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development of the neural retina and its vasculature in the marmoset callithrix jacchus.the morphological sequence of retinal development in the new world marmoset monkey callithrix jacchus is similar to previous reports in macaca and humans. the incipient fovea is present at fetal day (fd) 100 as the only part of the retina that contains five distinct layers, including a single layer of cone photoreceptors. a foveal pit begins to form at fd 135 in the center of the foveal avascular zone which is surrounded by a ring of blood vessels (bv) and astrocytes. at birth (fd 144) the fovea ...200616705674
geometrical gaze following in common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).a series of experiments investigating the degree of gaze understanding in common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) is reported. results show that marmosets follow the gaze of a human experimenter readily and also use the gaze to locate food in a modified version of the object choice task if influences of chance probabilities and prepotent response tendencies are controlled for. in addition, this new version of the task allows the assessment of the accuracy of gaze following. marmosets precisely ext ...200616719590
tal1/scl gene transduction using a lentiviral vector stimulates highly efficient hematopoietic cell differentiation from common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) embryonic stem cells.the development of embryonic stem cell (esc) therapies requires the establishment of efficient methods to differentiate escs into specific cell lineages. here, we report the in vitro differentiation of common marmoset (cm) (callithrix jacchus) escs into hematopoietic cells after exogenous gene transfer using vesicular stomatitis virus-glycoprotein-pseudotyped lentiviral vectors. we transduced hematopoietic genes, including tal1/scl, gata1, gata2, hoxb4, and lhx2, into cm escs. by immunochemical ...200616728561
differential expression of major histocompatibility complex class i molecules in the brain of a new world monkey, the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).it has been supposed that central nervous neurons do not express mhc class i molecules. however, recent studies clearly demonstrated functional mhc class i expression in the rodent brain. in the present study, we have extended these studies and investigated the presence of mhc class i transcripts and proteins in the brain of a non-human primate species, the common marmoset monkey (callithrix jacchus). using in-situ hybridization, we found strong expression of mhc class i transcripts in neocortex ...200616750573
marmoset glutathione peroxidases: cdna sequences, molecular evolution, and gene expression.dysfunction of the cellular antioxidant system and accumulation of reactive oxygen species are involved in the pathophysiology of diseases such as cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disorders, tumors, male infertility and aging. two gluthathione peroxidases play key roles in the cellular protection against oxidative damage. glutathione peroxidase (gpx-1) removes cytosolic hydroperoxides while phospholipid-hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (gpx-4) is a unique enzyme that reduces phospho ...200616764674
differential macrophage/microglia activation in neocortical eae lesions in the marmoset monkey.recent studies revealed an important involvement of the cerebral cortex in multiple sclerosis (ms) patients. cortical lesions in ms were reported to be less inflammatory and to show less structural damage than white matter lesions. animal models reflecting the histopathological hallmarks of cortical demyelinated lesions in ms are sparse. induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae) in the common marmoset has turned out to be an attractive non-human-primate model for ms. in the pr ...200616768751
cross-genus adoption of a marmoset (callithrix jacchus) by wild capuchin monkeys (cebus libidinosus): case report.we report a case of interspecies adoption of an infant marmoset (callithrix jacchus) by wild capuchin monkeys (cebus libidinosus). the marmoset was an infant when it was first observed in the capuchin group on 3 march 2004. since it first appeared it has been observed informally and frequently. in january 2005 systematic observations were made of the marmoset and a capuchin of similar age. throughout its period of adoption the marmoset appeared to be socially integrated into the group, benefitin ...200616786521
immunogenicity of a recombinant protein containing the plasmodium vivax vaccine candidate msp1(19) and two human cd4+ t-cell epitopes administered to non-human primates (callithrix jacchus jacchus).one of the most promising vaccine candidates against the erythrocytic forms of malaria is the 19 kda c-terminal region of the merozoite surface protein 1 (msp1(19)). as part of our studies aimed at the development of a plasmodium vivax malaria vaccine, we characterized the immunogenic properties of a new bacterial recombinant protein containing the p. vivax msp1(19) and two helper t-cell epitopes, the synthetic universal pan allelic dr epitope (padre) and a new internal msp1 p. vivax epitope (dy ...200616797207
multiple vaccine and pyridostigmine interactions: effects on cognition, muscle function and health outcomes in marmosets.following active service during the 1990/1991 gulf conflict, a number of uk and us veterans presented with a diverse range of symptoms, collectively known as gulf veterans illnesses (gvi). the administration of vaccines and/or the pretreatment against possible nerve agent poisoning, pyridostigmine bromide (pb), given to armed forces personnel during the gulf conflict has been implicated as a possible factor in the aetiology of these illnesses. the possibility that long-term health effects may re ...200616806443
endogenous stem and precursor cells for demyelinating diseases: an alternative for transplantation?remyelination can be very effective in human. however, this process ultimately fails in multiple sclerosis (ms). in this paper, we discuss the possibility of stimulating endogenous oligodendrocyte precursors to participate in remyelination in experimental models (rat and primate callithrix jacchus) of ms through thyroid hormone (th) administration. th is in fact known to be a key signal in brain development, oligodendrocyte development and myelin protein gene expression regulation.200616808881
cerebellar localization of the no-receptive soluble guanylyl cyclase subunits-alpha(2)/beta (1) in non-human primates.nitric-oxide-sensitive guanylyl cyclase (no-sgc) plays a pivotal role in many second messenger cascades. neurotransmission- and neuropathology-related changes in no-sgc have been suggested. however, the cellular localization of no-sgc in primate brains, including humans, remains unknown. biochemical evidence has linked the alpha(2)-subunit of no-sgc directly to neurotransmission in rodents. here, we have used a recently characterized subunit-specific antibody for the localization of the alpha(2) ...200616819625
multiple vaccine and pyridostigmine interactions: effects on eeg and sleep in the common marmoset.following active service during the 1990/1991 gulf conflict, a number of uk and us veterans presented with a diverse range of symptoms, collectively known as gulf veterans' illnesses (gvi). the administration of vaccines and/or the pretreatment against possible nerve agent poisoning, pyridostigmine bromide (pb), given to armed forces personnel during the gulf conflict has been implicated as a possible factor in the aetiology of these illnesses. the possibility that long-term health effects may r ...200616828151
