| climate and habitat barriers to dispersal in the highly mobile grey wolf. | we reanalysed published data to evaluate whether climate and habitat are barriers to dispersal in one of the most mobile and widely distributed mammals, the grey wolf (canis lupus). distance-based redundancy analysis (dbrda) was used to examine the amount of variation in genetic distances that could be explained by an array of environmental factors, including geographical distance. patterns in genetic variation were also examined using mds plots among populations and relationships between geneti ... | 2004 | 15245420 |
| traumatic stress disorder observed in an adult wild captive wolf (canis lupus). | tenino was an adult female wolf, born in the wild and placed into captivity at 1 year of age because of her participation in livestock depredation. her method of capture, well documented, involved being darted twice by helicopter and translocated twice. this method of capture would have exposed her to the 2 factors that are important in the etiology of posttraumatic stress disorder in humans: uncontrollability and unpredictability. in a case study we conducted, tenino displayed symptoms that wer ... | 2004 | 15234887 |
| conservation and control strategies for the wolf (canis lupus) in western europe based on demographic models. | securing the long-term acceptance of large carnivores such as the wolf (canis lupus) in europe and north america raises a difficult challenge to conservation biologists: planning removals to reduce depredations on livestock while ensuring population viability. we use stochastic-stage-structured population models to investigate wolf population dynamics and to assess alternative management strategies. among the various management strategies advocated by agencies, zoning that involves eliminating w ... | 2003 | 14558477 |
| two centuries of the scandinavian wolf population: patterns of genetic variability and migration during an era of dramatic decline. | the grey wolf (canis lupus) was numerous on the scandinavian peninsula in the early 19th century. however, as a result of intense persecution, the population declined dramatically and was virtually extinct from the peninsula by the 1960s. we examined historical patterns of genetic variability throughout the period of decline, from 1829 to 1979. contemporary finnish wolves, considered to be representative of a large eastern wolf population, were used for comparison. mitochondrial dna (mtdna) vari ... | 2003 | 12753208 |
| bayesian inference of recent migration rates using multilocus genotypes. | a new bayesian method that uses individual multilocus genotypes to estimate rates of recent immigration (over the last several generations) among populations is presented. the method also estimates the posterior probability distributions of individual immigrant ancestries, population allele frequencies, population inbreeding coefficients, and other parameters of potential interest. the method is implemented in a computer program that relies on markov chain monte carlo techniques to carry out the ... | 2003 | 12663554 |
| rescue of a severely bottlenecked wolf (canis lupus) population by a single immigrant. | the fragmentation of populations is an increasingly important problem in the conservation of endangered species. under these conditions, rare migration events may have important effects for the rescue of small and inbred populations. however, the relevance of such migration events to genetically depauperate natural populations is not supported by empirical data. we show here that the genetic diversity of the severely bottlenecked and geographically isolated scandinavian population of grey wolves ... | 2003 | 12590776 |
| y chromosome haplotyping in scandinavian wolves (canis lupus) based on microsatellite markers. | the analysis of mitochondrial dna sequences has for a long time been the most extensively used genetic tool for phylogenetic, phylogeographic and population genetic studies. since this approach only considers female lineages, it tends to give a biased picture of the population history. the use of protein polymorphisms and microsatellites has helped to obtain a more unbiased view, but complementing population genetic studies with y chromosome markers could clarify the role of each sex in natural ... | 2001 | 11555240 |
| helminth fauna of the wolf (canis lupus linnaeus, 1758) in belorussian polesie. | | 2000 | 10685848 |
| mitochondrial dna phylogeography and population history of the grey wolf canis lupus | the grey wolf (canis lupus) and coyote (c. latrans) are highly mobile carnivores that disperse over great distances in search of territories and mates. previous genetic studies have shown little geographical structure in either species. however, population genetic structure is also influenced by past isolation events and population fluctuations during glacial periods. in this study, control region sequence data from a worldwide sample of grey wolves and a more limited sample of coyotes were anal ... | 1999 | 10632860 |
| assessment of anadromous salmon resources in the diet of the alexander archipelago wolf using stable isotope analysis. | the alexander archipelago wolf (canis lupus ligoni) is unique to southeast alaska, occurring on islands south of frederick sound and along the mainland between dixon entrance and yakutat bay. sitka black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus sitkensis) are an important prey species for wolves across the southern part of the region. spawning salmon (onchorynchus sp.) are seasonally available but their presence in wolf diets has not previously been quantified. we examined the range of bone collagen δ(1 ... | 1999 | 28308010 |
| trichinella sp. in wolves from interior alaska. | tongue samples were collected from 148 wolf (canis lupus) carcasses during 1993 and 1994 near fairbanks (alaska, usa). a standard peptic digestion procedure was used to detect trichinella sp. larvae. larvae were found in 54 of 148 (36%) samples. there was no significant difference in sex-specific prevalence. prevalence was significantly related to age. there was no relationship between the number of larvae/g of host tissue and the age or sex of the host. trichinella spp. infection may cause illn ... | 1999 | 10073354 |
| developmental changes in the sequential behavior of interacting timber wolf pups. | we used information statistics to quantify first-order sequential dependencies in the social behavior of two sibling wolf pups (canis lupus). sequential dependencies in the behavior of the individual pups increased between the first sample (18-32 days of age) and two later samples taken from 34-53 days and 64-106 days of age. sequential dependencies between pups were greatest during the second age sampled. we relate these findings to changes in the importance and style of interactions. in the fi ... | 1997 | 24896960 |
