| the release of a troop of rehabilitated vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops) in kwazulu-natal, south africa: outcomes and assessment. | rehabilitation and release have become central to the management and welfare of primate species in south africa such as the vervet monkey (chlorocebus aethiops). however, limited research means that it is unknown whether rehabilitation is a successful management strategy for this species. this study describes the release of a troop of rehabilitated vervet monkeys and evaluates the results of 1 year of post-release monitoring. the released animals exhibited wild behaviours and established a home ... | 2011 | 22516926 |
| red-green color vision in three catarrhine primates. | the evolution of the red-green visual subsystem in trichromatic primates has been linked to foraging advantages, specifically the detection of either ripe fruits or young leaves amid mature foliage, and to the intraspecific socio-sexual communication, namely the signal of the male rank, the mate choice and the reproductive strategies in females. new data should be added to the debate regarding the evolution of trichromatic color vision. three catarrhine primates were observed to achieve this goa ... | 2012 | 23336029 |
| nutritional benefits of crematogaster mimosae ants and acacia drepanolobium gum for patas monkeys and vervets in laikipia, kenya. | patas monkeys (erythrocebus patas) are midsized primates that feed extensively on the gum of acacia drepanolobium and the ants are housed in swollen thorns of this acacia. their diet resembles that expected more of smaller bodied primates. patas monkeys are also more like smaller bodied primates in reproducing at high rates. we sought to better understand the convergence of patas monkeys with smaller bodied primates by comparing their feeding behavior on ants and gum with that of closely related ... | 2012 | 23280312 |
| detection and characterization of zoonotic pathogens of free-ranging non-human primates from zambia. | wildlife may harbor infectious pathogens that are of zoonotic concern acting as a reservoir of diseases transmissible to humans and domestic animals. this is due to human-wildlife conflicts that have become more frequent and severe over recent decades, competition for the available natural habitats and resources leading to increased human encroachment on previously wild and uninhabited areas. | 2014 | 25358853 |
| naturally acquired picornavirus infections in primates at the dhaka zoo. | the conditions in densely populated bangladesh favor picornavirus transmission, resulting in a high rate of infection in the human population. data suggest that nonhuman primates (nhp) may play a role in the maintenance and transmission of diverse picornaviruses in bangladesh. at the dhaka zoo, multiple nhp species are caged in close proximity. their proximity to other species and to humans, both zoo workers and visitors, provides the potential for cross-species transmission. to investigate poss ... | 2013 | 23097447 |
| parasitology of five primates in mahale mountains national park, tanzania. | parasitological surveillance in primates has been performed using coprological observation and identification of specimens from chimpanzees (pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in mahale mountains national park, tanzania (mahale). in this study, we conducted coprological surveillance to identify the fauna of parasite infection in five primate species in mahale: red colobus (procolobus badius tephrosceles), red-tailed monkeys (cercopithecus ascanius schmidti), vervet monkeys (cercopithecus aethiops p ... | 2012 | 22661394 |
| number of grooming partners is associated with hookworm infection in wild vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops). | there are many known benefits of social grooming among primates, including maintenance of social relationships, removal of ectoparasites, and improved physiological condition. recently, however, researchers have noted that social grooming and social contact may also present a significant cost by facilitating transmission of some parasites and pathogens. we investigated whether the number of social grooming partners varied based on infection status for gastrointestinal parasites. we used focal an ... | 2016 | 27682258 |
| enterovirus 71 pathogenicity in monkeys and cotton rats. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) is a neurovirulent non-polio enterovirus that can cause severe central nervous system (cns) infection in infants. vervet monkeys infected intracerebrally or intramuscularly with ev71 isolates from the bulgarian outbreak of 1975 developed clinical manifestations and pathological signs of encephalomyelitis and spinal poliomyelitis that were similar to ev71 neuroinfection in children. in addition, vervet monkeys with encephalomyelitis had severe alterations in the choroid plex ... | 2014 | 24158347 |
| cxcr6-mediated simian immunodeficiency virus sivagmsab entry into sabaeus african green monkey lymphocytes implicates widespread use of non-ccr5 pathways in natural host infections. | african green monkeys (agm) and sooty mangabeys (sm) are well-studied natural hosts of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) that do not progress to aids when infected with their species-specific viruses. natural hosts of siv express very low levels of the canonical entry coreceptor ccr5, and recent studies have shown that ccr5 is dispensable for siv infection of sm in vivo and that blocking of ccr5 does not prevent ex vivo infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) from sm or vervet a ... | 2017 | 27903799 |
| arteriviruses, pegiviruses, and lentiviruses are common among wild african monkeys. | nonhuman primates (nhps) are a historically important source of zoonotic viruses and are a gold-standard model for research on many human pathogens. however, with the exception of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) (family retroviridae), the blood-borne viruses harbored by these animals in the wild remain incompletely characterized. here, we report the discovery and characterization of two novel simian pegiviruses (family flaviviridae) and two novel simian arteriviruses (family arteriviridae) i ... | 2016 | 27170760 |
| nonhuman primate models in aids research. | over the past decades, aids research has made tremendous progress in all key areas, including pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment. in particular, the introduction of potent antiretroviral therapy (art) has dramatically reduced the morbidity and mortality of hiv-infected individuals. however, several challenges remain, including the absence of a vaccine that can reliably prevent virus acquisition, and the inability of current art regimens to eradicate the infection. | 2013 | 23615116 |
| human parainfluenza virus type 3 in wild nonhuman primates, zambia. | human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv3) genome was detected in 4 baboons in zambia. antibody for hpiv3 was detected in 13 baboons and 6 vervet monkeys in 2 distinct areas in zambia. our findings suggest that wild nonhuman primates are susceptible to hpiv3 infection. | 2013 | 23968816 |
