| a case of nasal myiasis due to oestrus ovis (diptera: oestridae) in a llama (lama glama). | infection by the larval form of oestrus ovis (sheep bot fly) is common in many areas of peru. this is an obligate parasite of sheep and goats, and it is the cause of oestrosis, or nasal myiasis, which can lead to severe clinical manifestations in livestock. a case of myiasis caused by o. ovis in a llama (lama glama) in cuzco, peru, is reported here. this llama presented with respiratory distress and died due to bilateral hemorrhagic pneumonia. during the necropsy, six intact dipterous larvae wer ... | 2017 | 24473891 |
| effect of gnrh analogue administration on day 7 after natural mating on formation accessory corpus luteum, progesterone concentration and conception rate in llamas (lama glama). | the objectives of the present study were to determine the effects of exogenous gnrh administered 7 days after breeding on the formation of an accessory corpus luteum (acl), plasma progesterone (p4) concentrations and pregnancy rates. adult females (n = 71) having a follicle ≥ 7 mm in diameter in the ovary were naturally mated (day 0). on day 7, ultrasonic examination was performed to confirm the occurrence of ovulation as evidenced by presence of an induced corpus luteum (icl). females with an i ... | 2018 | 29395689 |
| occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in wild animals in state of paraná, brazil. | the objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and diversity of gastrointestinal parasites in fecal samples from wild birds and mammals from the state of paraná. in total, 220 stool samples were sent to parasitic diseases laboratory of the federal university of paraná during 13 months (jan/2013-jan/2014). a total of 52.7% (116/220) of the animals were positive for cysts, oocysts, eggs and/or trophozoites. in birds, the positivity rate was 37.9% (25/66) and mammals was 59.1% (91/154) ... | 2018 | 29340477 |
| biophysical insights from a single chain camelid antibody directed against the disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 protein. | accumulating evidence suggests an important role for the disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 (disc1) protein in neurodevelopment and chronic mental illness. in particular, the c-terminal 300 amino acids of disc1 have been found to mediate important protein-protein interactions and to harbor functionally important phosphorylation sites and disease-associated polymorphisms. however, long disordered regions and oligomer-forming subdomains have so far impeded structural analysis. vhh domains derived from c ... | 2018 | 29324815 |
| seasonal changes in energy expenditure, body temperature and activity patterns in llamas (lama glama). | mammals typically keep their body temperature (tb) within a narrow limit with changing environmental conditions. there are indications that some wild ungulates can exhibit certain forms of energy saving mechanisms when ambient temperatures are low and/or food is scarce. therefore, the aim of the study was to determine if the llama, one of the most extensively kept domestic livestock species, exhibits seasonal adjustment mechanisms in terms of energy expenditure, tband locomotion. for that purpos ... | 2017 | 28790450 |
| y-chromosome and mtdna variation confirms independent domestications and directional hybridization in south american camelids. | investigations of genetic diversity and domestication in south american camelids (sac) have relied on autosomal microsatellite and maternally-inherited mitochondrial data. we present the first integrated analysis of domestic and wild sac combining male and female sex-specific markers (male specific y-chromosome and female-specific mtdna sequence variation) to assess: (i) hypotheses about the origin of domestic camelids, (ii) directionality of introgression among domestic and/or wild taxa as evid ... | 2017 | 28699276 |
| sl15: a seminal plasma-derived lectin from the sperm of llama (lama glama). | the oviductal sperm reservoir of south american camelids is formed when sperm bind to n-acetylgalactosamine (galnac) on the surface of oviductal epithelium. the aim of this study was to characterize the galnac-binding proteins on llama sperm, and to establish their origin. sperm-adsorbed proteins were extracted with 0.5 m kcl in hepes-balanced salts. sperm-adsorbed and seminal plasma proteins were then subjected to ligand blotting for their galnac affinity, and the labeled bands were identified ... | 2017 | 28407435 |
| lama glama αs1-casein: identification of new polymorphisms in the csn1s1 gene. | south american camelids have been poorly genetically investigated and little information is available in llamas (lama glama) regarding the diversity of the caseins at the protein and gene level. exon skipping and duplication events previously reported in the αs1-casein gene (csn1s1) led us to investigate the genetic variability at this locus. seventy-two positive clones for the αs1-casein transcripts were analyzed and randomly sequenced. the comparative analysis of the sequences revealed 2 trans ... | 2017 | 27939542 |
| combining somatic mutations present in different in vivo affinity-matured antibodies isolated from immunized lama glama yields ultra-potent antibody therapeutics. | highly potent human antibodies are required to therapeutically neutralize cytokines such as interleukin-6 (il-6) that is involved in many inflammatory diseases and malignancies. although a number of mutagenesis approaches exist to perform antibody affinity maturation, these may cause antibody instability and production issues. thus, a robust and easy antibody affinity maturation strategy to increase antibody potency remains highly desirable. by immunizing llama, cloning the 'immune' antibody rep ... | 2016 | 26945588 |
