| two cathelicidin genes are present in both rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and atlantic salmon (salmo salar). | further to the previous finding of the rainbow trout rtcath_1 gene, this paper describes three more cathelicidin genes found in salmonids: two in atlantic salmon, named ascath_1 and ascath_2, and one in rainbow trout, named rtcath_2. all the three new salmonid cathelicidin genes share the common characteristics of mammalian cathelicidin genes, such as consisting of four exons and possessing a highly conserved preproregion and four invariant cysteines clustered in the c-terminal region of the cat ... | 2006 | 16377685 |
| experimental bath infection with flavobacterium psychrophilum, inducing typical signs of rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss fry syndrome. | flavobacterium psychrophilum infection in salmonid fish, known as rainbow trout fry syndrome (rtfs) or bacterial coldwater disease (bcwd), is widespread in fish farms and natural waters. despite many studies in which attempts at infection were made, an adequate method of infection has not yet been established. in this study, we evaluated a bath infection method in which we used bacteria at different stages of growth in the infection of rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss. rainbow trout with a mean ... | 2005 | 16385811 |
| differences in metabolic response to loma salmonae infection in juvenile rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss and brook trout salvelinus fontinalis. | routine and post-exercise metabolic rates were measured for juvenile rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss and brook trout salvelinus fontinalis infected with the microsporidium gill parasite loma salmonae under laboratory conditions. rainbow trout increased routine and post-exercise metabolic rate in response to infection compared with controls. brook trout, on the other hand, lowered routine metabolic rate without effecting post-exercise metabolic rate compared to controls. the result of these 2 d ... | 2005 | 16408839 |
| construction of a virulent, green fluorescent protein-tagged yersinia ruckeri and detection in trout tissues after intraperitoneal and immersion challenge. | a green fluorescent protein (gfp) expressing strain of yersinia ruckeri was created by the transposition of a tn10-gfp-kan cassette into the genome of y. ruckeri strain yrnc10. the derivative, yrnc10-gfp, was highly gfp fluorescent, retained the gfp-km marker in the absence of kanamycin selection, and exhibited in vitro growth kinetics similar to those of the wild type strain. yrnc10-gfp colonized and caused mortality in immersion and intraperitoneally challenged rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykis ... | 2005 | 16408843 |
| a linkage map for brown trout (salmo trutta): chromosome homeologies and comparative genome organization with other salmonid fish. | we report on the construction of a linkage map for brown trout (salmo trutta) and its comparison with those of other tetraploid-derivative fish in the family salmonidae, including atlantic salmon (salmo salar), rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), and arctic char (salvelinus alpinus). overall, we identified 37 linkage groups (2n = 80) from the analysis of 288 microsatellite polymorphisms, 13 allozyme markers, and phenotypic sex in four backcross families. additionally, we used gene-centromere an ... | 2006 | 16452148 |
| induction time for resistance to microsporidial gill disease caused by loma salmonae following vaccination of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) with a spore-based vaccine. | resistance to re-infection of rainbow trout to loma salmonae, a microsporidian gill parasite has been previously documented and this study examined how rapidly this resistance develops. naive rainbow trout were inoculated intraperitoneally (ip) with an inactivated spore-based vaccine and were then given an oral challenge with a high dose of l. salmonae spores at various weeks after being vaccinated. non-vaccinated naive fish (exposed group) were challenged alongside of each group of vaccinated f ... | 2006 | 16464612 |
| development of methods for extraction and in vitro quantification of estrogenic and androgenic activity of wastewater samples. | chemicals released into the environment by anthropogenic activities have been linked to estrogenic or androgenic effects in exposed wildlife, and there is a need to develop and validate rapid and cost-effective methods to quantify the total estrogenic and androgenic activity of environmental water samples. in this study, estrogen receptors (er) were isolated from sheep (ovis aries) uteri and rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) livers and androgen receptors (ar) were isolated from rainbow trout b ... | 2006 | 16473560 |
| cloning and phylogenetic analysis of the alpha subunit of the eighth complement component (c8) in rainbow trout. | the alpha subunit of the eighth complement component (c8) is a single-chain plasma glycoprotein which functions in the cytolytic process mediated by the complement system through a sequence of polymerization reactions with other terminal components. we have previously isolated and characterized the c8beta and c8gamma subunits of the eighth complement component in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). here, we report the primary sequence, the tissue expression profile, the domain architecture and ... | 2006 | 16483657 |
| increased levels of mitochondrial gene transcripts in the thermally selected rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) strain during embryonic development. | to investigate molecular mechanisms involved in thermal resistance of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, embryos from thermally selected strain in various developmental stages were treated at 22 degrees c for 30 min and subsequently developed at 12 degrees c using the donaldson strain as a reference. the embryos were evaluated for their hatching rate along with the ratio of embryos having an abnormal appearance and subjected to mrna arbitrarily primed reverse transcription-polymerase chain reac ... | 2006 | 16505978 |
| toxic effects produced by microcystins from a natural cyanobacterial bloom and a microcystis aeruginosa isolated strain on the fish cell lines rtg-2 and plhc-1. | toxic cyanobacterial blooms are a worldwide problem, causing serious water pollution and public health hazard to humans and livestock. the intact cells as well as the toxins released after cellular lysis can be responsible for toxic effects in both animals and humans and are actually associated with fish kills. two fish cell lines-plhc-1 derived from a hepatocellular carcinoma of the topminnow poeciliopsis lucida and rtg-2 fibroblast-like cells derived from the gonads of rainbow trout oncorhynch ... | 2006 | 16485170 |
| developmental and evolutionary origins of the vertebrate dentition: molecular controls for spatio-temporal organisation of tooth sites in osteichthyans. | the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) as a developmental model surpasses both zebrafish and mouse for a more widespread distribution of teeth in the oro-pharynx as the basis for general vertebrate odontogenesis, one in which replacement is an essential requirement. studies on the rainbow trout have led to the identification of the initial sequential appearance of teeth, through differential gene expression as a changing spatio-temporal pattern, to set in place the primary teeth of the first ge ... | 2006 | 16496402 |
| molecular and expression analysis of an interferon-gamma-inducible guanylate-binding protein from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | guanylate-binding proteins (gbps) are some of the most abundant proteins accumulating in mammalian cells in response to interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma). gbps have been suggested to function in antiviral activity, macrophage activation, fibroblast proliferation and inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation and invasiveness. here we confirm that ifn-gamma-inducible gbp also exist in fish. a 2 kb gbp cdna was cloned from head kidney of rainbow trout treated with an ifn-inducing compound. the open r ... | 2006 | 16504293 |