| developmental changes in associations among timber wolf (canis lupus) postures. | i examined developmental changes in associations among components of timber wolf (canis lupus) postural communication in two hand-reared pups between 15 and 85 days of age. the frequency with which select postural components co-occurred was scored from 180 randomly sampled frames of video records of these pups made during social interactions. i used this index of association as the basis for multidimensional scaling and cluster analyses. relations among postural components became more structured ... | 1996 | 24896073 |
| an acoustic basis for maternal recognition in timber wolves (canis lupus)? | an in-den recording system was used to monitor the vocalizations and behavior of adult wolves tending to a litter of pups during the first five postnatal weeks. two female adults, one of them the mother, tended to the pups on nonoverlapping schedules. the distributions of the fundamental frequencies of the adults' squeak vocalizations were largely nonoverlapping, suggesting that this feature may be available as an acoustic cue to individual recognition. squeaks emitted outside the den, and which ... | 1995 | 7699177 |
| rabies in wolves of the great lakes region. | we report six cases of rabies (three confirmed, three suspected) in gray wolves (canis lupus) representing 21% of the total wolf mortality in a 5 yr study (1987 to 1992) of radio-collared wolves in algonquin provincial park, ontario, canada. reports of rabies in wolves of the great lakes region of north america are rare, even though wolf populations have been studied extensively for almost 40 years. no cases have been documented in wild wolves on the u.s. side of the great lakes, whereas, in ont ... | 1994 | 7760491 |
| influence of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical hormones on reproductive hormones in gray wolves (canis lupus). | the release of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical hormones was studied in intact and neutered gray wolves (canis lupus) to determine how these hormones interact and affect reproductive hormones. experiments were performed on adult wolves anesthetized with 400 mg ketamine and 50 mg promazine. intravenous (i.v.) injections with 50 micrograms ovine corticotropin releasing factor (ocrf) significantly increased adrenocorticotropin (acth; p < or = 0.01), cortisol (cort; p < or = 0.004), and progest ... | 1992 | 1333004 |
| dna fingerprints of captive wolves (canis lupus). | | 1992 | 1295857 |
| gray wolf density and its association with weights and hematology of pups from 1970 to 1988. | we examined weights and hematologic profiles of gray wolf (canis lupus) pups and the associated wolf density in the east-central superior national forest of northeastern minnesota (usa) during 1970 to 1988. we collected weight and hematologic data from 117 pups (57 females, 60 males) during 1 september to 22 november each year. the wolf density (wolves/800 km2) trend was divided into three phases: high (72 +/- 7), 1970 to 1975; medium (44 +/- 2), 1976 to 1983; and low (27 +/- 2), 1984 to 1988. w ... | 1991 | 1758028 |
| immobilization of gray wolves (canis lupus) with sufentanil citrate. | gray wolves (canis lupus) were immobilized with 0.5 mg/kg xylazine plus 7.5 micrograms/kg of either sufentanil (n = 8), etorphine (n = 8), or carfentanil (n = 2). drug doses used in this study were selected to provide consistency for comparison and are not recommended doses for effective immobilization of wolves. induction times were similar among groups (11.9 +/- 1.0 min). thirty min after induction, wolves were given either 0.5 mg/kg naloxone hydrochloride plus 0.15 mg/kg yohimbine hydrochlori ... | 1990 | 2147448 |
| physiological and behavioral responses of gray wolves (canis lupus) to immobilization with tiletamine and zolazepam. | we conducted a series of experiments to examine the efficacy of telazol (tel) for immobilization of captive gray wolves (canis lupus). ten wolves were immobilized with either 5 or 10 mg/kg tel. there was no difference in induction time (6.5 +/- 0.8 versus 5.8 +/- 1.2 min; p = 0.63) between the two doses, but the time to initial arousal was longer for the higher dose (p = 0.0008). wolves were again immobilized with 10 mg/kg tel and upon initial arousal were given additional doses of either 5.0 mg ... | 1990 | 2304205 |
| physiological response of gray wolves to butorphanol-xylazine immobilization and antagonism by naloxone and yohimbine. | captive gray wolves (canis lupus) were immobilized (loss of consciousness) with 2.0 mg/kg xylazine hydrochloride (xyl) and 0.4 mg/kg butorphanol tartrate (but) administered intramuscularly. induction time was 11.8 +/- 0.8 min (mean +/- se). immobilization resulted in bradycardia, respiratory depression, and normotension. fifteen min after induction, six wolves were given either 0.05 mg/kg naloxone hydrochloride (nal) and 0.125 or 0.250 mg/kg yohimbine hydrochloride (yoh), or an equal volume of s ... | 1989 | 2915407 |
| use of xylazine sedation with yohimbine antagonism in captive gray wolves. | captive gray wolves (canis lupus) were given 2.2 mg/kg xylazine hydrochloride intramuscularly resulting in profound sedation in 9.1 +/- 0.6 min (mean +/- se). heart rate was 42.0 +/- 1.0 beats per minute and respiratory rate was 20.1 +/- 1.6 respirations per minute during sedation. a variety of manipulations could be performed on sedated animals in relative safety. thirty min after xylazine administration, the animals were given either 0.15 mg/kg yohimbine hydrochloride or 5% dextrose solution i ... | 1988 | 3193566 |
| [the wolf, canis lupus l., as a rabies vector in the 16th and 17th centuries]. | | 1987 | 3327253 |
| pinealectomy or superior cervical ganglionectomy do not alter reproduction in the wolf (canis lupus). | twelve wolves (6 male and 6 female) were used to study the role of the pineal in photoperiodic mediation of seasonal reproduction. eight wolves were pinealectomized (pnx) or sham-pinealectomized (s-pnx) at 5 mo of age, and 4 were superior cervical ganglionectomized (scgx) at 16 mo of age (2 males and 2 females per treatment). all attained puberty at the species-typical time, during their second breeding season, except 2 scgx males that did not survive. reproductive cycles of an additional male t ... | 1987 | 3651541 |
| cardiovascular and behavioral responses of gray wolves to ketamine-xylazine immobilization and antagonism by yohimbine. | adult wolves (canis lupus) were immobilized with 6.6 mg/kg ketamine hydrochloride (ket) and 2.2 mg/kg xylazine hydrochloride (xyl) administered intramuscularly. induction time was 4.6 +/- 0.3 min (mean +/- se). immobilization resulted in significant bradycardia and hypertension (p less than 0.05). twenty min after induction, the wolves were given 0.05-0.60 mg/kg yohimbine hydrochloride (yoh). yohimbine given intravenously produced dose-related increases in heart rate (hr) with doses greater than ... | 1987 | 3625908 |
| the effect of peripheral administration of peptides on food intake, glucose and insulin in wolf pups. | in the studies reported here we demonstrate that bombesin decreases food intake in wolf (canis lupus) pups without altering glucose or insulin levels. a high dose of cholecystokinin-octapeptide (cck, 5 micrograms/kg) decreased food intake. cck produced a transient increase in insulin, without altering glucose. glucagon (0.5 mg/kg) failed to decrease food intake despite producing a marked hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. calcitonin was ineffective at decreasing food intake, although it did dec ... | 2013 | 3550728 |
