| biophysical and immunological studies on the differential effect of guanidine hydrochloride on type a and type b influenza viruses. | guanidine hydrochloride selectively inactivated both the biological activity and the immunogenicity of the haemagglutinin of influenza a/x-7 (hon2). the residual neuraminidase was fully active biologically and immunologically. the reverse was observed with influenza b/rob; with this virus the haemagglutinin was resistant, and was immunogenic; while the neuraminidase was selectively inactivated, and was not immunogenic. | 1974 | 4522244 |
| immunity to influenza in ferrets. vii. effect of previous infection with heterotypic and heterologous influenza viruses on the response of ferrets to inactivated influenza virus vaccines. | normal ferrets did not produce serum antibody following immunization with 200 i.u. of inactivated a/hong kong/68 influenza virus vaccine and were found to be susceptible to subsequent challenge infection with a/hong kong/68 virus. high titres of virus were recovered from nasal washings collected 3 days after infection, serum antibody was produced, increased nasal protein was detected and hi antibody was detected in nasal washings. ferrets infected with influenza virus a/pr/8/34 7 weeks before im ... | 1974 | 4522247 |
| antigenic relationships between the neuraminidases of influenza b virus. | antigenic relationships between neuraminidases of influenza b viruses isolated from 1940 to 1968 were studied by neuraminidase-inhibition tests using hyperimmune rabbit antisera. the cross-reactions between the enzymes of influenza b viruses showed that some antigenic drift had occurred but that they are all related. from these results it is concluded that the differences between the neuraminidases of influenza b viruses are not sufficiently clear-cut to allow the viruses to be separated into su ... | 1972 | 4538191 |
| trials of aqueous killed influenza vaccine in canada, 1968-69. | the appearance of the pandemic a/hong kong/1/68 (h3n2) influenzavirus strain provided an opportunity for a clinical field trial of influenza vaccines in canada during the winter of 1968-69. as by november 1968 there were reports of influenza b activity and as supplies of a2/hk/68 vaccines were limited, it was decided to make a series of strictly randomized double-blind trials comparing a2/hk/68 vaccines not only with b/mass/66 vaccines but also with a bivalent vaccine that was already in product ... | 1973 | 4605401 |
| a controlled trial of inactivated monovalent influenza a vaccines in general practice. | a trial of influenza a vaccines in general practice is described. five hundred and seven subjects were vaccinated with either inactivated monovalent a/hong kong vaccine, a/england vaccine or influenza b vaccine as control. local reactions were noted in 24% and general reactions in 12% of patients. antibody titres in serum were measured by haemagglutination inhibition (hi) and complement fixation (cf) tests in 465 subjects. the influenza vaccines produced substantial increases in both homologous ... | 1974 | 4608708 |
| letter: cross-immunity to influenza b virus strains. | | 1974 | 4613428 |
| the isolation of influenza viruses. | of 129 strains of the hong kong variant of influenza a2 virus isolated from 176 respiratory infections, 105 (81.4%) were isolated in tissue culture, the remainder being detected only by the inoculation of fertile hen's eggs. organ cultures of chick embryo trachea were at least as sensitive as monkey kidney tissue culture for the isolation of this virus but organ cultures of human embryonic ciliated epithelium were much less efficient. the reverse was true for strains of influenza b virus studied ... | 1972 | 4625434 |
| immunogenicity of egg-grown influenza vaccine: inhibition by immunization of recipients with host antigen. | rabbit antibody directed against normal allantoic fluid reduced the protective power of influenza vaccine prepared from egg-grown pr8 virus. a similar vaccine prepared from mouse lung virus was not inhibited. preimmunization of mice with normal allantoic fluid or with egg-grown influenza b/lee vaccine (crude or purified) inhibited the protective power of pr8 egg vaccine but did not affect a similar lung vaccine. | 1972 | 4635503 |
| benzimidazole derivatives: new enhancers of influenza virus multiplication. | the enhancing activity of 5-methyl-2-d-ribobenzimidazole on influenza b (lee) virus yield in chorioallantoic membranes from 10-day old embryonated eggs was compared with that of eight other polyhydroxyalkyl-benzimidazoles. no marked differences in activity were noted with the following six derivatives: 5,6-dimethyl-2-d-ribo; 2-d-gluco; 5-methyl-2-d-gluco; 5,6-dimethyl-2-d-gluco; 5-methyl-2-d-galacto; and 5-methyl-2-l-rhamno. none caused morphological damage to the membranes at a concentration of ... | 1973 | 4744010 |
| letter: influenza b and prevention of reye's syndrome. | | 1974 | 4827636 |
| letter: role of influenza b infections in reye's syndrome. | | 1974 | 4831489 |
| effects of amantadines on influenza b and measles virus infection in children. | | 1966 | 4862167 |
| [on a rare case of hemolytic anemia autoimmune caused by influenza b virus]. | | 1965 | 4956440 |
| micro diffusion precipitin tests for enteroviruses and influenza b virus. | middleton, g. k., jr. (bowman gray school of medicine, winston-salem, n.c.), h. g. cramblett, h. l. moffet, j. p. black, and h. shulenberger. micro diffusion precipitin tests for enteroviruses and influenza b virus. j. bacteriol. 87:1171-1176. 1964.-a simple micro precipitin gel diffusion test has been adapted to the study of viral antigens. as far as is known from a review of recent literature, this is the first use of the echo viruses in precipitin tests and the first attempt to demonstrate by ... | 1964 | 4959799 |
