| nurses' perspectives on problems of hospitalized pcp patients: implications for the development of a nursing taxonomy. | the phenomena of interest in nursing informatics research are the data, information and knowledge related to nursing. this study presents nurses' perspectives on the problems of patients hospitalized for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia from four data sources: nurse interview, intershift report, care plan, and nurses' notes. even within this narrowly specified sample, patient problems showed variation across sources of data. the results of this study demonstrate the difficulties inherent in develo ... | 1991 | 1807582 |
| [clinicopathologic study of various lung diseases with bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (boop) pattern in open lung biopsy]. | the histologic findings of boop are nonspecific, and the diagnosis of idiopathic boop is one of exclusion. we studied the clinicopathologic features of various lung diseases with histopathological appearance of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (boop) pattern in open lung biopsy specimens. the 17 patients with boop pattern studied included idiopathic boop (n = 7), unclassified interstitial pneumonia (n = 1), collagen vascular disease (n = 3, ra 1, pm/dm 2), hypersensitivity pneumonit ... | 1991 | 1808381 |
| dissemination of pneumocystis carinii in patients with aids. | extrapulmonary pneumocystis carinii infections in aids are still rare although the number of cases is increasing. we present 2 cases of extrapulmonary pneumocystosis detected at our institution during an 8-month period. the first was a patient treated for p. carinii pneumonia (pcp) disseminated to liver, spleen and kidneys. the second patient had widely dissemination of p. carinii diagnosed at autopsy. both patients had received aerosolised pentamidine (ap) for pcp prophylaxis. totally we have t ... | 1991 | 1815330 |
| cerebral toxoplasmosis in danish aids patients. | we estimate the frequency of central nervous system (cns) toxoplasmosis in danish aids patients and evaluate the diagnostic accuracy using the following criteria for acceptance of the diagnosis: either (1) the demonstration of toxoplasma gondii in brain tissue or (2) one or more hypodense or ring-enhancing lesions on computerized axial tomography (cat) scan and a neurologic and cat scan improvement in response to 2 weeks of treatment. from 1981 until july 1990 266 patients were diagnosed with ai ... | 1991 | 1815332 |
| the neutrophil chemiluminescence response to pneumocystis carinii is stimulated by gm-csf and gamma interferon. | the interaction of pneumocystis carinii purified from rat lung with human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmn) was studied using amplified chemiluminescence. pre-incubation of pmn with granulocyte-macrophage stimulating factor or gamma interferon resulted in phagocyte stimulation. | 1991 | 1815709 |
| pneumocystis carinii pleuropneumonia after aerosolized pentamidine prophylaxis. | we observed an atypical pneumocystis infection with spontaneous pneumothorax, bronchopleural fistulae, an apical cyst and pneumocystis pleuritis after aerosolized pentamidine prophylaxis in an aids patient. these findings suggest a failure of pentamidine aerosol in controlling active pneumocystis infection in peripheral pulmonary areas. a relapse of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) must be suspected when pneumothorax occurs during secondary prophylaxis with aerosolized pentamidine. it should ... | 1991 | 1816116 |
| nebulized pentamidine as prophylaxis for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. | | 1991 | 1817486 |
| isolation and characterization of rat lung pneumocystis carinii gp120. | the principal glycoprotein (gp120) of pneumocystis carinii obtained from infected rat lung was isolated by differential extraction and size-exclusion chromatography. the purified glycoprotein was cleaved with cnbr to two peptides of approximately 27 and 33 kda. amino acid sequences were obtained from both peptides. proteolytic digestion with v8 protease yielded several peptides and sequences were obtained from peptides of 10 and 19 kda. the cyanogen bromide cleavage results led to the conclusion ... | 1991 | 1818123 |
| attempts at in vitro cultivation of pneumocystis carinii from human bronchoalveolar lavage fluids without feeder cells. | we attempted to cultivate pneumocystis carinii obtained from two bronchoalveolar lavage fluids of aids patients with p. carinii pneumonia, in a system wherein cysteine and 2-mercaptoethanol were substituted for the feeder cells. the presence of p. carinii cysts was monitored for 11 days under conditions of continuous culture. moderate increase in cyst forms was observed until day 11. further study with this system would be required to determine if the observed increase in cyst numbers is reprodu ... | 1991 | 1818129 |
