| viral and serological kinetics in zika virus-infected patients in south korea. | zika virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that causes clinical symptoms similar to those observed in dengue and chikungunya virus infections. the korea centers for disease control and prevention initiated laboratory testing using a real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in january 2016. more than 1,000 suspected cases of infection were tested and nine were confirmed as imported cases of zika virus infection from january to july 2016. the travel destinations of the infected ind ... | 2017 | 28388922 |
| forecasting the spread of mosquito-borne disease using publicly accessible data: a case study in chikungunya. | mosquito-borne diseases account for multiple public health challenges in our modern world. the international health community has seen a number of mosquito-borne diseases come to the forefront in recent years, including west nile virus, chikungunya virus, and currently, zika virus. predicting the spread of mosquito-borne disease can aid early decision support for when and how to employ public health interventions within a community; however, accurate and fast predictions, months into the future, ... | 2016 | 28269838 |
| [confirmed dengue, chikungunya and zika cases during the period 2014 to 2016 in barcelona, spain]. | arbovirus infections are a group of diseases whose incidence is increasing and that entail an important problem for public health. the aim of this study was to describe detected cases of arbovirosis in barcelona, and surveillance and control actions performed in order to reduce the risk of transmission. | 2017 | 28265108 |
| emerging causes of arbovirus encephalitis in north america: powassan, chikungunya, and zika viruses. | arboviruses are arthropod-borne viruses transmitted by the bite of mosquitoes, ticks, or other arthropods. arboviruses are a common and an increasing cause of human illness in north america. powassan virus, chikungunya virus, and zika virus are arboviruses that have all recently emerged as increasing causes of neurologic illness. powassan virus almost exclusively causes encephalitis, but cases are rare, sporadic, and restricted to portions of north america and russia. chikungunya virus has sprea ... | 2017 | 28229397 |
| persistent rna virus infections: do pamps drive chronic disease? | chronic disease associated with persistent rna virus infections represents a key public health concern. while human immunodeficiency virus-1 and hepatitis c virus are perhaps the most well-known examples of persistent rna viruses that cause chronic disease, evidence suggests that many other rna viruses, including re-emerging viruses such as chikungunya virus, ebola virus and zika virus, establish persistent infections. the mechanisms by which rna viruses drive chronic disease are poorly understo ... | 2017 | 28214732 |
| improved detection of zika virus rna in human and animal specimens by a novel, highly sensitive and specific real-time rt-pcr assay targeting the 5'-untranslated region of zika virus. | we developed and evaluated five novel real-time rt-pcr assays targeting conserved regions in the 5'-untranslated region (5'-utr), envelope (e'), non-structural protein 2a (ns2a), ns5 and 3'-utr of the zikv genome. | 2017 | 28214373 |
| aedes-borne virus-mosquito interactions: mass spectrometry strategies and findings. | aedes-borne viruses are responsible for high-impact neglected tropical diseases and unpredictable outbreaks such as the ongoing zika epidemics. aedes mosquitoes spread different arboviruses such as dengue virus (denv), chikungunya virus (chikv), and zika virus, among others, and are responsible for the continuous emergence and reemergence of these pathogens. these viruses have complex transmission cycles that include two hosts, namely the aedes mosquito as a vector and susceptible vertebrate hos ... | 2017 | 28192064 |
| quantifying the potential pathways and locations of rift valley fever virus entry into the united states. | the global invasion of west nile virus, chikungunya virus and zika virus in the past two decades suggests an increasing rate of mosquito-borne virus (arbovirus) dispersal. rift valley fever virus (rvfv) is an arbovirus identified as a high-consequence threat to the united states (usa) because of the severe economic and health consequences associated with disease. numerous studies demonstrate that the usa is receptive to rvfv transmission based on the widespread presence of competent mosquito spe ... | 2017 | 28191786 |
| zika virus shedding in human milk during lactation: an unlikely source of infection? | zika virus (zikv) transmission through non-mosquito-dependent routes has become increasingly important since reports of sexual transmission. breastfeeding is a potential means of zikv transmission, but data on this remain limited. the cases of four mothers with laboratory-proven infections are reported. no disease evolved in three of the breastfed babies despite detectable maternal viremia and viruria, the presence of viral rna shedding, and the isolation of infective particles in one milk sampl ... | 2017 | 28188933 |
| environmental and social change drive the explosive emergence of zika virus in the americas. | since zika virus (zikv) was detected in brazil in 2015, it has spread explosively across the americas and has been linked to increased incidence of microcephaly and guillain-barré syndrome (gbs). in one year, it has infected over 500,000 people (suspected and confirmed cases) in 40 countries and territories in the americas. along with recent epidemics of dengue (denv) and chikungunya virus (chikv), which are also transmitted by aedes aegypti and ae. albopictus mosquitoes, the emergence of zikv s ... | 2017 | 28182667 |
| high incidence of zika virus infection detected in plasma and cervical cytology specimens from pregnant women in guayaquil, ecuador. | zika virus (zikv) infection during pregnancy has been linked to severe birth defects, and the epidemiologic situation of the zikv epidemic in ecuador is poorly understood. guayaquil, ecuador, has a tropical climate and experiences frequent outbreaks of dengue and chikungunya virus, and in december 2015, zikv was identified. given the well-documented effects of zikv in pregnancy, including microcephaly, we tested for the presence of zikv in both plasma and cervical cytology of pregnant women. we ... | 2017 | 28177195 |
| zika virus, chikungunya virus, and dengue virus in cerebrospinal fluid from adults with neurological manifestations, guayaquil, ecuador. | zika virus (zikv), chikungunya virus (chikv), and dengue virus (denv) have been associated with clinical presentations that involve acute neurological complaints. in the current study, we identified zikv, chikv, and denv in cerebrospinal fluid (csf) samples from patients admitted to the hospital luis vernaza (guayaquil, ecuador) to the emergency room or the intensive care unit, with neurological symptoms and/or concern for acute arboviral infections. viral rna from one or more virus was detected ... | 2017 | 28174559 |
| arboviruses and the eye. | arthropod-borne viruses, or arboviruses, are viruses that are transmitted through the bites of mosquitoes and ticks. there are numerous arboviruses throughout the world capable of causing human disease spanning different viral families and genera. recently, dengue, chikungunya, and zika viruses have emerged as increasingly important arboviruses that can cause human disease, however no specific treatment or vaccine is available for them. in addition, ocular manifestations of these diseases have b ... | 2017 | 28163928 |