spontaneous lesions of the cardiovascular system in purpose-bred laboratory nonhuman primates.this retrospective study was performed to determine the range, occurrence and incidence of spontaneously arising histopathological findings of the cardiovascular system in purpose-bred laboratory nonhuman primates. data were collected from 84 controlled toxicological studies with equal numbers of male and female animals and full tissue lists. attempts were also made to standardize pathological terms used by various original pathologists. tissue sections from 2464 animals, which included 2050 cyn ...200616844663
effect of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (dehp) on genital organs from juvenile common marmosets: i. morphological and biochemical investigation in 65-week toxicity study.recent studies demonstrated that preadolescent male rats are more sensitive to testicular damage from exposure to dehp than adults. male and female marmosets were treated daily with 0, 100, 500, or 2500 mg/kg dehp by oral gavage for 65 wk from weaning (3 mo of age) to sexual maturity (18 mo). no treatment-related changes were observed in male organ weights, and no microscopic changes were found in male gonads or secondary sex organs. sperm head counts, zinc levels, glutathione levels, and testic ...200616854791
changes in endocrine profile and reproductive organs during puberty in the male marmoset monkey (callithrix jacchus).data on pubertal maturation in male marmoset, a model for human reproduction, are scant and conflicting. we collected data on novel parameters to characterize puberty. twenty-five marmoset monkeys were assigned to five age groups by weeks (wk): 21 (pre-pubertal), 43 (onset of puberty), 52 (fully pubertal), 70 (mature), and 116 (fully adult). serum and intratesticular testosterone and pituitary bioactive chorionic gonadotropin (biocg) were measured. testicular development was assessed by ultrason ...200616885543
myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in the common marmoset reflects the immunopathology of pattern ii multiple sclerosis lesions.pathomorphological studies described pathological heterogeneity in patients with multiple sclerosis (ms). different effector mechanisms might therefore be responsible for lesion formation in ms. the present report shows that myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (mog)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae) in common marmoset monkeys reflects one specific lesional subtype of ms, namely ms pattern ii lesions with antibody/complement-mediated damage. mog-induced eae in marmoset monke ...200616900750
intrauterine exposure to dexamethasone impairs proliferation but not neuronal differentiation in the dentate gyrus of newborn common marmoset monkeys.glucocorticoids applied prenatally alter birth weight and the maturation of the lungs. moreover, glucocorticoids impair neuronal proliferation and differentiation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. in the present study proliferation and neuronal differentiation in the dentate gyrus were studied in newborn common marmoset monkeys which were intrauterinely exposed to the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone (dex). pregnant marmoset monkeys received dex (5 mg/kg body weight) daily either during ea ...200616911478
identification of the ancestral killer immunoglobulin-like receptor gene in primates.killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (kir) are essential immuno-surveillance molecules. they are expressed on natural killer and t cells, and interact with human leukocyte antigens. kir genes are highly polymorphic and contribute vital variability to our immune system. numerous kir genes, belonging to five distinct lineages, have been identified in all primates examined thus far and shown to be rapidly evolving. since few kir remain orthologous between species, with only one of them, kir2dl4, sh ...200616911775
effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin on the extracellular matrix of the thymus in juvenile marmosets (callithrix jacchus).2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin (tcdd) is an ubiquitously distributed xenobiotic. it has been postulated that the effects of tcdd on t-lymphocytes are mediated by modulation of the thymic microenvironment. there is growing evidence of a modified interplay between thymocytes and thymic epithelium related to changes in extracellular matrix (ecm) proteins. eighteen male marmosets (callithrix jacchus) were treated with single subcutaneous tcdd doses (1, 10, 100 ng/kg body weight) or vehicle and ...200616920245
perception of the stereokinetic illusion by the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).stereokinetic illusions have never been investigated in non-human primates, nor in other mammalian species. these illusions consist in the perception of a 3d solid object when certain 2d stimuli are rotated slowly in the plane perpendicular to the line of sight. the ability to perceive the stereokinetic illusion was investigated in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus). four adult marmosets were trained to discriminate between a solid cylinder and a solid cone for food reward. once learning c ...200716924457
nonhuman primates prefer slow tempos but dislike music overall.human adults generally find fast tempos more arousing than slow tempos, with tempo frequently manipulated in music to alter tension and emotion. we used a previously published method [mcdermott, j., & hauser, m. (2004). are consonant intervals music to their ears? spontaneous acoustic preferences in a nonhuman primate. cognition, 94(2), b11-b21] to test cotton-top tamarins and common marmosets, two new-world primates, for their spontaneous responses to stimuli that varied systematically with res ...200716935277
induction of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (pparalpha)-related enzymes by di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (dehp) treatment in mice and rats, but not marmosets.to clarify species differences in the induction of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (pparalpha)-related enzymes by di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (dehp) exposure, we investigated the inductions of pparalpha and its target genes (mitochondrial medium-chain acyl-coa dehydrogenase (mcad) and peroxisomal keto-acyl-coa thiolase (pt) in liver from mice (cd-1), rats (sprague-dawley), and marmosets (callithrix jacchus) exposed to dehp. male mice and rats were treated with 0, 1.25 and 2.5 mmol ...200716937134
quantitative mri-pathology correlations of brain white matter lesions developing in a non-human primate model of multiple sclerosis.experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae) induced with recombinant human myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in the common marmoset is a useful preclinical model of multiple sclerosis in which white matter lesions can be well visualized with mri. in this study we characterized lesion progression with quantitative in vivo mri (4.7 t; t(1) relaxation time +/- gd-dtpa; t(2) relaxation time; magnetization transfer ratio, mtr, imaging) and correlated end stage mri presentation with quantitative ...200716948176
osteopontin expression in substantia nigra in mptp-treated primates and in parkinson's disease.parkinson's disease (pd) is characterised by the loss of dopaminergic neurones in the substantia nigra (sn) but the pathogenic mechanism remains unknown. cell death involves oxidative stress and inflammatory mechanisms, and these may be altered by the actions of the glycosylated phosphoprotein osteopontin (opn). opn is present in the rat sn, but its presence in human and non-human primate brain has not been extensively studied. both opn mrna and protein were present in the normal marmoset sn, an ...200616962083
