| susceptibility of sand flies to selected insecticides in north africa and the middle east. | the purpose of this study was to determine the baseline susceptibility of 4 species of phlebotomine sand flies from north africa and the middle east to various insecticides. susceptibility was determined using the world health organization test kits for measuring resistance in mosquitoes exposed to insecticide-impregnated papers. fifty, 90, and 99% lethal doses were calculated for bendiocarb, cyfluthrin, ddt, malathion, permethrin, and resmethrin on phlebotomus bergeroti, p. langeroni, p. papata ... | 2001 | 11345414 |
| epidemiological study in a new focus of cutaneous leishmaniosis due to leishmania major in ardestan town, central iran. | an endemic focus of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniosis caused by leishmania major zymodeme mon-26 was identified in ardestan town central iran, during 1998-99. among 1960 school children examined over a 1-year period of time, 0.92% had evidence of active lesions and 1.53% had scar indicative of past infection. the incidence of the disease among school children was 3.2 per thousand in 1998. in a separate study, the incidence of infection among 100 households in an area with a population of 460 pers ... | 2001 | 11369303 |
| leishmaniasis in sudan. cutaneous leishmaniasis. | cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) in sudan is caused by leishmania major, zymodeme lon-1. the disease is endemic in many parts of the country. the vector is phlebotomus papatasi and the animal reservoir is probably the nile rat arvicanthis niloticus. clinically, patients usually present with papules, nodules, or nodulo-ulcerative lesions, mainly on the exposed parts of the skin. in 20% of cases the parasite disseminates through the lymphatics, producing sporotrichoid-like lesions. the pathology of th ... | 2001 | 11370248 |
| leishmaniasis in sudan. visceral leishmaniasis. | from the early 1900s, visceral leishmaniasis (vl; kala-azar) has been among the most important health problems in sudan, particularly in the main endemic area in the eastern and central regions. several major epidemics have occurred, the most recent--in western upper nile province in southern sudan, detected in 1988--claiming over 100,000 lives. the disease spread to other areas that were previously not known to be endemic for vl. a major upsurge in the number of cases was noted in the endemic a ... | 2001 | 11370250 |
| the egyptian mongoose, herpestes ichneumon, is a possible reservoir host of visceral leishmaniasis in eastern sudan. | investigations were made on possible reservoir hosts of leishmania donovani in 2 zoonotic foci of visceral leishmaniasis (vl) in dinder national park (dnp) and the peri-domestic habitats of adjacent villages of eastern sudan. animals were captured, in november 1997-1998 and april-may 1999 and examined for l. donovani infection using light microscopy and 2 sensitive polymerase chain reaction (pcr) systems. microscopy and pcr investigations were also used to determine the infection rates of l. don ... | 2001 | 11393826 |
| comparative fecundity and survival rates of phlebotomus papatasi sandflies membrane fed on blood from eight mammal species. | female sandflies, phlebotomus papatasi (scopoli) (diptera: psychodidae), were fed via chicken membrane on heparinized blood from eight species of mammal (human, horse, cow, pig, dog, rabbit, guinea-pig, hamster) and their reproductive success rates were compared. no appreciable differences between those fed on human and animal blood were detected with respect to the proportion of flies that fed successfully, mortality-rate within 24h, number of eggs laid per blood-fed female or egg viability. wh ... | 2001 | 11434553 |
| evaluation of avermectins as sandfly control agents. | the potential of avermectins as environmentally safe agents for the control of the sandfly vectors of leishmania spp. was investigated in the laboratory. female phlebotomus papatasi and p. langeroni were fed either bloodmeals containing laboratory-grade ivermectin or sugarmeals containing a commercial-product based on abamectin. low concentrations of either avermectin killed the sandflies, with median lethal concentrations (lc(50)) of just 13 ng ivermectin or 0.5 ng abamectin/ml for p. papatasi ... | 2001 | 11454251 |
| toward a defined anti-leishmania vaccine targeting vector antigens: characterization of a protective salivary protein. | leishmania parasites are transmitted to their vertebrate hosts by infected phlebotomine sand fly bites. sand fly saliva is known to enhance leishmania infection, while immunity to the saliva protects against infection as determined by coinoculation of parasites with vector salivary gland homogenates (sghs) or by infected sand fly bites (kamhawi, s., y. belkaid, g. modi, e. rowton, and d. sacks. 2000. science. 290:1351-1354). we have now characterized nine salivary proteins of phlebotomus papatas ... | 2001 | 11489952 |
| the salivary adenosine/amp content of phlebotomus argentipes annandale and brunetti, the main vector of human kala-azar. | adenosine and amp in the salivary glands of the sand fly phlebotomus argentipes were characterized by reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography with diode-array detection and mass spectrometry. amp and adenosine were measured in individual salivary gland pairs, yielding 76.8 +/- 8.6 and 380 +/- 25 pmoles per pair of salivary glands, respectively (mean +/- se, n = 12). these values decrease to 45 +/- 7 and 181 +/- 21 pmoles following a blood meal, indicating that amp and adenosine were s ... | 2001 | 11534660 |