| homology model of the rainbow trout estrogen receptor (rteralpha) and docking of endocrine disrupting chemicals (edcs). | a model for rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) estrogen receptor (rtera) was built by homology with the human estrogen receptor (hera). a high level of sequence conservation between the two receptors was found with 64% and 80% of identity and similarity, respectively. selected endocrine disrupting chemicals were docked into the ligand binding domain (lbd) of rtera and the corresponding free binding energies delta(deltag(bind)) values were calculated. a quantitative structure-activity relationsh ... | 2006 | 16513554 |
| evaluation of quantitative real-time pcr for rapid assessments of the exposure of sentinel fish to myxobolus cerebralis. | pathogen-free rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) aged 735 degree days were experimentally exposed to a low dose of infectious myxobolus cerebralis (20 triactinomyxons fish(-1)). three time periods were chosen for sampling that included 10 days (d), 67 d, and 5 months (mo) post exposure. five diagnostic assays were used: (1) conventional single-round polymerase chain reaction (pcr), (2) nested pcr, (3) real-time taqman pcr, (4) pepsin-trypsin digest, and (5) histopathology. m. cerebralis was det ... | 2006 | 16555100 |
| genotyping and pathogenicity of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus from free-living turbot (psetta maxima) in a turkish coastal area of the black sea. | viral hemorrhagic septicemia (vhs) is one of the most serious fish viral diseases for cultured rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), although vhs virus (vhsv) seems to be ubiquitous among marine fishes. in the present study, vhsv isolation was performed with free-living and cultured turbot (psetta maxima) in the trabzon coastal area of the black sea to evaluate participation of vhsv in mass mortalities of seed-produced turbot larvae. vhsv was detected in 14 of 66 free-living spawners (positive ra ... | 2006 | 16597932 |
| cdna cloning and characterization of type i procollagen alpha1 chain in the skate raja kenojei. | a full-length cdna of the type i procollagen alpha1 [pro-alpha1(i)] chain (4388 bp), coding for 1463 amino acid residues in the total length, was determined by race pcr using a cdna library constructed from 4-week embryo of the skate raja kenojei. the helical region of the skate pro-alpha1(i) chain consisted of 1014 amino acid residues - the same as other fibrillar collagen alpha chains from higher vertebrates. comparison on denaturation temperatures of type i collagens from the skate, rainbow t ... | 2006 | 16563827 |
| quantitative expression (walbaum) of immunological factors in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), after infection with either flavobacterium psychrophilum, aeromonas salmonicida, or infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus. | to further enhance our understanding of immunological gene expression in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, after infection with naturally occurring pathogens, a series of probes and primers were developed for the quantification of immune factors. separate groups of specific-pathogen-free rainbow trout were infected with either flavobacterium psychrophilum, aeromonas salmonicida or infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv). three different concentrations of each pathogen were used and sam ... | 2006 | 16635061 |
| changes in concentrations of microcystins in rainbow trout, freshwater mussels, and cyanobacteria in lakes rotoiti and rotoehu. | microcystin concentrations in cyanobacteria and their accumulation in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and freshwater mussels (hyridella menziesi) in lakes rotoiti and rotoehu (new zealand) were investigated. hatchery rainbow trout were added to an enclosure in lake rotoiti where concentrations of microcystins in the phytoplankton and cyanobacterial cell concentrations could be closely monitored. rainbow trout that were free to roam in the entire area of each lake were also included in the st ... | 2006 | 16646016 |
| interaction of water temperature and challenge model on xenoma development rates for loma salmonae (microspora) in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum). | this study evaluated the regulatory effects of water temperature on the development of branchial xenomas caused by loma salmonae using a high-dose per os-challenge model compared with a low-dose cohabitation-challenge model. approximately 275 juvenile rainbow trout (rbt), oncorhynchus mykiss, were randomly distributed to six tanks with two tanks each maintained at 11, 15 and 19 degrees c. fish in one tank from each temperature setting were exposed per os to macerated l. salmonae-infected gill ma ... | 2006 | 16533299 |
| effects of waterborne copper, cyanide, ammonia, and nitrite on stress parameters and changes in susceptibility to saprolegniosis in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | the effects of toxic exposures on the susceptibility of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) to saprolegniosis were evaluated. fish were exposed to sublethal concentrations of copper (0.25 mg/liter), cyanide (0.07 mg/liter), ammonia (0.5 mg/liter), and nitrite (0.24 mg/liter) for 24 h. after exposure, the fish were challenged by saprolegnia parasitica (3.6 x 10(sup6) zoospores per liter) for 10 min. cortisol and cholesterol were used to indicate stress response. similar increases of cortisol were ... | 1995 | 16535039 |
| pathogenic infections of gyrodactylus brachymystacis (monogenea) on oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum) at a fish farm in the qinling mountain region of china. | | 2006 | 16677322 |
| evolution of cytokine responses: il-1beta directly affects intracellular ca2+ concentration of teleost fish leukocytes through a receptor-mediated mechanism. | in this work we studied the biological activities of recombinant il-1beta from the teleosts sea bass (dicentrarchus labrax) and rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) by investigating the effects induced on intracellular ca2+ concentrations ([ca2+]i) of spleen leucocytes. splenocytes were loaded with the ca2+-permeant fura-2am, and then stimulated with ril-1beta. the emitted fluorescence was read for 5 min at 1 min intervals on a dual excitation fluorescence fluorimeter. results showed that ril-1be ... | 2006 | 16713284 |
| persistence of clostridium botulinum neurotoxin type e in tissues from selected freshwater fish species: implications to public health. | rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), round gobies (neogobius melanostomas), yellow walleye (stizostedion vitreum), and yellow perch (perca flavescens) were given clostridium botulinum neurotoxin type e (bont/e) at four doses (0, 800, 1500, and 4000 mouse lethal doses). bont/e was sought in the fish tissues at death or at the conclusion of the experiment (10 days after treatment). fish were divided into a "fillet" (axial musculature) and a "nonfillet" sample before testing for bont/e toxicity wit ... | 2006 | 16715821 |
| innate immune responses in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss, walbaum) induced by probiotics. | carnobacterium maltaromaticum b26 and carnobacterium divergens b33, which were isolated from the intestine of healthy rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss, walbaum), were selected as being potentially useful as probiotics with effectiveness against aeromonas salmonicida and yersinia ruckeri. thus, rainbow trout administered with feed supplemented with b26 or b33 dosed at >10(7) cells g(-1) feed conferred protection against challenge with virulent cultures of the pathogens. moreover, both cultures ... | 2006 | 16631379 |
| translocation of viable aeromonas salmonicida across the intestine of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum). | the pathogenic bacterium aeromonas salmonicida is the causative agent of the destructive disease furunculosis in salmonids. horizontal transmission in salmonids has been suggested to occur via the skin, gills and/or intestine. previous reports are contradictory regarding the role of the intestine as a route of infection. the present study therefore investigates the possibility of bacterial translocation across intestinal epithelia using ussing chamber technology, in vitro. intestinal segments we ... | 2006 | 16677315 |