protein-structure-based prediction of animal model suitability for pharmacodynamic studies of subtype-selective estrogens.subtype-selective estrogens are of increasing importance as tools used to unravel physiological roles of the estrogen receptors, eralpha and erbeta, in various species. although human eralpha and erbeta differ by only two amino acids within the binding pockets, we and others recently succeeded in generating subtype-selective agonists. we have proposed that the selectivity of the steroidal compounds 16alpha-lactone-estradiol (16alpha-le(2), heralpha selective) and 8beta-vinyl-estradiol (8beta-ve( ...200617001712
evolution of growth hormone in primates: the gh gene clusters of the new world monkeys marmoset (callithrix jacchus) and white-fronted capuchin (cebus albifrons).the gh gene cluster in marmoset, callithrix jacchus, comprises eight gh-like genes and pseudogenes and appears to have arisen as a consequence of gene duplications occurring independently of those leading to the human gh gene cluster. we report here the complete sequence of the marmoset gh gene locus, including the intergenic regions and 5' and 3' flanking sequence, and a study of the multiple gh-like genes of an additional new world monkey (nwm), the white-fronted capuchin, cebus albifrons. the ...200617009125
repeat expansion in spinocerebellar ataxia type 17 alleles of the tata-box binding protein gene: an evolutionary approach.the variability and mutational changes of the cag microsatellite in the tata-box binding protein gene (tbp) were studied. we sequenced the microsatellite of the tbp gene of 25 unrelated individuals from northern germany (10 sca17 patients and 15 unaffected control individuals). in addition, the microsatellites were sequenced from individuals of 10 northern german families with at least one family member affected by sca17. to study also the evolutionary history of this cag/caa microsatellite in n ...200717033685
development of methods to measure humoral immune responses against selected antigens in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) and the effect of pyridostigmine bromide administration.this methodological study was carried out in preparation for a major long term study, also reported in this volume, which was designed to investigate whether the combination of vaccines and pyridostigmine bromide (pb) could have been responsible for adverse signs and symptoms reported by a number of veterans of the 1990/1991 gulf conflict. in this context, the marmoset has been used to model aspects of the human immune system. the purposes of this methodological study were to select appropriate ...200617052666
multiple vaccine and pyridostigmine bromide interactions in the common marmoset callithrix jacchus: immunological and endocrinological effects.following active service during the 1990/1991 gulf conflict, a number of uk and us veterans presented with a diverse range of symptoms, collectively known as gulf veterans illnesses (gvi). the administration of vaccines and/or the pretreatment against possible nerve agent poisoning, pyridostigmine bromide (pb), given to armed forces personnel during the gulf conflict has been implicated as a possible factor in the aetiology of these illnesses. the possibility that adverse health effects may resu ...200617052667
radiographic evaluation of neonatal skeletal development in callimico goeldii reveals closer similarity to callithrix jacchus than to saguinus oedipus.the phylogenetic affinities of the neotropical goeldi's monkey (callimico goeldii) have long been a matter of debate. whereas most morphological evidence appears to place callimico in a sister group position relative to the callitrichidae, genetic studies place c. goeldii within the callitrichidae and suggest that it is more closely related to marmosets than to tamarins. the present study presents the first radiographic analysis comparing the secondary limb bone ossification of newborn c. goeldi ...200717146795
the ecology and evolution of patience in two new world monkeys.decision making often involves choosing between small, short-term rewards and large, long-term rewards. all animals, humans included, discount future rewards--the present value of delayed rewards is viewed as less than the value of immediate rewards. despite its ubiquity, there exists considerable but unexplained variation between species in their capacity to wait for rewards--that is, to exert patience or self-control. using two closely related primates--common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) an ...200517148172
chemoarchitecture of the middle temporal visual area in the marmoset monkey (callithrix jacchus): laminar distribution of calcium-binding proteins (calbindin, parvalbumin) and nonphosphorylated neurofilament.we studied the distributions of interneurons containing the calcium-binding proteins parvalbumin and calbindin d-28k, as well as that of pyramidal neurons containing nonphosphorylated neurofilament (nnf), in the middle temporal visual area (mt) of marmoset monkeys. the distributions of these classes of cells in mt are distinct from those found in adjacent areas. similar to the primary visual area (v1), in mt, calbindin-immunopositive neurons can be objectively classified into "dark" and "light" ...200717177255
the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) has two very similar semenogelin genes as the result of gene conversion.the semen coagulum proteins have undergone substantial structural changes during evolution. in primates, these seminal vesicle-secreted proteins are known as semenogelin i (semg1) and semenogelin ii (semg2). previous studies on the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) showed that ejaculated semen from this new world monkey contains semenogelin, but it remained unclear whether it carries both genes or only semg1 and no semg2, like the closely related cotton-top tamarin (saguinus oedipus). in this ...200717192513
effects of prenatal dexamethasone treatment on postnatal physical, endocrine, and social development in the common marmoset monkey.the prophylactic treatment of diagnosed preterm delivery with synthetic glucocorticoids, such as dexamethasone (dex), is commonplace. long-term effects of such treatment are not well understood. in the present study, we exposed pregnant common marmosets (callithrix jacchus), small-bodied monkeys that are therefore advantageous for long-term primate studies, to daily repeated dex (5 mg/kg orally) either during early (d 42-48) or late (d 90-96) pregnancy (gestation period of 144 d). relative to co ...200717218413
long-term consequences of human alpha-synuclein overexpression in the primate ventral midbrain.overexpression of human alpha-synuclein (alpha-syn) using recombinant adeno-associated viral (raav) vectors provides a novel tool to study neurodegenerative processes seen in parkinson's disease and other synucleinopathies. we used a pseudotyped raav2/5 vector to express human wild-type (wt) alpha-syn, a53t mutated alpha-syn, or the green fluorescent protein (gfp) in the primate ventral midbrain. twenty-four adult common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) were followed with regular behavioural tests ...200717303591
re-emergence of francisella tularensis in germany: fatal tularaemia in a colony of semi-free-living marmosets (callithrix jacchus).francisella tularensis was identified as the cause of a die-off which occurred among a colony of semi-free-living common marmosets (callithrix jacchus). during the outbreak 5 out of 62 animals died of tularaemia in a research facility located in the district of goettingen, germany. all animals had been born at the facility suggesting an endemic infection. a total of five culture isolates were recovered and characterized as f. tularensis holarctica, biovar i. these cultures represent the first is ...200717306050
forebrain connectivity of the prefrontal cortex in the marmoset monkey (callithrix jacchus): an anterograde and retrograde tract-tracing study.the cortical and subcortical forebrain connections of the marmoset prefrontal cortex (pfc) were examined by injecting the retrograde tracer, choleratoxin, and the anterograde tracer, biotin dextran amine, into four sites within the pfc. two of the sites, the lateral and orbital regions, had previously been shown to provide functionally dissociable contributions to distinct forms of behavioral flexibility, attentional set-shifting and discrimination reversal learning, respectively. the dysgranula ...200717335041