| deltamethrin-impregnated dog collars have a potent anti-feeding and insecticidal effect on lutzomyia longipalpis and lutzomyia migonei. | deltamethrin-impregnated pvc dog collars were tested to assess if they were effective in protecting dogs from sand fly bites of lutzomyia longipalpis and lu. migonei. a protective effect against old world species phlebotomus perniciosus was demonstrated before. four dogs wearing deltamethrin collars and three dogs wearing untreated collars (not impregnated with deltamethrin) were kept in separate kennels for over eight months in a village on the outskirts of fortaleza in ceará, brazil. periodica ... | 2001 | 11562713 |
| bloodmeal digestion and leishmania major infections in phlebotomus duboscqi: effect of carbohydrates inhibiting midgut lectin activity. | the carbohydrates galactosamine and heparin, previously shown to inhibit phlebotomine lectin activity in vitro, were fed to the sandfly phlebotomus duboscqi neveu-lemaire (diptera: psychodidae) with blood, and the effects on mortality, fecundity, protease activity and susceptibility to leishmania major yakimoff & schokhor (kinetoplastida: trypanosomatidae) were studied. previous study revealed that galactosamine considerably enhanced the establishment of l. major infection in p. duboscqi and sig ... | 2001 | 11583445 |
| [ecological characteristics of subgenera larroussius and adelius (diptera, phlebotominae) sandflies--vectors for pathogens of visceral leishmaniasis]. | the spiracle indices were determined in 1153 specimens from 5 species of the subgenus larroussius (diptera, phlebotominae): phlebotomus neglectus, p. perfiliewi, p. tobbi, p. kandelakii, and p. smirnovi) and 2 species of the subgenus adlerius: p. brevis and p. longiductus. these species are all documented or potential vectors of leishmania infantum, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis. the spiracle index is related to the rate of its evaporization and it is an important ecological inde ... | 2001 | 11680367 |
| [leishmaniasis and phlebotomus of cameroon: review of current data]. | the author updates available data on leishmaniasis and phlebotomine sandflies in cameroon. after describing the natural environment, we present all the cases of the cutaneous and visceral leishmaniases recorded so far in this country. he refers also to the first biochemical characterisation of leishmania major mon-26 in cameroon. the data of a leishmanin skin test survey conducted in the mokolo cutaneous leishmaniasis focus are presented as well as a repertoire of the phlebotomine sandfly specie ... | 2001 | 11681227 |
| transmission blocking vaccine studies in leishmaniasis: i. lipophosphoglycan is a promising transmission blocking vaccine molecule against cutaneous leishmaniasis. | new strategies for control of leishmaniasis is needed as chemotherapy using antimonial drugs is prolonged, expensive, associated with side effects and relapses. vector control has limitations and a vaccine which may be the best approach is not available. | 2001 | 11682952 |
| transmission blocking vaccine studies in leishmaniasis: ii. effect of immunisation using leishmania major derived 63 kilodalton glycoprotein, lipophosphoglycan and whole parasite antigens on the course of l. major infection in balb/c mice. | safe, effective and inexpensive vaccines may be the most practical tool for control of any form of leishmaniasis. leishmaniasis produces a state of pre-immunition which is the underlying mechanism for prolonged immunity to re-infection. low doses of parasites has been shown to be able to induce protection in mice. it is not known, however, how immune sera from a susceptible host immunised with leishmania-derived antigens when taken in by the sandfly affects the development and the subsequent tra ... | 2001 | 11682953 |
| sand fly feeding on noxious plants: a potential method for the control of leishmaniasis. | the sand fly phlebotomus papatasi transmits leishmania major, which causes cutaneous leishmaniasis, in vast regions of the old world. in addition to blood, the sand flies feed on plants. in a study of this diet, we observed that one night of feeding on branches of solanum jasminoides, ricinus communis, or bougainvillea glabra drastically shortened the life span of the sand flies. flowering b. glabra attracted p. papatasi in the field. nevertheless, in the region endemic for l. major in yards abo ... | 2001 | 11693873 |
| epidemiological and entomological survey in a focus of visceral leishmaniasis in pap district (fergana valley) of namangan region, uzbekistan. | an active focus of human visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is present in uzbekistan, namangan region, pap district, situated along the fergana valley at an altitude of 900-1300 m a.s.l. an overall total of 19 vl cases, all recorded in children less than 14 years of age, have been reported during the period of 1987-99 in three villages, namely oltinkon (9 cases), chodak (7 cases) and guliston (3 cases). clinical and epidemiological features suggest that the disease is zoonotic in nature and that it is ... | 2001 | 11700179 |
| hunger tolerance and leishmania in sandflies. | the sandfly phlebotomus papatasi transmits leishmania major, the agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis, in desert and savannah regions of the old world, where seasonal stress of dehydration and heat reduces the quantity of sugar in plant leaves. without essential sugar, only a few flies that feed on leaves can survive for long enough to deposit eggs and transmit leishmania. accordingly, selection for hunger tolerance may also select for pathogen susceptibility in flies. here we provide evidence of a ... | 2001 | 11700547 |
