the quail and chicken intestine have sialyl-galactose sugar chains responsible for the binding of influenza a viruses to human type receptors. | the receptor specificity of influenza viruses is one factor that allows avian influenza viruses to cross the species barrier. the recent transmissions of avian h5n1 and h9n2 influenza viruses from chickens and/or quails to humans indicate that avian influenza viruses can directly infect humans without an intermediate host, such as pigs. in this study, we used two strains of influenza a virus (a/pr/8/34, which preferentially binds to an avian-type receptor, and a/memphis/1/71, which preferentiall ... | 2007 | 17389652 |
| new and emerging infectious diseases. | new emerging infectious diseases include "severe acute respiratory distress syndrome" (sars) and avian influenza a h5n1. first cases of sars, induced by a new strain of coronavirus, were described in china in 2002 and by may 2003 8360 cases and 764 deaths were reported by the world health organization. the disease can be transmitted from person to person and at the onset is characterized by nonspecific symptoms such as a fever of > 38 degrees c, dry cough, myalgia, and dyspnea. adults can develo ... | 2007 | 17390754 |
| human h5n1 influenza. | | 2007 | 17392311 |
| human h5n1 influenza. | | 2007 | 17396307 |
| human h5n1 influenza. | | 2007 | 17396308 |
| a latex agglutination test for the rapid detection of avian influenza virus subtype h5n1 and its clinical application. | a rapid and simple latex agglutination test (lat) for the detection of avian influenza virus (aiv) subtype h5n1 in chicken allantoic fluids, tracheal swabs, and tissues was developed. monoclonal antibodies against the hemagglutinin glycoprotein of h5n1 were covalently coupled onto the surface of carboxylated latex bead using a water-soluble carbodiimide to obtain sensitized latex particles (slp). these slps strongly agglutinated in the presence of allantoic fluid containing h5n1, but not fluids ... | 2007 | 17402609 |
| vaccination against highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 virus in zoos using an adjuvanted inactivated h5n2 vaccine. | highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 virus infections have recently caused unprecedented morbidity and mortality in a wide range of avian species. european commission directive 2005/744/ec allowed vaccination in zoos under strict conditions, while reducing confinement measures. vaccination with a commercial h5n2 vaccine with vaccine doses adapted to mean body weight per species was safe, and proved immunogenic throughout the range of species tested, with some variations between and with ... | 2007 | 17403559 |
| antiviral therapy and prophylaxis for influenza in children. | antiviral agents are available that are safe and effective for the treatment and prophylaxis of influenza virus infections in children. the neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir [tamiflu] and zanamivir [relenza]) are preferred agents because of current widespread resistance to the adamantanes (amantadine [symmetrel] and rimantadine [flumadine]). therapy should be provided to children with influenza infection who are at high risk of severe infection and to children with moderate-to-severe influen ... | 2007 | 17403862 |
| the transmissibility of highly pathogenic avian influenza in commercial poultry in industrialised countries. | with the increased occurrence of outbreaks of h5n1 worldwide there is concern that the virus could enter commercial poultry farms with severe economic consequences. | 2007 | 17406673 |
| the threat of avian influenza a (h5n1): part ii: clues to pathogenicity and pathology. | among emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, influenza constitutes one of the major threats to mankind. in this review series epidemiologic, virologic and pathologic concerns raised by infections of humans with avian influenza virus a/h5n1 are discussed. the second part focuses on experimental and clinical results, which give insights in the pathogenic mechanisms of h5n1 infection in humans. h5n1 is poorly transmitted to humans. however, h5n1-induced disease is very severe. more informati ... | 2007 | 17406895 |
| development of a mucosal vaccine for influenza viruses: preparation for a potential influenza pandemic. | highly pathogenic avian h5n1 influenza a virus has caused influenza outbreaks in poultry and migratory birds in southeast asia, africa and europe, and there is concern that it could cause a new pandemic. this fear of an emerging pandemic of a new influenza strain underscores the urgency of preparing effective vaccines to meet the pandemic. one way to mitigate current concerns is to develop an influenza vaccine that is fully functional against drift influenza viruses. in our current situation, in ... | 2007 | 17408369 |