connections of diffuse bipolar cells in primate retina are biased against s-cones.in mammalian retina, each diffuse bipolar type stratifies in a distinct layer of the inner plexiform layer. thus, different types of bipolar cells provide output to distinct visual pathways. here, the question of whether diffuse bipolar cell types differ with respect to their contacts with short wavelength-sensitive (s-) cones was investigated in the retinas of a new world monkey, callithrix jacchus, and an old world monkey, macaca fascicularis. subpopulations of off bipolar cells were labeled w ...200717335043
when quantity trumps number: discrimination experiments in cotton-top tamarins (saguinus oedipus) and common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).the capacity for non-linguistic, numerical discrimination has been well characterized in non-human animals, with recent studies providing careful controls for non-numerical confounds such as continuous extent, density, and quantity. more poorly understood are the conditions under which animals use numerical versus non-numerical quantification, and the nature of the relation between these two systems. here we test whether cotton-top tamarins and common marmosets can discriminate between two quant ...200717354004
behavioral and physiological effects of an infant-neglect manipulation in a bi-parental, twinning primate: impact is dependent on familial factors.experimental animal studies and epidemiological and clinical human studies demonstrate that atypical infant-caregiving can exert short- and long-term effects on offspring phenotype, including increased long-term risk of affective disorders. whilst the early environment is therefore a major determinant of behavioral, physiological and neurobiological phenotypes, the effects of early adversity exhibit individual variation, presumably due to differences in environment-genotype interactions. twin st ...200717363175
a comparative study of cytoarchitecture and serotonergic afferents in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of primates (cebus apella and callithrix jacchus) and rats (wistar and long evans strains).the suprachiasmatic nucleus, an essential diencephalic component of the circadian timing system, plays a role in the generation and modulation of behavioral and neuroendocrine rhythms in mammals. its cytoarchitecture, neurochemical and hodological characteristics have been investigated in various mammalian species, particularly in rodents. in most species, two subdivisions, based on these aspects and considered to reflect functional specialization within the nucleus, can be recognized. many stud ...200717382302
response to novel food and the role of social influences in common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) and goeldi's monkeys (callimico goeldii).neophobia, defined as showing caution toward novel features of the environment, is widespread in birds and mammals; it can be affected by ecology, early experience, and social context. in this study, we aimed to (i) investigate the response to novel food in adult common marmosets and goeldi's monkeys and (ii) assess the role of social influences. we used an experimental paradigm employed previously with capuchin monkeys and children, in which a subject (observer) was presented with a novel food ...200717387731
lassa virus infection in experimentally infected marmosets: liver pathology and immunophenotypic alterations in target tissues.lassa virus causes thousands of deaths annually in western africa and is considered a potential biological weapon. in an attempt to develop a small nonhuman primate model of lassa fever, common marmosets were subcutaneously inoculated with lassa virus strain josiah. this inoculation resulted in a systemic disease with clinical and morphological features mirroring those in fatal human lassa infection: fever, weight loss, high viremia and viral rna load in tissues, elevated liver enzymes, and seve ...200717409137
linking lateral interactions in flicker perception to lateral geniculate nucleus cell responses.the perception of flicker strength in a circular stimulus can be changed by altering the relative temporal phase of a simultaneously flickering surrounding annulus: perceived flicker is weak when the two stimuli are modulated in-phase and strong when the two are modulated in counter-phase. previously, we found that responses of single neurons in the monkey lateral geniculate nucleus (lgn) to such stimuli resemble the psychophysical data. on the basis of the resemblance in data, it was proposed t ...200717412770
gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (gnrh) release in marmosets i: in vivo measurement in ovary-intact and ovariectomised females.in vivo hypothalamic gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (gnrh) release was characterised for the first time in a new world primate. a nonterminal and repeatable push-pull perfusion (ppp) technique reliably measured gnrh in conscious common marmoset monkeys. nineteen adult females (n = 8 ovary-intact in the mid-follicular phase; n = 11 ovariectomised) were fitted with long-term cranial pedestals, and a push-pull cannula was temporarily placed in unique locations within the pituitary stalk-median emi ...200717425609
gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (gnrh) release in marmosets ii: pulsatile release of gnrh and pituitary gonadotrophin in adult females.unlike other mammals, including rodents, old world primates and humans, common marmosets and probably all other new world primates synthesise and release chorionic gonadotrophin (cg), and not luteinising hormone (lh) from pituitary gonadotrophs. however, little is known about the physiological dynamics of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (gnrh)-regulated cg release from gonadotrophs and whether such cg release has pulsatile release characteristics similar to those of lh in other mammalian species ...200717425610
spatial and temporal frequency selectivity of neurons in the middle temporal visual area of new world monkeys (callithrix jacchus).information about the responses of neurons to the spatial and temporal frequencies of visual stimuli is important for understanding the types of computations being performed in different visual areas. we characterized the spatiotemporal selectivity of neurons in the middle temporal area (mt), which is deemed central for the processing of direction and speed of motion. recordings obtained in marmoset monkeys using high-contrast sine-wave gratings as stimuli revealed that the majority of neurons h ...200717432965
helicobacter callitrichis sp. nov., a novel helicobacter species isolated from the feces of the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).a slowly growing microaerophilic helicobacter species was isolated from the feces of the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus). this bacterium possessed a pair of nonsheathed bipolar flagella, was positive for oxidase, catalase and alkaline phosphatase activities, but was negative for gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase and urease activity and for nitrate reduction. the bacterium was susceptible to nalidixic acid and resistant to cephalotine and did not hydrolyze hippurate. on the basis of phenotypic ch ...200717439542
differential neural coding of acoustic flutter within primate auditory cortex.a sequence of acoustic events is perceived either as one continuous sound or as a stream of temporally discrete sounds (acoustic flutter), depending on the rate at which the acoustic events repeat. acoustic flutter is perceived at repetition rates near or below the lower limit for perceiving pitch, and is akin to the discrete percepts of visual flicker and tactile flutter caused by the slow repetition of sensory stimulation. it has been shown that slowly repeating acoustic events are represented ...200717468752