| grazing behaviour and dry matter intake of llamas (lama glama) and german black- head mutton sheep (ovis orientalis forma aries) under central european conditions. | the aim of the present study was to assess the behaviour of llamas (lama glama) and german blackhead mutton sheep (ovis orientalis forma aries) when kept under central european grazing conditions. in total, six adult female sheep and six adult female llamas were observed by direct observation during one week, in which each group was observed for a total time of 24 h. the animals were kept on the same pasture, but the species were raised in separate plots. forage height before and after the exper ... | 2015 | 26591388 |
| oestrogen and progesterone receptors and cox-2 expression in endometrial biopsy samples during maternal recognition of pregnancy in llamas (lama glama). | endometrial expression of oestrogen receptor-α (erα), progesterone receptor (pr) and cyclooxigenase-2 (cox-2) was evaluated in non-pregnant and pregnant llamas during the period when luteolysis/maternal recognition of pregnancy is expected to occur. females (n = 28) were divided into two groups: non-pregnant llamas were induced to ovulate with a buserelin injection, and endometrial biopsies were obtained on day 8 (n = 5) or 12 (n = 5) post-induction of ovulation. animals of the pregnant group (n ... | 2015 | 26446171 |
| evaluation of the acrosomal status in lama glama sperm incubated with acrosome reaction inducers. | the objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of different acrosome reaction (ar) inducers on viability and acrosomal status in llama spermatozoa, by using the fitc-pna/pi technique and evaluate if there is a positive correlation between the fitc-pna/pi and the coomassie blue (cb) staining techniques. after incubating twenty ejaculates in 0.1% collagenase the centrifuged pellets were resuspended in talp-bsa medium. an aliquot was sonicated to remove the acrosomal content (positive con ... | 2015 | 26164525 |
| effect of cryoprotectant and equilibration temperature on cryopreservation of lama glama spermatozoa. | the aim of this study was to determine the effect of two equilibration temperatures (5 °c and room temperature) and two cryoprotectants (glycerol and dimethylformamide, both at 7%) on llama sperm cryopreservation. llama ejaculates were divided into four aliquots. a lactose-edta-egg yolk (leey) extender with either 7% glycerol (leey-g) or 7% dimethylformamide (leey-dmf) was added to two of the aliquots, which were equilibrated for 20 min at room temperature and subsequently frozen. the other two ... | 2015 | 25059904 |
| first llama (lama glama) pregnancy obtained after in vitro fertilization and in vitro culture of gametes from live animals. | the aim of this study was to evaluate the developmental competence and pregnancy rate of llama hatched blastocysts produced in vitro using gametes from live animals and two different culture conditions. fifteen adult females were superstimulated with 1500 iu of ecg, eleven (73%) responded to the treatment and were used as oocyte donors. follicular aspiration was conducted by flank laparotomy. semen collections were performed under general anesthesia by electroejaculation of the male. sixty-six c ... | 2014 | 24933287 |
| energy metabolism and methane production in llamas, sheep and goats fed high- and low-quality grass-based diets. | this study aimed to test whether the digestive and metabolic characteristics of pseudo ruminants provide superior ability to utilise low-quality diets compared to true ruminants. a total of 18 mature, non-pregnant, non-lactating female animals, including six llamas (lama glama), six danish landrace goats and six shropshire sheep, were used in a crossover design study. the experiment lasted for two periods of three weeks. half of the animals were fed either high-quality grass hay (hp) or low-qual ... | 2014 | 24870266 |
| evaluation of the specificity of intradermal tuberculin and serological tests for diagnosis of tuberculosis in alpaca (vicugna pacos) and llama (lama glama) herds under field conditions in peru. | | 2014 | 24789853 |
| detection of the matrix metalloproteinases mmp-2 and mmp-9 and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases timp-1 and timp-2 in llama (lama glama) oviduct. | matrix metalloproteinases (mmps) and their inhibitors (timps) are involved in several reproductive events like oocyte-spermatozoa interaction and semen liquefaction. in order to study their role in the llama oviductal reproductive process, mmp activity in oviductal fluid (of) was assayed. considering that llama genome sequences are partially known, a strategy to procure cdna sequences of mmp-2, mmp-9, timp-1 and timp-2 was designed. afterwards, their expression patterns in the different llama ov ... | 2014 | 24750476 |