| pneumo- and neurotropism of avian origin italian highly pathogenic avian influenza h7n1 isolates in experimentally infected mice. | an experimental infection of mice was performed in order to investigate the potential for interspecies transmission in mammals of italian hpai viruses of the h7n1 subtype. three avian origin isolates were selected, two strains obtained from ostrich (one of which contained a pb2-627 lysine residue) and one from a chicken. following intranasal infection of mice, clinical signs and mortality were recorded in the experimental groups challenged with the two ostrich isolates, while only weight loss wa ... | 2007 | 17408714 |
| hemagglutinin pseudotyped lentiviral particles: characterization of a new method for avian h5n1 influenza sero-diagnosis. | highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 has spread globally in birds and infected over 270 humans with an apparently high mortality rate. serologic studies to determine the extent of asymptomatic h5n1 infection in humans and other mammals and to investigate the immunogenicity of current h5n1 vaccine candidates have been hampered by the biosafety requirements needed for h5n1 micro-neutralization tests. | 2007 | 17409017 |
| pandemic h5n1 influenza. | | 2007 | 17409101 |
| comparison of neutralising antibody assays for detection of antibody to influenza a/h3n2 viruses: an international collaborative study. | a study was performed to investigate the reproducibility of haemagglutinin-inhibition (hi) and virus neutralising (vn) assays for detection of anti-influenza antibody. participants in 11 laboratories from eight countries measured antibody to egg-grown a/japan/434/2003, cell-grown a/japan/434/2003 and a/panama/2007/99 (h3n2) viruses in 18 human and two post-infection ferret sera. there was significant intra-laboratory assay variability for vn compared to hi. for replicate assays within laboratori ... | 2007 | 17412461 |
| the critically ill avian influenza a (h5n1) patient. | this review examines perspectives of human infection with avian influenza a h5n1 (ai h5n1), specifically focusing on the presentation, diagnosis, and management of those critically ill with ai h5n1. | 2007 | 17414089 |
| community acquired pneumonia in the tropics. | due to the exponential growth of international exchange, millions of travelers are exposed to respiratory pathogens in the tropics and may return ill. community-acquired pneumonia is one of the more prevalent infections. | 2007 | 17414123 |
| expert opinion based modelling of the risk of human infection with h5n1 through the consumption of poultry meat in germany. | according to current scientific opinion the risk of human infection with h5n1 via preparation and consumption of poultry meat is negligible.this opinion has not yet been challenged by a formal risk assessment, due to the lack of empirical data. we have developed a scenario pathway model as a conceptual framework for a formal assessment of the h5n1 risk to humans through consumption of poultry meat and parameterise the model using information derived from expert opinions. the aim of this study wa ... | 2007 | 17416131 |
| graphical representation and numerical characterization of h5n1 avian flu neuraminidase gene sequence. | the high degree of virulence and potential for development of a pandemic strain of the h5n1 avian flu has resulted in wide interest in characterization of the various genes of the h5n1 virus genome. we have considered for our analysis all 173 available complete sequences, as of february 2006, of the neuraminidase gene, which is the target of the most effective treatment regimen comprising the inhibitors oseltamivir and zanamivir. we have used a 2d graphical representation of the neuraminidase rn ... | 2007 | 17417832 |
| the use of vaccination to combat multiple introductions of notifiable avian influenza viruses of the h5 and h7 subtypes between 2000 and 2006 in italy. | since 1999, italy has been challenged by several epidemics of notifiable avian influenza (nai) of the h5 and h7 subtypes, occurring in the densely populated poultry areas of northern part of the country. vaccination with a conventional vaccine containing a seed strain with a different neuraminidase subtype to the field virus was used to complement biosecurity and restriction measures as part of an overall eradication strategy. this vaccination technique, known as the "diva-differentiating infect ... | 2007 | 17418460 |
| clinical review: update of avian influenza a infections in humans. | influenza a viruses have a wide host range for infection, from wild waterfowl to poultry to humans. recently, the cross-species transmission of avian influenza a, particularly subtype h5n1, has highlighted the importance of the non-human subtypes and their incidence in the human population has increased over the past decade. during cross-species transmission, human disease can range from the asymptomatic to mild conjunctivitis to fulminant pneumonia and death. with these cases, however, the risk ... | 2007 | 17419881 |
