| experimental verification and molecular basis of active immunization against fungal pathogens in termites. | termites are constantly exposed to many pathogens when they nest and forage in the field, so they employ various immune strategies to defend against pathogenic infections. here, we demonstrate that the subterranean termite reticulitermes chinensis employs active immunization to defend against the entomopathogen metarhizium anisopliae. our results showed that allogrooming frequency increased significantly between fungus-treated termites and their nestmates. through active social contact, previous ... | 2015 | 26458743 |
| efficacy of water- and oil-in-water-formulated metarhizium anisopliae in rhipicephalus sanguineus eggs and eclosing larvae. | conidia of the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae (ascomycota: clavicipitaceae) were assessed against rhipicephalus sanguineus (arachnida: ixodidae) eggs under laboratory conditions. clusters of 25 eggs were applied either directly with the fungal conidial formulations or set on previously fungus-treated filter paper. treatments consisted of conidia formulated in water or an oil-in-water emulsion at final concentrations of 3.3 × 10(3), 10(4), 3.3 × 10(4), 10(5), or 3.3 × 10(5) conidi ... | 2016 | 26364059 |
| efficacy of the entomopathogenic fungi metarhizium anisopliae in the control of infestation by stable flies stomoxys calcitrans (l.), under natural infestation conditions. | the objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of an isolate of metarhizium anisopliae applied by aspersion to control of stomoxys calcitrans flies in dairy cattle naturally infested. was applied by aspersion an aqueous formulation of m. anisopliae sensu lato (ma134), at a concentration of 1×10(8)conidia/ml, four times with seven day intervals, on a group of eight holstein cows; a control group of eight holstein cows, received a water solution with tween 80 (0.1%). the average number o ... | 2015 | 26209932 |
| identification of drosophila mutants affecting defense to an entomopathogenic fungus. | fungi cause the majority of insect disease. however, to date attempts to model host-fungal interactions with drosophila have focused on opportunistic human pathogens. here, we performed a screen of 2,613 mutant drosophila lines to identify host genes affecting susceptibility to the natural insect pathogen metarhizium anisopliae (ma549). overall, 241 (9.22%) mutant lines had altered resistance to ma549. life spans ranged from 3.0 to 6.2 days, with females being more susceptible than males in all ... | 2015 | 26202798 |
| differential necrophoric behaviour of the ant solenopsis invicta towards fungal-infected corpses of workers and pupae. | necrophoric behaviour is critical sanitation behaviour in social insects. however, little is known about the necrophoric responses of workers towards different developmental stages in a colony as well as its underlying mechanism. here, we show that solenopsis invicta workers display distinct necrophoric responses to corpses of workers and pupae. corpses of workers killed by freezing (dead for <1 h) were carried to a refuse pile, but pupal corpses would take at least 1 day to elicit workers' necr ... | 2015 | 26082426 |
| emergency measures: adaptive response to pathogen intrusion in the ant nest. | ants have developed prophylactic and hygienic behaviours in order to limit risks of pathogenic outbreaks inside their nest, which are often called social immunity. here, we test whether ants can adapt the "social immune response" to the level of pathogenic risk in the colony. we challenged myrmica rubra colonies with dead nestmates that had either died from being frozen or from infection by the fungus metarhizium anisopliae. ant survival was compromised by the presence of the fungus-bearing corp ... | 2015 | 25939763 |
| first unusual case of keratitis in europe due to the rare fungus metarhizium anisopliae. | metarhizium anisopliae is a fungus utilized worldwide for insect-pest biocontrol. few m. anisopliae infections have been reported previously. here, m. anisopliae was isolated from a corneal ulcer in a healthy man. it is the first ocular case in france and europe of this extremely rare fungus in humans. | 2015 | 25813244 |
| unveiling chemical defense in the rice stalk stink bug against the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae. | eggs, nymphs (1st-5th instar) and adults of tibraca limbativentris were challenged by conidial suspensions of its major fungal pathogen metarhizium anisopliae in order to assess their susceptibility. the role of chemical defensive compounds from exocrine secretions produced by both nymphs and adults were examined for their participation on m. anisopliae infection. although insect susceptibility to m. anisopliae followed a dose-dependent manner, adults followed by older nymphs displayed the highe ... | 2015 | 25805519 |
| the influence of conidial pr1 protease on pathogenicity potential of metarhizium anisopliae senso latu to ticks. | pr1 is a subtilisin-like protease produced by metarhizium spp. entomopathogenic fungi, and it is recognized as heavily involved in the initial steps of the fungal invasion of arthropod-host cuticles. in the current study, correlation was sought between mortality of tick larvae and conidial pr1 levels of one metarhizium anisopliae senso latu (s.l.) isolate (cg 148). conidia with different levels of pr1 gene expression and enzymatic activity were obtained by producing them on either artificial med ... | 2015 | 25786608 |
| [bahaviour of solenopsis invicta workers to protect pupae from infection by metarhizium anisopliae]. | previous studies have focused on how ants deal with workers infected by pathogens but how pupae are protected from infection by fungi is not well understood. the behavioral mechanisms adopted by solenopsis invicta (red imported fire ants, rifa) adult workers to protect pupae against metarhizium anisopliae infection were studied. we observed the behavioral changes of m. anisopliae infected adult workers in the brood chamber as well as the behavioral changes of healthy workers to fungus exposed pu ... | 2014 | 25757319 |
| spatial separation of semiochemical lurem-tr and entomopathogenic fungi to enhance their compatibility and infectivity in an autoinoculation system for thrips management. | the effect of spatial separation of the semiochemical lurem-tr, which has been found to inhibit conidia of entomopathogenic fungi when put together, on the persistence of conidia of metarhizium brunneum and m. anisopliae was evaluated in the greenhouse and field in order to develop an autodissemination strategy for the management of megalurothrips sjostedti on cowpea crop. influence of spatial separation of the semiochemical on thrips attraction and conidial acquisition by thrips from the autoin ... | 2016 | 25643946 |
| analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome of pochonia chlamydosporia suggests a close relationship to the invertebrate-pathogenic fungi in hypocreales. | the fungus pochonia chlamydosporia parasitizes nematode eggs and has become one of the most promising biological control agents (bcas) for plant-parasitic nematodes, which are major agricultural pests that cause tremendous economic losses worldwide. the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome is expected to open new avenues for understanding the phylogenetic relationships and evolution of the invertebrate-pathogenic fungi in hypocreales. | 2015 | 25636983 |
| severe fungal sclerokeratitis caused by metarhizium anisopliae: a case report and literature review. | to date, there has been only one published report on the infectious sclerokeratitis caused by metarhizium anisopliae, which is an entomopathogenic fungus. regarding corneal infection, three reports have been published to date. although the prognoses of the corneal infections are favourable, prognosis when scleral infection is involved is very poor. a 76-year-old patient presented with foreign body sensation in the left eye. microscopic examination with fungi flora y staining of the corneal scrap ... | 2015 | 25590990 |
| sublethal effect of concentrations of metarhizium anisopliae (metsch.) sorok on the larval stage and immunologic characteristics of diatraea flavipennella (box) (lepidoptera: crambidae). | this work aimed to evaluate the effects of metarhizium anisopliae on diatraea flavipennella and investigate their immune response. was observed the effect of m. anisopliae against larvae of d. flavipennella sprayed at concentrations of 103, 104, 105 conidia / ml, in which showed differences relative the larval period, extending up to 72.0 days in treatment and 25.0 days in the control. the results for hemocytes revealed that the most frequent cells when sprayed at the concentrations of 103, 105, ... | 2014 | 25590733 |
| integrated control of an acaricide-resistant strain of the cattle tick rhipicephalus microplus by applying metarhizium anisopliae associated with cypermethrin and chlorpyriphos under field conditions. | the efficacy of the fungus metarhizium anisopliae to control ticks has been shown in several in vitro experiments. however, few studies have been undertaken in field conditions in order to demonstrate the applicability of its use as a biological control of ticks and its combination with chemical acaricides. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of m. anisopliae to control an acaricide-resistant strain of rhipicephalus microplus under laboratory and field conditions. first, th ... | 2015 | 25577676 |
| the adh1 gene of the fungus metarhizium anisopliae is expressed during insect colonization and required for full virulence. | zymography of alcohol dehydrogenase (adh) activity in the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae grown under various conditions revealed that micro-aerobic growth was associated with increased adh activity. the major adh protein, adhip, was purified to homogeneity by affinity chromatography and has an estimated molecular weight of 41kda and an isoelectric point (pi) of 6.4. peptide mass fingerprint analysis allowed the identification and cloning of the gene that encodes this protein, adh ... | 2015 | 25534970 |
| production and quality of conidia by metarhizium anisopliae var. lepidiotum: critical oxygen level and period of mycelium competence. | mycoinsecticides application within integral pest management requires high quantities of conidia, with the proper quality and resistance against environmental conditions. metarhizium anisopliae var. lepidiotum conidia were produced in normal atmospheric conditions (21 % o2) and different concentrations of oxygen pulses (16, 26, 30, and 40 %); conidia obtained under hypoxic conditions showed significantly lower viability, hydrophobicity, and virulence against tenebrio molitor larvae or mealworm, ... | 2015 | 25472433 |
| correlation between pr1 and pr2 gene content and virulence in metarhizium anisopliae strains. | metarhizium anisopliae is a widely studied model to understand the virulence factors that participate in pathogenicity. proteases such as subtilisin-like enzymes (pr1) and trypsin-like enzymes (pr2) are considered important factors for insect cuticle degradation. in four m. anisopliae strains (798, 6342, 6345, and 6347), the presence of pr1 and pr2 genes, as well as the enzymatic activity of these genes, was correlated with their virulence against two different insect pests. the 11 pr1 genes (a, ... | 2014 | 25394510 |
| effect of metarhizium anisopliae on the fertility and fecundity of two species of fruit flies and horizontal transmission of mycotic infection. | in mauritius, the peach fruit fly, bactrocera zonata saunders (diptera: tephritidae), and the melon fly, bactrocera cucurbitae (coquillett), are the major pest of fruits and vegetables, respectively. fruit growers make use of broad-spectrum insecticides to protect their crops from fruit fly attack. this method of fruit fly control is hazardous to the environment and is a threat to beneficial insects. the entomopathogenic fungus, metarhizium anisopliae (metchnikoff) sorokin (hypocreales: clavicip ... | 2014 | 25373227 |
| evaluation of conidia-dust formulation of the entomopathogenic fungus, metarhizium anisopliae to biocontrol the brown-banded cockroach, supella longipalpa f. | the brown-banded cockroach supella longipalpa (f.) as a mechanical vector of pathogens and source of allergens has recently become widespread in the city of ahvaz, southwestern iran. | 2014 | 25371804 |
| molecular diversity of the entomopathogenic fungal metarhizium community within an agroecosystem. | the entomopathogenic fungal metarhizium anisopliae lineage harbors cryptic diversity and was recently split into several species. metarhizium spp. are frequently isolated from soil environments, but the abundance and distribution of the separate species in local communities is still largely unknown. entomopathogenic isolates of metarhizium spp. were obtained from 32 bulked soil samples of a single agroecosystem in denmark using tenebrio molitor as bait insect. to assess the metarhizium community ... | 2014 | 25224815 |
| effect of metarhizium anisopliae on the fertility and fecundity of two species of fruit flies and horizontal transmission of mycotic infection. | in mauritius, the peach fruit fly, bactrocera zonata saunders (diptera: tephritidae), and the melon fly, bactrocera cucurbitae (coquillett), are the major pest of fruits and vegetables, respectively. fruit growers make use of broad-spectrum insecticides to protect their crops from fruit fly attack. this method of fruit fly control is hazardous to the environment and is a threat to beneficial insects. the entomopathogenic fungus, metarhizium anisopliae (metchnikoff) sorokin (hypocreales: clavicip ... | 2014 | 25201230 |
| the genome sequence of the biocontrol fungus metarhizium anisopliae and comparative genomics of metarhizium species. | metarhizium anisopliae is an important fungal biocontrol agent of insect pests of agricultural crops. genomics can aid the successful commercialization of biopesticides by identification of key genes differentiating closely related species, selection of virulent microbial isolates which are amenable to industrial scale production and formulation and through the reduction of phenotypic variability. the genome of metarhizium isolate arsef23 was recently published as a model for m. anisopliae, howe ... | 2014 | 25102932 |