| sarcocystis spp. in llamas (lama glama) in southern bolivia: a cross sectional study of the prevalence, risk factors and loss in income caused by carcass downgrades. | llamas (lama glama) are intermediate hosts of the protozoan parasite sarcocystis spp. this parasite is described as causing economic losses in the production of llama meat in south america. the aim of this study was to estimate prevalence, identify risk factors and explore spatial patterns of sarcocystis in llamas in an area of the bolivian high plateau including estimating financial losses due to carcass downgrades as a result of the presence of sarcocystis cysts. information was collected from ... | 2014 | 24380570 |
| meat quality, proximate composition and muscle fatty acid profile of young llamas (lama glama) supplemented with hay or concentrate during the dry season. | thirty llamas were used to study the effect of a 90 day feed supplementation on meat quality, chemical composition and muscle fatty acid profile. treatments were: gr=llama on native pasture until slaughter; gr+sh=like gr, but with overnight free access to barley/alfalfa hay; and gr+sc=like gr, but with overnight free access to a wheat bran/sorghum grain concentrate. the supplementation had no effect on postmortem ph and temperature decline in the longissimus lumborum muscle (llm), cooking losses ... | 2014 | 23973566 |
| acute renal failure in 2 adult llamas after exposure to oak trees (quercus spp.). | two adult llamas (lama glama) previously exposed to oak trees (quercus spp.) were presented with a history of depression and anorexia. clinicopathological abnormalities included severe gastroenteritis, acute renal failure, and increased liver enzymes. this is believed to be the first report of oak toxicosis in south american camelids. | 2013 | 23814303 |
| [omphalourachitis with abscess of the urachus and rectal prolapse in a llama cria (lama glama)]. | this case report describes the diagnosis and therapy of an omphalo-urachitis in a llama cria. additionally, the cria developed a rectal prolapse, which was successfully treated with a temporary pararectal tobacco pouch suture following umbilical surgery. | 2013 | 23608893 |
| effects of nutritional restriction on metabolic, endocrine, and ovarian function in llamas (lama glama). | the objectives of the study were to determine the effects of nutritional restriction on ovarian function in llamas. mature female llamas were assigned randomly to a control group, fed 100% of maintenance energy requirements (mer) (n=8), or a restricted group (n=8) fed from 70% to 40% of mer until a body condition score of 2.5 was attained. blood samples were taken every-other-day to determine plasma concentrations of lh, estradiol, leptin and metabolic markers, and follicular dynamics were monit ... | 2013 | 23562451 |
| oestrogen, progesterone and oxytocin receptors and cox-2 expression in endometrial biopsy samples from the induction of ovulation to luteolysis in llamas (lama glama). | endometrial expression of oestrogen (erα), progesterone (pr) and oxytocin receptor (or) and cyclooxygenase-2 (cox-2) was evaluated from the induction of ovulation to luteolysis in llamas. ovarian activity was daily assessed by ultrasonography in five females. ovulation was induced immediately after the detection of an ovulatory follicle by a gnrh injection (day 0). endometrial samples were obtained by transcervical biopsies from the left and right horns on day 0 and days 4, 8, 10 and 12 post-gnr ... | 2013 | 23437980 |
| meat quality attributes of the longissimus lumborum muscle of the kh'ara genotype of llama (lama glama) reared extensively in northern chile. | twenty male llama of the kh'ara genotype, reared extensively in the north of chile, were slaughtered at ages between 2 and 4 permanent teeth (2 to 3.5years) and analyses were carried out on the longissimus lumborum muscle, including composition (moisture, fat, protein, ash, cholesterol, amino acids, fatty acid profile and collagen content) and meat quality parameters (ph, color, water holding capacity and warner-bratzler shear-force). llama meat was characterized by a low cholesterol (39.04mg/10 ... | 2013 | 23403300 |
| short communication: milk output in llamas (lama glama) in relation to energy intake and water turnover measured by an isotope dilution technique. | despite the fact that llamas have become increasingly popular as companion and farm animals in both europe and north america, scientific knowledge on their nutrient requirements is scarce. compared with other livestock species, relatively little is known especially about the nutrient and energy requirements for lactating llamas. therefore, we aimed to measure milk output in llama dams using an isotope dilution technique and relate it to energy intakes at different stages of lactation. we also va ... | 2013 | 23332845 |
| metastatic cholangiocarcinoma in a llama (lama glama). | a 2-year-old female llama (lama glama), from a private zoological park, with anorexia, ataxia, dyspnea, ascites, and emaciation, was necropsied. gross inspection, and cytological, histological, and immunohistochemical analyses were performed. a firm, white, multinodular mass, 25 cm in diameter was found in the liver parenchyma. similar nodules up to 3 cm were found in lymph nodes, lung, diaphragm, and peritoneum. histologically, the affected organs were replaced by an infiltrative growth of undi ... | 2012 | 22786974 |
| development of corpus luteum susceptibility to an analog of prostaglandin f2α, throughout the luteal phase in llamas (lama glama). | the aim of the present study was to evaluate the susceptibility of the corpus luteum to d-cloprostenol (synthetic analog of pgf(2α)) throughout the luteal phase in llamas. female llamas (n=43) were induced to ovulate by gnrh injection in the presence of an ovulatory follicle and randomly assigned into one of six groups: control and treated with an injection of d-cloprostenol on day 3, 4, 5, 6 or 8 post gnrh. blood samples were collected to determine plasma progesterone concentrations. there was ... | 2012 | 22516230 |