| [epidemiological and basic research activity targeting polyomaviruses]. | recently, the family polyomaviridae was classified as 3 genera, such as orthopolyomavirus, wukipolyomavirus which contain mammalian polyomaviruses and avipolyomavirus which only contain avian polyomaviruses. we have recently isolated novel polyomaviruses, including mastomys polyoamvirus (maspyv) and vervet monkey polyoamvirus-1 (vmpyv-1) by epidemiological activities and examined functions of their encoding proteins. in addition, we have been investigating the mechanisms of replication of human ... | 2014 | 25765977 |
| immunization with leishmania vaccine-alum-bcg and montanide isa 720 adjuvants induces low-grade type 2 cytokines and high levels of igg2 subclass antibodies in the vervet monkey (chlorocebus aethiops) model. | the availability of hundreds of adjuvants has prompted a need for identifying rational standards for the selection of adjuvant formulation based on sound immunological principles for human vaccines. as cytokines elaborated by activated t cells are required for the regulation of isotype switch during b-cell development, a study of th2 cytokines and subclass distribution of the antibodies may shed new light on the processes involved in the polarization of the immune responses during vaccination st ... | 2012 | 22862788 |
| safety and skin delayed-type hypersensitivity response in vervet monkeys immunized with leishmania donovani sonicate antigen delivered with adjuvants. | in this study, we report on the safety and skin delayed-type hypersensitivity (dth), responses of the leishmania donovani whole cell sonicate antigen delivered in conjunction with alum-bcg (albcg), montanide isa 720 (misa) or monophosphoryl lipid a (mpla) in groups of vervet monkeys. following three intradermal injections of the inoculums on days 0, 28 and 42, safety and dth responses were assessed. preliminary tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-α) and interferon gamma (ifn-γ) levels were also mea ... | 2012 | 22370752 |
| leishmania donovani whole cell antigen delivered with adjuvants protects against visceral leishmaniasis in vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops). | in a previous immunogenicity and efficacy study in mice, montanide isa 720 (misa) was indicated to be a better adjuvant than bacillus calmette guerin vaccine (bcg) for a leishmania vaccine. in the present study, we report the safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of leishmania donovani (l. donovani) sonicated antigen delivered with alum-bcg (albcg), misa or monophosphoryl lipid a (mpla) in vervet monkeys following intradermal inoculums. vaccinated and control animals were challenged with virulent ... | 2012 | 23554725 |
| combination and monotherapy of leishmania major infection in balb/c mice using plant extracts and herbicides. | leishmaniasis is a growing health problem in many parts of the world. efforts to find new chemotherapeutics for leishmaniasis remain a priority. this study was carried out to determine the effect of combination and monotherapies using plant extracts and herbicides on leishmania major infection in balb/c mice. | 2012 | 23135005 |
| tuberculosis infection in wildlife from the ruaha ecosystem tanzania: implications for wildlife, domestic animals, and human health. | mycobacterium bovis, a pathogen of conservation, livestock, and public health concern, was detected in eight species of wildlife inhabiting protected areas bordering endemic livestock grazing lands. we tested tissues from 179 opportunistically sampled hunter-killed, depredation, road-killed, and live-captured wild animals, representing 30 species, in and adjacent to ruaha national park in south-central tanzania. tissue culture and pcr were used to detect 12 (8.1%) m. bovis-infected animals and 1 ... | 2013 | 23601163 |
| mycobacterium tuberculosis at the human/wildlife interface in a high tb burden country. | this study reports on an investigation of mycobacterium tuberculosis cases in mostly captive wild animals using molecular typing tools [variable number of tandem repeat (vntr) typing and restriction fragment length polymorphism typing]. the investigation included cases from (i) the national zoological gardens of south africa (nzg) recorded between 2002 and 2011; (ii) johannesburg zoo, where tuberculosis was first diagnosed in 2007 and has since been detected in three antelope species; (iii) a re ... | 2013 | 24171848 |
| spatio-temporal variation in prevalence of rift valley fever: a post-epidemic serum survey in cattle and wildlife in kenya. | rift valley fever (rvf) is a fatal arthropod-borne zoonotic disease of livestock and humans. since the identification of rvf in kenya in the 1930s, repeated epizootics and epidemics coinciding with el niño events have occurred in several locations in africa and saudi arabia, causing mass deaths of livestock and humans. rvf is of great interest worldwide because of its negative effect on international livestock trade and its potential to spread globally. the latter is due to the increasing incide ... | 2015 | 26679561 |
| isolation of a simian immunodeficiency virus from a malbrouck (chlorocebus cynosuros). | to investigate the diversity of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) among nonhuman primates (nhps) in zambia, next-generation sequencing was performed to determine the complete genome sequence of a novel siv recovered by co-culturing african green monkey (agm) peripheral blood lymphocytes with human cd4(+) t-cell lines. we report the first described siv (sivagmmal-zmb) from a malbrouck (chlorocebus cynosuros). sivagmmal-zmb was detected by real-time pcr analysis of splenic rna in 3.2% (3/94) of ... | 2017 | 27804019 |
| simian immunodeficiency virus sivagm efficiently utilizes non-ccr5 entry pathways in african green monkey lymphocytes: potential role for gpr15 and cxcr6 as viral coreceptors. | african green monkeys (agm) are natural hosts of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv), and infection in these animals is generally nonpathogenic, whereas infection of nonnatural hosts, such as rhesus macaques (rm), is commonly pathogenic. ccr5 has been described as the primary entry coreceptor for siv in vivo, while human-derived cxcr6 and gpr15 also appear to be used in vitro. however, sooty mangabeys that are genetically deficient in ccr5 due to an out-of-frame deletion are infectible with sivs ... | 2015 | 26656714 |
| the genome of the vervet (chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus). | we describe a genome reference of the african green monkey or vervet (chlorocebus aethiops). this member of the old world monkey (owm) superfamily is uniquely valuable for genetic investigations of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv), for which it is the most abundant natural host species, and of a wide range of health-related phenotypes assessed in caribbean vervets (c. a. sabaeus), whose numbers have expanded dramatically since europeans introduced small numbers of their ancestors from west af ... | 2015 | 26377836 |
| nodular lymphoid hyperplasia of the colon in a vervet monkey (cholorocebous aethiops). | diffuse nodular lymphoid hyperplasia (dnlh) of gastrointestinal tract is regarded as a very rare disease in the adult population. it is characterized by presence of diffuse detectable small polypoid masses distributed in the small intestine, colon, or both. | 2014 | 24930866 |