| a conventional, inactivated oil emulsion vaccine suppresses shedding and prevents viral meat colonisation in commercial (pekin) ducks challenged with hpai h5n1. | the ongoing h5n1 epidemic is currently affecting a number of avian species, including waterfowl. these birds appear to have an important role as reservoirs of infection and comprehensive data on the efficacy of vaccination is currently lacking. the present paper reports the effect of a two dose vaccination programme with a conventional inactivated product on infection, lateral spread, shedding and presence of virus in commodities such as meat and viscera of pekin ducks. vaccination of this speci ... | 2007 | 17420074 |
| prepare your practice for pandemic flu. | highly virulent h5n1 asian bird flu is poised to arrive in the united states. if the avian flu virus mutates, becoming transmissible from person to person, widespread disease is probable. presuming world health organization predictions hold, patient demand may overwhelm medical facilities making pandemic influenza preparation and coordination essential. this article provides a checklist to use to organize your pandemic flu-planning efforts. physician offices and other healthcare facilities must ... | 2007 | 17425015 |
| avian influenza--a new challenge. | to present a wide-ranging review of the literature on avian influenza a (h5n1). background: the recent epidemics caused by the avian influenza a virus in asia, have demonstrated the capacity of this agent to cause serious illness in humans. | 2006 | 17425156 |
| dhori virus (orthomyxoviridae: thogotovirus) infection in mice: a model of the pathogenesis of severe orthomyxovirus infection. | after intranasal, subcutaneous, or intraperitoneal infection with dhori virus (dhov), adult mice developed a fulminant and uniformly fatal illness with many of the clinical and pathologic findings seen in mice infected with h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza a virus. histopathologic findings in lungs of dhov-infected mice consisted of hemorrhage, inflammation, and thickening of the interstitium and the alveolar septa and alveolar edema. extra-pulmonary findings included hepatocellular necros ... | 2007 | 17426188 |
| [the current trend of avian influenza viruses in bioinformatics research]. | since the first human infection from avian influenza was reported in hong kong in 1997, many asian countries have confirmed outbreaks of highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza viruses. in addition to asian countries, the eu authorities also held an urgent meeting in february 2006 at which it was agreed that europe could also become the next target for h5n1 avian influenza in the near future. in this paper, we provide the general and applicable information on the avian influenza in the bioinforma ... | 2007 | 17426432 |
| partial protection against challenge with the highly pathogenic h5n1 influenza virus isolated in japan in chickens infected with the h9n2 influenza virus. | the protective effect of the a/ck/yoko/aq55/01 (h9n2) avian influenza virus against the highly pathogenic h5n1 virus, i.e., a/ck/yama/7/04 (genotype v), was examined. three 5-week-old chickens were inoculated intranasally with the h9n2 virus (10(8.6) eid(50)/head) and were kept with two contact chickens. all of the infected chickens were reinoculated with the same virus at 20 weeks of age, and 10 days later, they were challenged intranasally with the h5n1 virus (10(4.0) eid(50)/head). five chick ... | 2007 | 17426917 |
| avian influenza virus (h5n1): a threat to human health. | pandemic influenza virus has its origins in avian influenza viruses. the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype h5n1 is already panzootic in poultry, with attendant economic consequences. it continues to cross species barriers to infect humans and other mammals, often with fatal outcomes. therefore, h5n1 virus has rightly received attention as a potential pandemic threat. however, it is noted that the pandemics of 1957 and 1968 did not arise from highly pathogenic influenza viruses, and ... | 2007 | 17428885 |
| the threat of avian influenza a (h5n1). part iii: antiviral therapy. | among emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, influenza constitutes one of the major threats to mankind. in this review series epidemiologic, virologic and pathologic concerns raised by infections of humans with avian influenza virus a/h5n1 as well as treatment options are discussed. the third part discusses therapeutic options. neuraminidase (na) inhibitors are the most promising agents despite uncertainty about efficacy. dosage increase, prolonged treatment or combination therapies may i ... | 2007 | 17431677 |