genomics and diversity of the common marmoset monkey nk complex.the common marmoset monkey (callithrix jacchus) is a new world primate that is increasingly used in biomedical research as a model organism. due to the occurrence of natural bone marrow chimerism, it represents a particularly useful primate model in immunological research. in this study, we describe the genomic organization of the cd94, nkg2, and ly49l genes in the nk complex (nkc) of the common marmoset based on complete sequencing of a bacterial artificial chromosome clonal contig. this region ...200717513764
the composition of milk from bolivian squirrel monkeys (saimiri boliviensis boliviensis).squirrel monkeys (genus saimiri) give birth to relatively large neonates with large, fast-growing brains. maternal energy expenditure during gestation and infant development is argued to be high, but may be offset by the provisioning of offspring by females other than the mother (allonursing). milk composition is an important component of maternal energy expenditure, but has been examined in only a small number of primate species. here, we report on the milk composition from laboratory-housed bo ...200817538959
phylogenetic conservation of the androgen receptor ar45 variant form in placental mammals.a cdna coding for a tissue-specific ar45 variant form of the androgen receptor (ar) has recently been identified in humans, with highest expression levels found in heart. the deduced protein comprises the dna-binding domain, hinge region and ligand-binding domain of the ar, but not the n-terminal domain which is replaced by a unique, short, seven amino-acid-long stretch. this sequence is encoded by the mutually exclusive exon 1b, located between exons 1 and 2 of the human ar gene. as transcript ...200717574777
development of the first marmoset-specific dna microarray (eumama): a new genetic tool for large-scale expression profiling in a non-human primate.the common marmoset monkey (callithrix jacchus), a small non-endangered new world primate native to eastern brazil, is becoming increasingly used as a non-human primate model in biomedical research, drug development and safety assessment. in contrast to the growing interest for the marmoset as an animal model, the molecular tools for genetic analysis are extremely limited.200717592630
age-related changes in marmoset trabecular and cortical bone and response to alendronate therapy resemble human bone physiology and architecture.in older humans, bone elongation ceases, periosteal expansion continues, and bone remodeling remains a dominant metabolic process. an appropriate animal model of type i and type ii osteoporosis would be a species with sealed growth plates and persistence of bone remodeling. the rat is commonly used as a primary model, but due to delayed epiphyseal closure with continuous modeling and lack of haversian remodeling, food and drug administration guidelines recommend assessment of bone quality in an ...200717610276
striatal leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 mrna is increased in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-lesioned common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) with l-3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine methyl ester-induced dyskinesia.the level of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (lrrk2) mrna expression was measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in anterior striatum from normal and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (mptp)-treated common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) that had l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine methyl ester (l-dopa)-induced dyskinesia. the level of striatal lrrk2 mrna was increased in mptp-treated common marmosets that had l-dopa-induced dyskinesia compared with normal animals that did no ...200717614947
imitation as faithful copying of a novel technique in marmoset monkeys.imitative learning has received great attention due to its supposed role in the development of culture and the cognitive demands it poses on the individual. evidence for imitation in non-human primate species, therefore, could shed light on the early origins of proto-cultural traits in the primate order. imitation has been defined as the learning of an act by seeing it done or, more specifically, as the copying of a novel or otherwise improbable act. but despite a century of research and the det ...200717622356
compatibility of the gh homologues of epstein-barr virus and related lymphocryptoviruses.glycoprotein gh, together with its chaperone gl and a third glycoprotein gb, is essential for cell-cell fusion and virus-cell fusion mediated by herpesviruses. epstein-barr virus (ebv), the prototype human lymphocryptovirus, requires a fourth glycoprotein gp42 to support fusion with b cells in addition to epithelial cells. two other lymphocryptoviruses, the rhesus lymphocryptovirus (rh-lcv) and the common marmoset lymphocryptovirus (calhv3), have been sequenced in their entirety and each has a g ...200717622614
tyrosine hydroxylase (th)- and aromatic-l-amino acid decarboxylase (aadc)-immunoreactive neurons of the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) brain: an immunohistochemical analysis.from the perspective of comparative morphology, the distribution of non-monoaminergic neurons in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) was investigated using an immunohistochemical method with specific antibodies to tyrosine hydroxylase (th) and aromatic-l-amino acid decarboxylase (aadc).th-immunoreactive (ir) neurons (but not aadc-ir) neurons were observed in the olfactory tubercle, preoptic suprachiasmatic nucleus, periventricular hypothalamic nucleus, arcuate nucleus, paraventricular nucle ...200717653300
activity of common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) in limited spaces: hand movement characteristics.the increasing popularity of marmoset monkeys (callithrix jacchus) in anatomical, behavioral, and electrophysiological studies has called for a detailed analysis of their natural behavior within limited spaces. in the present study, the authors analyzed hand movements during horizontal and vertical progressions in a cylinder. the trajectory of each hand covered the entire cylinder floor during horizontal progressions and the entire cylinder wall during vertical progressions. different marmosets ...200717696659
spatial receptive field properties of lateral geniculate cells in the owl monkey (aotus azarae) at different contrasts: a comparative study.several physiological properties of owl monkey lateral geniculate nucleus (lgn) cells were studied to verify whether its nocturnal habit has an influence on the organization of its subcortical visual system. receptive field (rf) dimensions were measured using drifting gratings and bipartite field stimuli. we found that owl monkey cells lgn have larger rfs and were on average more non-linear than those of diurnal monkeys. but, as in other anthropoids, there is an increase in rf centre size with i ...200717714192
effects of ovarian stimulation, with and without human chorionic gonadotrophin, on oocyte meiotic and developmental competence in the marmoset monkey (callithrix jacchus).a reliable ovarian stimulation protocol for marmosets is needed to enhance their use as a model for studying human and non-human primate oocyte biology. in this species, a standard dose of hcg did not effectively induce oocyte maturation in vivo. the objectives of this study were to characterize ovarian response to an fsh priming regimen in marmosets, given without or with a high dose of hcg, and to determine the meiotic and developmental competence of the oocytes isolated. ovaries were removed ...200717714774