| morphologic and biochemical studies of chitin expression in pneumocystis carinii. | tomato lectin, which binds oligosaccharides of n-acetyl-d-glucosamine, and an antiserum against macromolecular chitin were used to probe sections of human and murine lungs infected with pneumocystis carinii. by light, fluorescence and electron microscopy, lectin and antiserum binding patterns indicated that both human and murine strains of p. carinii express chitin at all identifiable stages of their life cycles. light microscopic autoradiographs of murine p. carinii cultured in vitro with 3h-gl ... | 1991 | 1818131 |
| overview of animal models of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. | | 1991 | 1818132 |
| introduction of pneumocystis carinii in a colony of scid mice. | pneumocystis carinii-free scid mice were housed closely exposed to corticosteroid-treated non-scid mice in a conventional area of our laboratory animal facilities. a one-day exposure was sufficient for p. carinii transmission. the lung infection increased thereafter. irradiation or splenectomy of scid mice at the beginning of the exposure resulted in a marked increase of parasite multiplication. extrapulmonary foci of pneumocystosis were detected in heart and spleen of scid mice infected by p. c ... | 1991 | 1818133 |
| establishment of pneumocystis carinii in various mouse strains using natural transmission to initiate infection. | a mouse model for pneumocystis carinii has now been established in several strains of mice: c3heb/fej, c3hen, balb/c, dba/2n and athymic. in lieu of using invasive methods for initiating p. carinii infections, mice infected with p. carinii (seed mice) transmitted the disease to mice without latent infection via short term co-habitation. acute infections in recipient mice developed approximately 5-6 wk after c3heb/fej seeds were removed, while control unseeded litter-mates remained uninfected. th ... | 1991 | 1818134 |
| pneumocystis carinii--animal production perspective. | pneumocystis carinii is an important cause of pneumonia in immunocompromised human patients. the organism is also found as a saprophyte in the lungs of many species of animals. animal models have been used as a source of p. carinii organisms for study of the disease. the rat model has been especially useful. initially, the infection was latent in most colonies, and p. carinii pneumonia readily developed when animals were immunosuppressed. today, many barrier raised rodent colonies are free of ad ... | 1991 | 1818135 |
| inoculated mouse model of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. | a transtracheally inoculated mouse model of pneumocystis carinii has been developed using balb/c mice, a widely available strain free of latent p. carinii infection. the mean infectivity score of untreated inoculated mice was 4.1 compared to the mean infectivity score of 0.1 for trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (50/250 mg/kg) treated inoculated mice, approximately a four-log difference. an inoculated mouse model of p. carinii infection provides both a source of organisms from a different host and a ... | 1991 | 1818136 |
| a review of common infectious disease agents of laboratory mice and rats: potential influence on pneumocystis carinii. | the influence of viruses and bacteria on pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is suspected but not known for certain. a number of adventitious viruses and bacteria are common among commercially available and institutionally raised rodents, which may impact upon, or interfere with, the induction of pcp in rodents in several ways. based upon the biological behavior and prevalence of certain rodent agents, the potential for such impact is great. infectious agents can directly interfere with researc ... | 1991 | 1818137 |
| pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the rat model. | groups of barrier-raised but not certified virus-free sprague-dawley rats, obtained from the same source over the course of several years, were placed on an identical immunosuppressive regimen. this caused reactivation of latent pneumocystis carinii infection, manifest as p. carinii pneumonia (pcp) of varying severity. rats were euthanized after 9-12 wk of immunosuppression. an assessment of the severity of the induced pcp was made, based on the total number of organisms extracted from the lungs ... | 1991 | 1818139 |
| an improved rat model of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: induced infections in pneumocystis-free animals. | an immunosuppressed rat model of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is described that results in a predictable course of disease development which includes moderate p. carinii (pc) infections in 2 to 3 weeks, heavy infections in 4 to 5 wk, and a high percentage of mortality due to pcp in 6 wk. the model also provides uninfected, immunosuppressed contemporary controls, an experimental compartment that is needed to correctly interpret results obtained from many different studies. non-invasive in ... | 1991 | 1818140 |