| hepatic encephalopathy associated with hepatic lipidosis in llamas (lama glama). | hepatic encephalopathy has been listed as a differential for llamas displaying neurologic signs, but it has not been histopathologically described. this report details the neurologic histopathologic findings associated with 3 cases of hepatic lipidosis with concurrent neurologic signs and compares them to 3 cases of hepatic lipidosis in the absence of neurologic signs and 3 cases without hepatic lipidosis. brain from all 3 llamas displaying neurologic signs contained alzheimer type ii cells, whi ... | 2013 | 22492209 |
| evaluation of dna fragmentation in llama (lama glama) sperm using the sperm chromatin dispersion test. | the integrity of sperm chromatin is now viewed as an important factor in male fertility and in early embryonic development. the objectives of this study were: (1) adapt the simple and inexpensive sperm chromatin dispersion (scd) test to evaluate dna fragmentation in llama sperm and establish the halo patterns observed in this species, (2) determine an effective and reliable positive control for this technique and (3) evaluate correlation between the scd test and the toluidine blue (tb) stain. to ... | 2012 | 22437148 |
| activity modulation of microbial enzymes by llama (lama glama) heavy-chain polyclonal antibodies during in vivo immune responses. | since they were first described in 1993, it was found that recombinant variable fragments (rvhhs) of heavy-chain antibodies (hcabs) from camelidae have unusual biophysical properties, as well as a special ability to interact with epitopes that are cryptic for conventional abs. it has been assumed that in vivo raised polyclonal hcabs (phcabs) should behave in a similar manner than rvhhs; however, this assumption has not been tested sufficiently. furthermore, our own preliminary work on a single s ... | 2012 | 22436231 |
| results of schirmer tear test in clinically normal llamas (lama glama). | to determine the normal reference range for schirmer tear test (stt) values in clinically normal llamas (lama glama) | 2012 | 22429698 |
| relationships between integumental characteristics and thermoregulation in south american camelids. | hair fibre is regarded as a unique mammalian feature with an important role for endothermy. artificial selection for hair characteristics resulted in marked changes with regard to follicle number, type, distribution, growth and natural shedding. this review focuses on the fine fibre-producing south american camelids (sacs) and the relationship between their hair coat and thermoregulation. sacs have developed several special integumental characteristics. while the hair coat of the wild lamoids vi ... | 2010 | 22444692 |
| toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum infections in south american camelids in switzerland and assessment of serological tests for diagnosis. | little is known about the epidemiology of toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum infections in alpacas (vicugna pacos) and llamas (lama glama) outside south america. the study aimed to estimate the seroprevalence of t. gondii and n. caninum infections in south american camelids (sac) in switzerland, to optimize serological tests for sac and to identify risk factors, which may favour infection. | 2020 | 32410682 |
| camelids: new players in the international animal production context. | the camelidae family comprises the bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus), the dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius), and four species of south american camelids: llama (lama glama), alpaca (lama pacos) guanaco (lama guanicoe), and vicuña (vicugna vicugna). the main characteristic of these species is their ability to cope with either hard climatic conditions like those found in arid regions (bactrian and dromedary camels) or high-altitude landscapes like those found in south america (south american ... | 2020 | 31898022 |
| endoparasites of domesticated animals that originated in the neo-tropics (new world tropics). | this review serves to summarize parasites found in domesticated animals which were found in the neo-tropics. indigenous domesticated neo-tropical animals include south american camelids, (lama gunacoa, lama glama, lama pacos, vicuna vicuna), guinea pigs (cavia porcellus), chinchillas (chinchilla lanigera), turkeys (meleagris gallopavo) and ducks (cairina moschata, anas platyrhynchos, dendrocyga autumnalis). these animals were chosen due to their origin of existence (neo-tropics) and over time th ... | 2019 | 30845667 |
| isolation of streptococcus agalactiae in a female llama (lama glama) in south tyrol (italy). | streptococcus agalactiae is pathogenic for both animals and humans. in dairy cattle it commonly causes mastitis, with great economic losses, and there is scientific evidence of mastitis, caseous lymphadenitis, contagious skin necrosis and purulent infections associated with s. agalactiae in camels (camelus dromedarius) as well. in humans, it is a common component of the respiratory and gastrointestinal microflora, but it can also act as a pathogen, especially in elderly people and immunocompromi ... | 2018 | 30424747 |