| experimental transmission of sleeping disease in one-year-old rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), induced by sleeping disease virus. | sleeping disease (sd) is a serious disease of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, reared in fresh water caused by sleeping disease virus (sdv). in this study a detailed clinical, histological, virological and serological description of the experimental reproduction of sd in 1-year-old rainbow trout exposed to sdv was carried out. two hundred disease-free fish were intraperitoneally inoculated with a sdv isolate and 100 fish were inoculated with an uninfected cell culture lysate as a negative con ... | 2006 | 16677316 |
| co-injection of interleukin 8 with the glycoprotein gene from viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) modulates the cytokine response in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | since previous results showed that interleukin 8 (il-8) was induced in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) in response to viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) infection, we have cloned il-8 in an expression vector (pil8+) and studied its possible adjuvant effect on the early response to a vhsv immunization model, focusing on the early response of several cytokines induced by a vector coding for the glycoprotein of vhsv (pmcv1.4-g) in the spleen and head kidney. first, we demonstrated that t ... | 2006 | 16725233 |
| relation of biogenic amines' formation with microbiological and sensory attributes in lactobacillus-inoculated vacuum-packed rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) fillets. | the biogenic amine (ba) content of vacuum-packed filleted rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) inoculated or not with two different lactobacillus strains, individually or in combination, was monitored during refrigerated storage for 20 days and related to respective bacteriological and sensory changes occurring during the same period. eight amines, namely putrescine, cadaverine, tyramine, tryptamine, beta-phenylethylamine, histamine, spermine, and spermidine, were determined, whereas agmatine was ... | 2006 | 16756357 |
| gene transcript changes in individual rainbow trout livers following an inflammatory stimulus. | inflammatory stimuli elicit liver synthesis and subsequent release into the plasma of several proteins (positive acute phase proteins, app) with functions in innate immunity, tissue repair and restoration of homeostasis. to expand the basis for evaluating the degree of conservation of the apr in vertebrates and to assess the extent to which genes encoding both cellular and plasma proteins are affected, we profiled transcriptional changes in livers of individual rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss ... | 2007 | 16762566 |
| cell adhesion characteristics of a monocytic cell line derived from rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss. | in experiments investigating the adhesive properties of the rainbow trout splenic monocyte-like cell line rts11 it was found that the cells bound with low affinity to plates coated with bovine serum albumin (bsa) but that phorbol ester-induced activation/differentiation greatly increased adhesion to bsa. similarly, pre-exposure to 500 microm mncl(2) at time of plating, increased rts11 adhesion to bsa coated plates, in agreement with the reported ability of divalent cations such as mn(2+) to acti ... | 2006 | 16716617 |
| cdna cloning and sequence analysis of preproendothelin-1 (ppet-1) from salmon, oncorhynchus keta. | the presence of endothelin (et)-like immunoreactivity and the cardiovascular effects of mammalian et-1 in fish have been reported. to identify et-related peptides in fish, we screened the cdna library of the salmon (oncorhynchus keta) stomach by means of rapid amplification of cdna ends, and we cloned cdnas encoding an et-related peptide. the salmon et-related sequence of 21 amino acids is identical to the trout et-1 peptide recently purified from kidney specimens of oncorhynchus mykiss. the ded ... | 2006 | 16740985 |
| a link between ectoparasite infection and susceptibility to bacterial disease in rainbow trout. | rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, were infected concomitantly with argulus coregoni and flavobacterium columnare and their survival was compared with that of fish infected with either the parasite or the bacterium alone. the mortality of fish challenged with a. coregoni was negligible while infection with f. columnare alone led to significantly lower survival. however, compared with single infections, the mortality was significantly higher and the onset of disease condition was earlier among f ... | 2006 | 16750536 |
| evaluation of an exposure assay to measure uptake of sediment pah by fish. | the ecological risks of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (pah) in aquatic sediments will vary with both toxicity and bioavailability to aquatic biota. while there are standardized protocols to test the acute toxicity of sediment-borne compounds to aquatic invertebrates, there are none for assessing bioavailability to fish. we found that sediment-borne pah caused an exposure-dependent induction of cytochrome p450 (cyp1a) enzymes in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) fingerlings exposed in semi- ... | 2006 | 16779608 |
| first description of non-motile yersinia ruckeri serovar i strains causing disease in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), cultured in spain. | yersinia ruckeri, the causal agent of enteric redmouth (erm) disease, was isolated from epizootics that occurred in different spanish rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), farms in which vaccination against erm had been performed. in all episodes, the most pronounced clinical signs exhibited by affected fish were severe haemorrhages in the mouth, eyes and around the vent. the isolates were identified as y. ruckeri serovar i by 16s rrna sequencing together with serological tests. they lac ... | 2006 | 16768714 |
| intraperitoneal administration of beta-1,3/1,6-glucan to rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), protects against loma salmonae. | | 2006 | 16768719 |
| scrapie infectivity is quickly cleared in tissues of orally-infected farmed fish. | scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) belongs to the group of animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (tse). bse epidemic in the uk and elsewhere in europe has been linked to the use of bovine meat and bone meals (mbm) in the feeding of cattle. there is concern that pigs, poultry and fish bred for human consumption and fed with infected mbm would eventually develop bse or carry residual infectivity without disease. although there has been no evidence of infection in these spe ... | 2006 | 16776828 |
| cell-mediated cytotoxicity in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, infected with viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus. | mammalian cytotoxic t cells as part of the adaptive immune system recognize virus-infected target cells by binding of their t-cell receptors (tcr) to classical mhc class i molecules loaded with viral peptides. our previous studies have shown that the allele of the single dominant polymorphic classical mhc class i locus onmy-uba is identical in the rainbow trout clone c25 and in the permanent rainbow trout cell line rtg-2. this enabled us to develop an assay to measure antiviral cytotoxicity in r ... | 2007 | 16784874 |
| pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing of listeria monocytogenes isolated in two finnish fish farms. | the aim of this study was to find sources of listeria monocytogenes contamination in fish products from a fish farm. the occurrence of l. monocytogenes also was compared in two freshwater fish farms with different types of fishponds. samples collected from chilled rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and the slaughterhouse environment did not contain l. monocytogenes, but listeria innocua was found in two samples from the slaughterhouses. ten isolates of l. monocytogenes were discovered in sedime ... | 2006 | 16786871 |