| commercial formulation of metarhizium anisopliae for the control of rhipicephalus microplus in a pen study. | the present study evaluated, for the first time, the effect of the commercial formulation metarril(®) sp organic of metarhizium anisopliae plus 10% mineral oil to control rhipicephalus microplus in a pen study. three groups were formed with six animals each: the first group was exposed to metarril(®) plus 10% mineral oil and 1% tween 80; the second group was exposed to sterile distilled water, mineral oil and tween 80 (oil control group); and the third group received no treatment (control group) ... | 2014 | 25086495 |
| production, hplc analysis, and in situ apoptotic activities of swainsonine toward lepidopteran, sf-21 cell line. | swainsonine, a secondary metabolite from metarhizium anisopliae has been extensively studied in the complementary areas of therapeutics and toxicology. this work aims to develop a simple uv-hplc method of analyses for swainsonine in metarhizium fermentation broth and to explore its in situ entomotoxic activities. the partially purified broth was quantitatively analyzed using middle uv (205 nm)-reverse phase hplc method with different mobile phases and gradient programmes. swainsonine was eluted ... | 2014 | 25044730 |
| maldi-tof mass spectrometry applied to identifying species of insect-pathogenic fungi from the metarhizium anisopliae complex. | matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) has proven to be a powerful tool for taxonomic resolution of microorganisms. in this proof-of-concept study, we assessed the effectiveness of this technique to track the current gene sequence-based phylogenetic classification of species in the metarhizium anisopliae complex. initially the phylogenetic analysis of 5' strains by sequencing of the 59' end of the tef-1α gene region revealed seven species with ... | 2014 | 24987123 |
| the antileukaemic cell cycle regulatory activities of swainsonine purified from metarhizium anisopliae fermentation broth. | swainsonine is a metarhizium secondary metabolite known differentially for its specific mannosidase inhibitory, toxic and therapeutic activities. here, the standard and purified swainsonine from metarhizium anisopliae fermentation broth were comparatively evaluated for their in situ antileukaemic activities in human promyelocytic cell line, hl-60. both the standard (ic50 = 6.96 μm) and purified (ic50 = 9.50 μm) compounds inhibited the leukaemic cell proliferation without inflicting cell membrane ... | 2014 | 24865187 |
| characterization and comparison of metarhizium strains isolated from rhynchophorus ferrugineus. | rhynchophorus ferrugineus is considered the worst pest of palm species, and few natural enemies are reported for this parasite in its area of origin. here, we report the first recovery of the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium pingshaense associated with r. ferrugineus from vietnam. the morphological, biochemical, and toxicological features of this strain were studied and compared with those of another metarhizium strain associated with this weevil in sicily (italy), an area of recent introduct ... | 2014 | 24831464 |
| the plant beneficial effects of metarhizium species correlate with their association with roots. | metarhizium species have recently been found to be plant rhizosphere associates as well as insect pathogens. because of their abundance, rhizospheric metarhizium could have enormous environmental impact, with co-evolutionary implications. here, we tested the hypothesis that some metarhizium spp. are multifactorial plant growth promoters. in two consecutive years, corn seeds were treated with entomopathogenic metarhizium spp. and field tested at the beltsville facility in maryland. seed treatment ... | 2014 | 24805846 |
| gene expression profile of bombyx mori hemocyte under the stress of destruxin a. | destruxin a (da) is a cyclo-peptidic mycotoxin from the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae. to uncover potential genes associated with its molecular mechanisms, a digital gene expression (dge) profiling analysis was used to compare differentially expressed genes in the hemocytes of silkworm larvae treated with da. ten dge libraries were constructed, sequenced, and assembled, and the unigenes with least 2.0-fold difference were further analyzed. the numbers of up-regulated genes were ... | 2014 | 24801594 |
| comparative transcriptomic analysis of the heat stress response in the filamentous fungus metarhizium anisopliae using rna-seq. | the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae is widely used for biological control of a variety of insect pests. the effectiveness of the microbial pest control agent, however, is limited by poor thermotolerance. the molecular mechanism underlying the response to heat stress in the conidia of entomopathogenic fungi remains unclear. here, we conducted high-throughput rna-seq to analyze the differential gene expression between control and heat treated conidia of m. anisopliae at the transcri ... | 2014 | 24769907 |
| pathogenicity of the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae var. major on different stages of the sunn pest eurygaster integriceps. | the sunn pest, eurygaster integriceps puton (hemiptera: scutelleridae), is the most important insect pest of wheat and barley. the population management of this pest is of major concern to wheat producers. one of the potential control strategies is to use entomopathogenic fungi. this study evaluates the pathogenicity of the fungus metarhizium anisopliae var. major (metchnikoff) sorokin (hypocreales: clavicipitaceae) on the sunn pest, e. integriceps. five concentrations of the fungus were utilize ... | 2013 | 24766585 |
| comparative proteomic analysis of bombyx mori hemocytes treated with destruxin a. | destruxin a (da), a cyclodepsipeptidic secondary metabolite of the entomopathogenic fungus, metarhizium anisopliae, is an important anti-immunity agent against insect hemocytes. to understand the mechanism of the molecular responses to da, fifth-instar larvae of the silkworm, bombyx mori, were injected with 2 μg of da. the proteomics of hemocytes were then investigated using two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry, and validated qpcr. as a result, a total of 47 differently expresse ... | 2014 | 24719308 |
| susceptibility of the tick haemaphysalis qinghaiensis to isolates of the fungus metarhizium anisopliae in china. | haemaphysalis qinghaiensis, a prevalent tick species in china, causes severe economic losses. in this study, we investigated the pathogenicity of six isolates of the fungus metarhizium anisopliae to engorged female h. qinghaiensis using concentrations of 10(6), 10(7) and 10(8) conidia ml(-1). the results indicated that m.aat08 and m.aat13 isolates were highly virulent against the ticks. metarhizium anisopliae has potential for biocontrol of h. qinghaiensis. | 2014 | 24677224 |