| first cross-sectional, molecular epidemiological survey of cryptosporidium, giardia and enterocytozoon in alpaca (vicugna pacos) in australia. | eukaryotic pathogens, including cryptosporidium, giardia and enterocytozoon, have been implicated in neonatal diarrhoea, leading to marked morbidity and mortality in the alpaca (vicugna pacos) and llama (lama glama) around the world. australia has the largest population of alpacas outside of south america, but very little is known about these pathogens in alpaca populations in this country. here, we undertook the first molecular epidemiological survey of cryptosporidium, giardia and enterocytozo ... | 2018 | 30185227 |
| physical characteristics of gastrointestinal content of llama (lama glama). | changes in digesta dry matter (dm) and mean digesta particle size (mps) along the gastrointestinal tract are well known in ruminants, but not in camelids. we collected digesta from the dorsal (d) and ventral (v) first forestomach compartment (c1), the second forestomach compartment (c2), three proximal segments and the subsequent glandular part of the third compartment (c3a-d), the caecum and the faeces twelve llamas (lama glama). dm analysis indicates the presence of digesta stratification in t ... | 2019 | 31050031 |
| were domestic camelids present on the prehispanic south american agricultural frontier? an ancient dna study. | the southern boundary of prehispanic farming in south america occurs in central mendoza province, argentina at approximately 34 degrees south latitude. archaeological evidence of farming includes the recovery of macrobotanical remains of cultigens and isotopic chemistry of human bone. since the 1990s, archaeologists have also hypothesized that the llama (lama glama), a domesticated south american camelid, was also herded near the southern boundary of prehispanic farming. the remains of a wild co ... | 2020 | 33151956 |
| south american camelids: their values and contributions to people. | south american camelids (sacs) make several material and non-material contributions to people and are a key component of the andean biocultural heritage. from the perspective of the ipbes' conceptual framework, sacs constitute the "nature" component in the complex system of interactions between human societies and the andean mountain environment. there are four sac living species today, two of which are wild, or salqa, in the indigenous cosmovision: guanaco (lama guanicoe) and vicuña (vicugna vi ... | 2020 | 33133295 |
| utility of genetic variation in coat color genes to distinguish wild, domestic and hybrid south american camelids for forensic and judicial applications. | a molecular genetic protocol for distinguishing pure and hybrid south american camelids was developed to provide strong, quantifiable, and unbiased species identification. we detail the application of the approach in the context of a criminal case in the andes mountains of central chile where the defendants were alleged to have illegally hunted three wild guanacos (lama guanicoe), as opposed to hybrid domestic llama (lama glama)/wild guanaco crosses, which are unregulated. we describe a workflow ... | 2020 | 31884178 |
| a review of coccidiosis in south american camelids. | camelids (llamas, alpacas, vicuñas, guanacos) are important for the economy of south america and eimeria infections are important as cause of mortality in camelids. of the five most prevalent species of eimeria in south american camelids, eimeria macusaniensis, eimeria lamae, eimeria alpacae, eimeria punoensis, and eimeria ivitaensis, e. macusaniensis is considered the most pathogenic. there is considerable confusion concerning the endogenous developmental stages of eimeria spp. in camelids. man ... | 2018 | 29804192 |
| gametogony of eimeria macusaniensis guerrero, hernandez, bazalar and alva, 1971 in llama (lama glama). | camelids (llama, alpaca, vicunãs, guanacos) are important for the economy of south america and eimeria infections are an important cause of mortality in camelids. of the six species of eimeria in camelids, eimeria macusaniensis, considered the most pathogenic, is distinctive; its oocysts are the largest among all eimeria species in animals, its prepatent period is more than 1 month, and its oocysts have been found in mummies from prehistoric times. although, e. macusaniensis gametogonic stages a ... | 2018 | 29642969 |
| effect of mating on mrna and protein expression of beta nerve growth factor and its receptor, trka, in the oviduct of llama (lama glama). | copulation produces different stimuli in the female reproductive tract in camelids, which lead to ovulation. expression of β-nerve growth factor (β-ngf) and its specific receptor, tropomyosin receptor kinase a (trka), was studied comparing the oviductal microenvironment of mated and nonmated llamas. β-ngf and trka were expressed in the llama ampulla, isthmus, and utero-tubal-junction (utj), and they were mainly colocalized in the apical region of the oviductal mucosa. a trka immunosignal was als ... | 2020 | 33022130 |
| meat of south american camelids - sensory quality and nutritional composition. | meat contains a range of nutrients in a highly bioavailable form and when meat is excluded from the diet, without being replaced with suitable alternatives, nutrient deficiencies may occur. for this reason, it is very important to extend our knowledge of nutrients in alternative red meats, such as that provided from the south american camelids- llama and alpaca. this review summarises the current information on the nutritional and sensory parameters of llama and alpaca meat and factors affecting ... | 2021 | 32892087 |