| the piglet as a potential model of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. | spontaneous pneumocystis carinii infections occur in piglets. in this report we describe the symptoms, pathology and predisposing conditions of p. carinii pneumonia in the pig. we also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the pig as an experimental system to study p. carinii pneumonia. | 1991 | 1818142 |
| 566c80, an antimalarial hydroxynaphthoquinone with broad spectrum: experimental activity against opportunistic parasitic infections of aids patients. | hydroxynaphthoquinone 566c80 was synthesised and initially developed as an antimalarial with potent activity against drug-resistant strains of the human malaria parasite, plasmodium falciparum. subsequent studies have revealed that in addition, this compound has experimental activity, both in vitro and in vivo, against pneumocystis carinii and toxoplasma gondii; the data obtained thus far for cryptosporidium parvum are equivocal. currently 566c80 is being assessed clinically not only against mal ... | 1991 | 1818143 |
| a radiometric method for objectively screening large numbers of compounds against pneumocystis carinii in vitro. | a relatively simple method is reported for accurately quantitating the incorporation of [3h]para aminobenzoic acid (paba) into the folates of pneumocystis carinii cultured in vitro, and the subsequent development of a highly sensitive and reproducible 96-well microtitre plate drug screening system. incorporation of [3h]paba under optimized conditions has been utilized as a selective indicator of the in vitro viability of p. carinii against which the inhibitory effects of potential drugs were qua ... | 1991 | 1818144 |
| treatment of experimental pneumocystis carinii pneumonia with 1,3-di(4-imidazolino-2-methoxyphenoxy)propane lactate. | an analogue of pentamidine, 1,3-di(4-imidazolino-2-methoxyphenoxy)propane (dmp) lactate, was tested against rat pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp). the drug was found to be highly active in the treatment of rat pcp at a dose of 1.75 mg/kg (parent molecule) when administered by intravenous (i.v.) injection (daily for 2 wk). the compound was also active against pcp when given orally, however, significantly higher doses of dmp were necessary when compared to the i.v. dosing regimen. prophylactic ... | 1991 | 1818146 |
| treatment and prevention of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and further elucidation of the p. carinii life cycle with 1,3-beta-glucan synthesis inhibitor l-671,329. | two different classes of 1,3-beta-glucan synthesis inhibitors, the echinocandins and papulacandins, have anti-pneumocystis activity in an immunosuppressed rat model for acute p. carinii pneumonia (pcp). this activity combined with potent anti-candida activity makes the echinocandins attractive agents for treating both pneumocystis and candidiasis in the immunocompromised patient. natural product echinocandin l-671,329 rapidly eliminates greater than 99% of the p. carinii cysts after 4 days of tr ... | 1991 | 1818147 |
| macrolide-antifol synergism in anti-pneumocystis carinii therapeutics. | the synergistic activities of anti-pneumocystis drugs were investigated. macrolide antibiotics alone and in combination with sulfonamides were tested for their effects on p. carinii pneumonia in rats. | 1991 | 1818149 |
| the effect of primaquine on the ultrastructural morphology of pneumocystis carinii. | ultrastructural examination of pneumocystis grown on wi-38 human embryonic lung fibroblasts and treated with primaquine indicated progressive deterioration of cellular morphology. thus, primaquine had a cidal effect on the organisms. | 1991 | 1818151 |
| immunologic comparisons of pneumocystis carinii strains obtained from rats, ferrets, and mice using convalescent sera from the same sources. | pneumocystis carinii (pc) infections were developed in animals immunosuppressed by dexamethasone treatment either from activation of latent infection (ferret) or trans-tracheal inoculation of pc obtained from infected lungs of the homologous species (rat, mouse). convalescent antisera were obtained by stopping dexamethasone treatment after 2-4 wk and allowing 5-8 wk for recovery. parasites from infected lungs were purified by differential filtration, solubilized in loading buffer, subjected to s ... | 1991 | 1818152 |
| new rapid method for the study of pneumocystis carinii interaction with alveolar macrophages. | understanding the pathophysiology of pneumocystis carinii infection has been limited by the availability of methods for precisely measuring the interaction of p. carinii with host cells. here we describe a new method which allows for the rapid assessment of p. carinii binding to, and internalization by, adherent alveolar macrophages. the method is based on the detection of fluorescein-labelled p. carinii by an automated fluorescence measurement system. | 1991 | 1818154 |