| efficacy of enthomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae against tuta absoluta (lepidoptera: gelechiidae). | the tomato borer tuta absoluta meyrick is a serious tomato pest that has lately undergone a rapid expansion, causing severe crop losses. an integrated management is required to control this insect, within which biological control is now beginning to play a key role. in this regard, the effectiveness of a liquid formulation based on strains of the fungus metarhizium anisopliae variety anisopliae (metschnikoff) sorokin (4.46 x 10(9) viable conidia per milliliter), applied together with irrigation ... | 2014 | 24665693 |
| enzymatic activities and effects of mycovirus infection on the virulence of metarhizium anisopliae in rhipicephalus microplus. | the present study aimed to evaluate the pathogenic potential of different metarhizium anisopliae s.l. isolates and to determine whether differences in enzymatic activities of proteases, lipases and chitinases and infection with mycoviruses affect the control of rhipicephalus microplus achieved by these fungal isolates. engorged female ticks were exposed to fungal suspensions. the lipolytic and proteolytic activities in the isolates were evaluated using chromogenic substrates and the chitinolytic ... | 2014 | 24661809 |
| enhancement of microbial hydroxylation of 13-ethyl-gon-4-ene-3,17-dione by metarhizium anisopliae using nano-liposome technique. | the introduction of 11α-hydroxy to 13-ethyl-gon-4-ene-3,17-dione (gd) by microbial transformation is a key step in the synthesis of oral contraceptive desogestrel, while low substrate solubility and uptake into cells are tough problems influencing biotransformation efficiency greatly. nano-liposome technique was used in the hydroxylation of gd by metarhizium anisopliae. the substrate gd was processed to be gd-loaded nano-liposomes (gnls) with high stability and encapsulation efficiency, and then ... | 2014 | 24549413 |
| thermoregulatory behavior and fungal infection of anoplophora glabripennis (coleoptera: cerambycidae). | asian longhorned beetles, anoplophora glabripennis (motschulsky), are invasive wood borers that are native to china and korea but have been introduced to north america and europe. these beetles have great potential to negatively impact economic and environmental interests in hardwood and urban forests if they become established. the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium brunneum petch (previously metarhizium anisopliae (metschnikoff) sorokin) is under development for control of a. glabripennis. so ... | 2014 | 24534161 |
| the physiological effects of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (mwcnts) on conidia and the development of the entomopathogenic fungus, metarhizium anisopliae (metsch.) sorok. | the aim of the study was an in vitro evaluation of the effect of mwcnts on the conidia of two strains of entomopathogenic fungus, metarhizium anisopliae. the study made use of water suspensions of mwcnts (concentration ∼ 3 mg·ml(-1)) made from commercial nanotubes and centrifuged. the conidia were placed in contact with nanotubes for 240 h. an assessment of mwcnt influence on conidia was performed after 1, 24, 72 and 240 h and focused on the linear growth of vegetative mycelium derived from thes ... | 2014 | 24521419 |
| metarhizium anisopliae as a biological control agent against hyalomma anatolicum (acari: ixodidae). | in the sudan, ticks and tick-borne diseases (tbds) with subsequent costs of control and treatment are causing substantial economic loss. control of ticks is mainly by chemical insecticides. the rising environmental hazards and problem of resistance has motivated research on biological agents as alternative methods of control. the present study aims at controlling livestock ticks using fungi for their unique mode of action besides their ability to adhere to the cuticle, to germinate and penetrate ... | 2013 | 24517010 |
| efficacy of metarhizium anisopliae in controlling the two-spotted spider mite tetranychus urticae on common bean in screenhouse and field experiments. | the efficacy of aqueous and emulsifiable formulations of the fungus metarhizium anisopliae isolate icipe78 was evaluated on the population density of tetranychus urticae infesting common bean plants under screenhouse and field conditions. synthetic acaricide abamectin was included as a check. bean plants were artificially infested with t. urticae and allowed to multiply. three treatments were applied in the screenhouse and 1 treatment in field trials. mite density was recorded 2 d before sprayin ... | 2015 | 24470064 |
| a carbohydrate-rich diet increases social immunity in ants. | increased potential for disease transmission among nest-mates means living in groups has inherent costs. this increased potential is predicted to select for disease resistance mechanisms that are enhanced by cooperative exchanges among group members, a phenomenon known as social immunity. one potential mediator of social immunity is diet nutritional balance because traits underlying immunity can require different nutritional mixtures. here, we show how dietary protein-carbohydrate balance affect ... | 2014 | 24430844 |
| efficacy of metarhizium anisopliae isolate max-2 from shangri-la, china under desiccation stress. | metarhizium anisopliae, a soil-borne entomopathogen found worldwide, is an interesting fungus for biological control. however, its efficacy in the fields is significantly affected by environmental conditions, particularly moisture. to overcome the weakness of metarhizium and determine its isolates with antistress capacity, the efficacies of four m. anisopliae isolates, which were collected from arid regions of yunnan province in china during the dry season, were determined at different moisture ... | 2014 | 24383424 |
| production of microsclerotia by brazilian strains of metarhizium spp. using submerged liquid culture fermentation. | we investigated the potential production and desiccation tolerance of microsclerotia (ms) by brazilian strains of metarhizium anisopliae (ma), m. acridum (mc) and m. robertsii (mr). these fungi were grown in a liquid medium containing 16 g carbon l⁻¹ with a carbon:nitrogen ratio of 50:1. one hundred milliliters cultures were grown in 250 ml erlenmeyer flasks in a rotary incubator shaker at 28 °c and 200 rpm for 5 days. five-day-old ms were harvested, mixed with diatomaceous earth (de) and air-dr ... | 2014 | 24343780 |
| a bac based physical map and genome survey of the rice false smut fungus villosiclava virens. | rice false smut caused by villosiclava virens is a devastating fungal disease that spreads in major rice-growing regions throughout the world. however, the genomic information for this fungal pathogen is limited and the pathogenic mechanism of this disease is still not clear. to facilitate genetic, molecular and genomic studies of this fungal pathogen, we constructed the first bac-based physical map and performed the first genome survey for this species. | 2013 | 24341590 |