| draft genome sequence of ligilactobacillus salivarius tuco-l2, isolated from lama glama milk. | ligilactobacillus salivarius tuco-l2 was isolated from llama milk in bio-bio, chile, and sequenced with the illumina miseq platform. tuco-l2 genome sequencing revealed a genome size of 1,600,747 bp with 1,691 protein-coding genes and a gc content of 33%. this draft genome sequence will contribute to a better understanding of the microbiome of llama milk. | 2020 | 32763947 |
| treatment of sarcoptic mange in llamas (lama glama) and alpacas (vicugna pacos) with repeated subcutaneous moxidectin injections. | an outbreak of sarcoptic mange was investigated in a herd of llamas and alpacas in the black forrest (baden-wuerttemberg, germany). the diagnosis was made by clinical picture and detection of mites in skin scrapings and ear swabs. at the beginning numerous of sarcoptes mites were found in the scraping samples. the llamas and alpacas were treated subcutaneously with 0,2 mg/kg bodyweight moxidectin every three weeks (2 ml per llama, 1,5 ml per alpaca). because of the slow recovery of the south ame ... | 2020 | 32738415 |
| new protocol to separate llama sperm without enzymatic treatment using androcoll-e™. | the objective of this study was to design a protocol to separate spermatozoa from seminal plasma of raw llama semen without prior enzymatic treatment using a single-layer centrifugation with androcoll-e™ (ae). two experiments were performed: (a) samples were divided into three aliquots (1 ml) that were deposited on the top of 4, 5 or 6 ml of ae and were centrifuged at 800g for 20 min and (b) samples were divided into two aliquots (1 ml) that were deposited on the top of 4 ml of ae and were centr ... | 2020 | 32594592 |
| perinatal cardiopulmonary adaptation to the thin air of the alto andino by a native altiplano dweller, the llama. | most mammals have a poor tolerance to hypoxia, and prolonged o2 restriction can lead to organ injury, particularly during fetal and early postnatal life. nevertheless, the llama (lama glama) has evolved efficient mechanisms to adapt to acute and chronic perinatal hypoxia. one striking adaptation is the marked peripheral vasoconstriction measured in the llama fetus in response to acute hypoxia, which allows efficient redistribution of cardiac output toward the fetal heart and adrenal glands. this ... | 2020 | 32584666 |
| development of nanobodies against hemorrhagic and myotoxic components of bothrops atrox snake venom. | snake envenoming is a globally neglected public health problem. antivenoms produced using animal hyperimmune plasma remain the standard therapy for snakebites. although effective against systemic effects, conventional antivenoms have limited efficacy against local tissue damage. in addition, potential hypersensitivity reactions, high costs for animal maintenance, and difficulties in obtaining batch-to-batch homogeneity are some of the factors that have motivated the search for innovative and imp ... | 2020 | 32457735 |
| genetic diversity and population structure of llamas (lama glama) from the camelid germplasm bank-quimsachata. | llamas (lama glama) are invaluable resources of peru. despite their importance, their population is decreasing. the camelid germplasm bank-quimsachata was created as a guardian of this south american camelid (sac) species and established a bank of llamas from their two types, ch'aku and q'ara. however, these populations need to present high genetic diversity to be considered suitable conservation stocks. thus, in the present study, 13 microsatellites specific for the sac were used to assess the ... | 2020 | 32408471 |
| incubation of frozen-thawed llama sperm with seminal plasma. | seminal plasma is intimately connected to sperm physiology and particularly in south american camelids, has demonstrated to be involved in multiple physiological reproductive events. different percentages of seminal plasma (0%, 10% and 50%) were added to thawed llama semen samples with the objective of evaluating the interaction with cryopreserved sperm over time (0, 1.5 and 3 hr at 37°c). a total of 20 ejaculates from five adult llama males (n = 5; r = 4) were evaluated. a significant decrease ... | 2020 | 32352585 |
| intoxication by astragalus garbancillo var. garbancillo in llamas. | lysosomal storage diseases are inherited and acquired disorders characterized by dysfunctional lysosomes. intracytoplasmic accumulation of undegraded substrates leads to impaired cellular function and death. several plant species are toxic to livestock because of the presence of indolizidine alkaloids, including swainsonine, which cause a storage disease. swainsonine-induced nervous disease (i.e., locoism) of sheep and cattle is well recognized in several parts of the world, particularly in the ... | 2020 | 32233843 |
| corpus luteum vascularization during the maternal recognition of pregnancy in llamas (lama glama). | the aim of this study was to characterize corpus luteum vascularization and its association with plasma progesterone concentration in early stages of pregnancy, when maternal recognition of pregnancy is expected to occur. in all animals, both plasma progesterone concentration and corpus luteum vascularization increased from day 6 to day 8 post-mating and afterwards in non-pregnant llamas they started to decrease to reach basal levels around days 12 to 14 post-mating, while in pregnant animals, b ... | 2020 | 31737943 |