| evaluation of three cell culture systems as substrates for influenza virus assay. | the propagation of various influenza virus strains in primary rhesus monkey kidney (rmk), primary hamster kidney (hk), and the mdck-usd canine kidney (ck) cell cultures was compared. virus-infected cultures were examined for cytopathic effect (cpe) and by performing the hemadsorption (had) technique. the highest had titers were found most often in hk, followed by rmk and ck. however, the ck cell line provided the best substrate for detecting cpe. although influenza b strains tended to grow to hi ... | 1970 | 4986726 |
| [exanthematous course of influenza b disease in children]. | | 1972 | 5058421 |
| an outbreak of reye's syndrome associated with influenza b. | | 1972 | 5060456 |
| plaque formation by influenza b viruses in primary calf kidney cell monolayes. | | 1971 | 5168242 |
| the production of neutralizing activity in serum and nasal secretion following immunization with influenza b virus. | trials were made in volunteers in 1967 and 1968 of various virus vaccines against influenza virus b. sera and serially collected nasal washings before and after immunization were tested respectively for haemagglutination-inhibiting and tissue culture virus-neutralizing antibodies to the same strain of influenza b/eng/65 virus as that used in the vaccines. infection, as determined by recovery of virus and serological changes following intranasal instillation of attenuated live virus, was accompan ... | 1970 | 5270204 |
| live influenza b vaccine in volunteers. a report to the medical research council by their committee on influenza and other respiratory virus vaccines. | | 1969 | 5278156 |
| influenza a2 and b in the ussr in 1966-67, and some aspects of global epidemiology of influenza. | an epidemic wave of influenza caused by the a2 virus was recorded in the ussr in the winter of 1966-67; this was the fifth wave since this pandemic strain first appeared. in contrast to the last wave of 1965, it developed simultaneously with, or followed, an epidemic of influenza b. the epidemic spread of influenza was observed for a period of 2 years in the ussr; influenza b prevailed in 1966, influenza a2 in 1967, and the two viruses spread at different speeds. a slow spread and a gradual incr ... | 1969 | 5306546 |
| summary report on hong kong influenza in japan. | in the 2 months following the onset of the influenza epidemic in hong kong in july 1968, there must have been many importations of the virus into japan both from hong kong and from other countries subsequently involved in the epidemic. over a dozen such incidents were reported in japan and confirmed serologically or by direct virus isolation. although they must have seeded the virus at least in and near the ports of importation, a true epidemic of hong kong influenza did not start until october. ... | 1969 | 5309439 |
| national influenza experience in the usa, 1968-69. | an extensive outbreak of hong kong influenza occurred in the usa during the autumn and early winter of 1968-69. introduction and seeding of the virus occurred in september and early october as individuals returned from the far east. civilian outbreaks did not develop until late october and november. by 28 december, all states had experienced influenza outbreaks. limited information concerning age- and sex-specific attack rates indicates that all age segments of the population were equally involv ... | 1969 | 5309440 |
| antibody responses to and efficacy of an inactivated spray vaccine. | an attempt was made to assess the protective influence of killed intranasal influenza b vaccine against a homologous virus challenge. two types of trial were performed. in the first of these, the vaccine was compared with an inert placebo and, in the second, with conventional homologous and heterologous parenteral vaccines. little protective effect by the intranasal vaccine was demonstrated. | 1969 | 5309470 |
| some studies on the selection and efficiency of live influenza vaccine viruses. | live influenza virus vaccination has potential advantages and disadvantages compared with killed virus vaccine given by intramuscular injection.attempts have been made to achieve complete attenuation of influenza a2 and b strains by up to 30 serial passages in the allantoic cavity of eggs at 33 degrees c. no attenuation occurred. the method of passing viruses in the presence of an increasing concentration of horse serum, thus selecting inhibitor-resistant variants, has also been tested. it was s ... | 1969 | 5309479 |
| the antiviral activity of the isoquinolines famotine and memotine in respiratory infections in man. | a period of direct contact with a concentration of 20 mug/ml or less of either famotine (1-(p-chlorophenoxymethyl)-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline hydrochloride) or memotine (1-(p-methoxyphenoxymethyl)-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline hydrochloride) inactivates myxoviruses and paramyxoviruses. this activity has been confirmed in organ culture prepared from dog trachea and infected with an influenza a2 virus.consistent protection of mice infected intranasally with influenza a/pr/8 has not been obtained. other vir ... | 1969 | 5309492 |
| influenza in east africa, 1969-70. | very little information is available concerning the frequency of influenza in east africa. following recent outbreaks of influenza in uganda, that were due to the a2/hong kong/68 virus, it was considered useful to obtain information relating to the prevalence of infection due to this virus and to the current strain of influenza b virus, not only in uganda but also in the neighbouring territories of kenya and tanzania. the results of serological testing of sera showed that widespread outbreaks of ... | 1970 | 5312523 |