| real-time rt-pcr for h5n1 avian influenza a virus detection. | the recent recurrence of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus a h5n1 was firstly reported in mid-december 2003 and continued through 2005. this study describes a sensitive and specific real-time rt-pcr method for the detection of influenza a subtype h5 and for monitoring virus loads. using serial dilutions of influenza a h5n1 cultures, this assay reproducibly determined the lowest detection limit to be approximately 5 x 10(-2) 50 % egg infective doses (eid(50)). in contrast, the minimum detec ... | 2007 | 17446281 |
| new therapeutic approaches for influenza a h5n1 infected humans. | | 2007 | 17446748 |
| enhanced protective efficacy of h5 subtype avian influenza dna vaccine with codon optimized ha gene in a pcaggs plasmid vector. | h5n1 influenza viruses have caused significant disease and deaths in various parts of the world in several species, including humans. vaccination combined with culling can provide an attractive method for outbreak containment. using synthesized oligos and overlapping extension pcr techniques, we constructed an h5 ha gene, optiha, containing chicken biased codons based on the ha amino acid sequence of the highly pathogenic h5n1 virus a/goose/guangdong/1/96 (gs/gd/96). the optiha and wild-type ha ... | 2007 | 17451817 |
| prophylactic effects of chitin microparticles on highly pathogenic h5n1 influenza virus. | highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (h5n1) is an emerging pathogen with the potential to cause great harm to humans, and there is concern about the potential for a new influenza pandemic. this virus is resistant to the antiviral effects of interferons and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. however, the mechanism of interferon-independent protective innate immunity is not well understood. the prophylactic effects of chitin microparticles as a stimulator of innate mucosal immunity against a recently ... | 2007 | 17457919 |
| pandemic (avian) influenza. | pandemics of influenza have been reported since the early sixteenth century. recent pandemics include the spanish flu (h1n1) from 1918 to 1920 (resulting in approximately 50 million deaths worldwide); the asian flu (h2n2) from 1957 to 1958 (resulting in more than 1 million deaths); the hong kong flu (h3n2) from 1968 to 1970 (responsible for approximately 700,000 deaths). avian influenza viruses have now been identified as a source of novel hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidases (nas) associated w ... | 2007 | 17458770 |
| genetic evidence for multi-event imports of avian influenza virus a (h5n1) into bavaria, germany. | the almost simultaneous initial detections of avian influenza a h5n1 viruses in central europe in february 2006, at a time devoid of migratory bird activity, raised the question of the origin of these viruses. this report presents molecular data from europe providing evidence for multiple and spatially overlapping h5n1 introductions into bavaria, germany. | 2007 | 17459857 |
| inefficient transmission of h5n1 influenza viruses in a ferret contact model. | the abilities to infect and transmit efficiently among humans are essential for a novel influenza a virus to cause a pandemic. to evaluate the pandemic potential of widely disseminated h5n1 influenza viruses, a ferret contact model using experimental groups comprised of one inoculated ferret and two contact ferrets was used to study the transmissibility of four human h5n1 viruses isolated from 2003 to 2006. the effects of viral pathogenicity and receptor binding specificity (affinity to syntheti ... | 2007 | 17459930 |
| [preparation and identification of a single-chain antibody fragment against high pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza virus]. | previously, an mab 10f7 was developed against h5n1 hemagglutinin, which was highly specific to 34 different h5n1 strains and showed good neutralizing activity. in the present study, the single-chain fragment of the antibody was cloned into a prokaryotic vector and then expressed in e. coli. the activity of the scfv was tested in hemagglution inhibition and neutralization experiment. two h5n1 virus strains were inhibited to bind erythrocyte cells by the scfv while the h9 virus was not. also, five ... | 2007 | 17460904 |
| severe nonpurulent encephalitis with mortality and feather lesions in call ducks (anas platyrhyncha var. domestica) inoculated intravenously with h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. | one-day-old, 2-wk-old, and 4-wk-old call ducks (anas platyrhyncha var. domestica) inoculated intravenously with the h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus a/chicken/yamaguchi/7/2004 isolate (ck/yama/7/04) were examined clinically, pathologically, and virologically. clinically, the birds exhibited mild-to-severe neurologic signs and corneal opacity. all birds in the 1-day-old group and one bird in the 4-wk-old group died within 4 days after the virus inoculation. histologic changes were cha ... | 2007 | 17461267 |