| deiminated proteins in extracellular vesicles and serum of llama (lama glama)-novel insights into camelid immunity. | peptidylarginine deiminases (pads) are phylogenetically conserved calcium-dependent enzymes which post-translationally convert arginine into citrulline in target proteins in an irreversible manner, causing functional and structural changes in target proteins. protein deimination causes generation of neo-epitopes, affects gene regulation and also allows for protein moonlighting. furthermore, pads have been found to be a phylogenetically conserved regulator for extracellular vesicle (evs) release. ... | 2020 | 31733447 |
| bilateral thyroid follicular compact-cellular carcinoma in a llama. | an 18-y-old female llama (lama glama) in saskatoon, saskatchewan was examined during a routine herd check, and a mass was detected in the ventral cervical area just below the angle of the jaw. no clinical signs were evident except for the mass and chronic loss of body condition. postmortem examination revealed bilateral enlargement of the thyroid gland with multiple cysts. histopathology of the thyroid gland revealed follicular compact-cellular carcinoma lesions, with infiltration of neoplastic ... | 2019 | 31646945 |
| tyr gene in llamas: polymorphisms and expression study in different color phenotypes. | tyrosinase, encoded by tyr gene, is an enzyme that plays a major role in mammalian pigmentation. it catalyzes the oxidation of l-dihydroxy-phenylalanine (dopa) to dopa quinone, a precursor of both types of melanin: eumelanin and pheomelanin. tyr is commonly known as the albino locus since mutations in this gene result in albinism in several species. however, many other tyr mutations have been found to cause diluted phenotypes, like the himalayan or chinchilla phenotypes in mice. the llama (lama ... | 2019 | 31249599 |
| an autosomal translocation 73,xy,t(12;20)(q11;q11) in an infertile male llama (lama glama) with teratozoospermia. | structural chromosome abnormalities, such as translocations and inversions occasionally occur in all livestock species and are typically associated with reproductive and developmental disorders. curiously, only a few structural chromosome aberrations have been reported in camelids, and most involved sex chromosomes. this can be attributed to a high diploid number (2n = 74) and complex chromosome morphology, which makes unambiguous identification of camelid chromosomes difficult. additionally, mo ... | 2019 | 31040865 |
| the effect of elemental zn boluses on concentrations of zn in serum and faeces of south american camelids. | aims: to monitor the effect of using long-acting zn boluses on the zn status of a group of south american camelids, using measurements of concentrations of zn in faeces and serum. methods: as part of a facial eczema (fe) prevention programme, 15 camelids were treated with long-acting zn boluses designed for preventing fe in sheep. based on bodyweight, 13 alpacas (vicugna pacos) received two boluses (26.4 g zn/bolus) and two llamas (lama glama) received three boluses. in order to monitor zn statu ... | 2019 | 31023164 |
| evaluation of the cryoprotective effect of seminal plasma on llama (lama glama) spermatozoa. | in south american camelids, sperm survival is low after thawing and poor results are obtained when artificial insemination is performed with cryopreserved semen. the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different percentages (10% and 50%) of seminal plasma added prior to the process of cryopreservation and also to evaluate the absence of seminal plasma on llama sperm survival after freezing and thawing. a total of 15 ejaculates from five adult llama males (n = 5; r = 3) were evaluated ... | 2019 | 30907016 |
| detection of sarcocystis aucheniae in blood of llama using a duplex semi-nested pcr assay and its association with cyst infestation. | the protozoon sarcocystis aucheniae is the causative agent of south american camelid (sac) sarcocystosis. infections are characterized by the presence of cysts in muscles which are in size and appearance similar to rice grains. as consumption of insufficiently cooked infected meat produces gastroenteritis, cyst-containing sac meat is confiscated by sanitary authorities or depreciated with serious economic consequences for sac breeders. in this work, a duplex semi-nested pcr was designed to simul ... | 2018 | 30761363 |
| characterization and expression analysis of kit and mitf-m genes in llamas and their relation to white coat color. | the llama (lama glama) is a fiber-producing species that presents a wide range of coat colors, among which white is one of the most important for the textile industry. however, there is little information about the molecular mechanisms that control the white phenotype in this species. in domestic mammals, a white coat is usually produced by mutations in the kit proto-oncogene receptor tyrosine kinase (kit) and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (mitf) genes. in this work we have sequ ... | 2019 | 30730042 |