| a comparative study of attenuated influenza viruses. | influenza a and influenza b viruses were adapted to growth at 25 degrees c. when given to volunteer subjects, the viruses were attenuated but remained infective and antigenic. the minimum immunizing dose of an egg-adapted virus appeared to be 10(5.0) eid(50). cloning by plaque selection at 25 degrees c gave seed cultures of relatively low infectivity titres. these titres were increased when necessary by passage at 33 degrees c. no reversion to virulence was observed.viruses attenuated in the uni ... | 1971 | 5316742 |
| antigenic relationship between influenza b viruses. | the object of this study was to determine whether antigenic groupings exist among influenza b viruses. altogether, 22 influenza type b strains isolated during the years 1940-68 were examined by reciprocal haemagglutination-inhibition, strain-specific complement-fixation, and serum neutralization tests with sera produced in ferrets and guinea-pigs. it was found that the strain-specific complement-fixation test was superior for separating influenza b viruses into groups whereas the haemagglutinati ... | 1971 | 5317011 |
| rapid diagnosis of influenza b with fluorescent antibody. | | 1966 | 5330471 |
| [lethal double infection with coxsackie virus a2 and influenza virus b in a 15-year-old girl]. | | 1969 | 5365460 |
| an influenza b epidemic within a remote alaska community. serologic, epidemiologic, and clinical observations. | | 1970 | 5469025 |
| chemoprophylactic effect of phenylethylbiguanide (dbi) on influenza a2 and influenza b virus infections in diabetic patients. | | 1970 | 5490569 |
| susceptibility of the domestic swine to influenza b virus. | | 1967 | 5625091 |
| [identification and characteristics of 3 influenza b virus strains isolated in latium in january 1967]. | | 1967 | 5629705 |
| numerical taxonomy and influenza b virus. | | 1968 | 5637731 |
| [influenza a2 and influenza b in the netherlands from 1957 to 1966]. | | 1968 | 5663170 |
| investigetion into the attenuation of influenza viruses by serial passage. | for vaccination live viruses are better than dead ones, but live influenza vaccines are difficult to prepare. one influenza a(2) and two influenza b viruses were passed in series in embryonated eggs. at several stages of their passage they were inoculated into volunteers, and their effects assessed by virus isolations, antibody rises, and clinical reactions. the a(2) virus and one of the influenza b viruses, both of which had grown readily in embryonated eggs on first isolation, continued to ind ... | 1968 | 5697664 |
| [properties of influenza virus b-1 moscow 1966]. | | 1968 | 5698874 |
| [the epidemiologic effectiveness of anti-influenza vaccine during the period of an epidemic of influenza b in january-february 1967]. | | 1968 | 5733715 |
| isolation of a new antigenic type of influenza b virus. | | 1966 | 5938894 |
| influenza b in the spring of 1965. | | 1966 | 5959041 |
| [isolation of influenza virus b from the lung and brain of a patient dying of meningoencephalitis]. | | 1966 | 5998985 |
| [biological diagnosis of influenza b. observations made during a recent influenza epidemic]. | | 1966 | 6010541 |
| an epidemic of influenza b in the province of quebec in the spring of 1966: laboratory studies. | laboratory studies of an influenza b epidemic in the province of quebec carried out during the spring of 1966 are described. during that period six influenza b strains were isolated. the isolated strains did not differ markedly from previous influenza b strains. the serological studies showed that this epidemic had spread over different parts of the province of quebec.the serological studies also showed that an isolated community, such as an armed forces camp, can exhibit an epidemiological patt ... | 1967 | 6019961 |
| [successive outbreaks of influenza b and a in the same locality in the winter and spring of 1966]. | | 1967 | 6062639 |
| the 1967 influenza b in the ussr. | | 1967 | 6077621 |
| antigenic structure of the hemagglutinin of influenza virus b/hong kong/8/73 as determined from gene sequence analysis of variants selected with monoclonal antibodies. | antigenic variation among influenza b viruses is different from that of influenza a in several ways. antigenic shift has not been observed, distinct antigenic variants of influenza b cocirculate, and antigenically similar viruses have been isolated many years apart. to study the mechanism of antigenic drift in influenza b viruses, monoclonal antibodies were used to select antigenic variants of b/hong kong/8/73 virus hemagglutinin (ha). analyses of the nucleotide sequences of the ha gene of b/hon ... | 1984 | 6083660 |
| [antigenic determinant composition of the hemagglutinins of influenza type b viruses isolated in 1940-1975]. | three antigenic determinants in influenza type b viruses hemagglutinin characterising similarities and differences between these viruses were found using monoreceptor sera. the viruses contained the following antigenic determinants: b/lee/40 b1, b2, b3; b/cri/49 b1, b2, b4; bm8/52 b1, b5, b6; b/60, 59 b1, b5, b7; b/victoria/70 b1, b5, b8, and b/hong kong/7/75 b1, b3, b8. | 1984 | 6083667 |