| systems biology of the vervet monkey. | nonhuman primates (nhp) provide crucial biomedical model systems intermediate between rodents and humans. the vervet monkey (also called the african green monkey) is a widely used nhp model that has unique value for genetic and genomic investigations of traits relevant to human diseases. this article describes the phylogeny and population history of the vervet monkey and summarizes the use of both captive and wild vervet monkeys in biomedical research. it also discusses the effort of an internat ... | 2013 | 24174437 |
| identification of a novel polyomavirus from vervet monkeys in zambia. | to examine polyomavirus (pyv) infection in wildlife, we investigated the presence of pyvs in zambia with permission from the zambia wildlife authority. we analysed 200 dna samples from the spleens and kidneys (n = 100 each) of yellow baboons and vervet monkeys (vms) (n = 50 each). we detected seven pyv genome fragments in 200 dna samples using a nested broad-spectrum pcr method, and identified five full-length viral genomes using an inverse pcr method. phylogenetic analysis of virally encoded pr ... | 2013 | 23426354 |
| igm, lgg and il-6 profiles in the trypanosoma brucei brucei monkey model of human african trypanosomiasis. | human african trypanosomiasis (hat) patients manifest immunological profiles, whose variations over time can be used to indicate disease progression. however, monitoring of these biomarkers in human patients is beset by several limitations which can be offset by using chronic animal models. a recent improved monkey model of hat using a trypanosoma brucei brucei isolate has been developed but the immunological profile has not been elucidated. the objectives of the current study was to determine t ... | 2017 | 28099874 |
| loop mediated isothermal amplification for detection of trypanosoma brucei gambiense in urine and saliva samples in nonhuman primate model. | human african trypanosomiasis (hat) is a vector-borne parasitic zoonotic disease. the disease caused by trypanosoma brucei gambiense is the most prevalent in africa. early diagnosis is hampered by lack of sensitive diagnostic techniques. this study explored the potential of loop mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) in the detection of t. b. gambiense infection in a vervet monkey hat model. six vervet monkeys were experimentally infected with t. b. gambiens ... | 2015 | 26504841 |
| trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection in vervet monkeys: a potential model for early-stage disease. | non-human primates are important experimental models for human african trypanosomiasis. | 2014 | 24494926 |
| il-6 is upregulated in late-stage disease in monkeys experimentally infected with trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. | the management of human african trypanosomiasis (hat) is constrained by lack of simple-to-use diagnostic, staging, and treatment tools. the search for novel biomarkers is, therefore, essential in the fight against hat. the current study aimed at investigating the potential of il-6 as an adjunct parameter for hat stage determination in vervet monkey model. four adult vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops) were experimentally infected with trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and treated subcuratively at ... | 2013 | 24194772 |
| pharmacology of db844, an orally active aza analogue of pafuramidine, in a monkey model of second stage human african trypanosomiasis. | novel drugs to treat human african trypanosomiasis (hat) are still urgently needed despite the recent addition of nifurtimox-eflornithine combination therapy (nect) to who model lists of essential medicines against second stage hat, where parasites have invaded the central nervous system (cns). the pharmacology of a potential orally available lead compound, n-methoxy-6-{5-[4-(n-methoxyamidino) phenyl]-furan-2-yl}-nicotinamidine (db844), was evaluated in a vervet monkey model of second stage hat, ... | 2012 | 22848769 |
| primate vaginal microbiomes exhibit species specificity without universal lactobacillus dominance. | bacterial communities colonizing the reproductive tracts of primates (including humans) impact the health, survival and fitness of the host, and thereby the evolution of the host species. despite their importance, we currently have a poor understanding of primate microbiomes. the composition and structure of microbial communities vary considerably depending on the host and environmental factors. we conducted comparative analyses of the primate vaginal microbiome using pyrosequencing of the 16s r ... | 2014 | 25036926 |
| confirmed organophosphorus and carbamate pesticide poisonings in south african wildlife (2009-2014). | during a six-year period (from january 2009 to december 2014), specimens collected from 344 cases of suspected organophosphorus and carbamate pesticide poisonings in wildlife, including birds, were submitted to the toxicology laboratory (arc-ovi) for analysis. a positive diagnosis was made in 135 (39%) of these cases. the majority of cases were from birds, which included cape vultures (gyps coprotheres) and african white-backed vultures (gyps africanus) and bateleur eagles (terathopius ecaudatus ... | 2015 | 26824339 |
| deriving movement properties and the effect of the environment from the brownian bridge movement model in monkeys and birds. | the brownian bridge movement model (bbmm) provides a biologically sound approximation of the movement path of an animal based on discrete location data, and is a powerful method to quantify utilization distributions. computing the utilization distribution based on the bbmm while calculating movement parameters directly from the location data, may result in inconsistent and misleading results. we show how the bbmm can be extended to also calculate derived movement parameters. furthermore we demon ... | 2015 | 26078868 |
| assessment of luteal function in the vervet monkey as a means to develop a model for obesity-related reproductive phenotype. | the objective of the current study was to characterize luteal function in vervet monkeys. urine from 12 adult female vervets housed at an academic research center was collected for 10 weeks from single-caged monkeys in order to assess evidence of luteal activity (ela) as determined by urinary excretion of pregnanediol glucuronide (pdg) and estrone conjugates (e1c). dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (dxa) was performed on the monkeys to assess body composition, bone density, and fat mass. menstrua ... | 2013 | 23278149 |
| the viral envelope is not sufficient to transfer the unique broad cell tropism of bungowannah virus to a related pestivirus. | bungowannah virus is the most divergent pestivirus, and both origin and reservoir host have not been identified so far. we therefore performed in vitro tropism studies, which showed that bungowannah virus differs remarkably from other pestiviruses. interestingly, cell lines of vervet monkey, mouse, human and even of bat origin were susceptible. this broad in vitro tropism was not observed for a chimeric bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) expressing all structural proteins of bungowannah virus. ... | 2014 | 24973239 |