| three-dimensional mitochondrial arrangement in ventricular myocytes: from chaos to order. | we have developed a novel method to quantitatively analyze mitochondrial positioning in three dimensions. using this method, we compared the relative positioning of mitochondria in adult rat and rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) ventricular myocytes. energetic data suggest that trout, in contrast to the rat, have two subpopulations of mitochondria in their cardiomyocytes. therefore, we speculated whether trout cardiomyocytes exhibit two types of mitochondrial patterns. stacks of confocal image ... | 2006 | 16822946 |
| effects of copper on cyp1a activity and epithelial barrier properties in the rainbow trout gill. | the effects of copper on beta-naphthoflavone (betanf)-induced ethoxyresorufin o-deethylase (erod) activity were studied in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) gill filaments (after in vivo exposure) and in gill cells cultured as both primary cultures and as polarised epithelia, i.e. with water in the apical compartment and culture medium in the basolateral compartment. in the in vivo study betanf and copper were added to the water, in primary cultures both chemicals were added to the culture med ... | 2006 | 16814405 |
| pathological effects of arcobacter cryaerophilus infection in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss walbaum). | arcobacter cryaerophilus was isolated from naturally infected rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss walbaum), and its pathogenicity was tested by intramuscular injection into 40 healthy 1-year-old rainbow trout at 16 degrees c. the lethal dosage of 50% end point (ld50) for a. cryaerophilus was calculated 2.25 x 10(4) viable cells. experimental infection caused deaths with gross clinical abnormalities such as degenerated opercula and gills, liver damage, haemorrhagic kidney and serous fluid in swoll ... | 2006 | 16841757 |
| genomic structure and expression of uncoupling protein 2 genes in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | uncoupling protein 2 (ucp2) belongs to the superfamily of mitochondrial anion carriers that dissociate the respiratory chain from atp synthesis. it has been determined that ucp2 plays a role in several physiological processes such as energy expenditure, body weight control and fatty acid metabolism in several vertebrate species. we report the first characterization of ucp2s in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | 2006 | 16899121 |
| multiple whole bacterial antigens in polyvalent vaccine may result in inhibition of specific responses in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | the goal of fish vaccination today is to protect fish against multiple bacterial fish pathogens simultaneously using polyvalent vaccines. however, many immunological processes such as antigenic cross-reaction, antigenic competition, affinity maturation and antigen-induced suppression may affect the specificity, avidity and level of antibodies. consequently, the biological function of antibodies may be markedly different from that predicted by conventional serologic tests. here, we investigated t ... | 2007 | 16849036 |
| colonization of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), eggs by flavobacterium psychrophilum, the causative agent of rainbow trout fry syndrome. | | 2006 | 16866929 |
| rb-cs ratio as an indicator of fish diet in lakes of the patagonia, argentina. | the ratios of rb to cs contents were studied in five fish species from seven lakes located in the patagonia andean range, argentina in order to trace fish diet. the species studied were native velvet catfish (diplomistes viedmensis) and creole perch (percichthys trucha), and exotic brown trout (salmo trutta), rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), and brook trout (salvenilus fontinalis). rainbow trout specimens from two farms were also studied, as well as fish food items and native mussels (diplod ... | 2006 | 16943600 |
| gene deployment for tooth replacement in the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss): a developmental model for evolution of the osteichthyan dentition. | repeated tooth initiation occurs often in nonmammalian vertebrates (polyphyodontism), recurrently linked with tooth shedding and in a definite order of succession. regulation of this process has not been genetically defined and it is unclear if the mechanisms for constant generation of replacement teeth (secondary dentition) are similar to those used to generate the primary dentition. we have therefore examined the expression pattern of a sub-set of genes, implicated in tooth initiation in mouse ... | 2006 | 16925680 |
| in vivo correlates of infectious salmon anemia virus pathogenesis in fish. | the phenotypic correlates of pathogenicity for infectious salmon anemia virus (isav) in salmonid fishes have not been thoroughly studied to date. in this study, a comparison was made of 13 different strains of isav, isolated from different geographical regions between 1997 and 2004, for their infectivity in three fish species [atlantic salmon (salmo salar), coho salmon (oncorhynchus kisutch) and rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss)]. when the different virus isolates were used at an approximate i ... | 2006 | 16894204 |
| comparison of basal level metabolic enzyme activities of freshly isolated hepatocytes from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and rat. | biotransformation plays a key role in detoxification, bioactivation and bioaccumulation of xenobiotics in fish. biotransformation capabilities in fish, however, are not as thoroughly characterized as in mammals. in this study, basal level activities of 7-ethoxyresorufin o-dealkylase (erod), 7-methoxyresorufin o-dealkylase (mrod), 7-pentoxyresorufin o-dealkylase, chlorzoxazone 6-hydroxylase, testosterone 6beta-hydroxylase, lauric acid 11-hydroxylase, and glutathione s-transferase in freshly isola ... | 2006 | 16935359 |
| treatment of microbiologically polluted aquaculture waters by a novel photochemical technique of potentially low environmental impact. | the applicability of a novel procedure for the disinfection of microbiologically polluted waters from fish-farming ponds, based on the combined action of visible light (including sunlight) and porphyrin-type photosensitising agents, has been investigated using (a) cell cultures of a gram-positive bacterium (meticillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus), a gram-negative bacterium (escherichia coli) and a fungal pathogen (saprolegnia spp.); (b) pilot aquaculture plants involving either spontaneously ... | 2006 | 16951752 |
| comparative in vitro metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene by recombinant zebrafish cyp1a and liver microsomes from beta-naphthoflavone-treated rainbow trout. | the zebrafish (danio rerio) is a sensitive non-mammalian model used for studying polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (pah)-induced chemical carcinogenesis. the susceptibility of zebrafish to pah-induced carcinogenesis may be related to the ability of the zebrafish p450s to bioactivate these procarcinogens. as a part of our overall effort to identify the various p450 enzymes that are involved in the activation and detoxification of pahs in zebrafish, therefore, we have examined the ability of recombi ... | 2006 | 16963132 |
| immune modulation by probiotic strains: quantification of phagocytosis of aeromonas salmonicida by leukocytes isolated from gut of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) using a radiolabelling assay. | a method is described for the rapid and sensitive assay of phagocytosis that utilizes radioactively labelled bacteria. with this method, we observed that phagocytosis of heat-inactivated aeromonas salmonicida by leukocytes isolated from gut of rainbow trout fed with different viable probiotics (lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, lactobacillus sakei, and leuconostoc mesenteroides) was significantly higher (p<0.05) after 2 weeks of probiotic-feeding than the control group. however, only phagocytosi ... | 2006 | 17034857 |