developmental changes in cellular prion protein in primate visual cortex.cellular prion protein (prp(c)) is a cell surface glycoprotein highly expressed in neurons, and a protease-resistant conformer of the protein accumulates in the brain parenchyma in prion diseases. in human prion diseases, visual cortex and visual function can be affected. we examined both the levels and the localization of prp(c) in developing visual cortex of the common marmoset. western blot analysis showed that prp(c) increased from the day of birth through adulthood, and this increase correl ...200717722030
chorionic gonadotropin beta-subunit gene expression in the marmoset pituitary is controlled by steroidogenic factor 1, early growth response protein 1, and pituitary homeobox factor 1.in most mammals, the gonads are under the control of the pituitary gonadotropins lh and fsh. however, in the common marmoset monkey callithrix jacchus, no lh is detectable in the pituitary but chorionic gonadotropin (cg) instead, normally produced in the placenta. this study investigated the mechanism of cgbeta subunit activation in the pituitary and why humans do not express cg in the pituitary. 5'-rapid amplification of cdna ends, emsa, and promoter-driven luciferase assays performed with the ...200717872365
microarray analysis of laser capture microdissected substantia nigra pars compacta after a single administration of mptp in common marmosets.gene expression profiling was performed in the laser capture microdissected substantia nigra pars compacta (snc) after a single administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (mptp) in common marmosets. rna from substantia nigra pars compacta tissue underwent a double linear amplification and was then applied to a whole human genome oligo microarray. since the number of th-immunoreactive cells in the snc decreased to 50% of that in the control after 14 days and since our previous ...200717879594
memory for time of training modulates performance on a place conditioning task in marmosets.in rodents, the expression of a reward-conditioned place preference (cpp) is regulated in a circadian pattern such that the preference is exhibited strongly at the circadian time of prior training but not at other circadian times. because each animal is trained only at a single circadian phase, the concept of time as a context cue is derived from a rhythmic internal state rather than learned explicitly from the external cues. we now report that the same "time memory" is expressed following conte ...200817904878
postnatal ontogeny of expression of the corticosteroid receptor genes in mammalian brains: inter-species and intra-species differences.corticosteroids are important mediators of homeostasis and stress, and exert their effects via two transcription-factor receptors, mineralocorticoid receptor (mr) and glucocorticoid receptor (gr). both receptors are expressed in the brain in a region-specific manner, and regulate neuroendocrine and behavioral functions. stress during early development has been demonstrated to lead to long-term alterations in mr and gr levels and in the phenotypes that they mediate. to date, however, nearly all o ...200817916381
fatty acid composition of wild anthropoid primate milks.fatty acids in milk reflect the interplay between species-specific physiological mechanisms and maternal diet. anthropoid primates (apes, old and new world monkeys) vary in patterns of growth and development and dietary strategies. milk fatty acid profiles also are predicted to vary widely. this study investigates milk fatty acid composition of five wild anthropoids (alouatta palliata, callithrix jacchus, gorilla beringei beringei, leontopithecus rosalia, macaca sinica) to test the null hypothes ...200817916436
relevant antibody subsets against mog recognize conformational epitopes exclusively exposed in solid-phase elisa.a pathogenic role for circulating anti-myelin antibodies is difficult to establish in multiple sclerosis (ms). here, we unravel a broad heterogeneity within the anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (mog) antibodies in humans and non-human primates, and demonstrate that detection of important epitopes of mog within the pathogenic repertoire is exclusively dependent on presentation on a solid-phase mog conformer. results of elisa and those of a liquid-phase assay were compared using a mog prot ...200717918203
diminished adult neurogenesis in the marmoset brain precedes old age.with aging there is a decline in the number of newly generated neurons in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. in rodents and tree shrews, this age-related decrease in neurogenesis is evident long before the animals become aged. no previous studies have investigated whether primates exhibit a similar decline in hippocampal neurogenesis with aging. to investigate this possibility, young to middle aged adult common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) were injected with brdu and perfused 3 weeks later. ...200717940008
orchidectomized (orx) marmoset (callithrix jacchus) as a model to study the development of osteopenia/osteoporosis.the common marmoset serves as a primate model for many human diseases. hypogonadal and particularly aged men develop osteopenia or osteoporosis. whether marmosets develop osteoporosis after orchidectomy is not known. this was tested in seven young and two older adult male orchidectomy animals using quantitative computer tomography, which allowed quantification of total surface and density of the cortex and of the cancellous structures of the metaphysis of the tibia and of the fifth or sixth lumb ...200817948894
adaptation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoproteins to new world monkey receptors.human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infection encounters an early block in the cells of new world monkeys because the cd4 receptor does not efficiently support hiv-1 entry. we adapted hiv-1(nl4-3) and hiv-1(kb9), two hiv-1 variants with different envelope glycoproteins, to replicate efficiently in cells expressing the cd4 and cxcr4 proteins of the common marmoset, a new world monkey. the hiv-1(nl4-3) adaptation involves three gp120 changes that result in a specific increase in affinity f ...200817959679
acute neuropathogenicity with experimental infection of equine herpesvirus 9 in common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).equine herpesvirus 9 (ehv-9) is a new neurotropic equine herpesvirus which induced encephalitis in a variety of animals. however, there was no information on the susceptibility of ehv-9 in primates.200717976037
immunolocalization of anion exchanger 1 (band 3) in the renal collecting duct of the common marmoset.the purpose of this study was to determine the expression and distribution of band 3 in the collecting duct and connecting tubules of the kidney of the marmoset monkey (callithrix jacchus), and to establish whether band 3 is expressed in type a intercalated cells. the intracellular localization of band 3 in the different populations of intercalated cells was determined by double-labeling immunohistochemistry. immunohistochemical microscopy demonstrated that band 3 is located in the basolateral p ...200717993745
intraluminal thread model of focal stroke in the non-human primate.the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus), a new world monkey, has recently been used as a model of focal cerebral ischaemia. here, we sought to develop a stroke model in this species using an intraluminal approach to occlude the middle cerebral artery (mca). this technically simple procedure allows both transient and permanent ischaemia with minimal morbidity. ten common marmosets underwent either transient (3 h) or permanent ischaemia by the insertion of a nylon filament through the external ca ...200818000514