| selection of indigenous isolates of entomopathogenic soil fungus metarhizium anisopliae under laboratory conditions. | eight native isolates of the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae (metschnikoff) sorokin were obtained by monitoring soils cultivated in a conventional manner. these isolates were compared in three areas: (a) conidial germination, (b) radial growth and sporulation and (c) ability of conidia to infect tenebrio molitor larvae. all bioassays were carried out at constant temperatures of 10, 15, and 20 °c. conidia of individual isolates demonstrated differences in germination after a 24-h l ... | 2014 | 24338078 |
| biodegradation improvement of poly(3-hydroxy-butyrate) films by entomopathogenic fungi and uv-assisted surface functionalization. | ultraviolet (uv)-assisted surface modification in the presence of oxygen was used as initial step to achieve controlled degradation of poly(3-hydroxy-butyrate), phb, films by entomopathogenic fungi. treated surfaces were investigated by surface analysis techniques (water contact angle, fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy in attenuated total reflectance mode, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure, gel permeation chromatography, optical microscopy, scann ... | 2014 | 24300992 |
| nest sanitation through defecation: antifungal properties of wood cockroach feces. | the wood cockroach cryptocercus punctulatus nests as family units inside decayed wood, a substrate known for its high microbial load. we tested the hypothesis that defecation within their nests, a common occurrence in this species, reduces the probability of fungal development. conidia of the entomopathogenic fungus, metarhizium anisopliae, were incubated with crushed feces and subsequently plated on potato dextrose agar. relative to controls, the viability of fungal conidia was significantly re ... | 2013 | 24271031 |
| destruxin b isolated from entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae induces apoptosis via a bcl-2 family-dependent mitochondrial pathway in human nonsmall cell lung cancer cells. | destruxin b, isolated from entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae, is one of the cyclodepsipeptides with insecticidal and anticancer activities. in this study, destruxin b was extracted and purified by ion-exchange chromatography, silica gel chromatography, and semipreparative high-performance liquid chromatography. the potential anticancer effects and molecular mechanisms of destruxin b in human nonsmall cell lung cancer cell lines were characterized. our results showed that destruxin b ... | 2013 | 24204395 |
| extended disease resistance emerging from the faecal nest of a subterranean termite. | social insects nesting in soil environments are in constant contact with entomopathogens but have evolved a range of defence mechanisms, resulting in both individual and social immunity that reduce the chance for epizootics in the colony, as in the case of subterranean termites. coptotermes formosanus uses its faeces as building material for its nest structure that result into a 'carton material', and here, we report that the faecal nest supports the growth of actinobacteria which provide anothe ... | 2013 | 24048157 |
| comparison of the germination rates of metarhizium spp. conidia from japan at high and low temperatures. | the knowledge of the growth characteristics of entomopathogenic fungi at different temperatures is very important for understanding their ecology and field efficacy as biological control agents. however, the relationships between their dna-based phylogenetic tree classifications and growth characteristics at different temperatures have not been adequately investigated. in this study, we compared the phylogenetic relationships between metarhizium anisopliae sensu lato and m. flavoviride isolates ... | 2013 | 24033363 |
| effects of destruxins on free calcium and hydrogen ions in insect hemocytes. | destruxins, cyclohexadepsipeptidic mycotoxins isolated from the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae, inhibit innate insect immunity. however, their mechanism of action remains unclear. in this study, the effects of destruxins on changes in free calcium and hydrogen ions in the hemocytes of exolontha serrulata, bombyx mori and the spodoptera litura sl-1 cell line were detected using laser scanning confocal microscopy (lscm). an instant ca(2+) influx of hemocytes induced by destruxins a ... | 2014 | 23956215 |
| genetic diversity and pathogenicity of metarhizium spp. associated with the white grub phyllophaga capillata (blanchard) (coleoptera: melolonthidae) in a soybean field. | phyllophaga capillata (blanchard) was recently described as a soybean pest in brazil. the occurrence of metarhizium spp. associated with adults and their pathogenicity were investigated. natural prevalence of metarhizium anisopliae was 0.51% in adults collected by light trap. most metarhizium isolates were identified as metarhizium robertsii, although m. anisopliae sensu stricto and a few unidentified isolates were also found. bioassays with representative isolates selected from different geneti ... | 2013 | 23949866 |
| infectivity of metarhizium anisopliae (hypocreales: clavicipitaceae) to phlebotomus papatasi (diptera: psychodidae) under laboratory conditions. | susceptibility of phlebotomus papatasi scopoli (diptera: psychodidae) larvae to the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae (metschinkoff) sorokin (ma79) (hypocreales: clavicipitaceae) was evaluated at two different temperatures. the ability of the fungus to reinfect healthy sand flies was followed up for approximately 20 wk and the effect of in vivo repassage on the enhancement of its virulence was assessed. the fungus reduced the adult emergence at 26 +/- 1 degrees c when applied to lar ... | 2013 | 23926777 |
| crystal structures of isoorotate decarboxylases reveal a novel catalytic mechanism of 5-carboxyl-uracil decarboxylation and shed light on the search for dna decarboxylase. | dna methylation and demethylation regulate many crucial biological processes in mammals and are linked to many diseases. active dna demethylation is believed to be catalyzed by tet proteins and a putative dna decarboxylase that may share some similarities in sequence, structure and catalytic mechanism with isoorotate decarboxylase (idcase) that catalyzes decarboxylation of 5cau to u in fungi. we report here the structures of wild-type and mutant idcases from cordyceps militaris and metarhizium a ... | 2013 | 23917530 |
| acorn consumption improves the immune response of the dung beetle thorectes lusitanicus. | thorectes lusitanicus, a typically coprophagous species is also actively attracted to oak acorns, consuming, burying them, and conferring ecophysiological and reproductive advantages to both the beetle and the tree. in this study, we explored the possible relation between diet shift and the health status of t. lusitanicus using a generalist entomopathogenic fungus (metarhizium anisopliae) as a natural pathogen. to measure the health condition and immune response of beetles, we analysed the prote ... | 2013 | 23874934 |