| generation of viable fish from cryopreserved primordial germ cells. | an increasing number of wild fish species are in danger of extinction, often as a result of human activities. the cryopreservation of gametes and embryos has great potential for maintaining and restoring threatened species. the conservation of both paternal and maternal genetic information is essential. however, although this technique has been successfully applied to the spermatozoa of many fish species, reliable methods are lacking for the long-term preservation of fish eggs and embryos. here, ... | 2007 | 16998845 |
| effects of pulp and paper mill discharges on caged rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss): biomarker responses along a pollution gradient in the biobio river, chile. | caging experiments were conducted using hatchery-reared, immature, female rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) in three previously defined areas of the biobio river (south central chile) representing a pollution gradient from the pulp and paper mill discharges area: a pre-impact area (upstream area, reference location), an impact area (area directly influenced), and a postimpact area (downstream area, less influenced). no significant changes were observed in the physiological index as represented ... | 2006 | 16986781 |
| cytokine expression in leucocytes and gut cells of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss walbaum, induced by probiotics. | understanding how the various host cells respond to probiotic bacteria in vitro may provide important insight into elaborate immune responses triggered by beneficial bacteria. the aim of this study was to investigate the detailed pattern of the mrna expression of cytokines (il-1beta, il-8, tnf-alpha and tgf-beta) in head kidney (hk) leucocytes and gut cells isolated from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss walbaum) after co-culturing with live probiotics. hk leucocytes and gut cells adjusted to 5 ... | 2006 | 17011045 |
| arctic charr (salvelinus alpinus) is a suitable host for gyrodactylus salaris (monogenea, gyrodactylidae) in norway. | gyrodactylus specimens infecting both anadromous arctic charr (salvelinus alpinus) from river signaldalselva (northern norway) and resident arctic charr from lake pålsbufjorden (southern norway) were identified as g. salaris using molecular markers and morphometrics. the infection in pålsbufjorden represents the first record of a viable g. salaris population infecting a host in the wild in the absence of salmon (salmo salar). g. salaris on charr from signaldalselva and pålsbufjorden bear differe ... | 2007 | 17054822 |
| immune modulation and expression of cytokine genes in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss upon probiotic feeding. | this study elucidates the immune modulation including the expression of cytokine genes following dietary administration of three selected probiotic bacteria--lactobacillus rhamnosus, enterococcus faecium and bacillus subtilis to fish, rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss. they were fed for 45 days on either a basal control diet or one of the three probiotic diets containing the specific bacteria in freeze-dried form at a density of 10(9)cfugfeed-1. the non-specific immune parameters examined--super ... | 2007 | 17045337 |
| determination of astaxanthin stereoisomers and colour attributes in flesh of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) as a tool to distinguish the dietary pigmentation source. | the presence of carotenoids in animal tissue reflects their sources along the food chain. astaxanthin, the main carotenoid used for salmonid pigmentation, is usually included in the feed as a synthetic product. however, other dietary sources of astaxanthin such as shrimp or krill wastes, algae meal or yeasts are also available on the market. astaxanthin possesses two identical asymmetric atoms at c-3 and c-3' making possible three optical isomers with all-trans configuration of the chain: 3s,3's ... | 2006 | 17071507 |
| characterization of twin toll-like receptors from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss): evolutionary relationship and induced expression by aeromonas salmonicida salmonicida. | structure and function of factors contributing to the innate immune system of lower vertebrates, including fish are only sparsely characterized. we retrieved with rt-pcr cdna copies of two closely related toll-like receptors (tlr) from liver rna of the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). the cdna sequences are homologous to 95.6%. the phylogenetic analysis of their deduced amino acid sequences places these twin factors closely to other known tlrs from fish. the twin factors are equally expresse ... | 2007 | 17070576 |
| conserved expression of alternative splicing variants of peroxisomal acyl-coa oxidase 1 in vertebrates and developmental and nutritional regulation in fish. | the acyl-coenzyme a oxidase 1 (acox1) catalyzes the first, rate-limiting step in peroxisomal beta-oxidation of medium to very long straight-chain fatty acids. zebrafish (danio rerio) acox1 was characterized and compared with homologs from other sequenced genomes, revealing a remarkable conservation of structure in the vertebrate lineage. strictly conserved regions of the deduced proteins included acyl-coa oxidase and fad binding domains, as well as a cooh-terminal peroxisomal targeting signal. w ... | 2007 | 17090698 |
| toxicity of clostridium botulinum type e neurotoxin to great lakes fish: implications for avian botulism. | since 1999, large-scale mortalities of fish-eating birds have been observed on the great lakes, and more specifically on lake erie. type e botulism has been established as the primary cause of death. the mechanism of type e botulism exposure in fish-eating birds is unclear. given that these birds are thought to eat live fish exclusively, it seems likely that their prey play a key role in the process, but the role of fish as potential transport vectors of botulinum neurotoxin type e (bont/e) to b ... | 2006 | 17092878 |
| stationary phase culture supernatant containing membrane vesicles induced immunity to rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss fry syndrome. | flavobacterium psychrophilum is the causative agent of bacterial cold water disease (bcwd) and rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) fry syndrome (rtfs). logarithmic phase formalin-killed cells (fkc) of f. psychrophilum induced immunity to bcwd in ayu (plecoglossus altivelis) by using an oral administration. in this study, we investigated the effective antigens of logarithmic phase cells in rainbow trout. rainbow trout fry immunized with logarithmic phase fkc resulted in near complete protection, ... | 2007 | 17095127 |
| disposition of genistein in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and siberian sturgeon (acipenser baeri). | genistein (g) is a xenoestrogen from soy present in fish diet. in vivo, a 50-fold difference in sensitivity to genistein on vitellogenin (vtg) synthesis was found when comparing trout and sturgeon. this difference was not linked to the estrogen receptor affinity nor to the sensitivity of induction of the vtg pathway. the study was performed to check if differences in the g disposition in the two species could explain their difference of sensitivity to g. a pharmacokinetic analysis of radiolabele ... | 2007 | 17097654 |
| characterization of rainbow trout egg quality: a case study using four different breeding protocols, with emphasis on the incidence of embryonic malformations. | the aim of this study was to set up a methodology to accurately evaluate the effects of various husbandry practices on a fish broodstock based on the developmental potential of the egg. for that purpose, long-short photoperiod manipulations (tested twice, pm1 and pm2 groups), spawning induction by injection of a gnrh analog (si group), and a 16-day post-ovulatory ageing of eggs (poa group) were used in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). females without any treatment were used as a control grou ... | 2007 | 17118435 |