| convergent balancing selection on the mu-opioid receptor in primates. | the mu opioid receptor is involved in many natural processes including stress response, pleasure, and pain. mutations in the gene also have been associated with opiate and alcohol addictions as well as with responsivity to medication targeting these disorders. two common and mutually exclusive polymorphisms have been identified in humans, a118g (n40d), found commonly in non-african populations, and c17t (v6a), found almost exclusively in african populations. while a118g has been studied extensiv ... | 2017 | 28333316 |
| regulators of mitochondrial quality control differ in subcutaneous fat of metabolically healthy and unhealthy obese monkeys. | obesity exists with and without accompanying cardiometabolic disease, termed metabolically unhealthy obesity (muo) and healthy obesity (mho), respectively. underlying differences in the ability of subcutaneous (sq) fat to respond to nutrient excess are emerging as a key pathway. this study aimed to document the first spontaneous animal model of mho and muo and differences in sq adipose tissue. | 2017 | 28236433 |
| social behaviours and networks of vervet monkeys are influenced by gastrointestinal parasites. | substantial research has shown that while some parasite infections can be fatal to hosts, most infections are sub-clinical and non-lethal. such sub-clinical infections can nonetheless have negative consequences for the long-term fitness of the host such as reducing juvenile growth and the host's ability to compete for food and mates. with such effects, infected individuals are expected to exhibit behavioural changes. here we use a parasite removal experiment to quantify how gastrointestinal para ... | 2016 | 27580121 |
| mutation analysis of gldc, amt and gcsh in cataract captive-bred vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops). | non-ketotic hyperglycinaemia (nkh) is an autosomal recessive inborn error of glycine metabolism characterized by accumulation of glycine in body fluids and various neurological symptoms. | 2016 | 27325422 |
| ontogenetic scaling of fore limb and hind limb joint posture and limb bone cross-sectional geometry in vervets and baboons. | previous studies suggest that the postures habitually adopted by an animal influence the mechanical loading of its long bones. relatively extended limb postures in larger animals should preferentially reduce anteroposterior (a-p) relative to mediolateral (m-l) bending of the limb bones and therefore decrease a-p/m-l rigidity. we test this hypothesis by examining growth-related changes in limb bone structure in two primate taxa that differ in ontogenetic patterns of joint posture. | 2016 | 27252095 |
| multi-atlas library for eliminating normalization failures in non-human primates. | current tools for automated skull stripping, normalization, and segmentation of non-human primate (nhp) brain mri studies typically demonstrate high failure rates. many of these failures are due to a poor initial estimate for the affine component of the transformation. the purpose of this study is to introduce a multi-atlas approach to overcome these limitations and drive the failure rate to near zero. a library of study-specific templates (sst) spanning three old world primate species (macaca f ... | 2016 | 26643442 |
| variation in vervet (chlorocebus aethiops) hair cortisol concentrations reflects ecological disturbance by humans. | vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops) often live in close proximity to humans. vervets are known to raid crops, homes and gardens in suburban areas leading to human-vervet conflict. in general, primate groups with access to human foods experience increased population densities and intra-group aggression. this suggests high stress loads for vervets living in environments with high levels of human habitat disturbance and close proximity to humans. we tested the hypothesis that populations characte ... | 2015 | 26318176 |
| immunohistochemical localization of anterior pituitary cell types of vervet monkey (chlorocebus aethiops) following sub-chronic cathinone exposure. | khat (catha edulis) contains cathinone, an active principal that is customarily used as a psychostimulant that wards off fatigue and to some extent used as an aphrodisiac. | 2015 | 26277490 |
| joint mirna/mrna expression profiling reveals changes consistent with development of dysfunctional corpus luteum after weight gain. | obese women exhibit decreased fertility, high miscarriage rates and dysfunctional corpus luteum (cl), but molecular mechanisms are poorly defined. we hypothesized that weight gain induces alterations in cl gene expression. rna sequencing was used to identify changes in the cl transcriptome in the vervet monkey (chlorocebus aethiops) during weight gain. 10 months of high-fat, high-fructose diet (hfhf) resulted in a 20% weight gain for hfhf animals vs. 2% for controls (p = 0.03) and a 66% increase ... | 2015 | 26258540 |
| wild vervet monkeys copy alternative methods for opening an artificial fruit. | experimental studies of animal social learning in the wild remain rare, especially those that employ the most discriminating tests in which alternative means to complete naturalistic tasks are seeded in different groups. we applied this approach to wild vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops) using an artificial fruit ('vervetable') opened by either lifting a door panel or sliding it left or right. in one group, a trained model lifted the door, and in two others, the model slid it either left or r ... | 2015 | 25539772 |
| decreased global dna methylation in the white blood cells of high fat diet fed vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops). | epigenetic mechanisms are associated with the development of many chronic diseases and due to their reversible nature offer a unique window of opportunity to reverse the disease phenotype. this study investigated whether global dna methylation correlates with dysglycemia in the vervet monkey (chlorocebus aethiops). diet-induced changes in dna methylation were observed where global dna methylation was twofold lower in monkeys fed a high fat diet (n = 10) compared to monkeys fed a standard diet (n ... | 2014 | 24943073 |
| fire and home range expansion: a behavioral response to burning among savanna dwelling vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops). | the behavioral adaptations of primates to fire-modified landscapes are of considerable interest to anthropologists because fire is fundamental to life in the african savanna-the setting in which genus homo evolved. here we report the behavioral responses of a savanna-dwelling primate, vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops), to fire-induced ecological change. using behavioral and spatial data to characterize ranging patterns prior to and postburn and between burn and nonburn years, we show that th ... | 2014 | 24889076 |