| preparative-cum-quantitative mass-directed analysis of swainsonine and its in situ activity against sf-21 cell line. | swainsonine is a polyhydroxy indolizidine alkaloid with various research and potential therapeutic applications. in this work, swainsonine was partially purified (2.5-folds) with acetone-methanol solvent system from metarhizium anisopliae fermentation broth. the partially purified broth was further subjected to mass-directed preparative-cum-quantitative analysis. swainsonine was eluted as ms1 fraction [m + h](+) 174.36 ± 0.21 at 4.91 ± 0.04 min with calculated yield of 7.85 ± 1.59 μg ml(-1) corr ... | 2013 | 23841458 |
| proteins differentially expressed in conidia and mycelia of the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae sensu stricto. | metarhizium anisopliae is a well-characterized entomopathogenic fungus that attacks a variety of insects. its conidia are involved in its propagation and also in its infection of host insects. to investigate the protein expression profiles and to identify the proteins related to development and pathogenesis, we performed a comparative proteomic analysis of the conidia and mycelia of an m. anisopliae strain (ma1291). the analysis used 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser de ... | 2013 | 23826952 |
| destruxins: fungal-derived cyclohexadepsipeptides with multifaceted anticancer and antiangiogenic activities. | destruxins (dtx) are secondary metabolites of the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae. recently, dtx came into focus of interest as anticancer therapeutics. however, data on human and especially on cancer cells are fragmentary. in order to successfully establish novel anticancer therapeutics, a broad knowledge on the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying their activity is essential. consequently, this study aimed to investigate the impact of the most common dtx derivatives a, b ... | 2013 | 23747344 |
| endophytic penicillium funiculosum lhl06 secretes gibberellin that reprograms glycine max l. growth during copper stress. | heavy metal pollution in crop fields is one of the major issues in sustainable agriculture production. to improve crop growth and reduce the toxic effects of metals is an ideal strategy. understanding the resilience of gibberellins producing endophytic fungi associated with crop plants in metal contaminated agriculture fields could be an important step towards reducing agrochemical pollutions. in present study, it was aimed to screen and identify metal resistant endophyte and elucidate its role ... | 2013 | 23721090 |
| new insights on the effectiveness of metarhizium anisopliae formulation and application against aedes aegypti eggs. | increasing needs for innovative control tools against the dengue vector aedes aegypti have prompted investigations into the development of specific mycoinsecticides. the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae attacks both larval and adult stages, but its ovicidal activity against a. aegypti is still little explored. this study reports important findings about the effectiveness of conidia formulated in water and oil-in-water emulsions and of direct and indirect application techniques agai ... | 2013 | 23638865 |
| efficiency of fungus-impregnated black cloths combined with imidacloprid for the control of adult aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae). | entomopathogenic fungi are potential candidates for use in integrated vector management. however, efficient delivery systems for these fungi need to be investigated. it is known that adult mosquitoes are attracted to dark surfaces, and therefore, black cotton cloths impregnated with metarhizium anisopliae alone or in combination with the insecticide imidacloprid (imi) were tested under laboratory conditions. black cloths impregnated with fungus were also tested in large-cage trials under natural ... | 2013 | 23607802 |
| transcript and protein profiling analysis of the destruxin a-induced response in larvae of plutella xylostella. | destruxins (dtxs) are the mycotoxin produced by certain entomopathogenic fungi, such as metarhizium anisopliae, aschersonia sp, alternaria brassicae and ophiosphaerella herpotrichae. it can affect a wide variety of biological processes in insects, including innate immune, ca(2+) channel in cells, and apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. dtxs have been used as biological control agent for a long time, however, their molecular mechanism of action is still unknown. | 2013 | 23585848 |
| aromatic polyketides from a sponge-derived fungus metarhizium anisopliae mxh-99 and their antitubercular activities. | in our screening for antitubercular agents, five naphtho-γ-pyrones including two new naphtho-γ-pyrones glycosides, indigotides g and h (1 and 2), and two diphenyl ethers were isolated from the extract of a sponge-derived fungus metarhizium anisopliae mxh-99. their structures were established on the basis of chemical and spectroscopic evidence. the antitubercular activities of all the compounds were evaluated against mycobacterium phlei. the known isochaetochromin b2 (6) and ustilaginoidin d (7) ... | 2013 | 23463335 |
| route of infection and hematological effect of metarhizium anisopliae (metsch.) sorokin on dysdercus cingulatus (fab.) adult. | the primary objective of this work was to identify, under laboratory conditions, the route of infection and hemogram of dysdercus cingulatus (fab.) adults by metarhizium anisopliae. the infection process in d. cingulatus by m. anisopliae involved the conidia adherence to the host cuticle and germination after 24 h post-infection, accompanied by falling of bristles. the subsequent step, within 24-48 h post-infection, comprised penetration of fungus through spiracles, root of bristles, hemolymph, ... | 2014 | 23456609 |
| safety and acquisition potential of metarhizium anisopliae in entomovectoring with bumble bees, bombus terrestris. | in the context of integrated pest management with biological control and reduced pesticide use, dissemination of entomopathogenic fungi with insects has the potency to protect crops and specifically their flowers against pests and diseases. but before implementation of such entomovectoring system, a measurement of risks of the microbial biocontrol agent toward the vectoring insect is crucial. the essential contributions of this project are that 1) exposure of bumble bees, bombus terrestris (l.) ... | 2013 | 23448041 |
| biology and management of palm dynastid beetles: recent advances. | coconut, oil, and date palms are important crops in the tropics and are attacked by dynastids that cause loss of production or death of hosts. knowledge of their breeding sites has been extended since a previous review in 1980. the fungus metarhizium anisopliae has potential as a biopesticide against immature stages in friable breeding sites. the molecular biology and ultrastructure of oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus (ornv), disseminated by adults, have been studied, and this pathogen can reduce o. ... | 2013 | 23317044 |