| a comparative analysis of chikungunya and zika transmission. | the recent global dissemination of chikungunya and zika has fostered public health concern worldwide. to better understand the drivers of transmission of these two arboviral diseases, we propose a joint analysis of chikungunya and zika epidemics in the same territories, taking into account the common epidemiological features of the epidemics: transmitted by the same vector, in the same environments, and observed by the same surveillance systems. we analyse eighteen outbreaks in french polynesia ... | 2017 | 28139388 |
| mosquito exposure and chikungunya and dengue infection among travelers during the chikungunya outbreak in the americas. | travelers are at risk for arbovirus infection. we prospectively enrolled 267 department of defense beneficiaries traveling to chikungunya-outbreak regions in the americas between december 2013 and may 2015 and assessed travel characteristics and serologic exposure to chikungunya virus (chikv) and dengue virus (denv). ten ill returning travelers were also assessed retrospectively. self-reported mosquito exposure was common (64% of 198 evaluable travelers saw mosquitoes; 53% of 201 reported ≥ 1 bi ... | 2017 | 28115671 |
| unrecognized emergence of chikungunya virus during a zika virus outbreak in salvador, brazil. | chikungunya virus (chikv) entered brazil in 2014, causing a large outbreak in feira de santana, state of bahia. although cases have been recorded in salvador, the capital of bahia, located ~100 km of feira de santana, chikv transmission has not been perceived to occur epidemically, largely contrasting with the zika virus (zikv) outbreak and ensuing complications reaching the city in 2015. | 2017 | 28114414 |
| engineered aedes aegypti jak/stat pathway-mediated immunity to dengue virus. | we have developed genetically modified ae. aegypti mosquitoes that activate the conserved antiviral jak/stat pathway in the fat body tissue, by overexpressing either the receptor dome or the janus kinase hop by the blood feeding-induced vitellogenin (vg) promoter. transgene expression inhibits infection with several dengue virus (denv) serotypes in the midgut as well as systemically and in the salivary glands. the impact of the transgenes dome and hop on mosquito longevity was minimal, but it re ... | 2017 | 28081143 |
| a comprehensive analysis and immunobiology of autoimmune neurological syndromes during the zika virus outbreak in cúcuta, colombia. | we have focused on the epidemiology and immunobiology of zika virus (zikv) infection and factors associated with the development of guillain-barré syndrome (gbs) and other neurological syndromes in cúcuta, the capital of north santander department, colombia. data of patients with zikv disease reported to the national population-based surveillance system were used to calculate the basic reproduction number (r0) and the attack rates (ars) as well as to develop epidemiological maps. patients with n ... | 2017 | 28062188 |
| zika and chikungunya virus co-infection in a traveller returning from colombia, 2016: virus isolation and genetic analysis. | zikavirus (zikv) and chikungunyavirus (chikv) can share the same mosquito vector, and co-infections by these viruses can occur in humans. while infections with these viruses share commonalities, chikv is unique in causing arthritis and arthralgias that may persist for a year or more. these infections are commonly diagnosed by rt-pcr-based methods during the acute phase of infection. even with the high specificity and sensitivity characteristic of pcr, false negatives can occur, highlighting the ... | 2016 | 28348794 |
| [the fourth horseman: the yellow fever]. | dengue virus three, chikunguya and zika have entered the national territory through the south of the country. cases and outbreaks of yellow fever have now been identified in the americas where it threatens to expand. although mexico has a robust epidemiological surveillance system for vector-borne diseases, our country must be alert in case of its possible introduction into the national territory. this paper presents theoretical assumptions based on factual data on the behavior of yellow fever i ... | 2017 | 28296373 |
| results of a zika virus (zikv) immunoglobulin m-specific diagnostic assay are highly correlated with detection of neutralizing anti-zikv antibodies in neonates with congenital disease. | usually, immunoglobulin m (igm) serologic analysis is not sufficiently specific to confirm zika virus (zikv) infection. however, since igm does not cross the placenta, it may be a good marker of infection in neonates. | 2016 | 27923950 |
| laboratory surveillance of arboviral infections in a southern france region colonized by aedes albopictus. | the establishment of aedes albopictus in southern france, a recognized competent vector for several arboviruses, represents a new threat for the local transmission and spread of what were until recently considered as tropical diseases. a preparedness and response plan, based on vigilance of both clinicians and laboratories, has introduced significant changes in guidelines and behaviour regarding patients' care specifically during the activity period of mosquitoes. in the present study, we report ... | 2017 | 27903317 |
| neurological manifestations of chikungunya and zika infections. | the epidemics of chikungunya virus (chikv) and zika virus (zikv) infections have been considered the most important epidemiological occurrences in the americas. the clinical picture of chikv infection is characterized by high fever, exanthema, myalgia, headaches, and arthralgia. besides the typical clinical picture of chikv, atypical manifestations of neurological complications have been reported: meningo-encephalitis, meningoencephalo-myeloradiculitis, myeloradiculitis, myelitis, myeloneuropath ... | 2016 | 27901259 |
| [recommendations for the surveillance of aedes aegypti]. | diseases caused by arboviruses transmitted by aedes aegypti, such as dengue, chikungunya and zika, continue to rise in annual incidence and geographic expansion. a key limitation for achieving control of a. aegypti has been the lack of effective tools for monitoring its population, and thus determine what control measures actually work. surveillance of a. aegypti has been based mainly on immature indexes, but they bear little relation to the number of mosquito females, which are the ones capable ... | 2016 | 27869394 |
| sequential chikungunya and zika virus infections in a traveler from honduras. | zika virus (zikv) and chikungunya virus (chikv) are currently circulating in overlapping areas in the american continents and may both be transmitted by aedes spp. mosquitoes. the first documented case, to the authors' knowledge, of sequential chikv and zikv infections diagnosed in a nonendemic area in a returning traveler is reported. the implications for heightened clinical surveillance for these infections and specific patient recommendations are emphasized. | 2016 | 27601517 |
| first record of aedes albopictus in georgia and updated checklist of reported species. | mosquito surveillance was carried out in batumi, georgia, in august 2014. aedes albopictus was detected for the first time, which brought the number of reported mosquito species in georgia to 32. an updated checklist of the mosquitoes of georgia is provided. | 2016 | 27802403 |