| vervet mri atlas and label map for fully automated morphometric analyses. | currently available non-human primate templates typically require input of a skull-stripped brain for structural processing. this can be a manually intensive procedure, and considerably limits their utility. the purpose of this study was to create a vervet mri population template, associated tissue probability maps (tpm), and a label atlas to facilitate true fully automated magnetic resonance imaging (mri) structural analyses for morphometric analyses. structural mri scans of ten vervet monkeys ... | 2014 | 24850577 |
| conservation challenge: human-herbivore conflict in chebera churchura national park, ethiopia. | an investigation on human-herbivore conflict was carried out in ccnp between 2011 and 2012 in seven randomly selected villages (chebera, serri, yora, shita, delba, chuchra, chewda) around the park. a total of 312 household samples were identified for interview. group discussion and field observation were also carried out. among the respondents, the majority (83.9%) faced crop damage. african elephant (loxodonta africana), hippopotamus (hippopotamus amphibious), african buffalo (syncerus caffer), ... | 2013 | 24506044 |
| dose-response inhibitory effects of purified cathinone from khat (catha edulis) on cortisol and prolactin release in vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops). | this study reports acute and sub-chronic effects of cathinone on hormonal alterations in single-caged vervet monkeys. fourteen adult vervet monkeys were used, 12 of which were treated and 2 controls. pre-treatment phase of 1 month aimed at establishing baseline levels of hormones while treatment phase of 4 months considered the dose- and time-response effects of cathinone on serum cortisol and prolactin levels. test animals were allocated four groups of three animals each and administered 0.8, 1 ... | 2014 | 24190428 |
| locomotor anatomy and behavior of patas monkeys (erythrocebus patas) with comparison to vervet monkeys (cercopithecus aethiops). | patas monkeys (erythrocebus patas) living in african savanna woodlands and grassland habitats have a locomotor system that allows them to run fast, presumably to avoid predators. long fore- and hindlimbs, long foot bones, short toes, and a digitigrade foot posture were proposed as anatomical correlates with speed. in addition to skeletal proportions, soft tissue and whole body proportions are important components of the locomotor system. to further distinguish patas anatomy from other old world ... | 2013 | 24187623 |
| acute and sub-chronic effects of purified cathinone from khat (catha edulis) on behavioural profiles in vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops). | we investigated the cumulative effects of cathinone on behavioural alterations in single-caged vervet monkeys. fourteen adult vervets were divided into tests (12 animals) and controls (2 animals), and exposed to escalating doses of cathinone at alternate days of each week for 4 months in presence and absence of cage enrichment. one month of pre-treatment phase served to establish baseline values. composite behavioural scores of aggression, anxiety, abnormal responses, withdrawal and appetite los ... | 2014 | 24154685 |
| aging does not reduce heat shock protein 70 in the absence of chronic insulin resistance. | heat shock protein (hsp)70 decreases with age. often aging is associated with coincident insulin resistance and higher blood glucose levels, which also associate with lower hsp70. we aimed to understand how these factors interrelate through a series of experiments using vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops sabaeous). monkeys (n = 284, 4-25 years) fed low-fat diets showed no association of muscle hsp70 with age (r = .04, p = .53), but levels were highly heritable. insulin resistance was induced i ... | 2012 | 22403054 |
| evidence for scent marking in vervet monkeys? | we used data from two troops of free-ranging vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops) to assess the proposition that the conspicuous chest rubbing observed in this species constitutes scent-marking behavior. our data indicate that chest-rubbing behavior is associated with higher-ranking males who are more likely to do so during the breeding season in areas where territorial encounters occur. we found no indication that chest rubbing was triggered directly by encounters between troops. we conclude t ... | 2012 | 22402771 |
| assessment of the release of rehabilitated vervet monkeys into the ntendeka wilderness area, kwazulu-natal, south africa: a case study. | in south africa, vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops) are frequently persecuted, resulting in large numbers of injured and/or orphaned animals. rehabilitation centres aim to care for these monkeys and ultimately return them to the wild whenever possible. however, it is unknown whether rehabilitation is successful in its goal of creating wild-living, independent, self-sustaining troops due to limited published research in this area. this study describes the release and subsequent fate of a troop ... | 2012 | 22258755 |
| prenatal dexamethasone exposure induces changes in nonhuman primate offspring cardiometabolic and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function. | prenatal stress or glucocorticoid administration has persisting "programming" effects on offspring in rodents and other model species. multiple doses of glucocorticoids are in widespread use in obstetric practice. to examine the clinical relevance of glucocorticoid programming, we gave 50, 120, or 200 microg/kg/d of dexamethasone (dex50, dex120, or dex200) orally from mid-term to a singleton-bearing nonhuman primate, chlorocebus aethiops (african vervet). dexamethasone dose-dependently reduced m ... | 2007 | 17380204 |
| vervet monkeys and whole-food diets for studying the effects of dietary lipids on plasma lipoprotein metabolism and atherosclerosis. | it is well established that some species of nonhuman primates are models of choice for polygenic hyperlipoproteinaemia and atherosclerosis induced and promoted by diets as occur in man. the vervet monkey (cercopithecus aethiops) has proved to be one such model. our group has used this model extensively to determine the effects of a variety of dietary lipid components on plasma lipoprotein metabolism and atherosclerosis against a background of a western atherogenic or prudent diet. the diets fed ... | 1997 | 24394647 |
| structural and functional organization of the suprapatella in two cercopithecines. | gross and microscopic study of cercopithecus aethiops pygerythrus and papio cyanocephalus anubis shows that these cercopithecines have a quadriceps tendon the distal portion of which consists mostly of dense collagenous bundles with scattered fine elastic fibres most of which lie in the loose connective tissue planes within and around the tendon and around blood vessels. a distinct fibrovesicular structure, the suprapatella, lies within the tendon of the vastus intermedius above the pony patella ... | 1983 | 6854652 |
| inhibition of control role behaviors in captive vervet monkeys (cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus). | a captive vervet monkey (cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) colony was divided into subgroups to determine the influence of the control male and the control female on the expression of control role behaviors in other group members. separation from the control male invariably caused an increase in the control male factor score for other adult and subadult males in the colony, and reunion caused a decline to baseline. separation from the control female produced no consistent behavioral effect in othe ... | 1979 | 24924980 |