| the biological function of sand fly and leishmania glycosidases. | this is a summary of the recent work on some glycosidases of sand flies and their leishmania parasites. glycosidases catalyze the hydrolysis of complex sugar subunits of polysaccharides into simple sugars. leishmania major parasites secrete chitinase and n-acetylglucosaminase, which enables them to survive in the gut of the sand fly and are important in facilitating their transmission by the phlebotomine sand fly phlebotomus papatasi. these enzymes are found in a wide range of trypanosomatids an ... | 2001 | 11770110 |
| evidence for an impact on the incidence of canine leishmaniasis by the mass use of deltamethrin-impregnated dog collars in southern italy. | dogs are the domestic reservoir of leishmania infantum nicolle (kinetoplastida: trypanosomatidae), the agent of zoonotic human visceral leishmaniasis. in southern europe, where canine leishmaniasis (canl) is widespread due to l. infantum, killing seropositive dogs is considered unacceptable and drug treatment has low efficacy in preventing transmission. we made a field evaluation of the efficacy of deltamethrin dog collars in a canl focus of southern italy, mount vesuvius area of campania region ... | 2001 | 11776454 |
| cutaneous leishmaniasis in israel in the era of changing environment. | cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) is a zoonotic disease, endemic and notifiable in israel. the vectors are sandflies of the genus phlebotomus, the hosts are mainly field rodents. the infective agents are leishmania parasites. ph. papatasi is the recognized vector of l. major, while ph. sergenti is considered to be the vector of l. tropica. | 2001 | 11780715 |
| [the phlebotomines of portugal. x--natural infestation of phlebotomus perniciosus by leishmania infantum mon-1 in algarve]. | | 2001 | 11802277 |
| new record of phlebotomus sergenti, the vector of leishmania tropica, in the southern nile valley of egypt. | we report the 1st collection of phlebotomus sergenti, a vector of the cutaneous and visceralizing forms of leishmania tropica, from southern egypt. four female and 1 male p. sergenti were collected from unlit centers for disease control light traps placed in a village on the nile river, 6 km north of aswan, egypt, during studies conducted from 1998 to 1999. this extends the known distribution of this species farther south in egypt than previously recorded. | 2001 | 11804468 |
| sandfly survey in nainital and almora districts of uttaranchal with particular reference to phlebotomus argentipes, vector of kala-azar. | kala-azar continues to pose a major public health problem in bihar, west bengal and parts of eastern uttar pradesh in india causing great deal of morbidity and mortality. during 1998, several kala-azar cases from sub-himalayan region were treated in delhi hospitals. and a suspected focus of kala-azar was subsequently reported from this area. therefore a preliminary sandfly survey was carried out during october, 1999 in 18 randomly selected villages at different altitudes in nainital & almora dis ... | 2001 | 11898464 |
| sand flies (diptera: phlebotominae) in sanliurfa, turkey: relationship of phlebotomus sergenti with the epidemic of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis. | sand fly (diptera: phlebotominae) fauna were surveyed in various districts of sanliurfa in southeast turkey for 3 yr immediately after an epidemic of cutaneous leishmaniasis (leishmania tropica). sticky papers and cdc light traps collected a total of 10,937 sand flies, of which 10,919 (4,158 females and 6,761 males) were identified as phlebotomus and 18 (11 females and seven males) as sergentomyia (s. theodori parrot; s. adleri theodor). eight phlebotomus spp. were identified: p. sergenti parrot ... | 2002 | 11931243 |
| a new focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by leishmania tropica. | to determine the epidemiological status of the cutaneous leishmaniasis outbreak, isolation and identification of the parasite and preparation of a control program in a recently identified focus located in the province of yazd, central iran. | 2002 | 11938418 |
| the d7 family of salivary proteins in blood sucking diptera. | the d7 subfamily of salivary proteins is widespread in blood sucking diptera and belongs to the superfamily of pheromone/odourant binding proteins. although d7 proteins are among the most abundant salivary proteins in adult female mosquitoes and sand flies, their role in blood feeding remains elusive. in the present work we report the sequence of seventeen novel d7 proteins, and propose an evolutionary scenario for the appearance of the several forms of this protein, based on a total of twenty-o ... | 2002 | 11966880 |
| bacterial colonisation in the gut of phlebotomus duboseqi (diptera: psychodidae): transtadial passage and the role of female diet. | bacteria isolated from the gut of different developmental stages of philebotomus duboseqi neveu-lcmaire, 1906 belonged almost all to aerobic or facultatively anaerobic gram-negative rods. in females, the highest bacterial counts were observed two days after bloodfeeding; seven days after bloodfeeding the bacterial counts returned to pre-feeding levels. most isolates were identified phenotypically as ochrobactrum sp. the distinctiveness and homogeneity of the phenotypic and genotypic characterist ... | 2002 | 11993554 |
| evaluation of a specific immunochemotherapy for the treatment of canine visceral leishmaniasis. | the efficacy of specific immunochemotherapy against leishmania infantum infection in dog was studied. the effects on transmission of the disease, as well as the cellular and humoral immune response were examined. the treated animals showed a significant reduction in the infection rates that were detected in phlebotomus perniciosus females fed on the dog. the humoral immune response, assayed with an indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (ifat), did not show significant variations under the in ... | 2002 | 12088640 |