| testing of visual and chemical attractants in correlation with the development and field evaluation of an autodissemination station for the suppression of aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus in florida. | three exotic mosquito-borne pathogens-dengue, chikungunya, and zika viruses-transmitted by aedes albopictus and ae. aegypti have undergone dramatic global expansion in recent years. the control of vector populations and minimizing bites from these vectors are the primary methods of reducing risk of transmission of these viruses to humans. however, ae. albopictus and ae. aegypti are notoriously challenging to control through conventional chemical means, due primarily to difficulties in applying p ... | 2016 | 27802398 |
| zika virus: a basic overview of an emerging arboviral infection in the western hemisphere. | since february 2015, zika virus has spread throughout the western hemisphere, starting in brazil. as of march 2016, autochthonous transmission has been reported in at least 31 countries or territories. for countries in the americas, the spread of zika virus, a previously unfamiliar disease, follows similar emerging infection introductions of west nile virus and chikungunya virus and their spread throughout the american continents and the caribbean nations. the pan american health organization an ... | 2016 | 27021935 |
| acute west nile virus meningoencephalitis diagnosed via metagenomic deep sequencing of cerebrospinal fluid in a renal transplant patient. | solid organ transplant patients are vulnerable to suffering neurologic complications from a wide array of viral infections and can be sentinels in the population who are first to get serious complications from emerging infections like the recent waves of arboviruses, including west nile virus, chikungunya virus, zika virus, and dengue virus. the diverse and rapidly changing landscape of possible causes of viral encephalitis poses great challenges for traditional candidate-based infectious diseas ... | 2017 | 27647685 |
| inter-regional medical cooperation in the caribbean : a major asset for the influence of the french medicine. | martinique was accepted as an associate member by the council of ministers of the organization of eastern caribbean state since february 2015. this membership constitutes a major asset in bringing martiniquais closer to the other caribbean populations and should play a key role as it relates to regional cooperation especially in the domain of healthcare. martinique and several caribbean countries share common health issues such as; dengue, chikungunya virus, zika virus leptospirosis, snakebite, ... | 2016 | 27694072 |
| [cloning alphavirus and flavivirus sequences for use as positive controls in molecular diagnostics]. | the purpose of the study was to obtain a positive control to validate molecular techniques (reverse transcription- polymerase chain reaction [rt-pcr]) used in the diagnosis and research of viral infections. from strains of chikungunya virus (chikv), zika virus, and dengue virus (denv-1, denv-2, denv- 3, and denv-4) viral rnas were extracted to obtain complementary dna using rt-pcr from the nsp4 (chikv), ns5 (zika virus), c/prm-m, and 5'utr-c (denv-1, denv-2, denv-3, denv-4) sequences, which were ... | 2016 | 27656926 |
| la crosse encephalitis: a persistent arboviral threat in north carolina. | mosquito-borne diseases remain a significant cause of economic, social, and health burdens in north carolina. although recently overshadowed by emerging threats such as chikungunya virus and zika virus, la crosse virus and other endemic arboviruses remain persistent environmental health hazards. indeed, la crosse virus, west nile virus, and eastern equine encephalitis virus accounted for more than 98% of the reported human arboviral diseases acquired in north carolina in the past decade. arbovir ... | 2016 | 27621342 |
| a case of consecutive infection with zika virus and chikungunya virus in bora bora, french polynesia. | chikungunya fever (chik) and zika virus (zikv) infection have similar endemic areas and clinical manifestations. we report a case of chik at 1 year after a zikv infection in bora bora (french polynesia), which we diagnosed based on igm to the chik virus and neutralizing antibodies to zikv. | 2017 | 27600176 |
| clinical update on dengue, chikungunya, and zika: what we know at the time of article submission. | mosquito-borne diseases pose a threat to individual health and population health on both a local and a global level. the threat is even more exaggerated during disasters, whether manmade or environmental. with the recent zika virus outbreak, it is important to highlight other infections that can mimic the zika virus and to better understand what can be done as public health officials and health care providers. | 2016 | 27572514 |
| inhibition of polyamine biosynthesis is a broad-spectrum strategy against rna viruses. | rna viruses present an extraordinary threat to human health, given their sudden and unpredictable appearance, the potential for rapid spread among the human population, and their ability to evolve resistance to antiviral therapies. the recent emergence of chikungunya virus, zika virus, and ebola virus highlights the struggles to contain outbreaks. a significant hurdle is the availability of antivirals to treat the infected or protect at-risk populations. while several compounds show promise in v ... | 2016 | 27535047 |
| molecular and serological techniques to detect co-circulation of denv, zikv and chikv in suspected dengue-like syndrome patients. | arboviruses are important emerging viruses worldwide. the signs and symptoms of zika virus (zikv) infection are similar to those presented by infections with dengue virus (denv) and chikungunya virus (chikv). furthermore, diagnosis of zikv infection is particularly challenging in dengue endemic regions and with co-circulation of denv, chikv, and zikv, making diagnosis based solely on clinical and epidemiological data unreliable. as these three viral infections share similar clinical manifestatio ... | 2016 | 27479173 |
| chikugunya and zika virus dissemination in the americas: different arboviruses reflecting the same spreading routes and poor vector-control policies. | this review gathers the most recent investigations about chikungunya and zika viruses in america and would help in creating new research approaches. | 2016 | 27472289 |
| interferon-induced spermidine-spermine acetyltransferase and polyamine depletion restrict zika and chikungunya viruses. | polyamines are small, positively charged molecules derived from ornithine and synthesized through an intricately regulated enzymatic pathway. within cells, they are abundant and play several roles in diverse processes. we find that polyamines are required for the life cycle of the rna viruses chikungunya virus (chikv) and zika virus (zikv). depletion of spermidine and spermine via type i interferon signaling-mediated induction of spermidine/spermine n1-acetyltransferase (sat1), a key catabolic e ... | 2016 | 27427208 |
| coinfections of zika and chikungunya viruses in bahia, brazil, identified by metagenomic next-generation sequencing. | metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mngs) of samples from 15 patients with documented zika virus (zikv) infection in bahia, brazil, from april 2015 to january 2016 identified coinfections with chikungunya virus (chikv) in 2 of 15 zikv-positive cases by pcr (13.3%). while generally nonspecific, the clinical presentation corresponding to these two chikv/zikv coinfections reflected infection by the virus present at a higher titer. aside from chikv and zikv, coinfections of other viral pathogens ... | 2016 | 27413190 |