| identification of carbonylated protein in frozen rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) fillets and development of protein oxidation during frozen storage. | frozen storage of fish is known to enhance lipid oxidation, resulting in the development of an unpleasant rancid taste and odor. frozen storage of fish is also known to reduce protein solubility, and proteins are expected to be oxidatively modified; however, these oxidative mechanisms are poorly understood. generally, protein oxidation leads to a wide range of modifications; the most studied being the formation of carbonyl groups. the present work shows, by uv spectrophometric determination of p ... | 2006 | 17147430 |
| stochastic simulation of live salmonid movement in england and wales to predict potential spread of exotic pathogens. | the anthropogenic movement of live fish has been identified as the most important route for the transmission of disease between river catchments. to assist in contingency planning for exotic salmonid disease outbreaks, a stochastic model was developed to assess the potential geographic distribution of an introduced pathogen with time to first detection. the live fish movement database (a resource funded by the uk department for environment, food and rural affairs [defra] and managed by the centr ... | 2006 | 17140134 |
| variation in host preference within gyrodactylus salaris (monogenea): an experimental approach. | the monogenean ectoparasite, gyrodactylus salaris malmberg, 1957, has had a devastating effect on wild atlantic salmon (salmo salar) since its introduction to norway in the mid-1970s. in lake pålsbufjorden, southern norway, upstream of the stretches of the river numedalslågen with anadromous atlantic salmon, a resident arctic charr (salvelinus alpinus) population has been reported to be infected with g. salaris which is viable in the absence of its normal host, the atlantic salmon. currently, th ... | 2007 | 17166321 |
| in vitro and in vivo differential expression of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) mx isoforms in response to viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) g gene, poly i:c and vhsv. | three different mx isoforms are known to be present in rainbow trout, however, to date, neither their mechanism of action nor their regulation have been established. because most previous studies have focused only on one mx isoform of the three present in rainbow trout, the expression of all isoforms was simultaneously studied in this work in response to the viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) g gene, poly i:c or vhsv. thus, rt-pcr assays were specifically designed to amplify each of the ... | 2007 | 17157032 |
| chondroitin ac lyase activity is related to virulence of fish pathogenic flavobacterium columnare. | the virulence of eight flavobacterium columnare strains was studied to find correlations between several virulence-related factors and virulence. virulence was tested in vivo using rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum). suggested virulence-related factors such as production of the degradative enzyme chondroitin lyase, plasmid occurrence and adhesion capability were studied in vitro. infection with the four most virulent strains resulted in 95-100% mortality within 114 h. chondroitin lyase ... | 2006 | 17169108 |
| infectious haemolytic anaemia causes jaundice outbreaks in seawater-cultured coho salmon, oncorhynchus kisutch (walbaum), in chile. | in the last 9 years, epizootics of an icterus condition has affected coho salmon, oncorhynchus kisutch (walbaum), reared in seawater cages in southern regions of chile. at necropsy, fish from field cases exhibited signs of jaundice accompanied by pale light-brown livers and dark spleens. histopathological and haematological results indicated that these fish presented haemolytic anaemia. after microbiological examination no bacterial or viral agents could be identified as aetiological agents of t ... | 2006 | 17169103 |
| whole body net ion fluxes, plasma electrolyte concentrations and haematology during a loma salmonae infection in juvenile rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum). | loma salmonae infections of salmonids culminate in the development of branchial xenomas and subsequent focal hyperplasia of the lamellar or filament epithelium following xenoma rupture and spore release. the effects of this acute branchial disruption upon net ionic flux rates and plasma electrolyte concentrations were determined in juvenile rainbow trout given an experimental oral exposure to l. salmonae. mean numbers of branchial xenomas peaked at week 5 post-exposure (pe), which coincided with ... | 2006 | 17169105 |
| endocrine and orexigenic actions of growth hormone secretagogues in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | the effects of growth hormone secretagogues (ghss) on the teleost somatotropic axis are poorly understood, particularly with respect to insulin-like growth factor-i (igf-i) and the igf-binding proteins (igfbps). to assess the endocrine and orexigenic responses of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) to ghs treatment, animals were injected with human ghrh(1-29)-amide, kp-102 or rat ghrelin at 0, 1 or 10 pmol/g body mass. feed intake was tested at 2 and 5 h post-injection and plasma levels of growt ... | 2007 | 17240179 |
| temperature-dependent protection against ichthyophthirius multifiliis following immunisation of rainbow trout using live theronts. | rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss walbaum, 1792 fingerlings were vaccinated by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection using live theronts of the skin parasitic ciliate ichthyophthirius multifiliis fouquet, 1876 at 2 temperatures (12 and 20 degrees c), and protection against challenge infections was subsequently evaluated by bath exposure to live theronts. vaccination conferred a relative protection (evaluated as the decrease in the number of established theronts) at 12 degrees c and almost complete im ... | 2006 | 17190205 |
| ultrastructural effects of pharmaceuticals (carbamazepine, clofibric acid, metoprolol, diclofenac) in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and common carp (cyprinus carpio). | in order to assess potential effects of human pharmaceuticals in aquatic wildlife, laboratory experiments were conducted with carbamazepine, clofibric acid, metoprolol, and diclofenac using fish as test organisms. for each substance, at least one environmentally relevant concentration was tested. in liver, kidney, and gills of trout and carp exposed to carbamazepine, clofibric acid, and metoprolol, ultrastructural effects were qualitatively described and semi-quantitatively assessed. the obtaine ... | 2007 | 17216161 |
| evidence for the presence of a glucosensor in hypothalamus, hindbrain, and brockmann bodies of rainbow trout. | the aim of this study was to evaluate the existence of a glucosensor in different regions of the brain and in the brockmann bodies (bb) of the rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss. five groups (n = 12) of trout were injected intraperitoneally with saline alone (control) or saline-containing bovine glucagon (100 mug/kg), bovine insulin (4 mg/kg), 2-deoxy-d-glucose (100 mg/kg), or d-glucose (500 mg/kg) to promote hyperglycemia (glucagon, d-glucose, 2-deoxy-d-glucose) or hypoglycemia (insulin). six h ... | 2007 | 17170235 |
| detection of the bacterium flavobacterium psychrophilum from a natural infection in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), using formalin-fixed, wax-embedded fish tissues. | the bacterial pathogen flavobacterium psychrophilum was successfully identified from formalin-fixed, wax-embedded tissue blocks of infected rainbow trout heart and spleen tissues, using a polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based assay. filamentous bacteria were observed in haematoxylin and eosin and giemsa-stained sections but no bacteria were recovered from the diseased fish using standard bacteriology isolation techniques. all infected fish had histopathological evidence of myocarditis or rainbow ... | 2007 | 17241403 |