| laboratory testing of the insect repellent kbr 3023 against phlebotomus duboscqi (diptera: psychodidae). | the relative efficacy of commercially available formulations of the new repellent kbr 3023 (bayrepel, bayer, germany) was compared against phlebotomus duboscqi. the results provided laboratory evidence of phlebotomine sandfly sensitivity. | 2002 | 12107467 |
| its 2 sequences heterogeneity in phlebotomus sergenti and phlebotomus similis (diptera, psychodidae): possible consequences in their ability to transmit leishmania tropica. | an intraspecific study on phlebotomus sergenti, the main and only proven vector of leishmania tropica among the members of the subgenus paraphlebotomus was performed. the internal transcribed spacer 2 (its2) sequences of 12 populations from 10 countries (cyprus, egypt, italy, lebanon, morocco, pakistan, portugal, spain, syria, and turkey) were compared. samples also included three species closely related to p. sergenti: phlebotomus similis (three populations from greece and malta), phlebotomus j ... | 2002 | 12117495 |
| cloning, expression, and functional characterization of a ca(2+)-dependent endoplasmic reticulum nucleoside diphosphatase. | we have isolated and characterized the cdna encoding a ca(2+)-dependent nucleoside diphosphatase (ec ) related to two secreted atp- and adp-hydrolyzing apyrases of the bloodsucking insects, cimex lectularius and phlebotomus papatasi. the rat brain-derived cdna has an open reading frame of 1209 bp encoding a protein of 403 amino acids and a calculated molecular mass of 45.7 kda. the mrna was expressed in all tissues investigated, revealing two major transcripts with varying preponderance. the imm ... | 2002 | 12167635 |
| vectorial efficacy of phlebotomus argentipes in kala-azar endemic foci of bihar (india) under natural and artificial conditions. | ability of phlebotomus argentipes to acquire leishmania donovani the causative agent of indian kala-azar was evaluated in the laboratory. flies were fed artificially on infected blood suspensions, using a chick-skin-membrane feeding apparatus, and naturally on leishmania donovani infected mice. in addition flies collected from different endemic areas were dissected and examined for natural infection. flies fed on infected mice showed significantly higher feeding rate (14.4%, p < 0.01) compared t ... | 2001 | 12170928 |
| on the occurrence of phlebotomus (paraphlebotomus) mireillae (diptera: psychodidae) in ethiopia. | | 2002 | 12171625 |
| relative efficacy of depa and neem oil for repellent activity against phlebotomus papatasi, the vector of leishmaniasis. | the insect repellent n, n-diethylphenyl acetamide (depa) was compared with neem oil, a commercial preparation, for protection against 3 day old un-fed female of the sandfly, phlebotomus papatasi, (diptera: psychodidae) under laboratory conditions on mouse. the percentage protection against sandfly bite provided by neem oil was significantly higher than depa when applied at 1% and 2% concentrations (p = 0.000, t = 21.474; df = 6 and p = 0.001, t = 5.960; df = 6 respectively). however, neem oil di ... | 2001 | 12206037 |
| variation of esterase electromorphs associated with bloodmeal digestion in phlebotomine sand flies (diptera: psychodidae). | esterases are often used to measure genetic variation, yet they may be influenced by external factors. isoelectrofocusing was used to investigate the effects of bloodmeal on the esterase variation in wild populations of phlebotomus (larroussius) ariasi tonnoir and p. (l.) perniciosus newstead and in a colonized population of p. (phlebotomus) duboscqi neveu-lemaire. modified electrophoretic profiles were demonstrated to be associated with blood digestion. the bloodmeal-induced esterase electromor ... | 2002 | 12349853 |
| leishmaniasis in sicily (italy): an investigation of the distribution and prevalence of phlebotomine sandflies in catania province. | catania province, sicily, is an important foci for human visceral leishmaniasis. current data indicate an annual average incidence of 10 registered cases per year during the past 3 years. of registered cases, more than 20% were among individuals who were also human immunodeficiency virus positive. since the 1930s, no vector studies have been performed in this area. from may through november 1997, sandflies were collected using centers for disease control and prevention light traps and a sticky-t ... | 2002 | 12363159 |
| leishmaniasis in turkey. | leishmaniases are widespread in most countries in the mediterranean basin, including turkey. two forms are observed in turkey; leishmania infantum is responsible from visceral leishmaniasis (vl), and l. tropica causes cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl). phlebotomus sergenti, p. papatasi, p. major and p. syriacus are considered to be the probable vectors, and dogs are the main reservoir of l. infantum, while p. sergenti is the main suspected vector of l. tropica.vl is sporadically seen mainly in the ae ... | 2002 | 12387909 |
| the sandfly fauna in the visceral-leishmaniasis focus of gedaref, in the atbara-river area of eastern sudan. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is an acute public-health problem in sudan. between 1997 and 2000, four, brief entomological surveys were carried out in barbar el fugarra, a village in the state of gedaref, in the atbara-river area of eastern sudan. between 1996 and 1999, 658 cases of vl occurred among the village's population of about 4000. cdc miniature light-traps set inside and outside human dwellings were used to collect a total of 12,745 sandflies, including five species of the genus phlebotom ... | 2002 | 12396326 |