| zika virus and chikungunya virus coinfections: a series of three cases from a single center in ecuador. | zika virus (zikv) and chikungunya virus (chikv) cocirculate throughout much of the tropical western hemisphere; however, few cases of coinfection with these two pathogens have been reported. herein, we describe three cases of zikv-chikv coinfection detected at a single center in ecuador: a patient who developed symptoms on postoperative day 5 from an orthopedic procedure, a woman who had traveled to ecuador for fertility treatment, and a woman who was admitted for guillain-barré syndrome and had ... | 2016 | 27402518 |
| clinical and laboratory profile of zika virus infection in dengue suspected patients: a case series. | the zika virus (zikv) is an emerging arthropod-borne virus related to the dengue virus (denv), and shows a similar clinical profile as other arboviral diseases, such as dengue and chikungunya virus (chikv). historically, zikv has been associated with sporadic cases of human infection, but is now responsible for outbreaks worldwide. in brazil, cases have been reported since 2015, with some cases causing severe disease. | 2016 | 27289428 |
| production of chikungunya virus-like particles and subunit vaccines in insect cells. | chikungunya virus is a reemerging human pathogen that causes debilitating arthritic disease in humans. like dengue and zika virus, chikv is transmitted by aedes mosquitoes in an epidemic urban cycle, and is now rapidly spreading through the americas since its introduction in the caribbean in late 2013. there are no licensed vaccines or antiviral drugs available, and only a few vaccine candidates have passed phase i human clinical trials. using recombinant baculovirus expression technology, we ha ... | 2016 | 27233282 |
| antiviral activity of cationic amphiphilic drugs. | emerging and reemerging viral infections represent a major concern for human and veterinary public health and there is an urgent need for the development of broad-spectrum antivirals. areas covered: a recent strategy in antiviral research is based on the identification of molecules targeting host functions required for infection of multiple viruses. a number of fda-approved drugs used to treat several human diseases are cationic amphiphilic drugs (cads) that have the ability to accumulate inside ... | 2017 | 28286997 |
| serodiagnosis of zika virus (zikv) infections by a novel ns1-based elisa devoid of cross-reactivity with dengue virus antibodies: a multicohort study of assay performance, 2015 to 2016. | serological diagnosis of zika virus (zikv) infections is challenging due to high cross-reactivity between flaviviruses. we evaluated the diagnostic performance of a novel anti-zikv elisa based on recombinant zikv non-structural protein 1 (ns1). assay sensitivity was examined using sera from 27 patients with reverse transcription (rt)-pcr-confirmed and 85 with suspected zikv infection. specificity was analysed using sera from 1,015 healthy individuals. samples from 252 patients with dengue virus ... | 2016 | 28006649 |
| obatoclax inhibits alphavirus membrane fusion by neutralizing the acidic environment of endocytic compartments. | as new pathogenic viruses continue to emerge, it is paramount to have intervention strategies that target a common denominator in these pathogens. the fusion of viral and cellular membranes during viral entry is one such process that is used by many pathogenic viruses, including chikungunya virus, west nile virus, and influenza virus. obatoclax, a small-molecule antagonist of the bcl-2 family of proteins, was previously determined to have activity against influenza a virus and also sindbis virus ... | 2017 | 27993855 |
| detection and sequencing of zika virus from amniotic fluid of fetuses with microcephaly in brazil: a case study. | the incidence of microcephaly in brazil in 2015 was 20 times higher than in previous years. congenital microcephaly is associated with genetic factors and several causative agents. epidemiological data suggest that microcephaly cases in brazil might be associated with the introduction of zika virus. we aimed to detect and sequence the zika virus genome in amniotic fluid samples of two pregnant women in brazil whose fetuses were diagnosed with microcephaly. | 2016 | 26897108 |
| seroprevalence of arboviruses among blood donors in french polynesia, 2011-2013. | french polynesia is a high epidemic/endemic area for arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses). we recently reported the silent circulation of ross river virus and absence of active transmission of chikungunya virus (chikv) among blood donors sampled before the emergence of zika virus (zikv) and chikv in french polynesia. in this study, the prevalence of the four serotypes of dengue virus (denv) and the occurrence of circulation of other arboviruses were investigated in blood donors in french polyne ... | 2015 | 26482390 |
| the zika outbreak of the 21st century. | the zika virus outbreak has captivated the attention of the global audience and information has spread rapidly and wildly through the internet and other media channels. this virus was first identified in 1947, when it was isolated from a sentinel rhesus monkey placed by british scientists working at the yellow fever research laboratory located in the zika forest area of uganda, hence its name, and is transmitted primarily by the mosquito vector, aedes aegypti. the fact that the rhesus macaque is ... | 2016 | 26925496 |
| maintaining a safe blood supply in an era of emerging pathogens. | coming shortly after outbreaks of dengue and chikungunya virus in related locations, the recent outbreak of zika virus in the southern part of the western hemisphere is yet another reminder that infectious pathogens continue to emerge rapidly and can adversely affect public health, including the safety of the blood supply. in response to zika virus, public health measures that rely largely on donor deferral and sourcing of blood from non-outbreak areas until a blood donor screening test becomes ... | 2016 | 26962237 |
| zika virus infection in pregnant women in rio de janeiro. | background zika virus (zikv) has been linked to central nervous system malformations in fetuses. to characterize the spectrum of zikv disease in pregnant women and infants, we followed patients in rio de janeiro to describe clinical manifestations in mothers and repercussions of acute zikv infection in infants. methods we enrolled pregnant women in whom a rash had developed within the previous 5 days and tested blood and urine specimens for zikv by reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction ... | 2016 | 26943629 |
| [what's new in clinical dermatology?]. | significant advances have been performed in cutaneous adverse reactions leading to primary prevention strategy and implication of new signaling pathways. histological features of dress and methotrexate toxicity are detailed. new emerging infectious agents are reported including zika virus, an arbovirus which can be confused with dengue or chikungunya, a new cowpox virus transmitted by domestic cat leading to lymphadenitis, spirurina type x larva transmitted in japan by eating raw squid or fish. ... | 2015 | 26792410 |