| [antigenic properties of the m1 proteins of influenza type b viruses and the detection of a common antigenic determinant of the m1 proteins of type a and b viruses]. | antigenic properties of m1 proteins of influenza b viruses were studied by indirect eia using monospecific antisera to m1 protein obtained by immunization of rabbits and mice. antisera with highest titres were obtained by immunization of mice with polyelectrolyte-conjugated m1 protein. antigenic heterogeneity of m1 proteins of influenza b viruses was demonstrated. m1 proteins of b/lee/40 and b/ussr/03/84 viruses reacted with b/hong kong/72 antiserum to one-fourth of the homologous titre. cross-e ... | 1984 | 6084897 |
| detection of respiratory virus antigens in nasopharyngeal secretions from patients with acute respiratory disease by radio-immunoassay and tissue culture isolation. | an investigation was made of the sensitivity and specificity of four-layer radio-immunoassays (ria) in the detection of adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus types a and b, as well as para-influenza virus types 1, 2 and 3 from nasopharyngeal aspirates of 146 patients with acute respiratory disease. the sensitivity of ria was comparable with that of tissue culture isolation if the total number of positives is considered. the difference may have been caused both by a higher effi ... | 1984 | 6088961 |
| [antigenic relationships between influenza b/hong kong/72 strains and b/seattle/1/49]. | | 1984 | 6090545 |
| [antigenic anachronism of the influenza a(h2n2) viruses in leningrad in 1980. i. the epidemiological and serological characteristics of the influenzal infection caused by a/leningrad/80 (h2n2) viruses]. | in april-may 1980 a number of unrelated outbreaks of influenza-like diseases were registered in leningrad in an infant home (50 out of 68 children under observation, aged 3 months to 2 years, were affected) and among the pupils of a boarding school (13 out of 50 adolescents under observation, aged 15-17 years, were affected). 5 strains of influenza a virus were isolated from 3 sick children and 1 clinically healthy child. a similar virus was isolated from a sick adolescent in a boarding school, ... | 1984 | 6091375 |
| ribavirin aerosol treatment of influenza b virus infection. | in a randomized, controlled study, ribavirin small particle aerosol was found to be effective in the treatment of influenza b virus infection in a group of college students. eleven treated patients experienced significantly more rapid defervescence, disappearance of systemic illness, and reduction of virus shedding in nasal secretions than 10 control patients treated with a saline aerosol. antibody response to infection was similar in both groups. the treatment was well tolerated and hematologic ... | 1983 | 6093312 |
| serological diagnosis of influenza a and b infections by enzyme immunoassay. comparison with the complement fixation test. | paired sera from 784 patients with symptoms of acute respiratory disease were examined for antibodies against influenza a, b and parainfluenza (1 and 3) viruses by complement fixation (cf) and enzyme immunoassay (eia). the internal variation of the eia test results was low and an increase of 0.250 in absorbance values which corresponded to a two-fold increase in end-point titres was considered a diagnostic antibody rise. eia detected significantly more diagnostic rises than the cf test in the ca ... | 1984 | 6094610 |
| [antimicrobial protection of the respiratory tract in advanced silicosis complicated by chronic obstructive bronchopneumopathy]. | | 1984 | 6097996 |
| an experimental study of the inhibition effect of pang qi ju on influenza viruses. | | 1984 | 6098885 |
| experimental basis of enhancing the immunogenicity of influenza b virus by genetic recombination. | redistribution of the immunogenicity marker in the course of genetic recombination of influenza b virus was studied in animal experiments on virus strains differing in their ability to induce antibody formation following a single peroral or intraperitoneal immunization. immunogenicity of influenza virus could be enhanced by recombination of a strain possessing a low activity with a highly immunogenic homotypic strain. efficiency of the transfer of the immunogenicity marker depended on the proper ... | 1980 | 6111198 |
| antiviral action of dipyridamole and its derivatives against influenza virus a. | dipyridamole proved to be active against influenza viruses a/england 42/72, a/bangkok 1/79 and a/fowl plague (fpv). the antiviral activities assayed by various methods varied from 90-99 per cent. no inhibition was found against influenza virus b/leningrad 235/74 in vitro. three dipyridamole derivatives were significantly active in tissue cultures against influenza virus a/england 42/72 and a/fpv. in white mice infected with influenza virus a/england 42/72 dipyridamole administered orally showed ... | 1982 | 6127012 |
| effects of streptovirudin on influenza viruses type a and b: inhibition of the lipid-linked oligosaccharide synthesis of fowl plague virus. | antibiotics of the streptovirudin complex (sv) inhibited the growth of influenza a and b viruses such as influenza a/fowl plague virus (fpv), strain weybridge (hav1 neq1), influenza a/england 42/72 (h3n2), influenza a/port chalmers 1/73 (h3n2), influenza b/leningrad 235/74, influenza b/tokyo 7/66, and influenza b/jamagata in chick embryo cell (cec) cultures, in permanent canine kidney cells (mdck), and in suspended fragments of chick embryo chorioallantoic membranes (cam). as revealed by spectro ... | 1982 | 6132539 |
| comparative studies on influenza b virus. i. biological properties and polypeptide composition of strains isolated in different years. | influenza b viruses isolated in 1940, 1950 and 1970 belonged to antigenically remote subgroups according to the antigenic composition of haemagglutinin (ha). antigenically related strains isolated in 1972-1976 differed by their reproduction capability, by their sensitivity to inhibitors in mammalian sera and by affinity to specific antibodies in human sera. certain correlation between these properties was observed by strains of the hong kong variant. polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (page) sho ... | 1983 | 6139940 |