| a new stable focus of canine leishmaniasis in northern italy. | a new stable focus of canine leishmaniasis (canl) was identified in a coastal adriatic area of the emilia-romagna region in northern italy. following the first clinical cases observed starting from 1998, a seroepidemiological survey was carried out on owned dogs from two communes and on animals housed in dog pounds of the rimini province. sixteen out of 612 dogs (2.6%) resulted positive to the ifa test. the 16 positive dogs all came from the two communes, with seroprevalences of 3 and 6%, respec ... | 2001 | 12402521 |
| linkage between susceptibility of phlebotomus papatasi to leishmania major and hunger tolerance. | phlebotomus papatasi sand flies, the vectors of leishmania major, differ genetically in their susceptibility to the pathogens. the costs of infection appear to be so great that selection against leishmania-susceptible flies could presumably occur, unless susceptibility is compensated for by some advantage. foci of p. papatasi-transmitted l. major are mainly found in arid habitats where seasonal stress of dehydration and heat reduces the quantity of sugar in plant leaves. the sand flies feed on t ... | 2002 | 12403322 |
| mark-release-recapture of sand flies fed on leishmanial dogs: the natural life-cycle of leishmania infantum in phlebotomus ariasi. | wild-caught phlebotomus ariasi tonnoir permitted to feed on dogs infected with leishmania infantum nicolle were marked with fluorescent powder and released into their natural habitat in an uninhabited area of the cévennes in southern france. over a period of 29 days after release, 253 females were recaptured with cdc miniature light traps or by active search at night with portable uv lamps. the ovaries and infections in the alimentary tract were then examined. the females oviposited 6 nights aft ... | 2002 | 12404811 |
| recent findings of phlebotomus neglectus tonnoir, 1921 in italy and its western limit of distribution. | during the sand fly season of 2001, sand flies were collected in two different regions of italy to investigate the northern distribution of phlebotomus neglectus. the study areas were two provinces of northern italy, ivrea and verona, in piedmont and veneto regions respectively. sticky traps and cdc miniature light traps were used both inside and outside domestic and peri-domestic environments. sand flies were also collected in domestic resting sites with mouth and electric aspirators. of 1,295 ... | 2002 | 12404817 |
| salivary gland hyaluronidase in various species of phlebotomine sand flies (diptera: psychodidae). | hyaluronidase activity was detected and partially characterized in salivary gland extracts of females of six sand fly species. in phlebotomus papatasi and lutzomyia longipalpis the enzyme was active over a broad ph range; the ph optimum was 5.0. besides high cleaving activity towards hyaluronic acid, it hydrolyzed chondroitin sulfates a and c. hyaluronidases of various sand fly species differed in structure and sensitivity to reducing conditions. in the subgenera phlebotomus (p. papatasi and p. ... | 2002 | 12429121 |
| characterization of the lectin from females of phlebotomus duboscqi sand flies. | lectin from females of the important sand fly vector, phlebotomus duboscqi (diptera: psychodidae), was isolated by immunoaffinity chromatography using a minicolumn with immobilized anti-lectin immunoglobulins. carbohydrate-binding specificity of active fractions corresponded to that of midgut and salivary gland lysates. haemagglutination was inhibited by d-glucosamine, d-galactosamine and d-mannosamine. the homogeneity and molecular mass of the purified lectin was examined by sds/page in both re ... | 2002 | 12473126 |
| chinese phlebotomine sandflies of the subgenus adlerius nitzulescu, 1931 (diptera: psychodidae) and the identity of p. sichuanensis leng & yin, 1983. ii--genotyping and numerical analysis. | the authors carried out isoenzyme characterization and genotype comparison studies for phlebotomus chinensis and phlebotomus sichuanensis images collected from their holotype/paratype original localities: west mountain, west suburb, beijing and lixian county, sichuan province. numerical analysis was carried out and the dendrogram of four species of adlerius was drawn up according to morphological characteristics of these four species. the results showed that p. chinensis and p. sichuanensis can ... | 2002 | 12514942 |
| [first record of phlebotomus from madagascar (diptera: psychodidae). description of phlebotomus (anaphlebotomus) fertei n. sp. and phlebotomus (anaphlebotomus) huberti n. sp]. | first record of phlebotomine sandflies belonging to the genus phlebotomus from madagascar. description of two new species: phlebotomus (anaphlebotomus) fertei n. sp. from three males and phlebotomus (anaphlebotomus) huberti n. sp. from two females. their belonging to the subgenus anaphlebotomus is supported by several characters. male have four spines on the style, a coxite without basal tubercle, a paramere with two branches, one to three antero-inferior setae on the mesanepisternum. female, cl ... | 2002 | 12514946 |
| cloning and characterization of trypsin- and chymotrypsin-like proteases from the midgut of the sand fly vector phlebotomus papatasi. | trypsin and chymotrypsin serine proteases are the main digestive proteases in diptera midguts and are also involved in many aspects of the vector-parasite relationship. in sand flies, these proteases have been shown to be a potential barrier to leishmania growth and development within the midgut. here we describe the sequence and partial characterization of six phlebotomus papatasi midgut serine proteases: two chymotrypsin-like (ppchym1 and ppchym2) and four trypsin-like (pptryp1-pptryp4). all s ... | 2003 | 12535675 |