| xylazine hydrochloride-ketamine hydrochloride immobilization of wolves and its antagonism by tolazoline hydrochloride. | fourteen wolves (canis lupus l.) were singularly or repeatedly immobilized with 30 mg xylazine hydrochloride (hcl) and 400 mg ketamine hcl. mean induction time was 5.3 +/- 4.6 min (mean +/- sd). administration of 8.0 mg/kg tolazoline hcl as an antagonist significantly reduced immobilization times from 148.0 +/- 52.7 to 47.9 +/- 8.9 min (f = 63.69, df = 1,17, p less than 0.05). the average times from injection to ambulation for 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 mg/kg tolazoline hcl were 35.2 +/- 31.8, 18.5 +/- 1 ... | 1986 | 3735586 |
| prevalence of sarcocystis in wolves and white-tailed deer in northeastern minnesota. | the prevalence of sarcocystis (protozoa: sarcocystidae) in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) from northeastern minnesota was determined by histologic examination of tongue samples. seventy-nine of 100 deer were infected; infection was higher in yearlings and adults than in fawns. sporocysts of sarcocystis were found in 3% of 72 wolf (canis lupus) scats. three of four captive wolves fed muscle from a white-tailed deer naturally infected with sarcocystis shed sporocysts 12-14 days later. | 1986 | 3086576 |
| chemical scent constituents in urine of wolf (canis lupus) and their dependence on reproductive hormones. | the volatile components of castrated male and ovariectomized female wolf urine were investigated and correlated with the administration of testosterone or estradiol and progesterone. the results indicate that testosterone induces in the castrated male the formation of some compounds typically associated with the intact male, while reducing the levels of some compounds associated with castrated male and female. the production of some of the "male" compounds was also induced in the ovariectomized ... | 1986 | 24306418 |
| mechanical analysis of the malformed, yet functional, mandibular joints of a wild timber wolf, canis lupus. | in spite of grossly malformed jaw joints, presumably from birth, the animal survived in the wild for at least 3 years. instead of a deep glenoid fossa folded over a cylindrical condyle to form a hinge, both joints had freely open articulating surfaces and a mandibular condyle without neck. the neckless condyle produced a shorter moment arm of resistance in all biting positions. the moment arm of the masseter, the jaw-adductor tending to disarticulate the jaw, was longer as a result of an elongat ... | 1986 | 3463262 |
| chemical investigations of wolf (canis lupus) anal-sac secretion in relation to breeding season. | the volatile constituents of wolf anal-sac secretions were examined via capillary gas chromatography and compared among intact males, females, castrate males, ovariectomized females, and anosmic and pinealectomized males and females. some chemical compounds were deemed significantly different (t test, 95% confidence level) among the groups both during and outside of the mating season, implying that the volatile components of anal-sac secretion can be used to communicate information regarding gen ... | 1985 | 24310125 |
| the use of analogy in individual psychotherapy with young and pre-adolescents: "superman, bimbo and the big, grey wolf". | for various reasons, youngsters often have difficulty in discussing important issues in individual psychotherapy. therapists, also, may find it hard to uncover underlying issues and dynamics. this paper describes three separate techniques for using analogy in individual therapy with the 10 to 15-year-old age group. these techniques were developed while the author was a member of a multi-disciplinary team operating within an out-patient, adolescent psychiatric clinic. | 1984 | 6389626 |
| volatile constituents of wolf (canis lupus) urine as related to gender and season. | the volatile constituents of wolf urine were examined via capillary gas chromatography and compared among male, female, and castrate male. several compounds including methyl isopentyl sulfide, 3,5-dimethyl-2-octanone, and acetophenone were clearly associated with the gender of the animal and many displayed a seasonal dependence. in addition, 2 long-chain aldehydes isolated from urine samples by an hplc procedure also correlated with the endrocrine status of the animal. | 1984 | 6745399 |
| comparison and assessment of drugs used to immobilize alaskan gray wolves (canis lupus) and wolverines (gulo gulo) from a helicopter. | one hundred and three alaskan gray wolves and 12 wolverines were immobilized in the nelchina and upper susitna river basins of southcentral alaska between march 1977 and may 1981. sixty-five wolves were immobilized with a mixture of phencyclidine hcl and promazine hcl (pp/hcl); 38 wolves were immobilized with etorphine hcl (ehcl) and 12 wolverines were immobilized with ehcl or with a mixture of ehcl and xylazine hcl (xhcl). phencyclidine hcl is no longer commercially available and an assessment ... | 1982 | 7131656 |
| sylvatic trichinosis in alberta. | results of surveys for trichinella sp. in several species of wildlife in alberta suggest that infection is limited to wolves (canis lupus) in northern areas of the province and maintained by a wolf/wolf transmission. | 1980 | 7463605 |
| osteoarthrosis in a wolf (canis lupus) radio-tracked in minnesota. | osteoarthrotic changes are described in the skeleton of an old wolf (canis lupus) from minnesota. osteophyte formation appeared sufficient to restrict severely the range of motion of the joints. despite this impairment the wolf ranged over 100 km2 and killed a minimum of one or two adult white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) during a 6-week period between capture and death. | 1980 | 7411748 |
| helminths of wolves, canis lupus l., in the yukon and northwest territories. | | 1973 | 4791800 |
| notes on the captive wolf (canis lupus) colony, barrow, alaska. | | 1973 | 4711825 |
| studies on the helminth fauna of alaska. xxxiv. the parasites of wolves, canis lupus l. | | 1959 | 13673343 |
| analysis of structural diversity in wolf-like canids reveals post-domestication variants. | although a variety of genetic changes have been implicated in causing phenotypic differences among dogs, the role of copy number variants (cnvs) and their impact on phenotypic variation is still poorly understood. further, very limited knowledge exists on structural variation in the gray wolf, the ancestor of the dog, or other closely related wild canids. documenting cnvs variation in wild canids is essential to identify ancestral states and variation that may have appeared after domestication. | 2014 | 24923435 |