characterization and synaptic connectivity of melanopsin-containing ganglion cells in the primate retina.melanopsin is a photopigment expressed in retinal ganglion cells, which are intrinsically photosensitive and are also involved in retinal circuits arising from rod and cone photoreceptors. this circuitry, however, is poorly understood. here, we studied the morphology, distribution and synaptic input to melanopsin-containing ganglion cells in a new world monkey, the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus). the dendrites of melanopsin-containing cells in marmoset stratify either close to the inner nu ...200718001286
isolation and characterization of dendritic cells from common marmosets for preclinical cell therapy studies.dendritic cells (dcs) have important functions as modulators of immune responses, and their ability to activate t cells is of great value in cancer immunotherapy. the isolation of dcs from the peripheral blood of rhesus and african green monkeys has been reported, but the immune system in the common marmoset remains poorly characterized, although it offers many potential advantages for preclinical studies. in the present study, we devised methods, based on techniques developed for mouse and huma ...200818005037
the cotton-top tamarin (saguinus oedipus) has five beta-microseminoprotein genes, two of which are pseudogenes.beta-microseminoprotein (msp) is one of the most abundant proteins in human seminal plasma and is secreted from the prostate gland. its evolution can be traced from primates down to nonvertebrate species such as amphioxus, despite substantial differences in the primary structure. most mammals are known to have one single msp gene, but we have previously shown that the cotton-top tamarin and the common marmoset-two new world monkeys-carry several msp genes. in this study we continue our character ...200818020964
post-conception reproductive competition in cooperatively breeding common marmosets.common marmosets are cooperatively breeding monkeys that exhibit high female reproductive skew. subordinate females usually fail to breed as a consequence of ovulation suppression and inhibition of sexual behavior, and, even when they do breed, typically rear fewer infants than dominants. we evaluated possible mechanisms of post-conception reproductive competition by comparing hormonal profiles across pregnancy, pregnancy outcomes, infant survivorship, and behavior in laboratory-housed families ...200818045596
preclinical assessment of therapeutic antibodies against human cd40 and human interleukin-12/23p40 in a nonhuman primate model of multiple sclerosis.proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (il)-12 and il-23, and costimulatory molecules on antigen-presenting cells (apc), such as cd40, are critical to autoreactive t cell activation by apc, and hence, are considered relevant targets of therapy for immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (imid).200818075274
other-regarding preferences in a non-human primate: common marmosets provision food altruistically.human cooperation is unparalleled in the animal world and rests on an altruistic concern for the welfare of genetically unrelated strangers. the evolutionary roots of human altruism, however, remain poorly understood. recent evidence suggests a discontinuity between humans and other primates because individual chimpanzees do not spontaneously provide food to other group members, indicating a lack of concern for their welfare. here, we demonstrate that common marmoset monkeys (callithrix jacchus) ...200718077409
first order connections of the visual sector of the thalamic reticular nucleus in marmoset monkeys (callithrix jacchus).the thalamic reticular nucleus (trn) supplies an important inhibitory input to the dorsal thalamus. previous studies in non-primate mammals have suggested that the visual sector of the trn has a lateral division, which has connections with first-order (primary) sensory thalamic and cortical areas, and a medial division, which has connections with higher-order (association) thalamic and cortical areas. however, the question whether the primate trn is segregated in the same manner is controversial ...200718093372
microstimulation and architectonics of frontoparietal cortex in common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).we investigated the organization of frontoparietal cortex in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) by using intracortical microstimulation and an architectonic analysis. primary motor cortex (m1) was identified as an area that evoked visible movements at low levels of electric current and had a full body representation of the contralateral musculature. primary motor cortex represented the contralateral body from hindlimb to face in a mediolateral sequence, with individual movements such as ja ...200818175349
fast progression of recombinant human myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (mog)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in marmosets is associated with the activation of mog34-56-specific cytotoxic t cells.the recombinant human (rh) myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (mog)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae) model in the common marmoset is characterized by 100% disease incidence, a chronic disease course, and a variable time interval between immunization and neurological impairment. we investigated whether monkeys with fast and slow disease progression display different anti-mog t or b cell responses and analyzed the underlying pathogenic mechanism(s). the results show that fa ...200818209026
cyp3 phylogenomics: evidence for positive selection of cyp3a4 and cyp3a7.cyp3a metabolizes 50% of currently prescribed drugs and is frequently involved in clinically relevant drug interactions. the understanding of roles and regulations of the individual cyp3a genes in pharmacology and physiology is incomplete.200818216722
cerebrospinal fluid to brain transport of manganese in a non-human primate revealed by mri.manganese overexposure in non-human primates and humans causes a neurodegenerative disorder called manganism thought to be related to an accumulation of the metal in the basal ganglia. here, we assess changes in the concentration of manganese in regions of the brain of a non-human primate (the common marmoset, callithrix jacchus) following four systemic injections of 30 mg/kg mncl2 h2o in the tail vein using t1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (mri) and compare these to changes in the rat fol ...200818243167
sources of somatosensory input to the caudal belt areas of auditory cortex.the auditory cortex of nonhuman primates is comprised of a constellation of at least twelve interconnected areas distributed across three major regions on the superior temporal gyrus: core, belt, and parabelt. individual areas are distinguished on the basis of unique profiles comprising architectonic features, thalamic and cortical connections, and neuron response properties. recent demonstrations of convergent auditory-somatosensory interactions in the caudomedial (cm) and caudolateral (cl) bel ...200718265825
distribution of bipolar input to midget and parasol ganglion cells in marmoset retina.different types of retinal ganglion cell show differences in their response properties. here we investigated the question of whether these differences are related to the distribution of the synaptic input to the dendritic tree. we measured the distribution and density of synaptic input to the dendrites of midget and parasol ganglion cells in the retina of a new world monkey, the marmoset, callithrix jacchus. ganglion cells were retrogradely labeled by dye injection into parvocellular or magnocel ...200818282311