| polycystic liver in two adult llamas. | polycystic liver is usually considered an incidental finding in human and veterinary medicine. two unrelated adult llamas ( lama glama) with a history of marked anorexia and weight loss were received for autopsy and diagnostic workup. the main gross change in the liver of both animals was multiple variably sized cysts randomly distributed throughout the parenchyma. histologically, the cysts compressed the adjacent parenchyma and were lined by a single layer of cuboidal-to-columnar epithelium, su ... | 2019 | 30661455 |
| [intraocular melanoma in a 10-year-old female llama (lama glama)]. | a 10-year-old female llama was presented with a continually growing mass of the left eye. it displayed exophthalmus. the nictitating membrane was hyperemic. the cornea was completely opaque, vascularised, ulcerated and covered with abnormal tissue. deeper structures of the eye were not visible. the right eye was unaffected. the left eye was removed under general anaesthesia. on histological examination, an amelanotic melanoma was diagnosed. the cornea, sclera, vitreous body and lens could not be ... | 2018 | 30340243 |
| expression of β-ngf and high-affinity ngf receptor (trka) in llama (lama glama) male reproductive tract and spermatozoa. | β-nerve growth factor (β-ngf) is a seminal plasma element, responsible for inducing ovulation in camelids. the main organ of β-ngf production remains nondescript. the aims of this study were to (a) characterize gene expression and protein localization of β-ngf and its main receptor tyrosine kinase receptor a (trka) in the llama male reproductive tract, and (b) determine whether the seminal β-ngf interacts with ejaculated sperm by localizing β-ngf and trka in epididymal, ejaculated, and acrosome- ... | 2018 | 30328213 |
| administration of progesterone biorelease la inhibits follicular growth in llamas (lama glama) regardless of follicle diameter at the start of treatment. | the aims of the study were twofold: first, the comparison of the pharmacokinetics parameters of two doses of progesterone biorelease® la, (biorelease technologies, lexington, ky, usa) one of 300 mg and other of 150 mg and their effects on ovarian dynamics in llamas. based on the results from the first study, the aim of the second study was to evaluate the effect of the doses of 150 mg of progesterone on follicular activity considering the stage of the largest follicle at the beginning of treatme ... | 2018 | 30043470 |
| plasmatic concentrations of adma and homocystein in llama (lama glama) and regulation of arginase type ii: an animal resistent to the development of pulmonary hypertension induced by hypoxia. | there are animal species that have adapted to life at high altitude and hypobaric hypoxia conditions in the andean highlands. one such species is the llama (lama glama), which seem to have developed efficient protective mechanisms to avoid maladaptation resulting from chronic hypoxia, such as a resistance to the development of hypoxia -induced pulmonary hypertension. on the other hand, it is widely known that different models of hypertension can arise as a result of changes in endothelial functi ... | 2018 | 29896110 |
| distribution and morphology of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons in the hypothalamus of an induced ovulator - the llama (lama glama). | gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gnrh) is a decapeptide involved in the regulation of reproduction in all mammals, but the distribution of gnrh neurons within the brain varies widely among species. the objective of the present study was to characterize the number and distribution of gnrh neurons in the hypothalamus and preoptic area of llamas, an induced ovulator. the brains of female llamas (n = 4) were fixed, frozen and sectioned serially every 50 µm in the transverse (coronal) plane. every 10t ... | 2018 | 29656045 |
| blastomyces dermatitidis pneumonia in a llama. | a 20-y-old female llama ( lama glama) was euthanized after a history of chronic dyspnea and osteoarthritis. at autopsy, the lungs were covered by clear gelatinous material and expanded by firm, variably discrete, tan-white nodules up to 8 cm diameter containing tan-white, viscous material. the tracheobronchial lymph nodes were firm and enlarged up to 6 × 4 × 3 cm; the thoracic aorta and carotid arteries were lined by hard, tan-white, mineralized intimal plaques. histologic examination of lung re ... | 2018 | 29601779 |
| synchronization of time of ovarian follicular development in llamas (lama glama) using a protocol based on gnrh and pgf2α. | the aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a protocol based on gnrh and pgf2α to synchronize the emergence of a new wave of ovarian follicular development in llamas and, therefore, when a new dominant follicle develops. llamas (n = 18) were assigned to growing, mature or regressing follicle groups according to the phase of the follicular wave at the beginning of treatment. the protocol was initiated with a gnrh analogue (gnrha) injection on day 0 followed 7 days later with a d-cl ... | 2018 | 29550272 |
| seropositivity to sarcocystis infection of llamas correlates with breeding practices. | production of llama (lama glama) meat in rural communities of the andean regions is largely affected by sarcocystis spp. infection. macroscopic cysts develop in muscles as a consequence of s. aucheniae parasitism, often resulting in meat downgrade or condemnation. llama meat production is informal in argentina but has broad perspectives for improvement, and would significantly benefit from the development of standardized control methodologies. this work analyzes whether the presence of anti-sarc ... | 2017 | 31014602 |