| y-chromosome evidence supports widespread signatures of three-species canis hybridization in eastern north america. | there has been considerable discussion on the origin of the red wolf and eastern wolf and their evolution independent of the gray wolf. we analyzed mitochondrial dna (mtdna) and a y-chromosome intron sequence in combination with y-chromosome microsatellites from wolves and coyotes within the range of extensive wolf-coyote hybridization, that is, eastern north america. the detection of divergent y-chromosome haplotypes in the historic range of the eastern wolf is concordant with earlier mtdna fin ... | 2012 | 23139890 |
| molecular characterization of complete genomic segment-2 of picobirnavirus strains detected in a cat and a dog. | we report here molecular characterization of complete genomic segment-2 of picobirnavirus (pbv) strains pbv/cat/kna/k40/2014 and pbv/dog/kna/rvc7/2015 detected in a cat (felis catus) and a dog (canis lupus familiaris), respectively, on the caribbean island of st. kitts. to obtain the full-length nucleotide (nt) sequence of gene segment-2 of the canine and feline pbv strains, the 5'- and 3'- portions of gene segment-2 containing an overlapping region were amplified using a non-specific primer-bas ... | 2017 | 28688978 |
| filarioid infections in wild carnivores: a multispecies survey in romania. | filarioids are vector-borne parasitic nematodes of vertebrates. in europe, eight species of filarioids, including zoonotic species, have been reported mainly in domestic dogs, and occasionally in wild carnivores. in romania, infections with dirofilaria spp. and acanthocheilonema reconditum are endemic in domestic dogs. despite the abundant populations of wild carnivores in the country, their role in the epidemiology of filarioid parasites remains largely unknown. the aim of the present study was ... | 2017 | 28705255 |
| angiostrongylus vasorum in wolves in italy: prevalence and pathological findings. | angiostrongylus vasorum is a nematode residing in the heart and pulmonary vessels of dogs and wild carnivores. in europe the red fox is its reservoir, while only three records from wolves have been published. angiostrongylus vasorum has a worldwide distribution, and many pieces of evidence demonstrate that it is spreading from endemic areas to new ones. in italy, a. vasorum was reported with increasing frequency in dogs and foxes in the last decades, and now it is considered endemic throughout t ... | 2017 | 28800774 |
| surveillance for antibodies against six canine viruses in wild raccoons (procyon lotor) in japan. | raccoons (procyon lotor) are found worldwide. they are frequently seen in crowded inner cities as well as in forests or wooded areas, often living in proximity to humans and their pets. we examined sera from 100 wild raccoons in japan for antibodies to six canine viruses with veterinary significance to assess their potential as reservoirs. we also aimed to understand the distribution of potentially infected wildlife. we found that 7% of samples were seropositive for canine distemper virus (cdv), ... | 2017 | 28715293 |
| viral gut metagenomics of sympatric wild and domestic canids, and monitoring of viruses: insights from an endangered wolf population. | animal host-microbe interactions are a relevant concern for wildlife conservation, particularly regarding generalist pathogens, where domestic host species can play a role in the transmission of infectious agents, such as viruses, to wild animals. knowledge on viral circulation in wild host species is still scarce and can be improved by the recent advent of modern molecular approaches. we aimed to characterize the fecal virome and identify viruses of potential conservation relevance of diarrheic ... | 2017 | 28649326 |
| genome sequence of canine adenovirus type 1 isolated from a wolf (canis lupus) in southern italy. | canine adenovirus type 1 (cadv-1), a dna virus of the family adenoviridae, causes infectious canine hepatitis, a highly contagious disease primarily affecting canids. in this report, we describe the isolation and whole-genome sequence of a cadv-1 isolate from the liver of a free-ranging wolf (canis lupus). | 2017 | 28428308 |
| genetic characterization of canine parvovirus in sympatric free-ranging wild carnivores in portugal. | since its emergence in the 1970s, canine parvovirus (cpv) has been reported in domestic and nondomestic carnivores worldwide with severe implications on their health and survival. here, we aim to better understand cpv circulation in multihost-pathogens systems by characterizing cpv dna or viruses in 227 free-ranging wild carnivores of 12 species from portugal. collected samples during 1995-2011 were analyzed by pcr and sequence analysis. the canine parvovirus dna was detected in 4 (2%) animals o ... | 2017 | 28657857 |
| lambdapapillomavirus 2 in a gray wolf ( canis lupus ) from minnesota with oral papillomatosis and sarcoptic mange. | oral papillomatosis was diagnosed in a gray wolf ( canis lupus ) with sarcoptic mange from minnesota, usa found dead in february 2015. intranuclear inclusion bodies were evident histologically, and papillomaviral antigens were confirmed using immunohistochemistry. sequencing of the l1 papillomavirus gene showed closest similarity to lambdapapillomavirus 2. | 2017 | 28475450 |
| molecular and serological detection of trypanosoma cruzi in dogs (canis lupus familiaris) suggests potential transmission risk in areas of recent acute chagas disease outbreaks in colombia. | chagas disease is a zoonotic infection widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of america, including more than 50% of the colombian territory. in the last years, an increase of outbreaks of acute chagas disease has been observed in the east of the country due to environmental changes and mammal movements toward human settlements. given the importance of dogs (canis lupus familiaris) as reservoir hosts and sentinels of trypanosoma cruzi infection across different regions of america ... | 2017 | 28532988 |
| apex predatory mammals as bioindicator species in environmental monitoring of elements in dinaric alps (croatia). | tissue element investigations of apex terrestrial mammals are very scarce in europe. we quantified 16 essential and nonessential elements in the kidney cortex, liver, and muscle tissue of 467 brown bears (ursus arctos), 125 gray wolves (canis lupus), one eurasian lynx (lynx lynx), and three golden jackals (canis aureus) from croatia by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (icp-ms). renal cadmium (0.6% of animals) and lead (1%) and hepatic lead (5%) were found in toxicologically relevant ... | 2017 | 28879543 |
| phylogenetic evidence for the ancient himalayan wolf: towards a clarification of its taxonomic status based on genetic sampling from western nepal. | wolves in the himalayan region form a monophyletic lineage distinct from the present-day holarctic grey wolf canis lupus spp. (linnaeus 1758) found across eurasia and north america. here, we analyse phylogenetic relationships and the geographic distribution of mitochondrial dna haplotypes of the contemporary himalayan wolf (proposed in previous studies as canis himalayensis) found in central asia. we combine genetic data from a living himalayan wolf population collected in northwestern nepal in ... | 2017 | 28680672 |