| comparative studies on influenza b virus. ii. the effect of host cells on biological properties and polypeptide composition. | the reproduction patterns of various influenza b virus strains isolated in 1970-1976 using roller cultures of mdck cells and chick embryos (ce) were compared. the cultural and allantoic virus populations did not differ in their sensitivity to non-specific inhibitors from mammalian sera and in their reactivity with specific haemagglutinins (ha). the content of infectious virus and ha in the harvested allantoic fluids as compared to medium fluids were 94- and 8-fold higher, respectively, even thou ... | 1983 | 6139941 |
| detection of influenza virus by means of immune sera to m and rnp inner proteins in solid phase radioimmunoassay. | solid phase radioimmunoassay (spria) was shown suitable for detection of influenza virus in various biological materials using immune sera (is) to membrane protein (mp) and ribonucleoprotein (rnp) isolated from the strain a/ussr/90/77. either serum was able to detect influenza a viruses with different haemagglutinins (h1, h3, h7) and did not react with influenza b viruses. spria detected 0.3 ng viral protein per 1 ml, i.e. its sensitivity was 20 times higher than that of the haemagglutination (h ... | 1984 | 6152127 |
| antiviral activity of norakin (triperiden) and related anticholinergic antiparkinsonism drugs. | in view of the coincidence of antiviral and antiparkinsonism activities of amantadine four antiparkinsonism drugs, norakinr (triperiden), parkopanr (trihexyphenidyl), antiparkinr (diethylbenzhydramine) and akinetonr (biperiden) were tested for antiviral activity in various virus-cell systems. norakin inhibited the replication of influenza a viruses in chick embryo fibroblast, mdck and ehrlich ascites tumour cells. it also inhibited the replication of measles virus in vero cells, 50% inhibitory c ... | 1984 | 6152129 |
| human cytotoxic t-cell responses to type a and type b influenza viruses can be restricted by different hla antigens. implications for hla polymorphism and genetic regulation. | the present study compares human cytotoxic t-cell responses to two closely related viruses (type a and type b influenza) to understand the antigen-specific elements involved in hla-linked genetic control of cytotoxic t-cell responses. the hla antigens function as self antigens that are recognized by cytotoxic t cells sensitized against either virus. however, studies in an informative family indicate that in this family, the hla antigens preferentially recognized in conjunction with type a influe ... | 1980 | 6153112 |
| a/ussr and b/hong kong vaccine. field experiences during an a/brazil and an influenza b epidemic. | young adults vaccinated in late spring of 1978 with one dose of vaccine containing either 7 microgram or 20 microgram of a/ussr (h1n1) hemagglutinin, followed by a dose of trivalent (a/ussr, a/texas, b/hong kong) vaccine, were observed through an epidemic of a/brazil influenza in the winter of 1978-1979, and of influenza b in 1979-1980. influenza infection was diagnosed by virus isolation or serological titer rises between the spring seasons of 1978, 1979, and 1980. during the a/brazil epidemic, ... | 1981 | 6163876 |
| in vitro antibody response to influenza virus. ii. specificity of helper t cell recognizing hemagglutinin. | intraperitoneal immunization of mice with liver influenza virus was shown to induce helper t (th) cells with specificity for the hemagglutinin (ha). the interaction of virus-primed th cells with purified ha was studied independently of b cell reactivity to the same antigen by using the generation of nonspecific help as an index of activation of ha-specific th cells. th cells from mice primed with any of the h3 viruses a/aichi/68 x a/bel/42 (h3n1), a/memphis/102/72 x a/bel/42 (h3n1) or a/port cha ... | 1981 | 6166681 |
| studies with some influenza b viruses in cell cultures, hamsters and hamster tracheal organ cultures. | six influenza b virus strains and one recombinant vaccine strain have been compared in cell cultures, hamsters and in hamster tracheal organ cultures. in cell cultures all strains plaque well with or without trypsin. all strains are restricted in growth above 38 degrees c. the cold adapted attenuated virus, influenza b/aa/1/66, and a cold recombinant, rb77, are also restricted in growth above 37 degrees c and thus have a temperature marker. in hamsters influenza b viruses, except strain b/lee, g ... | 1981 | 6166842 |
| antigen-specific human t lymphocyte clones: induction, antigen specificity, and mhc restriction of influenza virus-immune clones. | human peripheral blood lymphocytes from an hla-dw1,3 individual were primed in vitro with influenza a virus (a/texas/1-77/x-49) and subsequently cloned by limiting dilution in tcgf. of the 96 tlcs originally obtained, nine were characterized in detail. tlcs were antigen specific, responding to influenza a virus, not to influenza b, tgal, gat, tetanus toxoid, or klh, and only when antigen was presented by cells unable to form rosettes with aet-treated srbc. presentation of antigen by unseparated ... | 1982 | 6172480 |