| host-parasite relationship in pneumocystis carinii infection: activation of the plasmalemmal vesicular system in type i alveolar epithelial cells. | ultrastructural studies of the attachment zone between pneumocystis carinii (pc) and type i alveolar epithelial cells showed a new aspect of the host-parasite relationship, i.e. an activation of the plasmalemmal vesicular system in the alveolar cells associated with pc trophozoites in close apposition. this phenomenon may be involved in the nutrition of the trophozoite. | 1991 | 1818155 |
| identification and purification of a soluble species of gp120 released by zymolyase treatment of pneumocystis carinii. | purified zymolyase containing beta-glucanase activity releases a soluble species of the gp120 component of the high molecular weight surface antigen complex of rat- and human-derived pneumocystis carinii. we have purified the soluble gp120 from rat-derived p. carinii by concanavalin a-affinity- and hydrophobic-interaction liquid chromatography. a single band was detected in this fraction by silver staining and immunoblotting. we have also partially purified a soluble form of the corresponding hi ... | 1991 | 1818156 |
| generalized immune response to pneumocystis carinii infection in the lung. | we studied inflammatory cells retrieved by bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) from immunocompromised patients with or without pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp). twenty-four patients with pcp, and 20 patients without pcp underwent lavages of both an uninvolved lobe and the lobe involved in pulmonary infection. patients without p. carinii, had a significant increase (p less than 0.02) in the percentages of neutrophils (22 +/- 7.1%, mean +/- sem) and lymphocytes (16 +/- 3.8%) in the involved lobe comp ... | 1991 | 1818161 |
| production of a monoclonal antibody using lymphocytes from pneumocystis infected mice. | a colony of balb/c mice maintained in a protected area of our laboratory was not infected with pneumocystis carinii. during corticosteroid treatment, animals became infected by exposure to infected mice. after four months of corticosteroid treatment, balb/c mice developed severe pneumocystosis. stopping of treatment was associated with: (i) high mortality of mice, (ii) decreased lung parasite level and (iii) appearance of anti-p. carinii antibodies in survivors. a monoclonal antibody (mab) 4f2 w ... | 1991 | 1818162 |
| detection of human pneumocystis carinii by the polymerase chain reaction. | oligonucleotide primers were prepared from a clone (b12) which has been shown to be a repetitive sequence in the rat p. carinii genome. polymerase chain reaction was employed to amplify both rat and human p. carinii dna. the detection limit of the assay was approximately 600 ng of total nucleic acid. amplification products from both the rat and human isolates (ca. 780 bp) were characterized by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis after digestion with sau3a. no amplification products were obta ... | 1991 | 1818163 |
| detection and quantification of pneumocystis carinii using a sandwich elisa. | antigenic sites on pneumocystis carinii, the basis for organism enumeration by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) were adversely affected by incubation in detergents. however, stronger detergent concentrations were needed to eliminate high levels of non-specific background. good p. carinii quantification was obtained with low non-specific background when the detergent was used only in the washing steps and not in cell suspension solutions. formalin fixation of the cells resulted in goo ... | 1991 | 1818164 |
| value of an immunofluorescence assay for the detection of pneumocystis carinii in bronchoalveolar lavage. | an indirect immunofluorescence monoclonal antibody assay was found to have higher sensitivity than usual stains for the detection of pneumocystis carinii, particularly in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids in which there are only a few parasites, as in hiv-patients or in hiv+ patients with prophylaxis or treatment. for patients without any therapy, when different stains give conflicting results, decisions on therapeutic approaches to be used should consider the patient's clinical and biological statu ... | 1991 | 1818165 |