| viral exanthems. | determining the viral cause of a rash presents significant diagnostic challenges. we review contemporary literature on viral exanthems and suggest a structured approach to aid diagnosis. | 2015 | 25706914 |
| meeting report: 29th international conference on antiviral research in la jolla, ca, usa. | the 29th international conference on antiviral research (icar) was held in la jolla, ca, usa from april 17 to 21, 2016. this report opens with a tribute to the late chris mcguigan, a past-president of isar, then continues with summaries of the principal invited lectures. doug richman (elion award) investigated hiv resistance, bob vince (holý award) showed how carbocyclic nucleoside analogs led to abacavir and jerome deval (prusoff award) explained how his group chose to seek a nucleoside analog ... | 2017 | 27815125 |
| treatment of perinatal viral infections to improve neurologic outcomes. | viral infections in the fetus or newborn often involve the central nervous system (cns) and can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. substantial progress has been made in identifying interventions decreasing adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in this population. this review highlights progress in treatment of important viruses affecting the cns in these susceptible hosts, focusing on herpes simplex virus (hsv), cytomegalovirus (cmv), human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), and enteroviruses ... | 2017 | 27673425 |
| zika virus infection in a traveller returning to europe from brazil, march 2015. | we report a case of laboratory-confirmed zika virus infection imported into europe from the americas. the patient developed fever, rash, and oedema of hands and feet after returning to italy from brazil in late march 2015. the case highlights that, together with chikungunya virus and dengue virus, three major arboviruses are now co-circulating in brazil. these arboviruses represent a burden for the healthcare systems in brazil and other countries where competent mosquito vectors are present. | 2015 | 26084316 |
| a diagnostic polymerase chain reaction assay for zika virus. | zika virus (zikv) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus. infection results in a dengue-like illness with fever, headache, malaise, and a maculopapular rash. nearly all cases are mild and self-limiting but in 2007, a large outbreak of zikv was reported from the island of yap (in micronesia, northwest of indonesia). singapore is already endemic for dengue, and its impact on public health and economic burden is significant. other dengue-like infections (e.g., chikungunya virus) are present. yet only 10% o ... | 2012 | 22825831 |
| taking forward a 'one health' approach for turning the tide against the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus and other zoonotic pathogens with epidemic potential. | the appearance of novel pathogens of humans with epidemic potential and high mortality rates have threatened global health security for centuries. over the past few decades new zoonotic infectious diseases of humans caused by pathogens arising from animal reservoirs have included west nile virus, yellow fever virus, ebola virus, nipah virus, lassa fever virus, hanta virus, dengue fever virus, rift valley fever virus, crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coron ... | 2016 | 27321961 |
| catalase protects aedes aegypti from oxidative stress and increases midgut infection prevalence of dengue but not zika. | digestion of blood in the midgut of aedes aegypti results in the release of pro-oxidant molecules that can be toxic to the mosquito. we hypothesized that after a blood meal, the antioxidant capacity of the midgut is increased to protect cells against oxidative stress. concomitantly, pathogens present in the blood ingested by mosquitoes, such as the arboviruses dengue and zika, also have to overcome the same oxidative challenge, and the antioxidant program induced by the insect is likely to influ ... | 2017 | 28379952 |
| increased activity of unlinked zika virus ns2b/ns3 protease compared to linked zika virus protease. | zika virus (zikv) is a flavivirus spread by daytime-active aedes spp. mosquitoes such as a. aegypti and a. albopictus. previously thought to be a mild infection, the latest zikv outbreak in the americas is causally associated with more severe symptoms as well as severe birth defects, such as microcephaly. currently no vaccine or antiviral exists. however, recent progress has demonstrated the viral ns2b/ns3 protease may be a suitable target for the development of small-molecule antiviral agents. ... | 2017 | 28342876 |
| zika virus genome biology and molecular pathogenesis. | zika virus (zikv) is an emerging rna virus in the widespread flavivirus genus. recently, zikv has rapidly spread around the world and has been implicated in human disease, including neurological disorders, triggering public and scientific attention. understanding how zikv causes disease is the highest priority, yet little is known about this virus. here we examine the currently published data from zikv studies to provide the latest understanding of zikv genome biology and molecular pathogenesis. ... | 2017 | 28325921 |
| biologic evidence required for zika disease enhancement by dengue antibodies. | the sudden appearance of overt human zika virus infections that cross the placenta to damage fetal tissues, target sexual organs, and are followed in some instances by guillain-barré syndrome raises questions regarding whether these outcomes are caused by genetic mutations or if prior infection by other flaviviruses affects disease outcome. because dengue and zika viruses co-circulate in the urban aedes aegypti mosquito-human cycle, a logical question, as suggested by in vitro data, is whether d ... | 2017 | 28322690 |
| probable zika virus-associated guillain-barré syndrome: challenges with clinico-laboratory diagnosis. | a 55year old woman in new york city presented in may 2016 with progressive weakness, ataxia, paresthesia, and areflexia, shortly after returning from the dominican republic. lumbar puncture revealed cytoalbuminological dissociation. due to her recent travel, zika-associated guillain barré syndrome (gbs) was suspected and she underwent evaluation for recent flavivirus exposure. zika virus rna was not detected in serum, but zika virus immunoglobulin m (igm) was detected in both serum and cerebrosp ... | 2017 | 28320169 |
| flavivirus cross-reactivity in serological tests and guillain-barré syndrome in a hematopoietic stem cell transplant patient: a case report. | serological diagnosis of flavivirus infection is a challenge, particularly in the context of a disease associated with immune response enhancement in a transplant patient, where aspects such as previous flavivirus infections may be involved with the outcome. we report a case of a pediatric patient who developed guillain-barré syndrome (gbs) after matched-unrelated hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (hsct). the patient lives in a brazilian region that is experiencing an epidemic of zika viru ... | 2017 | 28306183 |
| dengue virus ns2b/ns3 protease inhibitors exploiting the prime side. | the mosquito-transmitted dengue virus (denv) infects millions of people in tropical and sub-tropical regions. maturation of denv particles requires proper cleavage of the viral polyprotein, including processing 8 of the 13 substrate cleavage sites by dengue ns2b-s3 protease. with no available direct-acting antiviral targeting denv, ns2-s3 protease is a promising target for inhibitor design. current design efforts focus on the nonprime side of the denv protease active site, resulting in highly hy ... | 2017 | 28298600 |