| social roles in captive vervet monkeys (cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus). | behavior clusters were identified through factor analysis of individual behavior profiles over time and across groups of different composition in a captive vervet monkey (cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) colony. the six resulting factors were assessed through examination of (1) the behaviors contributing to each factor, (2) the properties of the factors across groups, and (3) the distribution of individuals along the factor dimensions. three of the clusters were judged to represent the social rol ... | 1978 | 24895872 |
| the st. kitts vervet (cercopithecus aethiops). | | 1974 | 4216632 |
| [some characteristics of ovarian structure and the level of urinary sex steroid excretion in the green marmoset vervet (cercopithecus aethiops pygerythrus)]. | | 1973 | 4634208 |
| social and solitary play in a colony of vervet monkeys (cercopithecus aethiops). | this study describes and defines play in a laboratory colony of vervet monkeys (cercopithecus aethiops). play is divided into 26 units of behavior and the frequencies of these behaviors are recorded. analysis shows that sex, age, and dominance have effects on some play behaviors. the play behavior of each age/sex group within the colony is described both quantitatively and qualitatively. adult females are characterized by reinforcement of the play of immature monkeys, adult males by rough play w ... | 1972 | 27520640 |
| amygdalectomy in the free-ranging vervet (cercopithecus aethiops). | | 1970 | 4985911 |
| sparganosis and "proliferative" spargana in vervets (cercopithecus aethiops) and baboons (papio sp.) from east africa. | | 1970 | 4984083 |
| the phagocytic activity of the trabecularmeshwork endothelium. an electron-microscopic study of the vervet (cercopithecus aethiops). | | 1968 | 4175056 |
| female monkeys use both the carrot and the stick to promote male participation in intergroup fights. | group-level cooperation often poses a social dilemma in which joint action may be difficult to achieve. theoretical models and experimental work on humans show that social incentives, such as punishment of defectors and rewarding of cooperators, can promote cooperation in groups of unrelated individuals. here, we demonstrate that these processes can operate in a non-human animal species, and be used to effectively promote the production of a public good. we took advantage of the fact that interg ... | 2016 | 27881752 |
| male food defence as a by-product of intersexual cooperation in a non-human primate. | males in a number of group-living species fight in intergroup conflicts to defend access to food resources, a seemingly paradoxical behaviour, given that this resource does not usually limit male fitness directly. we investigated the mechanism(s) driving apparent male food defence in wild vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops pygerythrus) by testing the effect that female resource access, and female audience size and activity had on the response of focal males during simulated intergroup encounte ... | 2016 | 27775042 |
| scales drive detection, attention, and memory of snakes in wild vervet monkeys (chlorocebus pygerythrus). | predatory snakes are argued to have been largely responsible for the origin of primates via selection favoring expansion of the primate visual system, and even today snakes can be deadly to primates. neurobiological research is now beginning to reveal the mechanisms underlying the ability of primates (including humans) to detect snakes more rapidly than other stimuli. however, the visual cues allowing rapid detection of snakes, and the cognitive and ecological conditions contributing to faster d ... | 2017 | 27517268 |
| partially shared consensus decision making and distributed leadership in vervet monkeys: older females lead the group to forage. | group living can be advantageous, but for motile organisms, collective movements become necessary. we are just beginning to understand the many ways that animal groups make movement decisions and maintain cohesion. we examined start attempts and success in leading collective group movements in vervet monkeys (chlorocebus pygerythrus) characterized by matrilineal groups and territoriality. | 2016 | 27473609 |
| primate vocal production and the riddle of language evolution. | trying to uncover the roots of human speech and language has been the premier motivation to study the signalling behaviour of nonhuman primates for several decades. focussing on the question of whether we find evidence for linguistic reference in the production of nonhuman primate vocalizations, i will first discuss how the criteria used to diagnose referential signalling have changed over time, and will then turn to the paradigmatic case of semantic communication in animals, the alarm calls of ... | 2017 | 27368619 |
| thermal consequences of increased pelt loft infer an additional utilitarian function for grooming. | a strong case has been made that the primary function of grooming is hygienic. nevertheless, its persistence in the absence of hygienic demand, and its obvious tactical importance to members of primate groups, underpins the view that grooming has become uncoupled from its utilitarian objectives and is now principally of social benefit. we identify improved thermoregulatory function as a previously unexplored benefit of grooming and so broaden our understanding of the utilitarian function of this ... | 2015 | 26688074 |
| vervet monkeys use paths consistent with context-specific spatial movement heuristics. | animal foraging routes are analogous to the computationally demanding "traveling salesman problem" (tsp), where individuals must find the shortest path among several locations before returning to the start. humans approximate solutions to tsps using simple heuristics or "rules of thumb," but our knowledge of how other animals solve multidestination routing problems is incomplete. most nonhuman primate species have shown limited ability to route plan. however, captive vervets were shown to solve ... | 2015 | 26668734 |
| wild vervet monkeys trade tolerance and specific coalitionary support for grooming in experimentally induced conflicts. | grooming is a key social behavior in many primate species. research has focused on three important aspects: the short- and long-term trading patterns of grooming for itself and/or for other commodities like tolerance or coalitionary support, the issue of whether exchanges are a convincing example for reciprocity, and what decision rules underlie trading. these issues remain largely unresolved due to the correlative nature of observational studies and the rarity of experimental studies. here, we ... | 2015 | 26549255 |