| demonstration of infectious salmon anaemia virus (isav) endocytosis in erythrocytes of atlantic salmon. | infectious salmon anaemia (isa) virus (isav) is a fish orthomyxovirus that has recently been assigned to the new genus isavirus within the family orthomyxoviridae. it possesses the major functional characteristics of the virus family including haemagglutinating, receptor destroying enzyme (rde), and fusion activities associated with the virion surface proteins. it is generally accepted that isav agglutinates erythrocytes of several fish species and that the isav rde activity dissolves this haema ... | 2007 | 17254352 |
| purification and characterization of calpain and calpastatin from rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss. | although the calpain system has been studied extensively in mammalian animals, much less is known about the properties of mu-calpain, m-calpain, and calpastatin in lower vertebrates such as fish. these three proteins were isolated and partly characterized from rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, muscle. trout m-calpain contains an 80-kda large subunit, but the approximately 26-kda small subunit from trout m-calpain is smaller than the 28-kda small subunit from mammalian calpains. trout mu-calpai ... | 2007 | 17276714 |
| expression of inducible cc chemokines in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) in response to a viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) dna vaccine and interleukin 8. | in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), at least three cxc chemokines and eighteen cc chemokine sequences have been discovered in the past years, although no studies concerning their bioactivity have been performed yet. we have studied the expression of five different cc chemokines that cluster into the group of inducible chemokines (ck5a, ck5b, ck6, ck7a and ck7b) in trout injected with a plasmid coding for the glycoprotein g gene (pmcv1.4-g) of viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv). in a ... | 2007 | 17284335 |
| timing of intraperitoneal administration of beta-1,3/1,6 glucan to rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), affects protection against the microsporidian loma salmonae. | | 2007 | 17298566 |
| characterisation of a low pathogenic form of gyrodactylus salaris from rainbow trout. | gyrodactylus salaris was isolated from rainbow trout in a danish freshwater trout farm, and a laboratory population of this particular parasite form was established on rainbow trout. challenge infections were performed using different salmonid strains and species, including east atlantic salmon salmo salar (from the danish river skjernå), baltic salmon s. salar (from the swedish river ume alv) and rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss (from the danish rainbow trout farm fousing). these were compared ... | 2007 | 17330743 |
| safety and efficacy of an inactivated vaccine against lactococcus garvieae in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | we studied the safety and efficacy of an inactivated vaccine (ichtiovac-lg) against lactococcus garvieae in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). in an initial dose-response experiment to test safety, we injected 50 rainbow trout weighing 30-40 g with a double dose of vaccine (0.2 ml) intraperitoneally. we observed these fish three times a day until day 50 post-vaccination when they were killed to evaluate visceral reactions, adhesions and intraperitoneal absorption. survival was 100% in both the ... | 2007 | 17386951 |
| escape from an evolutionary dead end: a triploid clone of gyrodactylus salaris is able to revert to sex and switch host (platyhelminthes, monogenea, gyrodactylidae). | diploid parthenogenesis, with rare sex, is considered as the basic mode of reproduction among the hermaphroditic and viviparous gyrodactylus. a particular strain of the monogenean parasite gyrodactylus salaris (rbt clone) was recognized by an invariable, unique mitochondrial dna haplotype in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) farms. the rbt clone was shown to be triploid and asexual by analyzing a 493 bp sequence of a nuclear dna marker. three alleles were present as heterozygous in all 237 ind ... | 2006 | 17362339 |
| bacterial-binding activity and plasma concentration of ladderlectin in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | soluble, defense lectins bind conserved microbial patterns leading to pathogen opsonization, enhanced phagocytosis and activation of complement. these immune functions, however, vary widely among individuals due to genetic and acquired differences affecting binding capacity or plasma concentration. most evidence for the defensive function of soluble lectins is based on mammals, but several functionally homologous, but less well-characterized, lectins have been identified in fish. in this study, ... | 2007 | 17383895 |
| maximum cardiac performance and adrenergic sensitivity of the sea bass dicentrarchus labrax at high temperatures. | we examined maximum cardiac performance of sea bass dicentrarchus labrax acclimated to 18 degrees c and 22 degrees c, temperatures near the optimum for growth of this species. our aim was to study whether cardiac performance, especially the effect of adrenergic stimulation, differed when compared to salmonids. sea bass and salmonids are both athletic swimmers but their cardiac anatomy differs markedly. the sea bass ventricle does not receive any oxygenated blood via a coronary circulation while ... | 2007 | 17371920 |
| electrophoretic and western blot analyses of the lipopolysaccharide and glycocalyx of flavobacterium psychrophilum. | flavobacterium psychrophilum is the aetiological agent of bacterial coldwater disease (cwd) and rainbow trout fry syndrome (rtfs) and it has emerged as one of the most significant bacterial pathogens in salmonid aquaculture worldwide. previous studies have suggested that the o-polysaccharide (o-ps) component of the lipopolysaccharide (lps) of f. psychrophilum is highly immunogenic and may be involved in eliciting a protective immune response in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss walbaum). in the ... | 2007 | 17420143 |
| apolipoprotein a-i, an antimicrobial protein in oncorhynchus mykiss: evaluation of its expression in primary defence barriers and plasma levels in sick and healthy fish. | antimicrobial proteins and peptides play an important role in the primary defence barriers in vertebrates and invertebrates. in a previous study it was shown that high-density lipoprotein (hdl) and its major apolipoproteins, apoa-i and apoa-ii display antimicrobial activity in the carp (cyprinus carpio l.). the aim of this study was to evaluate if apoa-i conserves this defensive function in a salmonid fish like the rainbow trout, in spite of the low level of primary sequence conservation between ... | 2007 | 17391986 |
| a nlrr-1 gene is expressed in migrating slow muscle cells of the trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) embryo. | nlrr-l (neuronal leucine-rich repeat-l) is a transmembrane protein that functions as a cell adhesion molecule regulating morphogenesis. a previous study in the mouse reported that the somitic expression of nlrr-1 is restricted to the dorsal lip of the dermomyotome that gives rise to the epaxial muscle. in this study, we report the expression of a nlrr-1 gene in the trout-developing somite. whole mount in situ hybridization showed that nlrr-l transcript accumulated in a rostro-caudal wave in the ... | 2007 | 17394015 |
| a toxin-like gene in rainbow trout: cloning, expression, and gene organization. | the 'three-finger' protein family consists of structurally related proteins which display a variety of biological functions. snake venom alpha-neurotoxins, ly-6 alloantigens, urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (upar) and the complement regulatory protein cd59 are members of this protein family. their characteristic feature is the disposition of four disulfide bridges forming a hydrophobic core. here it is reported the cloning and characterization of a toxin-like gene (toxin-1) in the ... | 2007 | 17400269 |