| quantity discrimination in canids: dogs (canis familiaris) and wolves (canis lupus) compared. | accumulating evidence indicates that animals are able to discriminate between quantities. recent studies have shown that dogs' and coyotes' ability to discriminate between quantities of food items decreases with increasing numerical ratio. conversely, wolves' performance is not affected by numerical ratio. cross-species comparisons are difficult because of differences in the methodologies employed, and hence it is still unclear whether domestication altered quantitative abilities in canids. here ... | 2017 | 28899810 |
| studies of wolf x coyote hybridization via artificial insemination. | following the production of western gray wolf (canis lupus) x western coyote (canis latrans) hybrids via artificial insemination (ai), the present article documents that the hybrids survived in captivity for at least 4 years and successfully bred with each other. it further reports that backcrossing one of the hybrids to a male gray wolf by ai also resulted in the birth of live pups that have survived for at least 10 months. all male hybrids (f1 and f2) produced sperm by about 10 months of age, ... | 2017 | 28863171 |
| comment on "whole-genome sequence analysis shows two endemic species of north american wolf are admixtures of the coyote and gray wolf". | whole-genome data do not support a recent hybrid origin for red and eastern wolves. | 2017 | 28630899 |
| ancestry-specific methylation patterns in admixed offspring from an experimental coyote and gray wolf cross. | reduced fitness of admixed individuals is typically attributed to genetic incompatibilities. although mismatched genomes can lead to fitness changes, in some cases the reduction in hybrid fitness is subtle. the potential role of transcriptional regulation in admixed genomes could provide a mechanistic explanation for these discrepancies, but evidence is lacking for nonmodel organisms. here, we explored the intersection of genetics and gene regulation in admixed genomes derived from an experiment ... | 2017 | 28182234 |
| origin and status of the great lakes wolf. | an extensive debate concerning the origin and taxonomic status of wolf-like canids in the north american great lakes region and the consequences for conservation politics regarding these enigmatic predators is ongoing. using maternally, paternally and biparentally inherited molecular markers, we demonstrate that the great lakes wolves are a unique population or ecotype of gray wolves. furthermore, we show that the great lakes wolves experienced high degrees of ancient and recent introgression of ... | 2009 | 19366404 |
| introgression of coyote mitochondrial dna into sympatric north american gray wolf populations. | mitochondrial dna (mtdna) genotypes of gray wolves and coyotes from localities throughout north america were determined using restriction fragment length polymorphisms. of the 13 genotypes found among the wolves, 7 are clearly of coyote origin, indicating that genetic transfer of coyote mtdna into wolf populations has occurred through hybridization. the transfer of mtdna appears unidirectional from coyotes into wolves because no coyotes sampled have a wolf-derived mtdna genotype. wolves possessi ... | 1991 | 28564062 |
| a grey wolf optimizer for modular granular neural networks for human recognition. | a grey wolf optimizer for modular neural network (mnn) with a granular approach is proposed. the proposed method performs optimal granulation of data and design of modular neural networks architectures to perform human recognition, and to prove its effectiveness benchmark databases of ear, iris, and face biometric measures are used to perform tests and comparisons against other works. the design of a modular granular neural network (mgnn) consists in finding optimal parameters of its architectur ... | 2017 | 28894461 |
| ambient air quality classification by grey wolf optimizer based support vector machine. | with the development of society along with an escalating population, the concerns regarding public health have cropped up. the quality of air becomes primary concern regarding constant increase in the number of vehicles and industrial development. with this concern, several indices have been proposed to indicate the pollutant concentrations. in this paper, we present a mathematical framework to formulate a cumulative index (ci) on the basis of an individual concentration of four major pollutants ... | 2017 | 28890728 |
| experimental moose reduction lowers wolf density and stops decline of endangered caribou. | the expansion of moose into southern british columbia caused the decline and extirpation of woodland caribou due to their shared predators, a process commonly referred to as apparent competition. using an adaptive management experiment, we tested the hypothesis that reducing moose to historic levels would reduce apparent competition and therefor recover caribou populations. nested within this broad hypothesis were three specific hypotheses: (1) sport hunting could be used to substantially reduce ... | 2017 | 28875080 |
| deficiencies in natura 2000 for protecting recovering large carnivores: a spotlight on the wolf canis lupus in poland. | if protected areas are to remain relevant in our dynamic world they must be adapted to changes in species ranges. in the eu one of the most notable such changes is the recent recovery of large carnivores, which are protected by natura 2000 at the national and population levels. however, the natura 2000 network was designed prior to their recent recovery, which raises the question whether the network is sufficient to protect the contemporary ranges of large carnivores. to investigate this questio ... | 2017 | 28873090 |
| characterization and minimization of the stress response to trapping in free-ranging wolves (canis lupus): insights from physiology and behavior. | wildlife capture is an essential management tool that induces a reactive homeostasis response in the captured animals. the aim of this study was to characterize the reactive homeostatic response to trapping in free-ranging wolves and assess the mitigation achieved by reducing the duration of restraint. | 2017 | 28845717 |
| the therapeutic use of the dog in spain: a review from a historical and cross-cultural perspective of a change in the human-dog relationship. | in spain, studies about traditional knowledge related to biodiversity have focused on vascular plants. for this reason, our review concentrates on the identification and inventory of zootherapeutic resources, particularly those involving the dog (canis lupus familiaris linnaeus, 1758) throughout the twentieth century to the present. a qualitative systematic review in the fields of ethnomedicine, ethnozoology and folklore was made. automated searches in the most important databases and digital li ... | 2017 | 28835259 |