| real encoded genetic algorithm and response surface methodology to optimize production of an indolizidine alkaloid, swainsonine, from metarhizium anisopliae. | response surface methodology (rsm) and artificial neural network-real encoded genetic algorithm (ann-rega) were employed to develop a process for fermentative swainsonine production from metarhizium anisopliae (arsef 1724). the effect of finally screened process variables viz. inoculum size, oatmeal extract, glucose, and cacl2 were investigated through central composite design and were further utilized for training sets in ann with training and test r values of 0.99 and 0.94, respectively. ann-r ... | 2013 | 23315485 |
| inhibition of ecto-phosphatase activity in conidia reduces adhesion and virulence of metarhizium anisopliae on the host insect dysdercus peruvianus. | metarhizium anisopliae is an entomopathogenic fungus with the ability to infect a broad range of arthropods, and have evolved distinct strategies for their attachment to hosts. here, we describe the characterisation of ecto-phosphatase activity on the conidia surface of m. anisopliae and its relevance in the host interaction process. ecto-phosphatase activity was linear for 60 min and during this time, was linear with the increase of cell density. the optimum ph was in the acidic range and some ... | 2013 | 23306352 |
| susceptibility of loxosceles sp. to the arthropod pathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae: potential biocontrol of the brown spider. | loxosceles genus (brown spider) is an important pest with great impact on public health. thus, more effective strategies for spider control are necessary. | 2013 | 23296698 |
| genome-assisted development of nuclear intergenic sequence markers for entomopathogenic fungi of the metarhizium anisopliae species complex. | entomopathogenic fungi in the genus metarhizium are useful for biological control programmes against economically important arthropod pests worldwide. however, understanding the true diversity and ecology of these organisms is hampered by convergent morphologies between species. the application of molecular techniques has enabled greater resolution of species than allowed by morphology alone. in particular, the commonly used biocontrol agent m. anisopliae was found to be a species complex compos ... | 2013 | 23286460 |
| horizontal transmission of metarhizium anisopliae in fruit flies and effect of fungal infection on egg laying and fertility. | fly-to-fly transmission of conidia of the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae and the effect of fungal infection on the reproductive potential of females surviving infection were investigated in three fruit fly species, ceratitis cosyra, c. fasciventris, and c. capitata. the number of conidia picked up by a single fruit fly was determined in c. cosyra. the initial uptake (day 0) of conidia by a single fly was approx. 1.1 × 10⁶ conidia after exposure to the treated substrate. however, ... | 2013 | 26464386 |
| genome-wide identification and profiling of microrna-like rnas from metarhizium anisopliae during development. | metarhizium anisopliae is one of the most common species of entopathogenic fungi. it has economic and social benefits in many countries where used in agriculture as an important biological control agent of insect pests. m. anisopliae can exist as multiple cell types, which suggests that this fungus has a complex way of gene regulation. micrornas (mirnas) are endogenous small noncoding rnas. they play a crucial role in the regulation of gene expression and cell function in plants, animals, and in ... | 2012 | 23153806 |
| diversity and genetic population structure of fungal pathogens infecting white grub larvae in agricultural soils. | white grub larvae are important soil-dwelling pests in many regions of mexico as they attack many important crops such as maize. the use of synthetic chemicals is currently the main control strategy, but they are not always effective; thus, other alternatives are needed. microbial control using entomopathogenic fungi represents an important alternative strategy, and species within the genera beauveria and metarhizium are considered amongst the most promising candidates. seventeen beauveria spp. ... | 2013 | 22965804 |
| virulence potential of metarhizium anisopliae s.l. isolates on rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus larvae. | the use of entomopathogenic fungi to control arthropods has been reported worldwide for decades. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the virulence of 30 metarhizium anisopliae s.l. brazilian isolates from different geographical regions, hosts or substrates on the larvae of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus ticks under in vitro conditions to the selection of virulent isolates in order to be further used in biological control programs. the current study confirmed the lethal action of m. ... | 2012 | 22840642 |
| [isolation and identification of metarhizium from citrus grandis 'tomentosa' gap base]. | a type of entomopathogenic fungus of soil in citrus grandis 'tomentosa' production base was isolated and identified with morphological and molecular biological methods, including pathogenesis, spore characteristic and its sequence analysis were conducted. the results showed that eighteen entomopathogenic fungi strains were isolated from the tenebrio molitor infected in the soil samples, which were identified as metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae. based on results above, we concluded that the ... | 2012 | 22792782 |
| gene cloning, molecular modeling, and phylogenetics of serine protease p32 and serine carboxypeptidase scp1 from nematophagous fungi pochonia rubescens and pochonia chlamydosporia. | the fungi pochonia chlamydosporia and pochonia rubescens are parasites of nematode eggs and thus are biocontrol agents of nematodes. proteolytic enzymes such as the s8 proteases vcp1 and p32, secreted during the pathogenesis of nematode eggs, are major virulence factors in these fungi. recently, expression of these enzymes and of scp1, a new putative s10 carboxypeptidase, was detected during endophytic colonization of barley roots by these fungi. in our study, we cloned the genomic and mrna sequ ... | 2012 | 22690687 |
| [roles of phosphatases in pathogen infection: a review]. | phosphatases play a key role not only in cell physiological functions of an organism, but also in host-pathogen interactions. many studies demonstrated that some gram-negative pathogenic bacteria could evade host immunity and promote pathogenicity by injecting phosphatases into host cells through type iii secretion system. however, there were few reports about pathogenic fungi evading the immunity of hosts. our researches indicated that the entomogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae could dephosp ... | 2012 | 22667118 |
| expression of chitinase genes of metarhizium anisopliae isolates in lepidopteran pests and on synthetic media. | pathogenecity of the well characterized entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae used for biocontrol of a wide range of insect pests secretes hydrolytic enzymes that degrade the host cuticle. the chitinolytic activity of high and low virulent isolates of m. anisopliae was assayed on minimal medium (mm) + colloidal chitin and mm supplemented with insect cuticles. ex- pression pattern of four chitinase genes (chitinase (chi), chi 1, chi 2, chi 3) was profiled during pathogenic stages of the ... | 2012 | 22581664 |