| what's burning got to do with it? primate foraging opportunities in fire-modified landscapes. | anecdotal and formal evidence indicate that primates take advantage of burned landscapes. however, little work has been done to quantify the costs and benefits of this behavior. using systematic behavioral observations from a population of south african vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops pygerythrus), we evaluate differences in food availability and energetics before and after controlled burns altered vegetation near their home range. we aim to determine whether burned habitats offer improved ... | 2016 | 26499205 |
| vervets revisited: a quantitative analysis of alarm call structure and context specificity. | the alarm calls of vervet monkeys (chlorocebus pygerythrus) constitute the classic textbook example of semantic communication in nonhuman animals, as vervet monkeys give acoustically distinct calls to different predators and these calls elicit appropriate responses in conspecifics. they also give similar sounding calls in aggressive contexts, however. despite the central role the vervet alarm calls have played for understanding the evolution of communication, a comprehensive, quantitative analys ... | 2015 | 26286236 |
| social integration confers thermal benefits in a gregarious primate. | sociality has been shown to have adaptive value for gregarious species, with more socially integrated animals within groups experiencing higher reproductive success and longevity. the value of social integration is often suggested to derive from an improved ability to deal with social stress within a group; other potential stressors have received less attention. we investigated the relationship between environmental temperature, an important non-social stressor, and social integration in wild fe ... | 2015 | 25581128 |
| using the stable carbon and nitrogen isotope compositions of vervet monkeys (chlorocebus pygerythrus) to examine questions in ethnoprimatology. | this study seeks to understand how humans impact the dietary patterns of eight free-ranging vervet monkey (chlorocebus pygerythrus) groups in south africa using stable isotope analysis. vervets are omnivores that exploit a wide range of habitats including those that have been anthropogenically-disturbed. as humans encroach upon nonhuman primate landscapes, human-nonhuman primate interconnections become increasingly common, which has led to the rise of the field of ethnoprimatology. to date, many ... | 2014 | 25010211 |
| thermoregulatory plasticity in free-ranging vervet monkeys, chlorocebus pygerythrus. | we used implanted miniature data loggers to obtain the first measurements of body temperature from a free-ranging anthropoid primate. vervet monkeys (chlorocebus pygerythrus) living in a highly seasonal, semi-arid environment maintained a lower mean 24-h body temperature in winter (34.6 ± 0.5 °c) than in summer (36.2 ± 0.1 °c), and demonstrated increased heterothermy (as indexed by the 24-h amplitude of their body temperature rhythm) in response to proximal environmental stressors. the mean 24-h ... | 2014 | 24938639 |
| limited geographic variation in the acoustic structure of and responses to adult male alarm barks of african green monkeys. | the global diversity of human languages is a remarkable feature of our species, which requires a capacity for rapid vocal learning. given that primate alarm calling systems have played an important role in the language origin debate, identifying geographic variation in primate alarm calls and understanding the underlying causal mechanisms are important steps to help uncover evolutionary precursors to language. this study investigates geographic variation in the alarm bark of the widely distribut ... | 2014 | 24771960 |
| behavioral flexibility of vervet monkeys in response to climatic and social variability. | responses to environmental variability sheds light on how individuals are able to survive in a particular habitat and provides an indication of the scope and limits of its niche. to understand whether climate has a direct impact on activity, and determine whether vervet monkeys have the behavioral flexibility to respond to environmental change, we examined whether the amount of time spent resting and feeding in the nonmating and mating seasons were predicted by the thermal and energetic constrai ... | 2014 | 24706453 |
| barbados green monkeys (chlorocebus sabaeus) recognize ancestral alarm calls after 350 years of isolation. | vervet monkeys (chlorocebus pygerythrus) produce alarm calls and anti-predator behaviors that are specific to a threatening predator's mode of attack. upon hearing a leopard alarm, the monkeys will run up trees where they are relatively safe. in contrast, eagle alarms prompt the monkeys to run under bushes and snake alarms stimulate bipedal standing. early researchers proposed that the meaning of each alarm call is conveyed by observational learning. if this true then absence of the predator tha ... | 2013 | 24129028 |
| discordance between spatial distributions of y-chromosomal and mitochondrial haplotypes in african green monkeys ( chlorocebus spp.): a result of introgressive hybridization or cryptic diversity? | introgressive hybridization may cause substantial discordances among phylogenies based on different genetic markers. such discordances have been found in diverse mammal species including primates. a recent study of mitochondrial dna (mtdna) revealed several poly- and paraphyletic relationships in african green monkeys (chlorocebus), suggesting contemporary and/or ancient introgressive hybridization among almost all parapatric species of the genus. however, mtdna analyses alone do not allow us to ... | 2013 | 24098065 |
| socio-spatial cognition in vervet monkeys. | safety in numbers is thought to be the principal advantage of living in groups for many species. the group can only provide protection against predators, however, when group cohesion is maintained. vocalisations are used to monitor inter-individual distances, especially under conditions of poor visibility, but should be avoided in the presence of predators. mentally tracking the movements of silent and invisible group members would allow animals foraging in dense vegetation to stay close to thei ... | 2014 | 24096705 |
| sensory information and associative cues used in food detection by wild vervet monkeys. | understanding animals' spatial perception is a critical step toward discerning their cognitive processes. the spatial sense is multimodal and based on both the external world and mental representations of that world. navigation in each species depends upon its evolutionary history, physiology, and ecological niche. we carried out foraging experiments on wild vervet monkeys (chlorocebus pygerythrus) at lake nabugabo, uganda, to determine the types of cues used to detect food and whether associati ... | 2014 | 24045849 |
| in vivo evaluation of antiviral compounds on respiratory syncytial virus using a juvenile vervet monkey (chlorocebus pygerythrus) infection model. | several animal models with varying susceptibilities to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection have been developed to study the specific aspects of rsv disease. many of these models are used for testing antiviral compounds or in vaccine efficacy studies during preclinical evaluation. in this chapter, we describe the study design of an efficacy study of an rsv inhibitor, performed in a juvenile vervet monkey model for rsv. | 2013 | 23821283 |