| fear or food - abundance of red fox in relation to occurrence of lynx and wolf. | apex predators may affect mesopredators through intraguild predation and/or supply of carrion from their prey, causing a trade-off between avoidance and attractiveness. we used wildlife triangle snow-tracking data to investigate the abundance of red fox (vulpes vulpes) in relation to lynx (lynx lynx) and wolf (canis lupus) occurrence as well as land composition and vole (microtus spp.) density. data from the swedish wolf-monitoring system and vhf/gps-collared wolves were used to study the effect ... | 2017 | 28831079 |
| energetics and evasion dynamics of large predators and prey: pumas vs. hounds. | quantification of fine-scale movement, performance, and energetics of hunting by large carnivores is critical for understanding the physiological underpinnings of trophic interactions. this is particularly challenging for wide-ranging terrestrial canid and felid predators, which can each affect ecosystem structure through distinct hunting modes. to compare free-ranging pursuit and escape performance from group-hunting and solitary predators in unprecedented detail, we calibrated and deployed acc ... | 2017 | 28828280 |
| an adaptive stochastic resonance method based on grey wolf optimizer algorithm and its application to machinery fault diagnosis. | stochastic resonance (sr) is widely used as an enhanced signal detection method in machinery fault diagnosis. however, the system parameters have significant effects on the output results, which makes it difficult for sr method to achieve satisfactory analysis results. to solve this problem and improve the performance of sr method, this paper proposes an adaptive sr method based on grey wolf optimizer (gwo) algorithm for machinery fault diagnosis. firstly, the sr system parameters are optimized ... | 2017 | 28823415 |
| non-destructive detection for mold colonies in rice based on hyperspectra and gwo-svr. | mold contamination of grains not only contributes to unedible food, resulting in economic losses, but also leads to mold in humans and livestock, even can be carcinogenic to them. rice as one of the main grain varieties, if improper storage, is easily to mildew. in order to detect the total number of mold colonies in rice more accurately, a method based on hyperspectral imaging technology was investigated. | 2017 | 28786119 |
| characterization of the peripheral blood transcriptome and adaptive evolution of the mhc i and tlr gene families in the wolf (canis lupus). | the wolf (canis lupus) is one of the most widely distributed terrestrial mammals, because it is well adapted to various ecological niches and their corresponding pathogen environments. immunological competence is a crucial factor involved in adapting to a changing environment and fighting pathogen infection in animals. in this study, the peripheral blood transcriptome of wolves was generated via rna-seq to advance understanding of the wolf immunome, with a special focus on the major histocompati ... | 2017 | 28784091 |
| protective immune response of oral rabies vaccine in stray dogs, corsacs and steppe wolves after a single immunization. | in this study the safety and protective immunity of an oral rabies vaccine, based on the live, modified rabies virus strain vrc-rz2, was examined in stray dogs (canis sp.), corsacs (vulpes corsac) and steppe wolves (canis lupus campestris). in the safety group (dogs, n=6; corsacs, n=3; wolves, n=3) which was vaccinated with a 10-times field dose/animal, no animals showed any signs of disease or changes in behavior or appetite during the period of clinical observation, similar to the animals in t ... | 2017 | 28766059 |
| intranasal oxytocin and a polymorphism in the oxytocin receptor gene are associated with human-directed social behavior in golden retriever dogs. | the oxytocin system may play an important role in dog domestication from the wolf. dogs have evolved unique human analogue social skills enabling them to communicate and cooperate efficiently with people. genomic differences in the region surrounding the oxytocin receptor (oxtr) gene have previously been associated with variation in dogs' communicative skills. here we have utilized the unsolvable problem paradigm to investigate the effects of oxytocin and oxtr polymorphisms on human-directed con ... | 2017 | 28765081 |
| plant-based remedies for wolf bites and rituals against wolves in the iberian peninsula: therapeutic opportunities and cultural values for the conservation of biocultural diversity. | combined approaches to local knowledge and folk plant use improve awareness and promote effective strategies for the conservation of significant biocultural patrimony. moreover, the information reported might be the basis for further appropriate phytochemical and pharmacological research. therefore we provide an insight into traditional herbal remedies and practices for healing bite injuries in humans and domestic animals caused by the iberian wolf. wolf bites are associated with inflammatory pr ... | 2017 | 28755969 |
| prehistoric mitochondrial dna of domesticate animals supports a 13th century exodus from the northern us southwest. | the 13th century puebloan depopulation of the four corners region of the us southwest is an iconic episode in world prehistory. studies of its causes, as well as its consequences, have a bearing not only on archaeological method and theory, but also social responses to climate change, the sociology of social movements, and contemporary patterns of cultural diversity. previous research has debated the demographic scale, destinations, and impacts of four corners migrants. much of this uncertainty ... | 2017 | 28746407 |
| a large deletion in the nsdhl gene in labrador retrievers with a congenital cornification disorder. | in heterozygous females affected by an x-linked skin disorder, lesions often appear in a characteristic pattern, the so-called blaschko's lines. we investigated a female labrador retriever and her crossbred daughter, which both showed similar clinical lesions that followed blaschko's lines. the two male littermates of the affected daughter had died at birth, suggesting a monogenic x-chromosomal semidominant mode of inheritance. whole genome sequencing of the affected daughter, and subsequent aut ... | 2017 | 28739597 |
| a single base deletion in the slc45a2 gene in a bullmastiff with oculocutaneous albinism. | oculocutaneous albinism type 4 (oca4) in humans and similar phenotypes in many animal species are caused by variants in the slc45a2 gene, encoding a putative sugar transporter. in dog, two independent slc45a2 variants are known that cause oculocutaneous albinism in doberman pinschers and several small dog breeds respectively. for the present study, we investigated a bullmastiff with oculocutaneous albinism. the affected dog was highly inbred and resulted from the mating of a sire to its own gran ... | 2017 | 28737247 |
| epas1 variants in high altitude tibetan wolves were selectively introgressed into highland dogs. | admixture can facilitate adaptation. for example, black wolves have obtained the variant causing black coat color through past hybridization with domestic dogs and have higher fitness than gray colored wolves. another recent example of the transfer of adaptive variation between the two species has been suggested by the similarity between high altitude tibetan mastiffs and wolves at the epas1 gene, a transcription factor induced in low oxygen environments. | 2017 | 28717592 |