| cpg oligodeoxynucleotides up-regulate antibacterial systems and induce protection against bacterial challenge in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | the effects of unmethylated cpg oligodeoxynucleotides (odn) on the mammalian immune system are relatively well studied but much less is known of their effects on the immune systems of different fish species. here we show that cpg odns significantly enhance the survival of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) following bacterial challenge when used both as stand-alone prophylactic agents, or as adjuvants to a commercially available vaccine. they are also capable of increasing serum lysozyme activi ... | 2007 | 17459727 |
| evaluation of a range of doses of ultraviolet irradiation to inactivate waterborne actinospore stages of myxobolus cerebralis. | the ability of a range of doses of ultraviolet irradiation (uv) to inactivate the waterborne actinospore or triactinomyxon stages (tams) of myxobolus cerebralis was evaluated by infectivity for juvenile rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss. tams were uv-irradiated using a low pressure mercury vapour lamp collimated beam apparatus. all doses 40, 80, 120 and 160 mj cm(-2) were found to completely inactivate the tams as demonstrated by the absence of microscopic lesions, myxospores and parasite dna de ... | 2007 | 17432040 |
| identification of potential vaccine target antigens by immunoproteomic analysis of a virulent and a non-virulent strain of the fish pathogen flavobacterium psychrophilum. | flavobacterium psychrophilum is the etiological agent of bacterial coldwater disease (cwd) and rainbow trout fry syndrome (rtfs). to identify antigens associated with virulence or host immunity, we compared total and immunogenic proteins of cellular and extracellular products (ecp) between a virulent (csf-259-93) and non-virulent (atcc 49418) strain of f. psychrophilum. one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of total cellular proteins revealed only minor differ ... | 2007 | 17425262 |
| binding of alkylphenols and alkylated non-phenolics to rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) hepatic estrogen receptors. | alkylphenols are well-known endocrine disrupters, mediating effects through the estrogen receptor (er). in the present work, the interaction of alkylphenols and alkylated non-phenolics with hepatic rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) estrogen receptors (rters) was determined. the role of alkyl chain length and branching, substituent position, number of alkylated groups, and the requirement of a phenolic ring structure was assessed. the results showed that the rters bound most alkylphenols, altho ... | 2008 | 17512592 |
| cytokine expression in the intestine of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) during infection with aeromonas salmonicida. | gene expression of a number of cytokines in the intestine of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) was investigated after challenge with a pathogenic strain of aeromonas salmonicida. fish were exposed to a. salmonicida by immersion in a bacterial suspension (bath challenge) and tissue samples of the distal and proximal intestine were collected at days 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 post-exposure. head kidney tissue was also collected to assess the effect in a systemic immune tissue. a classic profile of pro-inf ... | 2007 | 17434320 |
| serological, virological and histopathological study of an outbreak of sleeping disease in farmed rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss. | a prospective longitudinal survey for sleeping disease (sd) was carried out over a 20 wk period on a caged freshwater population of farmed rainbow trout oncorhynchus mkyiss. pancreas, heart and red and white skeletal muscle were examined histologically and the presence and severity of lesions recorded. sera were tested for viraemia with salmonid alphavirus (sav) and for virus neutralizing (vn) antibodies. viraemia was detected for 4 wk, beginning at week 6 and with a peak prevalence of 57.9% at ... | 2007 | 17465304 |
| characterization of virus/double-stranded rna-dependent induction of antimicrobial peptide hepcidin in trout macrophages. | hepcidin is an antimicrobial peptide responsive to bacterial infection. we report the characterization of a virus/double-stranded rna (dsrna) induction of hepcidin in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). increased level of hepcidin mrna was observed in trout macrophage rts11 cells treated with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly i:c), a mimic of viral dsrna. the induction was also observed in poly i:c-injected trout, demonstrating that it is a bona fide biological response. the induction was n ... | 2007 | 17498800 |
| ultrastructure and molecular diagnosis of spironucleus salmonis (diplomonadida) from rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss in germany. | diplomonad flagellates infect a wide range of fish hosts in aquaculture and in the wild in north america, asia and europe. intestinal diplomonad infection in juvenile farmed trout can be associated with morbidity and mortality, and in germany, diplomonads in trout are commonly reported, and yet are poorly characterised. we therefore undertook a comprehensive study of diplomonads from german rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss, using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and sequencing of ... | 2007 | 17523542 |
| antibiotic and heavy metal resistance in motile aeromonads and pseudomonads from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) farms in australia. | a total of 129 pseudomonas spp. and 90 aeromonas spp. were isolated from nine rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) farms in australia. all the isolates were tested for sensitivity to 15 antibiotics and the multiresistant strains were tested for sensitivity to seven heavy metals. minimal inhibitory concentrations (mics) were determined by the agar dilution method. in pseudomonas spp., resistance to amoxicillin, cefalothin, ceftiofur, ticarcillin, chloramphenicol, florfenicol, streptomycin, nitrofu ... | 2007 | 17524624 |
| invading rainbow trout usurp a terrestrial prey subsidy from native charr and reduce their growth and abundance. | movements of prey organisms across ecosystem boundaries often subsidize consumer populations in adjacent habitats. human disturbances such as habitat degradation or non-native species invasions may alter the characteristics or fate of these prey subsidies, but few studies have measured the direct effects of this disruption on the growth and local abundance of predators in recipient habitats. here we present evidence, obtained from a combined experimental and comparative study in northern japan, ... | 2007 | 17530293 |
| proteomic analyses indicate induction of hepatic carbonyl reductase/20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase b in rainbow trout exposed to sewage effluent. | proteomic analyses were performed to identify regulated liver proteins in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) caged upstream and downstream from a sewage treatment works (stw). two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, image analysis and ft-icr mass-spectrometry revealed four regulated protein spots. the three down-regulated spots contained betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase and an unidentified protein respectively. the only up-regulated spot consisted of both mitochondrial atp syn ... | 2007 | 17543385 |
| relative quantification of immune-regulatory genes in two rainbow trout strains, oncorhynchus mykiss, after exposure to myxobolus cerebralis, the causative agent of whirling disease. | expression of immune-regulatory genes that code for cyclooxigenase-2 (cox-2), transforming growth factor beta (tgf-beta), and two isoforms of interleukin-1beta (il-1beta1 and il-1beta2) was studied in susceptible and non-susceptible rainbow trout strains for 200 days after exposure to myxobolus cerebralis. expression of cox-2, il-1beta1, and il-1beta2 increased 5 min post exposure (p.e.) and was always more elevated in the susceptible strain than in the non-susceptible strain. in both strains, e ... | 2007 | 17530478 |