| short report: distribution and feeding preference of the sand flies phlebotomus sergenti and p. papatasi in a cutaneous leishmaniasis focus in sanliurfa, turkey. | sand flies (diptera: psychodidae) and rodents were collected in the endemic focus of urban cutaneous leishmaniasis in sanliurfa, turkey. phlebotomus sergenti and p. papatasi represented 99% of the sand fly population. these flies were trapped in highest numbers in animal sheds, followed by cellars. however, p. sergenti was relatively more abundant in rooms. an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of the gut contents from blood-fed females detected immunoglobulins specific to birds and mammals, sugg ... | 2003 | 12556140 |
| a spotlight survey of sandflies of the genus phlebotomus in jeddah, saudi arabia. | leishmaniasis in the old world is vectored by phlebotomine sandflies of the genus phlebotomus. in a survey of sandflies in jeddah area carried out by sticky traps and cdc light traps, three species were identified. these were p. papatasii, p. bergeroti and p. alexandri. the diagnostic morphology was illustrated. the results were discussed. | 1999 | 12561886 |
| induction of some digestive enzymes in the midgut of the sandfly phlebotomus langeroni after sugar and blood meals. | changes associated with blood and sugar meal digestion in the sandfly, phlebotomus langeroni were characterized. different types of sugars: sucrose, glucose, melibiose, cellobiose, lactose, starch, fig fruits, honey dew and a mixture of sucrose and sugar sources were used for the sandfly feeding. activities of glycosidases and proteases in the sandfly guts after blood and sugar meals were determined using the endpoint method. the results showed that glycosidases (alpha-glycosidase, beta-glycosid ... | 1999 | 12561909 |
| [evaluation of prevalent status of kala-azar in endemic area of hubei province]. | to identify the diagnosis of 14 cases with "kala-azar" previously reported in hubei province since 1989 and to evaluate the present status of the disease. | 2000 | 12567700 |
| leishmaniasis in the middle course of the ethiopian rift valley: ii. entomological observations. | as part of an epidemiological investigation of visceral leishmaniasis, entomological surveys were conducted in ziway-langano, dimtu-bilate and wadjifo-mirab abaya areas located in the middle course of the ethiopian rift valley between november 1994 and june 1996. a total of 4518 sand flies (diptera: psychodidae) were collected from the study areas using cdc light traps and oiled plastic sheets which were identified to nine species of phlebotomus and 14 species of sergentomyia. most of the phlebo ... | 2002 | 12602251 |
| visceral leishmaniasis: clinical features, pathology, diagnosis and chemotherapeutic developments. | visceral leishmaniasis, or kala-azar, is a chronic disease caused by leishmania donovani, leishmania chagasi or leishmania infantum. the disease is transmitted through the bite of a species of sandfly of the genus phlebotomus, releasing amastigote parasites that invade various organs of the body and eventually result in such conditions as anemia, splenomegaly and hepatomegaly. although no vaccine exists for the disease, diagnostic techniques based not only on pathological tests, but more sophist ... | 2002 | 12677177 |
| control of phlebotomine sandflies. | phlebotomine sandflies (diptera: psychodidae) transmit many zoonotic diseases (arboviruses, bartonelloses and especially leishmaniases) of importance to human health in at least 80 countries. measures used to control adult sandflies (lutzomyia and phlebotomus) include the use of insecticides (mostly pyrethroids) for residual spraying of dwellings and animal shelters, space-spraying, insecticide-treated nets, impregnated dog-collars and personal protection through application of repellents/insect ... | 2003 | 12680919 |
| population differentiation of phlebotomus perniciosus in spain following postglacial dispersal. | comparative sequencing of mitochondrial cytochrome b (cyt b) and isoenzyme analyses have not resolved the population structure of the iberian lineage of the sandfly phlebotomus perniciosus, the most widespread vector of leishmania infantum (protozoa, trypanosomatidae) to humans and dogs in the western mediterranean subregion. allelic variation at trinucleotide microsatellite loci was investigated in 13 spanish populations of p. perniciosus. four out of five loci showed significant differentiatio ... | 2003 | 12692585 |
| phlebotomus (paraphlebotomus) gemetchi (diptera: psychodidae), a new sand fly species from ethiopia. | the subgenus paraphlebotomus of phlebotomus includes several sand fly vectors of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. a new species of the subgenus paraphlebotomus, named phlebotomus gemetchi is described from the volcanic blisters by the shore of lake beseka near metahara, upper awash valley, in the rift valley of eastern ethiopia. the presence of one distinct character in the male genitalia (a bifurcating 'y'-shaped spine at the middle of the style) and three characters in the female (lengths ... | 2003 | 12693840 |
| [childhood mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis]. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is endemic in areas bordering the mediterranean sea (spain, italy, france, greece, morocco, tunisia) where it is caused by leishmania infantum and it is transmitted by the bite of hematophagous sandfly belonging to phlebotomus spp.; dog constitutes the main reservoir of the infection. in comparison with the past, when vl was typically observed more frequently in children, the current ratio of childhood to adult cases is approximately 1:1. the onset of the disease is c ... | 2003 | 12719664 |