| performance evaluation of five detection tests for avian influenza antigen with various avian samples. | in this paper, we report on the evaluation of five influenza antigen detection tests by avian influenza h5n 1 virus-positive swab samples to estimate their diagnostic sensitivity. the tests included two chromatographic immunoassays, an h5 avian influenza-specific antigen detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), an influenza a antigen detection elisa, and an h5 rapid immunoblot assay. the results showed that the overall sensitivities of these tests ranged from 36.3% to 51.4% (95% conf ... | 2007 | 17461273 |
| impact of different husbandry conditions on contact and airborne transmission of h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus to chickens. | typically highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses spread very rapidly among chickens within sheds. however, the spread was slower than expected for the initial 10 days of the index farm in japan during 2004. this slow spread, as well as the lack of gross lesions, clinical signs, or high mortality, hindered the field veterinarian from reporting a suspected hpai outbreak to the veterinary office. to understand the field conditions for the slow virus spread, we examined contact and airborn ... | 2007 | 17461279 |
| genomic analysis and geographic visualization of the spread of avian influenza (h5n1). | | 2007 | 17464886 |
| pandemic influenza and pregnancy: a call for preparedness planning. | with the emerging infectious disease threat of pandemic avian influenza, obstetricians should be aware of the disproportionate morbidity and mortality documented among gravidas in the twentieth century pandemics. to date the majority of fatal cases of h5n1 avian influenza have been recorded in young previously healthy adults, reminiscent of the epidemiology of the 1918 "spanish flu" pandemic. all providers of obstetric services and all facilities providing obstetric care have a key role in terms ... | 2007 | 17470605 |
| blood products for spanish influenza: a future h5n1 treatment? | | 2007 | 17470841 |
| rapid identification of emerging infectious agents using pcr and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. | newly emergent infectious diseases are a global public health problem. the population dense regions of southeast asia are the epicenter of many emerging diseases, as evidenced by the outbreak of nipah, sars, avian influenza (h5n1), dengue, and enterovirus 71 in this region in the past decade. rapid identification, epidemiologic surveillance, and mitigation of transmission are major challenges in ensuring public health safety. here we describe a powerful new approach for infectious disease survei ... | 2007 | 17470915 |
| recombinant modified vaccinia virus ankara-based vaccine induces protective immunity in mice against infection with influenza virus h5n1. | since 2003, the number of human cases of infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of the h5n1 subtype is still increasing, and, therefore, the development of safe and effective vaccines is considered a priority. however, the global production capacity of conventional vaccines is limited and insufficient for a worldwide vaccination campaign. in the present study, an alternative h5n1 vaccine candidate based on the replication-deficient modified vaccinia virus ankara (mva) was eval ... | 2007 | 17471429 |
| design and validation of an h5 taqman real-time one-step reverse transcription-pcr and confirmatory assays for diagnosis and verification of influenza a virus h5 infections in humans. | increasing diversity among influenza h5n1 viruses has resulted in the need for sensitive and specific diagnostic assays, fully validated for the detection of h5 viruses belonging to all hemagglutinin (ha) clades, particularly the recently circulating h5n1 viruses of clade 2. in this report, the development and validation of a real-time, one-step taqman reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) assay specific for the detection of influenza a h5 viruses from clades 1, 1', 2, and 3 is described. the real- ... | 2007 | 17473050 |
| new invariant of dna sequence based on 3dd-curves and its application on phylogeny. | the z_inv, a new invariant based on 3dd-curves of dna sequence, which is simple for calculation and it approximates to the leading eigenvalues of the matrix associated with dna sequence. the utility of our invariant is illustrated on the dna sequence of 11 species. in this study, we use the z_inv to analyze the phylogenetic relationships for the seven ha (h5n1) sequences of avian influenza virus. | 2007 | 17476667 |