| construction of transgenic trichoderma koningi with chit42 of metarhizium anisopliae and analysis of its activity against the asian corn borer. | the chit42 gene was cloned from metarhizium anisopliae cy1 and was inserted into trichoderma koningii t30 genome by protoplast transformation. sixteen transgenic isolates were identified by polymerase chain reaction analysis. the chit42 gene was 1275 bp in length and its coded protein was approximately 42 kda in size. semi-quantitative rt-pcr analysis and the measurement of the chitinase activity under induced conditions were conducted. mortality of the asian corn borer (ostrinia furnacalis) was ... | 2012 | 22560024 |
| identification of mycosis-related genes in the eastern subterranean termite by suppression subtractive hybridization. | the eastern subterranean termite reticulitermes flavipes (isoptera, rhinotermitidae) is a cosmopolitan, structural pest that is the target of research into termite innate immunity. in this study, we use suppression subtractive hybridization to construct a normalized cdna library of genes excessively expressed upon fungal infection. at 24 h postinfection with metarhizium anisopliae, the library revealed 182 expressed sequence tag (est) clones that potentially represent immune responsive genes. th ... | 2012 | 22549993 |
| social transfer of pathogenic fungus promotes active immunisation in ant colonies. | due to the omnipresent risk of epidemics, insect societies have evolved sophisticated disease defences at the individual and colony level. an intriguing yet little understood phenomenon is that social contact to pathogen-exposed individuals reduces susceptibility of previously naive nestmates to this pathogen. we tested whether such social immunisation in lasius ants against the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae is based on active upregulation of the immune system of nestmates follo ... | 2012 | 22509134 |
| resistant ticks inhibit metarhizium infection prior to haemocoel invasion by reducing fungal viability on the cuticle surface. | we studied disease progression of, and host responses to, four species in the metarhizium anisopliae complex expressing green fluorescent protein (gfp). we compared development and determined their relative levels of virulence against two susceptible arthropods, the cattle tick rhipicephalus annulatus and the lepidopteran galleria mellonella, and two resistant ticks, hyalomma excavatum and rhipicephalus sanguineus. metarhizium brunneum ma7 caused the greatest mortality of r. annulatus, metarhizi ... | 2012 | 22507442 |
| when subterranean termites challenge the rules of fungal epizootics. | over the past 50 years, repeated attempts have been made to develop biological control technologies for use against economically important species of subterranean termites, focusing primarily on the use of the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae. however, no successful field implementation of biological control has been reported. most previous work has been conducted under the assumption that environmental conditions within termite nests would favor the growth and dispersion of entomo ... | 2012 | 22470575 |
| preclinical evaluation of destruxin b as a novel wnt signaling target suppressing proliferation and metastasis of colorectal cancer using non-invasive bioluminescence imaging. | in continuation to our studies toward the identification of direct anti-cancer targets, here we showed that destruxin b (db) from metarhizium anisopliae suppressed the proliferation and induced cell cycle arrest in human colorectal cancer (crc) ht29, sw480 and hct116 cells. additionally, db induced apoptosis in ht29 cells by decreased expression level of anti-apoptotic proteins bcl-2 and bcl-xl while increased pro-apoptotic bax. on the other hand, db attenuated wnt-signaling by downregulation of ... | 2012 | 22465936 |
| susceptibility of ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae) to metarhizium brunneum f52 (hypocreales: clavicipitaceae) using three exposure assays in the laboratory. | an emulsifiable concentrate (ec) and granular (g) formulation of the entomopathogenic fungus, metarhizium brunneum strain f52 (formerly metarhizium anisopliae strain f52) were tested against unfed adults and nymphs of ixodes scapularis say in the laboratory. three exposure methods; dip, surface contact, and direct spray application, and three exposure time intervals (3, 30, and 300 min) were used to evaluate the ec formulation. application rates ranged from 2.6 x 10(2) to 2.6 x 10(8) conidia/cm2 ... | 2012 | 22420275 |
| designing the ideal habitat for entomopathogen use in nursery production. | greenhouse and nursery producers use entomopathogens (nematodes and fungi) to control soil pests. although it is known that the physical and chemical properties of mineral soil significantly impact upon soil pathogens, the influence of soilless media used for plant production on entomopathogen performance is poorly understood. | 2012 | 22371424 |
| horizontal transmission of the entomopathogen fungus metarhizium anisopliae in microcerotermes diversus groups. | an experiment was carried out in order to investigate fungal conidia transmission of metarhizium anisopliae (metschnikoff) sorokin from vector (donor) to healthy microcerotermes diversus silvestri (iso.: termitidae) and determine the best donor/concentration ratio for transmission. after preliminary trials, concentrations of 3.1 × 10⁴, 3.9 × 10⁵, 3.2 × 10⁶ and 3.5 × 10(8) conidia ml(-1) were selected for testing. the experiment was performed at three donor : recipient ratios of 10, 30 and 50%. t ... | 2012 | 26466624 |
| effects of passages through a suitable host of the fungus, metarhizium anisopliae, on the virulence of acaricide-susceptible and resistant strains of the tick, rhipicephalus microplus. | the aim of this work was to assess the virulence of strain m379 of the fungus, metarhizium anisopliae (metchnikoff) sorokin (hypocreales: clavicipitaceae) after different passages through a suitable host and at different concentrations for the control of both acaricide-susceptible and resistant strains of the tick, rhipicephalus (formerly boophilus) microplus canestrini (ixodida:ixodidae) in vitro. the highest value of lc50 for the susceptible strain corresponded to zero passage with 7.68 × 107 ... | 2011 | 26983168 |
| bioassay assessment of metarhizium anisopliae (metchnikoff) sorokin (deuteromycota: hyphomycetes) against oncometopia facialis (signoret) (hemiptera: cicadellidae). | citrus variegated chlorosis (cvc) is an economically important, destructive disease in brazil and is caused by xylella fastidiosa and transmitted by sharpshooter insects. in this study, the efficacy of the fungus metarhizium anisopliae in controlling the sharpshooter oncometopia facialis was studied by bioassay conditions. in the bioassay, insects were sprayed with a suspension containing 5 x 10(7) conidia ml(-1). adults captured in the field were treated in groups of 10 in a total of 11 replica ... | 2008 | 24031192 |