| the influence of breed and environmental factors on social and solitary play in dogs (canis lupus familiaris). | the domestic dog is an ideal model species in which to study the genetic and environmental factors that influence play behavior. dogs exist in a wide variety of breeds and frequently engage in multiple forms of play. in the present study, we investigated whether the levels of solitary and social play differed between dogs of three breed types with distinct predatory motor pattern sequences (herding dogs, retrievers, and livestock guarding dogs [lgds]). furthermore, we investigated how environmen ... | 2017 | 28702755 |
| differences in greeting behaviour towards humans with varying levels of familiarity in hand-reared wolves (canis lupus). | socialized wolves' relationship with humans is a much debated, but important question in light of dog domestication. earlier findings reported no attachment to the caretaker at four months of age in a strange situation test, while recently attachment to the caretaker was reported at a few weeks of age in a similar paradigm. to explore wolf-human relationship, we analysed behaviours of hand reared, extensively socialized wolves towards four visitor types: foster-parents, close acquaintances, pers ... | 2017 | 28680658 |
| neuronal vacuolation and spinocerebellar degeneration associated with altered neurotransmission. | <i>inherited neurodegenerative disorders are debilitating diseases that occur across different species, such as the domestic dog (canis lupus familiaris), and many are caused by mutations in the same genes as corresponding human conditions. in the present study, we report an inherited neurodegenerative condition, termed 'neuronal vacuolation and spinocerebellar degeneration' (nvsd) which affects neonatal or young dogs, mainly rottweilers, which recently has been linked with the homozygosity for ... | 2017 | 28677370 |
| the wolf reference genome sequence (canis lupus lupus) and its implications for canis spp. population genomics. | an increasing number of studies are addressing the evolutionary genomics of dog domestication, principally through resequencing dog, wolf and related canid genomes. there is, however, only one de novo assembled canid genome currently available against which to map such data - that of a boxer dog (canis lupus familiaris). we generated the first de novo wolf genome (canis lupus lupus) as an additional choice of reference, and explored what implications may arise when previously published dog and w ... | 2017 | 28662691 |
| canis mtdna hv1 database: a web-based tool for collecting and surveying canis mtdna hv1 haplotype in public database. | canine and wolf mitochondrial dna haplotypes, which can be used for forensic or phylogenetic analyses, have been defined in various schemes depending on the region analyzed. in recent studies, the 582 bp fragment of the hv1 region is most commonly used. 317 different canine hv1 haplotypes have been reported in the rapidly growing public database genbank. these reported haplotypes contain several inconsistencies in their haplotype information. to overcome this issue, we have developed a canis mtd ... | 2017 | 28651548 |
| uterine responses to early pre-attachment embryos in the domestic dog and comparisons with other domestic animal species. | in the dog there is no luteolysis in the absence of pregnancy. thus, this species lacks any anti-luteolytic endocrine signal as found in other species that modulate uterine function during the critical period of pregnancy establishment. nevertheless, in the dog an embryo-maternal communication must occur in order to prevent rejection of embryos. based on this hypothesis, we performed microarray analysis of canine uterine samples collected during pre-attachment phase (days 10-12) and in correspon ... | 2017 | 28651344 |
| new insights into the genetic composition and phylogenetic relationship of wolves and dogs in the iberian peninsula. | this study investigates the gene pool of portuguese autochthonous dog breeds and their wild counterpart, the iberian wolf subspecies (canis lupus signatus), using standard molecular markers. a combination of paternal and maternal molecular markers was used to investigate the genetic composition, genetic differentiation and genetic relationship of native portuguese dogs and the iberian wolf. a total of 196 unrelated dogs, including breed and village dogs from portugal, and other dogs from spain a ... | 2017 | 28649351 |
| conservation of wildlife populations: factoring in incremental disturbance. | progressive anthropogenic disturbance can alter ecosystem organization potentially causing shifts from one stable state to another. this potential for ecosystem shifts must be considered when establishing targets and objectives for conservation. we ask whether a predator-prey system response to incremental anthropogenic disturbance might shift along a disturbance gradient and, if it does, whether any disturbance thresholds are evident for this system. development of linear corridors in forested ... | 2017 | 28649339 |
| characterization of the superior olivary complex of canis lupus domesticus. | the superior olivary complex (soc) is a collection of brainstem auditory nuclei which play essential roles in the localization of sound sources, temporal coding of vocalizations and descending modulation of the cochlea. notwithstanding, the soc nuclei vary considerably between species in accordance with the auditory needs of the animal. the canine soc was subjected to anatomical and physiological examination nearly 50 years ago and was then virtually forgotten. herein, we aimed to characterize t ... | 2017 | 28633959 |
| estimating population density and connectivity of american mink using spatial capture-recapture. | estimating the abundance or density of populations is fundamental to the conservation and management of species, and as landscapes become more fragmented, maintaining landscape connectivity has become one of the most important challenges for biodiversity conservation. yet these two issues have never been formally integrated together in a model that simultaneously models abundance while accounting for connectivity of a landscape. we demonstrate an application of using capture-recapture to develop ... | 2016 | 28581668 |
| effects of breeder turnover and harvest on group composition and recruitment in a social carnivore. | breeder turnover can influence population growth in social carnivores through changes to group size, composition and recruitment. studies that possess detailed group composition data that can provide insights about the effects of breeder turnover on groups have generally been conducted on species that are not subject to recurrent annual human harvest. we wanted to know how breeder turnover affects group composition and how harvest, in turn, affects breeder turnover in cooperatively breeding grey ... | 2017 | 28555834 |