| is a compromised interferon response an etiologic factor in reye's syndrome? | young mice injected with sublethal doses of toximul mp8, a typical commercial polyoxyethylene ether-based emulsifier, died more frequently when infected with encephalomyocarditis virus than did control mice. lymphocytes taken from emulsifier-injected mice responded poorly to interferon induction, unlike lymphocytes from control animals. interferon protected control mice against viral encephalomyocarditis, but such protection was not equally demonstrable in emulsifier-injected mice. these data su ... | 1982 | 6176306 |
| influenza in the united kingdom 1977-1981. | the laboratory surveillance of influenza in the uk has continued to demonstrate the regularity of influenza outbreaks each winter even in the absence of increase in the other indices which reflect the morbidity and mortality associated with influenza. the period of five years from 1976 to 1981 has seen the appearance of a second sub-type of influenza. a with the return of the historic h1n1 virus; and the continued circulation of h3n2 concurrently with h1n1 virus. variants of both these influenza ... | 1982 | 6177743 |
| [antigenic heterogeneity of influenza virus b neuraminidases]. | antigenic relationships among neuraminidases of influenza b viruses isolated in 1940-1980 were studied by means of the neuraminidase activity inhibition test using hypoimmune sera from rats and roosters. cross-reactions between influenza b virus enzymes showed their antigenic heterogeneity. the results permit conclusion that among influenza b virus strains both the drift and shift variants may be distinguished by the antigenic composition of the neuraminidase component. | 1982 | 6178216 |
| cloned lines of human cytotoxic t lymphocytes with specificity for influenza virus. | the generation of human cytotoxic t cell clones with specificity for influenza virus and some of their characteristics are described. the clones were generated by limiting dilution of peripheral blood lymphocytes after two in vitro stimulations with autologous influenza a/ussr virus-infected cells and were grown in t cell growth factor. the majority of the virus-specific clones showed cross-reactivity for different influenza a virus subtypes but did not recognize influenza b virus-infected cells ... | 1982 | 6180020 |
| [comparative characteristics of epidemic strains of the influenza virus b isolated in 1980-1981]. | the epidemic situation of 1980-1981 was conditioned by the emergence of new antigenic variants of influenza b virus with an altered composition of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. the strains isolated in the epidemic season of 1980-1981 vary in their antigenic and biological properties and the degree of relationship with previously circulating influenza b viruses, although they show sufficient stability of molecular weights of major virion polypeptides. influenza b viruses occurring after 1972 s ... | 1982 | 6186087 |
| preparation of influenza virus subviral particles lacking the ha1 subunit of hemagglutinin: unmasking of cross-reactive ha2 determinants. | acid treatment of influenza a and b virus preparations followed by addition of dithiothreitol (dtt) and centrifugation through a sucrose cushion removes the ha1 subunit of hemagglutinin from virus. rabbit sera made against these subviral particles and untreated virus were tested in a radioimmune precipitation assay using [35s]cysteine-labeled virus. conditions of the assay permitted discrimination of discrete ha1- and ha2-specific antibody populations. it was found that (a) sera raised to intact ... | 1983 | 6189287 |
| [correlations of the antigenic specificity of human blood with the levels of antihemagglutinins to influenza viruses]. | the results of the observations show that after active circulation of influenza a (h1n1), a (h3n2), and b viruses the degree of immune response (a rise in antihemagglutinin titres to the causative agent of an epidemic) differed significantly in subjects with different blood groups of the abo(h) system. after active circulation of influenza a(h1n1) and a(h3n2) viruses, rises in the antibody titres to the etiological factor of the epidemic was more marked in subjects with blood groups o and a than ... | 1983 | 6189297 |
| evidence for host-cell selection of influenza virus antigenic variants. | extensive antigenic variability and a capricious epidemiology are characteristics of influenza a and b viruses of man. the haemagglutinin (ha) undergoes frequent and progressive antigenic drift as a result of selection, under immunological pressure, of viruses possessing alterations in the amino acid sequences at specific sites in the molecule. here we present evidence for an additional selection mechanism for antigenic variants of influenza virus that depends on differing host cell tropisms of ... | 1983 | 6190093 |
| human influenza virus-specific t helper cell clones can be restricted by mhc products different from serologically defined hla-dr antigens. | clones of human influenza a virus-specific t lymphocytes were generated by limiting dilution after several in vitro stimulations with autologous influenza a/ussr virus-infected cells. the clones were expanded in t cell growth factor and then grown only in the presence of antigen and irradiated stimulator cells. the clones showed antigen specificity in that they were stimulated only by cells infected with influenza a virus, but not with influenza b virus; some clones even showed distinct reactivi ... | 1983 | 6190261 |
| longitudinal study of influenza b symptomatology and interferon production in children and college students. | a longitudinal study of symptomatology and interferon production in 35 patients (13 children, 20 college students and 2 medical staff members) with influenza b viral infections is presented. the mean duration of illness was 11.3 days. cough persisted for 9.8 days and nasal symptoms continued for 8.5 days. the mean duration of fever was 4.7 days. diarrhea occurred in 8 patients; it had its onset on about the fourth day and persisted for 4 days. interferon levels correlated directly with fever and ... | 1983 | 6191312 |