common marmoset embryonic stem cell can differentiate into cardiomyocytes.common marmoset monkeys have recently attracted much attention as a primate research model, and are preferred to rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys due to their small bodies, easy handling and efficient breeding. we recently reported the establishment of common marmoset embryonic stem cell (cmesc) lines that could differentiate into three germ layers. here, we report that our cmesc can also differentiate into cardiomyocytes and investigated their characteristics. after induction, fog-2 was expressed, ...200818331825
autoimmunity against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein is dispensable for the initiation although essential for the progression of chronic encephalomyelitis in common marmosets.to elucidate the pathogenetic significance of myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (mog)-specific autoreactivity in a genetically and immunologically heterogeneous nonhuman primate model of multiple sclerosis, we analyzed experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae) in the outbred common marmoset (callithrix jacchus). one sibling each of 5 bone marrow chimeric marmoset twins was immunized with myelin derived from wild-type (wt) c57bl/6 mice (wt myelin); the other sibling was immunized with mye ...200818379435
no long-term effect two years after intrauterine exposure to dexamethasone on dentate gyrus volume, neuronal proliferation and differentiation in common marmoset monkeys.glucocorticoids are prenatally administered to promote the maturation of the lungs. they, however, can affect neuronal proliferation and differentiation. in newborn marmoset monkeys, intrauterine hyperexposure to dexamethasone (dex) resulted in a significantly decreased proliferation rate in the hippocampal dentate gyrus without affecting neuronal differentiation. in this study, marmoset monkeys received 5 mg/kg body weight dex either during early (days 42-48) or late (days 90-96) pregnancy. the ...200818422980
autoimmune optic neuritis in the common marmoset monkey: comparison of visual evoked potentials with mri and histopathology.to assess the use of visual evoked potentials (veps) for the in vivo detection of impaired visual function in a marmoset model of multiple sclerosis. the sensitivity of the vep recordings was determined by comparison with magnetic resonance imaging (mri) and histopathology.200818450589
neural substrates of vocalization feedback monitoring in primate auditory cortex.vocal communication involves both speaking and hearing, often taking place concurrently. vocal production, including human speech and animal vocalization, poses a number of unique challenges for the auditory system. it is important for the auditory system to monitor external sounds continuously from the acoustic environment during speaking despite the potential for sensory masking by self-generated sounds. it is also essential for the auditory system to monitor feedback of one's own voice. this ...200818454135
experimental respiratory anthrax infection in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).inhalational anthrax is a rare but potentially fatal infection in man. the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) was evaluated as a small non-human primate (nhp) model of inhalational anthrax infection, as an alternative to larger nhp species. the marmoset was found to be susceptible to inhalational exposure to bacillus anthracis ames strain. the pathophysiology of infection following inhalational exposure was similar to that previously reported in the rhesus and cynomolgus macaque and humans. th ...200818460069
seroprevalence study of francisella tularensis among hunters in germany.in 2005 and 2006, francisella tularensis unexpectedly reemerged in western germany, when several semi-free-living marmosets (callithrix jacchus) in a research facility died from tularemia and a group of hare hunters became infected. it is believed that hunters may have an elevated risk to be exposed to zoonotic pathogens, including f. tularensis. a previous cross-sectional study of the german population (n=6883) revealed a prevalence of 0.2%. here, we investigated 286 sera from individuals mainl ...200818462387
orest: the online resource for est analysis.the generation of expressed sequence tag (est) libraries offers an affordable approach to investigate organisms, if no genome sequence is available. orest (http://mips.gsf.de/genre/proj/orest/index.html) is a server-based est analysis pipeline, which allows the rapid analysis of large amounts of ests or cdnas from mammalia and fungi. in order to assign the ests to genes or proteins orest maps dna sequences to reference datasets of gene products and in a second step to complete genome sequences. ...200818463135
different ovarian responses to potential mates underlie species-specific breeding strategies in common marmoset and goeldi's monkey.callitrichids are cooperative breeders, characterized by obligate twinning, extensive paternal care, and monopolization of reproduction by the dominant female. this is the case in the common marmoset, and in common marmoset groups of more than one adult female, subordinate females are typically acyclic consistent with infertility. however, one callitrichid, goeldi's monkey, gives birth to singletons and exhibits low paternal care. given these reproductive traits of goeldi's monkey, we hypothesiz ...200818471815
validation of non-fluorescent methods to reliably detect acrosomal and plasma membrane integrity of common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) sperm.simple, rapid and stable sperm evaluation methods which have been optimized for common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) are critical for studies involving collection and evaluation of sperm in the field. this is particularly important for new species groups such as callitrichidae where the sperm have been little studied. of this family, c. jacchus is the best known, and has been chosen as a model species for other members of the genus callithrix. the fundamental evaluation parameters for sperm of a ...200818479742
expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in the rhesus monkey and common marmoset.indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (ido) catalyzes the initial and rate-limiting step of tryptophan degradation along the kynurenine pathway, and is hypothesized to limit tryptophan availability at embryo implantation and prevent maternal t cell activation at the maternal-fetal interface. to determine if nonhuman primates are suitable models for investigating the role of ido during pregnancy, we defined the expression of ido in the rhesus monkey and common marmoset with particular attention to the fema ...200818490060
neural response properties of primary, rostral, and rostrotemporal core fields in the auditory cortex of marmoset monkeys.the core region of primate auditory cortex contains a primary and two primary-like fields (ai, primary auditory cortex; r, rostral field; rt, rostrotemporal field). although it is reasonable to assume that multiple core fields provide an advantage for auditory processing over a single primary field, the differential roles these fields play and whether they form a functional pathway collectively such as for the processing of spectral or temporal information are unknown. in this report we compare ...200818525020
development of a model of hookworm infection exhibiting salient characteristics of human infection.patent and pathologic infections of the human hookworm necator americanus were established in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus). in a pilot study, a laboratory strain of n. americanus was compared with a fresh field isolate. pathology was more severe in animals infected with a fresh isolate. in all animals, infection was associated with increased total plasma ige and production of igg specific to adult worm excretory/secretory (es) products. histamine was released by basophils in response ...200818541773
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