| variation in scrotal color among widely distributed vervet monkey populations (chlorocebus aethiops pygerythrus and chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus). | vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops) exhibit bright blue scrotal skin which may function to mediate social interactions by acting as a socio-sexual signal. previous research on scrotal coloration among vervet monkeys was limited to experimental work on captive ch. a. sabaeus, the least colorful vervet subspecies, and two field studies of the more colorful ch. a. pygerythrus. in a study of free-ranging and captive vervet monkeys in south africa (ch. pygerythrus), west africa (ch. a. sabaeus) and ... | 2013 | 23606216 |
| scalar social dynamics in female vervet monkey cohorts. | primate social life and behaviour is contingent on a number of levels: phylogenetic, functional and proximate. although this contingency is recognized by socioecological theory, variability in behaviour is still commonly viewed as 'noise' around a central tendency, rather than as a source of information. an alternative view is that selection has acted on social reaction norms that encompass demographic variation both between and within populations and demes. here, using data from vervet monkeys ... | 2013 | 23569299 |
| third-party ranks knowledge in wild vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops pygerythrus). | the machiavellian/social intelligence hypothesis proposes that a complex social environment selected for advanced cognitive abilities in vertebrates. in primates it has been proposed that sophisticated social strategies like obtaining suitable coalition partners are an important component of social intelligence. knowing the rank relationships between group members is a basic requirement for the efficient use of coalitions and the anticipation of counter-coalitions. experimental evidence for such ... | 2013 | 23520521 |
| detection of picobirnaviruses in vervet monkeys (chlorocebus sabaeus): molecular characterization of complete genomic segment-2. | during 2014-2015, 270 fecal samples were collected from non-diarrheic, captive and wild african green monkeys (agms) on the island of st. kitts, caribbean region. by rna-page, picobirnaviruses (pbvs) were detected in sixteen captive agms. by rt-pcr and sequencing of partial gene segment-2, pbvs in 15 of these 16 samples were assigned to genogroup-i. the full-length nucleotide (nt) sequence of gene segment-2 of one of the genogroup-i pbv strains, strain pbv/african green monkey/kna/016593/2015, w ... | 2017 | 28057480 |
| scotopic vision in the monkey is modulated by the g protein-coupled receptor 55. | the endogenous cannabinoid system plays important roles in the retina of mice and monkeys via their classic cb1 and cb2 receptors. we have previously reported that the g protein-coupled receptor 55 (gpr55), a putative cannabinoid receptor, is exclusively expressed in rod photoreceptors in the monkey retina, suggesting its possible role in scotopic vision. to test this hypothesis, we recorded full-field electroretinograms (ergs) after the intravitreal injection of the gpr55 agonist lysophosphatid ... | 2016 | 27485069 |
| asthma in an adult female vervet monkey (chlorocebus sabaeus). | a 9-y-old, colony-bred, female vervet monkey (chlorocebus sabaeus) presented with a 6-y history of open-mouth breathing, tachypnea, and sibilant wheezing. these symptoms did not significantly affect her activity or quality of life. thoracic radiographs and results of bronchoalveolar lavage supported the diagnosis of asthma. treatment comprising intramuscular prednisolone (tapered over 2 mo from twice daily to every other day), inhaled salmeterol-fluticasone (25 μg-250 μg per actuation twice dail ... | 2016 | 26884413 |
| dietary exposure to an environmental toxin triggers neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid deposits in the brain. | neurofibrillary tangles (nft) and β-amyloid plaques are the neurological hallmarks of both alzheimer's disease and an unusual paralytic illness suffered by chamorro villagers on the pacific island of guam. many chamorros with the disease suffer dementia, and in some villages one-quarter of the adults perished from the disease. like alzheimer's, the causal factors of guamanian amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/parkinsonism dementia complex (als/pdc) are poorly understood. in replicated experiments, w ... | 2016 | 26791617 |
| thoracic radiographic anatomy in vervet monkeys (chlorocebus sabaeus). | the vervet monkey (chlorocebus sabaeus) is used commonly in cardiorespiratory biomedical research. this study was performed to establish reference values for thoracic structures and to describe the normal radiographic appearance of the vervet monkey thorax. | 2013 | 23848259 |
| abdominal ultrasonography of the normal st. kitts vervet monkey (chlorocebus sabaeus). | normal ultrasonography of non-reproductive abdominal and male reproductive anatomy in the vervet monkey were prospectively assessed. this has not been previously reported. | 2013 | 23126241 |
| comparison of fresh to fixed weights of the vervet monkey (chlorocebus sabaeus) placenta and its relation to gestational age. | focus on the placenta as an agent of fetal development and offspring health outcomes is growing. primate research facilities or zoos may collect and fix placental tissue for long-term storage, but little is known about the effects of formalin fixation on the non-human primate placenta. | 2012 | 22296111 |
| significant genotype by diet (g × d) interaction effects on cardiometabolic responses to a pedigree-wide, dietary challenge in vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus). | nutrient composition of a diet (d) has been shown to interact with genetic predispositions (g) to affect various lipid phenotypes. our aim in this study was to confirm g × d interaction and determine whether the interaction extends to other cardiometabolic risk factors such as glycemic measures and body weight. subjects were vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus; n = 309) from a multigenerational pedigreed colony initially fed with a plant-based diet, standard primate diet (18% calories f ... | 2013 | 23315630 |
| the social structure and strategies of delphinids: predictions based on an ecological framework. | dolphins live in complex social groupings with a wide variety of social strategies. in this chapter we investigate the role that differing habitats and ecological conditions have played in the evolution of delphinid social strategies. we propose a conceptual framework for understanding natural patterns of delphinid social structure in which the spatial and temporal predictability of resources influences the ranging patterns of individuals and communities. the framework predicts that when resourc ... | 2007 | 17936137 |
| gps-identified, low-level nocturnal activity of vervets (chlorocebus pygerythrus) and olive baboons (papio anubis) in laikipia, kenya. | except for owl monkeys (aotus spp.), all anthropoid primates are considered strictly diurnal. recent studies leveraging new technologies have shown, however, that some diurnal anthropoids also engage in nocturnal activity. here we examine the extent to which vervets (chlorocebus pygerythrus) and olive baboons (papio anubis) are active at night. | 2017 | 28573721 |