| seroprevalence of zika virus in wild african green monkeys and baboons. | zika virus (zikv) has recently spread through the americas and has been associated with a range of health effects, including birth defects in children born to women infected during pregnancy. although the natural reservoir of zikv remains poorly defined, the virus was first identified in a captive "sentinel" macaque monkey in africa in 1947. however, the virus has not been reported in humans or nonhuman primates (nhps) in africa outside gabon in over a decade. here, we examine zikv infection in ... | 2017 | 28289727 |
| identification of zika virus epitopes reveals immunodominant and protective roles for dengue virus cross-reactive cd8(+) t cells. | cd8(+) t cells play an important role in controlling flavivirus infection, including zika virus (zikv). here, we have identified 25 hla-b*0702-restricted epitopes and 1 hla-a*0101-restricted epitope using interferon (ifn)-γ enzyme-linked immunospot (elispot) and intracellular cytokine staining (ics) in zikv-infected ifn-α/β receptor-deficient hla transgenic mice. the cross-reactivity of zikv epitopes to dengue virus (denv) was tested using ifn-γ-elispot and ifn-γ-ics on cd8(+) t cells from denv- ... | 2017 | 28288094 |
| a rapid zika diagnostic assay to measure neutralizing antibodies in patients. | the potential association of microcephaly and other congenital abnormalities with zika virus (zikv) infection during pregnancy underlines the critical need for a rapid and accurate diagnosis. due to the short duration of zikv viremia in infected patients, a serologic assay that detects antibody responses to viral infection plays an essential role in diagnosing patient specimens. the current serologic diagnosis of zikv infection relies heavily on the labor-intensive plaque reduction neutralizatio ... | 2017 | 28283425 |
| diagnosis of zika virus infection on a nanotechnology platform. | we developed a multiplexed assay on a plasmonic-gold platform for measuring igg and iga antibodies and igg avidity against both zika virus (zikv) and dengue virus (denv) infections. in contrast to igm cross-reactivity, igg and iga antibodies against zikv nonstructural protein 1 (ns1) antigen were specific to zikv infection, and igg avidity revealed recent zikv infection and past denv-2 infection in patients in dengue-endemic regions. this assay could enable specific diagnosis of zikv infection o ... | 2017 | 28263312 |
| the crystal structure of zika virus ns5 reveals conserved drug targets. | zika virus (zikv) has emerged as major health concern, as zikv infection has been shown to be associated with microcephaly, severe neurological disease and possibly male sterility. as the largest protein component within the zikv replication complex, ns5 plays key roles in the life cycle and survival of the virus through its n-terminal methyltransferase (mtase) and c-terminal rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) domains. here, we present the crystal structures of zikv ns5 mtase in complex with an ... | 2017 | 28254839 |
| ultrastructural characterization of zika virus replication factories. | a global concern has emerged with the pandemic spread of zika virus (zikv) infections that can cause severe neurological symptoms in adults and newborns. zikv is a positive-strand rna virus replicating in virus-induced membranous replication factories (rfs). here we used various imaging techniques to investigate the ultrastructural details of zikv rfs and their relationship with host cell organelles. analyses of human hepatic cells and neural progenitor cells infected with zikv revealed endoplas ... | 2017 | 28249158 |
| population genomics reveals that an anthropophilic population of aedes aegypti mosquitoes in west africa recently gave rise to american and asian populations of this major disease vector. | the mosquito aedes aegypti is the main vector of dengue, zika, chikungunya and yellow fever viruses. this major disease vector is thought to have arisen when the african subspecies ae. aegypti formosus evolved from being zoophilic and living in forest habitats into a form that specialises on humans and resides near human population centres. the resulting domestic subspecies, ae. aegypti aegypti, is found throughout the tropics and largely blood-feeds on humans. | 2017 | 28241828 |
| cross reactivity of commercial anti-dengue immunoassays in patients with acute zika virus infection. | several countries have local transmission of multiple arboviruses, in particular, dengue and zika viruses, which have recently spread through many american countries. cross reactivity among flaviviruses is high and present a challenge for accurate identification of the infecting agent. thus, we evaluated the level of cross reactivity of anti-dengue igm/g enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisa) from three manufacturers against 122 serum samples obtained at two time-points from 61 patients with ... | 2017 | 28229481 |
| antibody responses to zika virus infections in environments of flavivirus endemicity. | zika virus (zikv) infections occur in areas where dengue virus (denv), west nile virus (wnv), yellow fever virus (yfv), and other viruses of the genus flavivirus cocirculate. the envelope (e) proteins of these closely related flaviviruses induce specific long-term immunity, yet subsequent infections are associated with cross-reactive antibody responses that may enhance disease susceptibility and severity. to gain a better understanding of zikv infections against a background of similar viral dis ... | 2017 | 28228395 |
| modified mrna vaccines protect against zika virus infection. | the emergence of zikv infection has prompted a global effort to develop safe and effective vaccines. we engineered a lipid nanoparticle (lnp) encapsulated modified mrna vaccine encoding wild-type or variant zikv structural genes and tested immunogenicity and protection in mice. two doses of modified mrna lnps encoding prm-e genes that produced virus-like particles resulted in high neutralizing antibody titers (∼1/100,000) that protected against zikv infection and conferred sterilizing immunity. ... | 2017 | 28222903 |
| a single mutation in the envelope protein modulates flavivirus antigenicity, stability, and pathogenesis. | the structural flexibility or 'breathing' of the envelope (e) protein of flaviviruses allows virions to sample an ensemble of conformations at equilibrium. the molecular basis and functional consequences of virus conformational dynamics are poorly understood. here, we identified a single mutation at residue 198 (t198f) of the west nile virus (wnv) e protein domain i-ii hinge that regulates virus breathing. the t198f mutation resulted in a ~70-fold increase in sensitivity to neutralization by a m ... | 2017 | 28207910 |
| model-informed risk assessment for zika virus outbreaks in the asia-pacific regions. | recently, zika virus (zikv) has been recognized as a significant threat to global public health. the disease was present in large parts of the americas, the caribbean, and also the western pacific area with southern asia during 2015 and 2016. however, little is known about the factors affecting the transmission of zikv. we used gradient boosted regression tree models to investigate the effects of various potential explanatory variables on the spread of zikv, and used current with historical info ... | 2017 | 28189711 |