| sequential mutations in hemagglutinins of influenza b virus isolates: definition of antigenic domains. | comparative analysis of the amino acid sequences of hemagglutinins (has) of influenza b/lee/40, b/md/59, and b/hk/73 viruses has allowed examination of the molecular basis of antigenic variation in type b viruses. as seen with influenza type a viruses, antigenic drift in influenza b viruses proceeds mostly through the accumulation of amino acid substitutions within the ha1 portion of the ha molecule. however, the rate of variation observed among the influenza b virus has appears to be significan ... | 1983 | 6192436 |
| heterogeneity of influenza b viruses. | antigenic analysis of influenza b strains isolated in 1981-82 from england, japan, and the usa, using a panel of monoclonal antibodies to the haemagglutinin of b/oregon/5/80, showed considerable heterogeneity among the isolates, the majority of which had distinct reactivity patterns. antigenically similar viruses were isolated from england, japan, and the usa, and heterogeneity was detected among isolates from each country. further studies are needed to determine whether this marked heterogeneit ... | 1983 | 6194912 |
| effect of high salt treatment on influenza b viral protein synthesis in mdck cells. | based on the information that high salt inhibits the initiation of cellular mrna translation which depends on the function of the 5'-terminal structure of mrna, we compared the effect of high salt on translation of host cellular mrnas and influenza viral mrnas, both of which are of 5'-terminal structure. brief exposure of influenza b virus-infected mdck cells to high salt medium resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of viral polypeptide synthesis as well as of cellular polypeptide synthesis, b ... | 1983 | 6195511 |
| [antigenic determinants of the hemagglutinin of influenza virus type b]. | a comparative immunological analysis of 3 influenza type b virus strains, b/lee/40, b/m/8/52, and b/victoria/70 was made. the presence of at least 3 antigenic determinants in hemagglutinins of the viruses under study was established by the method of selective adsorption. one of the determinants was type-specific and was shared by all the three strains, the other two determined the group- and strain-specificity of the viruses studied. | 1983 | 6195823 |
| attenuated influenza b virus recombinants obtained by crossing of b/england/2608/76 virus with a cold-adapted b/leningrad/14/17/55 strain. | crossing of an attenuated influenza b virus strain (b/leningrad/14/17/55) passaged at a low temperature with a virulent influenza b virus strain (b/england/2608/76) yielded recombinants similar in the antigenic specificity of their haemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) to b/england/2608/76 strain, but possessing an rct37.5 marker alike to the attenuated donor. analysis of the genome composition of 2 recombinants has shown that they inherited genes coding for p (1, 2, 3) and m (7) proteins f ... | 1983 | 6195900 |
| blocking of influenza virus-induced cell-mediated cytotoxicity by hemagglutinin-specific monoclonal antibody. | the relative importance of three major proteins of influenza virus in the mechanism of induction of cell-mediated cytotoxicity (natural killer cell activity) was assessed by an overnight chromium-51-release assay using radiolabeled k-562 cells as target cells and ficoll-hypaque-purified peripheral-blood lymphocytes as effector cells. incubation of peripheral-blood lymphocytes with influenza virus (whether type-a or type-b) showed that intact and formalin-inactivated influenza virus enhanced cell ... | 1984 | 6207247 |
| antigenic structure of the influenza b virus hemagglutinin: nucleotide sequence analysis of antigenic variants selected with monoclonal antibodies. | we report here the complete nucleotide sequence of the hemagglutinin (ha) gene of influenza b virus b/oregon/5/80 and, through comparative sequence analysis, identify amino acid substitutions in the ha1 polypeptide responsible for the antigenic alterations in laboratory-selected antigenic variants of this virus. the complete nucleotide sequence of the b/oregon/5/80 ha gene was established by a combination of chemical sequencing of a full-length cdna clone and dideoxy sequencing of the virion rna ... | 1984 | 6208383 |
| [detection of influenza virus c antibodies in the gamma globulins and native sera of children]. | influenza c virus has been found to be sufficiently widely prevalent in the human population of the ussr. our evidence indicates its circulation in different climatic zones of the ussr. it has first been shown that the concept of "original antigenic sin" formulated by t. francis for influenza a and b viruses is applicable for the evaluation of the immune response to infection with different influenza c virus strains. our evidence allows an age-group of children most susceptible to influenza c vi ... | 1984 | 6208688 |
| [importance of secretory antibodies in nonsusceptibility to influenza b disease and the prevention of the spread of this virus]. | under the conditions of the natural outbreak of influenza b a rise in the level of antibodies in the blood serum and respiratory tract secretions has been found to occur in nonimmunized persons during this disease. secretory antibodies, along with serum antibodies and in interaction with them, prevent the development of clinically manifest influenza. the asymptomatic form of influenza infection has been revealed: during this form of the disease the response of the body is limited to the local im ... | 1983 | 6226166 |