| leishmania tropica in the black rat (rattus rattus): persistence and transmission from asymptomatic host to sand fly vector phlebotomus sergenti. | black rats (rattus rattus) receiving leishmania tropica injected intradermally into the ear were studied for the persistence of parasites and infectivity to natural sand fly vector. the mammalian host, the parasite, and the vector all originated from the endemic focus of urfa, turkey. rats did not develop lesions or any apparent signs of disease, although at the site of inoculation they harboured live parasites capable of infecting sand flies. the number of l. tropica amastigotes detected in the ... | 2003 | 12737990 |
| experimental transmission of leishmania tropica to hamsters and mice by the bite of phlebotomus sergenti. | phlebotomus sergenti is a natural vector of leishmania tropica. however, the ability of p. sergenti to transmit l. tropica by bite has not been proven experimentally yet. we have transmitted l. tropica to golden hamsters and balb/c mice by the bite of p. sergenti. sand flies and leishmania both originated from an anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis focus in urfa, turkey. p. sergenti females from a laboratory colony were infected by feeding on lesions of needle-inoculated hamsters or mice. grav ... | 2003 | 12758274 |
| testing insecticide susceptibility of phlebotomus perniciosus and p. papatasi (diptera: psychodidae) in italy. | a study was undertaken to establish the susceptibility of two recently colonized sand fly species, phlebotomus perniciosus and p. papatasi to some insecticides. a laboratory colony of p. papatasi, unexposed to insecticides for a period of ten years, was used as reference strain. bioassay tests were carried out according to the who standard protocols based on the mortality rates recorded at different exposure times. serial (from 1 to 60 min) exposures to ddt 2%, lambda-cyhalothrin 0.06% and perme ... | 2002 | 12760339 |
| sandflies (diptera: psychodidae) in the bar area of montenegro (yugoslavia). | the species and ecology of sandflies present in the coastal district of bar, which lies in montenegro, an endemic focus of visceral leishmaniasis (vl), were investigated in 1996-1999. a mean of 10 cases of vl and a greater number of viral infections (some of which are attributed to pathogens transmitted by sandflies) are diagnosed each year in this district. phlebotomus papatasi, p. perfiliewi, p. tobbi, p. neglectus and sergentomyia minuta were collected, p. perfiliewi being recorded for the fi ... | 2003 | 12803875 |
| [sandflies of lebanon: faunistic inventory]. | an entomological study was made in order to complete the epidemiological data on leishmaniasis in lebanon. 19 species of sandflies (13 of the genus phlebotomus and six of the genus sergentomyia) were found. the list includes a recently described species of the synphlebotomus subgenus (p. saltiae) and eight other species mentioned for the first time in lebanon: p. neglectus, p. brevis, p. langeroni, p. balcanicus, s. fallax, s. taizi, s. tiberiadis and s. christophersi. ecological records of each ... | 2003 | 12847916 |
| [visceral leishmaniasis]. | leishmanioses are widespread in 88 countries of the tropical and subtropical zone, including regions of the mediterranean sea basin of southern europe. actually, approximately 350 million of people live in leishmania endemic areas and about 12 million of individuals are infected. visceral leishmaniosis (kala-azar disease, tropical splenomegaly) is caused by at least 3 species of leishmania protozoa: l. donovani, l. infantum and l. chagasi. the incidence of the disease is estimated at 500,000 new ... | 2003 | 12910604 |
| immunomodulatory effects of maxadilan and phlebotomus papatasi sand fly salivary gland lysates on human primary in vitro immune responses. | leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease transmitted by the bite of leishmania-infected sand flies. here we show for the first time the ability of maxadilan (max), a vasodilatory peptide isolated from the sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis, and salivary gland lysate (sgl) from phlebotomus papatasi to decrease the secretion of type 1 cytokines and to enhance the production of the type 2 cytokine interleukin (il)-6 by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) and monocytes. we found max decreased th ... | 2003 | 12911520 |
| repellent efficacy of a combination containing imidacloprid and permethrin against sand flies (phlebotomus papatasi) in dogs. | infection in dogs and humans with the protozoan parasite leishmania are widespread in tropical and subtropical countries around the globe. sand flies of the order phlebotomus in the old world and lutzomyia in the new world function as the vector of this disease. in dogs, skin lesions are the most prominent signs of canine leishmaniasis, besides other complex underlying manifestations. to prevent dogs from sand fly bites and thus transmission of leishmania, an imidacloprid 10% w/v / permethrin 50 ... | 2003 | 12928870 |
| ovarian development and blood-feeding activity in phlebotomus bergeroti parrot (diptera: psychodidae) from egypt. | the ovarian development and blood-feeding of phlebotomus bergeroti were investigated using a laboratory colony derived from egyptian flies. most (89%) of the females in this colony were autogenous. the level of ovarian development observed at the time of blood-feeding varied between christophers' stages iib and v, indicating that vitellogenesis did not inhibit blood-feeding and that the females that ingested blood before their initial egg-laying were facultative, not obligatory, blood-feeders. t ... | 2003 | 12930616 |