| zika virus and neuroscience: the need for a translational collaboration. | zika virus (zikv) has become a major challenge for scientists and health agencies. zikv's involvement with human fetal microcephaly and guillain-barré syndrome and its transmission through aedes africanus and aedes aegypti mosquitos highlighted the epidemiological and neurological risks associated to zikv infection. in 2013, zikv arrives in brazil but the first outbreak in the country was reported in 2015. here, we used the web of science as a search tool for comparing the evolution of world and ... | 2017 | 28185126 |
| understanding zika virus stability and developing a chimeric vaccine through functional analysis. | compared with other flaviviruses, zika virus (zikv) is uniquely associated with congenital diseases in pregnant women. one recent study reported that (i) zikv has higher thermostability than dengue virus (denv [a flavivirus closely related to zikv]), which might contribute to the disease outcome; (ii) the higher thermostability of zikv could arise from an extended loop structure in domain iii of the viral envelope (e) protein and an extra hydrogen-bond interaction between e molecules (v. a. kost ... | 2017 | 28174309 |
| axl-dependent infection of human fetal endothelial cells distinguishes zika virus from other pathogenic flaviviruses. | although a causal relationship between zika virus (zikv) and microcephaly has been established, it remains unclear why zikv, but not other pathogenic flaviviruses, causes congenital defects. here we show that when viruses are produced in mammalian cells, zikv, but not the closely related dengue virus (denv) or west nile virus (wnv), can efficiently infect key placental barrier cells that directly contact the fetal bloodstream. we show that axl, a receptor tyrosine kinase, is the primary zikv ent ... | 2017 | 28167751 |
| zika virus antagonizes type i interferon responses during infection of human dendritic cells. | zika virus (zikv) is an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus that is causally linked to severe neonatal birth defects, including microcephaly, and is associated with guillain-barre syndrome in adults. dendritic cells (dcs) are an important cell type during infection by multiple mosquito-borne flaviviruses, including dengue virus, west nile virus, japanese encephalitis virus, and yellow fever virus. despite this, the interplay between zikv and dcs remains poorly defined. here, we found human dcs su ... | 2017 | 28152048 |
| dengue virus serotype 2 infection alters midgut and carcass gene expression in the asian tiger mosquito, aedes albopictus. | the asian tiger mosquito, aedes albopictus is currently an important vector for dengue, chikungunya and zika virus, and its role in transmission of arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) may increase in the future due to its ability to colonize temperate regions. in contrast to aedes aegypti, the dominant vector of dengue, chikungunya and zika virus, genetic responses of ae. albopictus upon infection with an arbovirus are not well characterized. here we present a study of the changes in transcrip ... | 2017 | 28152011 |
| interaction of zika virus envelope protein with glycosaminoglycans. | in february 2016, the world health organization declared a public health emergency of international concern on zika virus (zikv), because of its association with severe fetal anomalies of congenitally infected humans. this has led to urgent efforts by academic, federal, and industry research groups to improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of zikv and to develop detection methods, therapeutic strategies, and vaccines. although we still do not have the entire picture of the pathogenesis of ... | 2017 | 28151637 |
| a microrna screen identifies the wnt signaling pathway as a regulator of the interferon response during flavivirus infection. | the impact of mosquito-borne flavivirus infections worldwide is significant, and many critical aspects of these viruses' biology, including virus-host interactions, host cell requirements for replication, and how virus-host interactions impact pathology, remain to be fully understood. the recent reemergence and spread of flaviviruses, including dengue virus (denv), west nile virus (wnv), and zika virus (zikv), highlight the importance of performing basic research on this important group of patho ... | 2017 | 28148804 |
| primary human placental trophoblasts are permissive for zika virus (zikv) replication. | zika virus (zikv) is an emerging mosquito-borne (aedes genus) arbovirus of the flaviviridae family. although zikv has been predominately associated with a mild or asymptomatic dengue-like disease, its appearance in the americas has been accompanied by a multi-fold increase in reported incidence of fetal microcephaly and brain malformations. the source and mode of vertical transmission from mother to fetus is presumptively transplacental, although a causal link explaining the interval delay betwe ... | 2017 | 28128342 |
| testing for zika virus infection in pregnancy: key concepts to deal with an emerging epidemic. | zika virus is an emerging mosquito-borne (aedes genus) arbovirus of the flaviviridae family. following epidemics in micronesia and french polynesia during the past decade, more recent zika virus infection outbreaks were first reported in south america as early as may 2013 and spread to now 50 countries throughout the americas. although no other flavivirus has previously been known to cause major fetal malformations following perinatal infection, reports of a causal link between zika virus and mi ... | 2017 | 28126366 |
| dengue and zika viruses: lessons learned from the similarities between these aedes mosquito-vectored arboviruses. | the currently spreading arbovirus epidemic is having a severe impact on human health worldwide. the two most common flaviviruses, dengue virus (denv) and zika virus (zikv), are transmitted through the same viral vector, aedes spp. mosquitoes. since the discovery of denv in 1943, this virus has been reported to cause around 390 million human infections per year, approximately 500,000 of which require hospitalization and over 20,000 of which are lethal. the present denv epidemic is primarily conce ... | 2017 | 28120186 |
| preventive and therapeutic challenges in combating zika virus infection: are we getting any closer? | the neuroteratogenic nature of zika virus (zikv) infection has converted what would have been a tropical disease into a global threat. zika is transmitted vertically via infected placental cells especially in the first and second trimesters. in the developing central nervous system (cns), zikv can infect and induce apoptosis of neural progenitor cells subsequently causing microcephaly as well as other neuronal complications in infants. its ability to infect multiple cell types (placental, dermal ... | 2017 | 28116673 |
| dengue and zika viruses subvert reticulophagy by ns2b3-mediated cleavage of fam134b. | the endoplasmic reticulum (er) is exploited by several diverse viruses during their infectious life cycles. flaviviruses, including dengue virus (denv) and zika virus (zikv), utilize the er as a source of membranes to establish their replication organelles and to facilitate their assembly and eventual maturation along the secretory pathway. to maintain normal homeostasis, host cells have evolved highly efficient processes to dynamically regulate the er, such as through reticulophagy, a selective ... | 2017 | 28102736 |