| nations signal support for who to stockpile h5n1 vaccine. | | 2007 | 17478826 |
| field and laboratory findings of the first incursion of the asian h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in africa. | in mid-january 2006 an outbreak of avian influenza in domestic birds was recorded in kaduna state, nigeria. the virus responsible for the outbreak was characterized as a highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 (a/chicken/nigeria/641/06), belonging to the qinghai lineage. the index case occurred on a farm containing mixed avian species including free-range birds. clinical signs and mortality were observed in chickens, geese and ostriches. the present paper describes the clinical, pathological and ... | 2007 | 17479371 |
| subclinical infection with avian influenza a (h5n1) virus in cats. | avian influenza a virus subtype h5n1 was transmitted to domestic cats by close contact with infected birds. virus-specific nucleic acids were detected in pharyngeal swabs from 3 of 40 randomly sampled cats from a group of 194 animals (day 8 after contact with an infected swan). all cats were transferred to a quarantine station and monitored for clinical signs, virus shedding, and antibody production until day 50. despite unfamiliar handling, social distress, and the presence of other viral and n ... | 2007 | 17479886 |
| no evidence of avian influenza a (h5n1) among returning us travelers. | we reviewed reports to the centers for disease control and prevention of us travelers suspected of having avian influenza a (h5n1) virus infection from february 2003 through may 2006. among the 59 reported patients, no evidence of h5n1 virus infection was found; none had direct contact with poultry, but 42% had evidence of human influenza a. | 2007 | 17479895 |
| avian influenza a (h5n1) infection: targets and strategies for chemotherapeutic intervention. | in an avian flu pandemic, which drugs could be used to treat or prevent infection with influenza a (h5n1) virus? foremost are the viral neuraminidase inhibitors oseltamivir and zanamivir, which have already been used to treat human influenza a (h1n1 and h3n2) and b virus infections. the use of the m2 ion channel blockers amantadine and rimantadine is compounded by the rapid development of drug resistance. although formally approved for other indications (i.e. treatment of hepatitis c), ribavirin ... | 2007 | 17481739 |
| factors influencing influenza vaccination rates among healthcare workers in greek hospitals. | influenza vaccination rates are generally low among healthcare workers (hcws) worldwide. in september 2005, the hellenic center for disease control and prevention conducted a nationwide campaign to promote influenza vaccination in hospital hcws. during the 2005-2006 influenza season, the overall vaccination rate among hcws was 16.36% (range: 0-85.96%). the self-reported vaccination rate during the previous season was 1.72%, indicating a 9.5-fold increase. compared with physicians, significantly ... | 2007 | 17482717 |
| review of human infections with avian influenza h5n1 and proposed local clinical management guideline. | the current avian and human h5n1 influenza epidemic has been in resurgence since 2004. we decided to evaluate published evidence in relation to epidemiology, clinical features and course, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and outcome of human h5n1 influenza, and develop institutional clinical management guidelines. | 2007 | 17483860 |
| distribution of lesions and antigen of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus a/swan/germany/r65/06 (h5n1) in domestic cats after presumptive infection by wild birds. | in early 2006, the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) h5n1 of the asian lineage caused the death of wild aquatic birds in northern germany. in the mainly affected areas, a trans-species transmission of hpaiv h5n1 to mammals occurred between birds and domestic cats and 1 stone marten (martes foina), respectively. here, we report lesions and distribution of influenza virus antigen in 3 cats infected naturally with hpaiv h5n1 a/swan/germany/r65/06. the hemagglutinin partial nucleotide ... | 2007 | 17491066 |
| the threat of avian influenza a (h5n1). part i: epidemiologic concerns and virulence determinants. | among emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, influenza constitutes one of the major threats to mankind. in this review series epidemiologic, virologic and pathologic concerns raised by infections of humans with avian influenza virus a/h5n1 are discussed. this first part concentrates on epidemiologic concerns and virulence determinants. h5n1 spread over the world and caused a series of fowl pest outbreaks. significant human-to-human transmissions have not been observed yet. mutations that ... | 2007 | 17492465 |