| [efficacy of remantadin in influenza b]. | | 1983 | 6227101 |
| [detection of antibody to type b influenza virus in pig populations in china]. | | 1984 | 6241081 |
| susceptibility of birds to type-b influenza virus. | among zoo birds and migrating wild birds examined serologically during an outbreak due to influenza b virus, 4.1% were found to have serum antibodies to the agent. evidence of avian susceptibility to the agent was emerging from reisolations of the virus and primary and secondary hi antibody response of the birds in subsequent infection experiments performed on adult pheasants and mallards, as well as one-day-old domestic ducklings and chicks. the virus persisted in the pheasants for at least thr ... | 1980 | 6258401 |
| microneutralization test for influenza a and b and parainfluenza 1 and 2 viruses that uses continuous cell lines and fresh serum enhancement. | a modified microneutralization test for influenza a and b and parainfluenza 1 and 2 viruses was developed. use of continuous cell lines (madin-darby canine kidney and llc-mk2), hemagglutination for virus detection, and transfer plates and other microtiter equipment resulted in a highly mechanized technique suitable for titrating large numbers of sera easily and relatively inexpensively. titers of heat-inactivated human sera were enhanced 0.5 to 3.5 log2 by addition of fresh hamster or human seru ... | 1980 | 6260835 |
| mixed respiratory viral infections during influenza a epidemics. | mixed respiratory viral infections occurring in the course of 8 influenza a epidemics in the estonian ssr between 1969 and 1978 were investigated. a total of 1638 patients were followed up. the if method, serological test cfr and hir and isolation of the virus on tissue cultures and chick embryos were used. mixed infections were found in 0-77.7% of laboratory-confirmed cases, depending on the epidemic. a combination of influenza a + parainfluenza was observed most frequently during the influenza ... | 1981 | 6271867 |
| [pseudomembranous colitis. possible relation with cytomegalovirus infection and influenza b]. | | 1981 | 6272189 |
| patterns of shedding of myxoviruses and paramyxoviruses in children. | in the houston family study, young children were cultured for virus weekly or biweekly and during acute respiratory illnesses. the interval between the onset of illness and positive culture was examined for 179 infections during 1975-1979. in week 1 after onset, 73%, 73%, and 66% of cultures were positive for influenza a virus, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), and parainfluenza virus type 3, respectively. pooled data from influenza b virus infections in 1977 and 1980 showed that 73% of culture ... | 1981 | 6273473 |
| [on the biological action of transition metal complexes. 3. about the antiviral activity of cis-dichloro diammine platinum (ii) (author's transl)]. | the coordination compound cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(ii) (cis-ddp) was shown by rosenberg et al. (17) to exhibit antitumour activity. several authors have indicated limited virustatic properties of cis-ddp against bacterial, oncogenic, avipox and paramyxo viruses. in our investigations, cis-ddp significantly showed an antiviral action in vitro against enveloped dna and rna viruses, such as vaccinia, pseudorabies, herpes simplex type 1, newcastle disease, influenza a/fowl plague, influenza a/vi ... | 1981 | 6277096 |
| [on the biological action of transition metal complexes. 4. the antiviral activity of metallocene dichlorides of titanium and molybdenum (author's transl)]. | in view of the fact that bis cyclopentadienyl metal dihalides are known to be anti-tumour drugs, we have investigated the antiviral activity of this type of coordination compounds. bis cyclopentadienyl titanium dichloride (a) has shown significant antiviral efficiency in vitro against representatives of a nuber of enveloped dna and rna viruses. inhibition of orthopoxvirus (vaccinia), herpes virus (pseudorabies), orthomyxoviruses (influenza a/fowl plague [fpv], influenza a/victoria 3/75, influenz ... | 1981 | 6277097 |
| sequence of rna segment 7 of the influenza b virus genome: partial amino acid homology between the membrane proteins (m1) of influenza a and b viruses and conservation of a second open reading frame. | | 1982 | 6278729 |
| survival of influenza viruses on environmental surfaces. | to investigate the transmission of influenza viruses via hands and environmental surfaces, the survival of laboratory-grown influenza a and influenza b viruses on various surfaces was studied. both influenza a and b viruses survived for 24-48 hr on hard, nonporous surfaces such as stainless steel and plastic but survived for less than 8-12 hr on cloth, paper, and tissues. measurable quantities of influenza a virus were transferred from stainless steel surfaces to hands for 24 hr and from tissues ... | 1982 | 6282993 |
| influenza b virus genome: sequences and structural organization of rna segment 8 and the mrnas coding for the ns1 and ns2 proteins. | double-stranded dna derived from influenza b virus genome rna segment 8, which codes for the ns1 and ns2 proteins, was constructed by hybridization of full-length cdna copies of rna segment 8 and of the ns1 mrna. this dna was cloned in plasmid pbr322 and sequenced. the ns1 mrna (approximately 1,080 viral nucleotides) contains nonviral nucleotides at its 5' end and is capable of coding for a protein of 281 amino acids. sequencing of the ns2 mrna has shown that it contains an interrupted sequence ... | 1982 | 6283137 |