| detection of amastigote-like forms in the valve of phlebotomus papatasi infected with leishmania major. | a massive and homogeneous amount of amastigote-like forms was detected in the stomodeal valve (sv) and the thoracic mid-gut (tmg) of leishmania major-infected phlebotomus papatasi, which received a second blood meal 13 to 21 days post-infection on healthy anaesthetized hamsters. after re-feeding, the infected sand flies were dissected out to examine the morphology of the parasite in sv, tmg and the abdominal mid-gut (amg). different promastigote forms were seen in the infected flies. among these ... | 2003 | 12937760 |
| phlebotomus (adlerius) halepensis vector competence for leishmania major and le. tropica. | in eurasia, phlebotomine sandflies of the subgenus adlerius (diptera: psychodidae) comprise about 20 known species. some are suspected vectors of visceral leishmaniasis (vl) and at least one species has been implicated as a vector of cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl). we tested phlebotomus (adlerius) halepensis theodor (jordan strain) for cl vector competence, compared with three standard vectors: phlebotomus (phlebotomus) duboscqi n-l. from senegal, phlebotomus (paraphlebotomus) sergenti parrot from ... | 2003 | 12941007 |
| phlebotomine sand flies (diptera: psychodidae) of the palestinian west bank: potential vectors of leishmaniasis. | two forms of leishmaniasis are endemic to the jenin district in the northern region of the west bank. visceral leishmaniasis (vl), caused by leishmania infantum, mainly affects infants. cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) affects a broader age group and is probably caused by l. tropica. although the jenin district is the most important focus of leishmaniasis in the west bank, the sand fly fauna of the area has never been studied in a systematic manner. we collected base-line data on sand fly species, t ... | 2003 | 12943111 |
| a mammalian-like lipase gene is expressed in the female reproductive accessory glands of the sand fly phlebotomus papatasi (diptera, psychodidae). | a lipase-like protein (phpalip) was identified as the major protein component in the secretion of the female reproductive accessory glands of the sand fly phlebotomus papatasi. the full-length cdna encoding this protein was isolated and its nucleotide sequence determined. the deduced translational product of the gene contains a gfsfg motif, consistent with a gxsxg consensus, which is shared by most bacterial and eukaryotic hydrolases. transcriptional analysis of the phpalip gene showed that its ... | 2003 | 12974955 |
| [new observations on the natural infection of phlebotomus by general leishmaniasis of man and dog in algeria]. | | 1952 | 12977376 |
| [phlebotomus 65. phlebotomus of indochina]. | | 1952 | 12977377 |
| notes on sandflies. i. phlebotomus smithi sp. nov. | | 1952 | 12980687 |
| notes on sandflies. ii. phlebotomus thapari n. sp. | | 1952 | 12980688 |
| [phototrap for mosquitoes, phlebotomus, and other small nematocera]. | | 1951 | 12996861 |
| [phlebotomus of corsica; biology of phlebotomus perniciosus legeri (j. mansion, 1913)]. | | 1952 | 12998165 |
| [phlebotomus beltrani n. sp. and phlebotomu wirthi n. sp. in the province of veracruz]. | | 1951 | 13014605 |
| [notes on phlebotomus. lxvi. male of phlebotomus mascittii and its presence in france]. | | 1952 | 13031715 |
| [presence of phlebotomus perniciosus and p. ariasi in théoule, maritime alps]. | | 1952 | 13032747 |
| notes on the sandflies (phlebotomus) of kenya. | | 1953 | 13041130 |
| [venezuelan representative of the genus phlebotomus rondani, 1840 (diptera, psychodidae)]. | | 1952 | 13048025 |
| [two new males of the genus phlebotomus (diptera, psychodidae)]. | | 1952 | 13048026 |
| [notes on argentine phlebotomus]. | | 1952 | 13048045 |
| [validation of phlebotomus perniciosus legeri (mansion 1913) nematocera: psychodidae]. | | 1953 | 13066951 |
| taxonomy of the ethiopian sandflies (phlebotomus). v. on phlebotomus africanus newstead, 1912. | | 1953 | 13080973 |
| [notes on phlebotomus. 67. antenna papillae]. | | 1953 | 13093043 |
| [phlebotomus species of evodoula, french cameroons]. | | 1953 | 13094492 |
| [certain cases of phlebotomus in endemic area of american tegumental leishmaniasis in the state of campeche, mexico]. | | 1953 | 13098737 |
| a new species of raphignathus (acarina) associated with phlebotomus in india. | | 1953 | 13103547 |
| a discussion on the subgeneric position of phlebotomus (diptera: psychodidae). | | 1953 | 13103548 |
| [phlebotomus species common in mexico and the united states]. | | 1953 | 13105784 |
| [phlebotomus foliatus n. sp. (diptera, psychodidae), a new phlebotomus of venezuela]. | | 1952 | 13121576 |
| [the phlebotomus of ecuador (diptera: psychodidae). ii. review of information: p. camposi]. | | 1951 | 13134841 |
| [variability in ecologic requirement of certain species of mosquitoes (phlebotomus): refuges and spiralling in refuges]. | | 1954 | 13153776 |
| [the andean zones of diseases caused by phlebotomus]. | | 1954 | 13158857 |
| [remarks on sandflies (phlebotomi); the geographical distribution of the genus phlebotomus in the state of bombay, india]. | | 1954 | 13170458 |
| [a list of mexican phlebotomus and its geographic distribution (diptera:psychodidae)]. | | 1953 | 13178238 |
| [the fight against leishmaniasis by means of the phlebotomus control in italy]. | | 1954 | 13186193 |
| [observations on phlebotomus dysponetus fairchild and hertig, 1,952 during copulation (diptera, psychodidae)]. | | 1953 | 13186350 |