| disentangling timing of admixture, patterns of introgression, and phenotypic indicators in a hybridizing wolf population. | hybridization is a natural or anthropogenic process that can deeply affect the genetic make-up of populations, possibly decreasing individual fitness but sometimes favoring local adaptations. the population of italian wolves (canis lupus), after protracted demographic declines and isolation, is currently expanding in anthropic areas, with documented cases of hybridization with stray domestic dogs. however, identifying admixture patterns in deeply introgressed populations is far from trivial. in ... | 2017 | 28549194 |
| harvest and group effects on pup survival in a cooperative breeder. | recruitment in cooperative breeders can be negatively affected by changes in group size and composition. the majority of cooperative breeding studies have not evaluated human harvest; therefore, the effects of recurring annual harvest and group characteristics on survival of young are poorly understood. we evaluated how harvest and groups affect pup survival using genetic sampling and pedigrees for grey wolves in north america. we hypothesized that harvest reduces pup survival because of (i) red ... | 2017 | 28539521 |
| genome sequence of a novel canine picornavirus isolated from an american foxhound. | a candidate new canine picornavirus was isolated from a respiratory swab collected from an american foxhound (canis lupus familiaris) in 1968. the assembled genome sequence of strain a128thr is 7,618 bases in length, comprising a complete protein-coding sequence of the 2,213-amino-acid polyprotein and partial terminal untranslated sequences. | 2017 | 28522706 |
| practice makes perfect: familiarity of task determines success in solvable tasks for free-ranging dogs (canis lupus familiaris). | domestic dogs' (canis lupus familiaris) socio-cognitive faculties have made them highly sensitive to human social cues. while dogs often excel at understanding human communicative gestures, they perform comparatively poorly in problem-solving and physical reasoning tasks. this difference in their behaviour could be due to the lifestyle and intense socialization, where problem solving and physical cognition are less important than social cognition. free-ranging dogs live in human-dominated enviro ... | 2017 | 28492975 |
| histomorphometrics and quantitative unbiased stereology in canine uteri treated with medroxyprogesterone acetate. | this article describes the effects of mpa use on the canine uterus using stereological methods. entire reproductive tracts were removed from normal healthy canine bitches (canis lupus familiaris) and grouped as: nulliparous (n = 11), multiparous (n = 11) and mpa-treated (n = 11; nulliparous; two treatments; 5 mg/kg). 1 cm samples were cut from the corpus, horn and uterine tube and fixed in 10% formaldehyde. sections of each were mounted on slides and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. we assessed t ... | 2017 | 28460663 |
| dna methylation patterns of behavior-related gene promoter regions dissect the gray wolf from domestic dog breeds. | a growing body of evidence highlights the relationship between epigenetics, especially dna methylation, and population divergence as well as speciation. however, little is known about how general the phenomenon of epigenetics-wise separation of different populations is, or whether population assignment is, possible based on solely epigenetic marks. in the present study, we compared dna methylation profiles between four different canine populations: three domestic dog breeds and their ancestor th ... | 2017 | 28321510 |
| a tale of dog and man: tibetan mastiff found to gain high-altitude adaptation after domestication by interbreeding with the tibet gray wolf. | | 2017 | 28158704 |
| experienced gray wolf optimization through reinforcement learning and neural networks. | in this paper, a variant of gray wolf optimization (gwo) that uses reinforcement learning principles combined with neural networks to enhance the performance is proposed. the aim is to overcome, by reinforced learning, the common challenge of setting the right parameters for the algorithm. in gwo, a single parameter is used to control the exploration/exploitation rate, which influences the performance of the algorithm. rather than using a global way to change this parameter for all the agents, w ... | 2017 | 28092578 |
| iga deficiency in wolves from canada and scandinavia. | immunoglobulin a deficiency (igad) is the most common primary immunodeficiency in both humans and selected breeds of domestic dogs. in both species, igad is associated with recurrent infections and immune mediated diseases. previous results imply that igad is also common in the wild ancestor of domestic dogs, the gray wolf. here, we report that serum iga concentrations are significantly different in scandinavian and canadian wolves (p = 3.252e-15) with an increased prevalence for igad in scandin ... | 2015 | 25530092 |
| domestication of the dog from the wolf was promoted by enhanced excitatory synaptic plasticity: a hypothesis. | dogs shared a much closer relationship with humans than any other domesticated animals, probably due to their unique social cognitive capabilities, which were hypothesized to be a by-product of selection for tameness toward humans. here, we demonstrate that genes involved in glutamate metabolism, which account partially for fear response, indeed show the greatest population differentiation by whole-genome comparison of dogs and wolves. however, the changing direction of their expression supports ... | 2014 | 25377939 |
| so many doggone traits: mapping genetics of multiple phenotypes in the domestic dog. | the worldwide dog population is fragmented into >350 domestic breeds. breeds share a common ancestor, the gray wolf. the intense artificial selection imposed by humans to develop breeds with particular behaviors and phenotypic traits has occurred primarily in the last 200-300 years. as a result, the number of genes controlling the major differences in body size, leg length, head shape, etc. that define each dog is small, and genetically tractable. this is in comparison to many human complex trai ... | 2012 | 22878052 |
| out of the woods. moving the gray wolf off the endangered list. | | 2003 | 12661308 |
| helminth infections in faecal samples of apennine wolf (canis lupus italicus) and marsican brown bear (ursus arctos marsicanus) in two protected national parks of central italy | this article reports the results of a copromicroscopic and molecular investigation carried out on faecal samples of wolves (n=37) and brown bears (n=80) collected in two protected national parks of central italy (abruzzo region). twenty-three (62.2%) samples from wolves were positive for parasite eggs. eight (34.78%) samples scored positive for single infections, i.e. e. aerophilus (21.74%), ancylostoma/uncinaria (4.34%), trichuris vulpis (4.34%), t. canis (4.34%). polyspecific infections were f ... | 2017 | 29274214 |