| zika virus causes supernumerary foci with centriolar proteins and impaired spindle positioning. | zika virus (zikv) causes congenital microcephaly. although zikv can impair cell cycle progression and provoke apoptosis, which probably contributes to disease aetiology through depletion of neural progenitor cells, additional cellular mechanisms may be important. here, we investigated whether zikv infection alters centrosome number and spindle positioning, because such defects are thought to be at the root of inherited primary autosomal recessive microcephaly (mcph). in addition to hela cells, i ... | 2017 | 28100662 |
| a multiplex microsphere immunoassay for zika virus diagnosis. | rapid and accurate diagnosis of infectious agents is essential for patient care, disease control, and countermeasure development. the present serologic diagnosis of zika virus (zikv) infection relies mainly on igm-capture elisa which is confounded with the flaw of cross-reactivity among different flaviviruses. in this communication, we report a multiplex microsphere immunoassay (mia) that captures the diagnostic power of viral envelope protein (that elicits robust, yet cross-reactive antibodies ... | 2017 | 28094237 |
| mir-21 promotes dengue virus serotype 2 replication in hepg2 cells. | infection with the mosquito transmitted dengue virus (denv) remains a significant worldwide public health problem. while the majority of infections are asymptomatic, infection can result in a range of symptoms. micrornas (mirnas) are small non-coding rnas that regulate gene expression through repression or degradation of mrnas. to understand the contribution of mirnas to denv 2 replication, we screened a number of candidate mirnas for variations in expression levels during denv 2 infection of he ... | 2017 | 28365456 |
| identification of novel 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one derivatives as antiviral agents. | discovery of novel antiviral agents is essential because viral infection continues to threaten human life globally. various heterocyclic small molecules have been developed as antiviral agents. the 5,6-dimethoxy indan-1-one nucleus is of considerable interest as this ring is the key constituent in a range of bioactive compounds, both naturally occurring and synthetic, and often of considerable complexity. | 2017 | 28359234 |
| crystal structure of zika virus ns5 rna-dependent rna polymerase. | the current zika virus (zikv) outbreak became a global health threat of complex epidemiology and devastating neurological impacts, therefore requiring urgent efforts towards the development of novel efficacious and safe antiviral drugs. due to its central role in rna viral replication, the non-structural protein 5 (ns5) rna-dependent rna-polymerase (rdrp) is a prime target for drug discovery. here we describe the crystal structure of the recombinant zikv ns5 rdrp domain at 1.9 å resolution as a ... | 2017 | 28345596 |
| protein interactions during the flavivirus and hepacivirus life cycle. | protein-protein interactions govern biological functions in cells, in the extracellular milieu, and at the border between cells and extracellular space. viruses are small intracellular parasites and thus rely on protein interactions to produce progeny inside host cells and to spread from cell to cell. usage of host proteins by viruses can have severe consequences e.g. apoptosis, metabolic disequilibria, or altered cell proliferation and mobility. understanding protein interactions during virus i ... | 2017 | 28077444 |
| flavivirus infection uncouples translation suppression from cellular stress responses. | as obligate parasites, viruses strictly depend on host cell translation for the production of new progeny, yet infected cells also synthesize antiviral proteins to limit virus infection. modulation of host cell translation therefore represents a frequent strategy by which viruses optimize their replication and spread. here we sought to define how host cell translation is regulated during infection of human cells with dengue virus (denv) and zika virus (zikv), two positive-strand rna flaviviruses ... | 2017 | 28074025 |
| role of n-glycosylation on zika virus e protein secretion, viral assembly and infectivity. | zika virus has rapidly spread reaching a global distribution pattern similar to that of dengue virus, and has been associated with serious neurological and developmental pathologies, like congenital malformation during pregnancy and guillain-barré syndrome. sequence analysis of different clinical and laboratory isolates has shown the existence of mutants with loss of the conserved n-glycosylation motif on domain i of protein e that is common to all flaviviruses. we found that loss of e n-linked ... | 2017 | 28069378 |
| zika virus infection as a cause of congenital brain abnormalities and guillain-barré syndrome: systematic review. | the world health organization (who) stated in march 2016 that there was scientific consensus that the mosquito-borne zika virus was a cause of the neurological disorder guillain-barré syndrome (gbs) and of microcephaly and other congenital brain abnormalities based on rapid evidence assessments. decisions about causality require systematic assessment to guide public health actions. the objectives of this study were to update and reassess the evidence for causality through a rapid and systematic ... | 2017 | 28045901 |
| substrate selectivity of dengue and zika virus ns5 polymerase towards 2'-modified nucleotide analogues. | in targeting the essential viral rna-dependent rna-polymerase (rdrp), nucleotide analogues play a major role in antiviral therapies. in the flaviviridae family, the hepatitis c virus (hcv) can be eradicated from chronically infected patients using a combination of drugs which generally include the 2'-modified uridine analogue sofosbuvir, delivered as nucleotide prodrug. dengue and zika viruses are emerging flaviviruses whose rdrp is closely related to that of hcv, yet no nucleoside drug has been ... | 2017 | 28041959 |
| dengue virus (denv)-specific antibodies enhance brazilian zika virus (zikv) infection. | anti-flavivirus antibodies are highly cross-reactive and may facilitate zika virus (zikv) infection through the antibody-dependent enhancement (ade) mechanism. we demonstrate that dengue-specific antibodies enhance the infection of a primary brazilian zikv isolate in fcγrii-expressing k562 cell line. in addition, we demonstrate that serum samples from dengue-immune pregnant women enhanced zikv infection. these findings highlight the need of epidemiological studies and animal models to further co ... | 2016 | 28039355 |
| zika virus infection: past and present of another emerging vector-borne disease. | zika virus infection is an emerging mosquito-borne disease, first identified in uganda in 1947. it is caused by the zika arbovirus, and transmitted by the bites of infected mosquitoes of the genus aedes. for almost half a century, the zika virus was reported as the causative agent of sporadic human infections. in 2007, the zika virus emerged outside asia and africa causing an epidemic on the island of yap in micronesia. the manifestation of the newly acquired human infection varies from asymptom ... | 2016 | 28035106 |