| detection of pneumocystis carinii dna by polymerase chain reaction compared to direct microscopy and immunofluorescence. | the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) using published primers and probes has been compared to conventional stains and immunofluorescence for diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii. we have screened 71 bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) fluids from hiv-immunosuppressed patients. of 34 samples negative by conventional stains and immunofluorescence, only one was positive by pcr. thirty of 35 samples positive by conventional stains and immunofluorescence were also positive by pcr. one bal sample, negative by con ... | 1991 | 1818166 |
| pneumocystis carinii: from bristol to bozeman. | | 1991 | 1818167 |
| exploitation of a 650 bp probe for quantification of pneumocystis carinii. | signals obtained from serial dilutions of rat-derived pneumocystis carinii dna were used to assess the sensitivity of a 650-bp dna probe which recognises both cystic and non-cystic forms. enhanced chemiluminescence was selected as a non-radioactive detection method and signals could be semi-quantitated by scanning densitometry. this technique was used to examine the inhibitory effect of pentamidine in vitro indicating that dna probes might be useful tools in the search for a novel therapeutic ag ... | 1991 | 1818169 |
| ultrastructural observations on the attachment of pneumocystis carinii in vitro. | pneumocystis carinii trophozoites grow in vivo in close contact with host cells. the attachment of pneumocystis to the lung cells seems to be a critical step in the parasite's development. up to now, the contact of pneumocystis with mammalian tissue culture cells was shown using light and scanning electron microscopy. the methods are not sufficient to observed in detail the parasite-feeder cell area of contact. in this work, the attachment of pneumocystis trophozoites to feeder cells was examine ... | 1991 | 1818171 |
| videomicroscopic recording of pneumocystis carinii motion. | videomicroscopy in combination with differential-contrast optics was used to study fresh preparations of pneumocystis carinii from immunosuppressed rats. certain spherical intracystic bodies appeared to move freely within the cyst wall. flexing type movement was observed in intracystic ellipsoidal forms attached at a common point in the inner margin of the cyst wall. greater movement was seen in non-attached thinner elongated forms. possible extracellular trophic forms and movement were also ide ... | 1991 | 1818172 |
| an elisa method for quantitation of pneumocystis carinii in culture and lung. | numbers of pneumocystis carinii in cultures or tissues traditionally have been determined by counting organisms on giemsa-stained slides. for cultures, 10 microliters of culture supernatants have been sampled and counted on days 1, 3, 5 and 7. infectivity scores of p. carinii-infected animal lung have been determined by three examiners scoring lung impression smears stained with giemsa using a roughly logarithmic scale. both counting procedures are tedious and time consuming. we have developed a ... | 1991 | 1818173 |
| culture and filtration methods for obtaining pneumocystis carinii trophozoites and cysts. | two methods for acquisition of pneumocystis carinii (pc) trophozoites and cysts are reported. one method, the isolation of pc from infected rat lung, provides large numbers of trophozoites and cysts but retains rat proteins. ground lung is filtered through a series of nucleopore filters from 10 to 3 microns; 1 g of rat lung yields an average of 1.1 x 10(9) pc trophozoites and 1 x 10(7) cysts. the second method, propagation of pc in culture with human embryonic lung cells on microcarrier beads, p ... | 1991 | 1818174 |
| study on placental transmission of pneumocystis carinii in mice using immunodeficient scid mice as a new animal model. | placental transmission of pneumocystis carinii in mice was examined in 39 animals obtained by caesarean section from 17 pregnant scid females experimentally infected with p. carinii. when examined with toluidine blue o, dapi and immunofluorescent antibody stains, p. carinii was detected in the lungs of infected mothers but not in the lungs of caesarean section-derived neonates even after the neonates were treated with dexamethasone for 8 weeks. however, 13 neonates born to five infected females ... | 1991 | 1818176 |
| specific t-cell response to a pneumocystis carinii surface glycoprotein (gp120). | pneumocystis carinii gp120 can elicit a specific t-cell proliferative response in mice after immunization with a gp120 preparation or with a crude p. carinii homogenate. it can also elicit a proliferative response from scid mice after recovery from natural infection with p. carinii, implicating this glycoprotein as an important antigen in the host's response to p. carinii infection. | 1991 | 1818177 |
| open-label efficacy and safety trial of 42 days of 566c80 for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in aids patients. | pneumocystis carinii pneumonia continues to be a cause of morbidity and mortality in aids patients. current therapies have a high rate of toxicity and failure. compound 566c80 is a 1-4,hydroxynaphthoquinone with potent antiprotozoal activity which shows good efficacy and safety in 21-day treatment trials of p. carinii pneumonia (pcp) in aids patients. because there is a generally high recurrence rate after treatment of pcp and there may be a possible advantage in decreasing the p. carinii burden ... | 1991 | 1818178 |
| effect of sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim and sulfadoxine-primethamine against fatal pneumocystosis in scid mice. | the effect of sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (s-t) and sulfadoxine-primethamine (s-p) against pneumocystis carinii (pc) were examined in severe combined immunodeficiency (scid) mice which are known to be susceptible to pc. these animals develop fatal pneumocystosis without treatment with any immunosuppressant. the results suggested that s-t and s-p were effective against both trophic and cystic forms of pc in scid mice. | 1991 | 1818179 |
| suppressive effect of deferoxamine on the growth of pneumocystis carinii in vitro. | the effects of the iron chelator deferoxamine on the growth of rat-derived pneumocystis carinii in culture with human embryonic lung fibroblasts were studied. growth inhibition was calculated by comparison of trophozoite numbers in replicate samples of supernatant of treated and untreated samples. deferoxamine, in concentrations safely achievable in humans (5-15 micrograms/ml, corresponding to 7.6-22.8 microm), reproducibly suppressed p. carinii growth in a dose-dependent manner. the suppressive ... | 1991 | 1818180 |
| cytokine- and pneumocystis carinii- induced l-arginine oxidation by murine and human pulmonary alveolar macrophages. | lipopolysaccharide plus interferon gamma stimulated the l-arginine-.no pathway of murine, but not human pulmonary alveolar macrophages. pneumocystis carinii induced .no production by both murine and human pulmonary alveolar macrophages suggesting that the parasite stimulates l-arginine oxidation in these cells. the potential anti-pneumocystis activity of .no warrants further study. | 1991 | 1818184 |
| detection of pneumocystis carinii in serum of aids patients with pneumocystis pneumonia by the polymerase chain reaction. | amplification of dna by the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) offers a highly sensitive and specific method for detecting dna sequences in biological samples. we applied this technology to develop an assay for the p. carinii dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) gene. this assay was found to be sensitive enough to detect as little as 1 organism-'equivalent' of dhfr dna. in rats with experimentally-induced p. carinii pneumonia, dhfr dna amplification demonstrated the presence of pulmonary p. carinii 2 wk ... | 1991 | 1818186 |
| binding of 125i-labelled tumor necrosis factor to pneumocystis carinii and an insoluble cell wall fraction. | we have previously shown that tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha) causes loss of viability of pneumocystis carinii. in this study, we demonstrate that tnf-alpha irreversibly binds to p. carinii in vitro. the avidity of binding is orders of magnitude greater than that by which it binds to a known sensitive target, l929 cells. a detergent-insoluble fraction of p. carinii, which consists primarily of cyst walls, bound ten times more tnf-alpha per microgram protein as did whole p. carinii. | 1991 | 1818187 |
| role of the zymolyase-sensitive cyst wall of pneumocystis carinii in the oxidative burst of macrophages. | alveolar macrophages are thought to participate in clearing pneumocystis carinii (pc) from the lungs. we have recently demonstrated that pc cysts and trophozoites induce an oxidative burst in a cell line of rat alveolar macrophages (nr8383). in order to investigate the mechanism of this response, we examined the effect that disruption of the pc cyst wall with zymolyase had on the cyst's ability to elicit h2o2 from nr8383 macrophages and correlated these results with the electron microscopic appe ... | 1991 | 1818188 |
| in vitro aggregation of macrophages around human-derived pneumocystis carinii. | interaction between human monocyte-derived macrophages with human pneumocystis carinii was examined in this study. macrophages formed aggregates around p. carinii in the presence of heat-inactivated, but not native serum. this interaction is distinct from phagocytosis and appears to be analogous to granuloma formation. | 1991 | 1818189 |
| the effects of extracellular matrix (ecm) proteins on the attachment of pneumocystis carinii to lung cell lines in vitro. | pneumocystis carinii cells labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate were co-cultured with tissue culture cells. measurements of attachment was determined by the tissue culture cell fluorescence after washing out the p. carinii organisms. the effects of the extracellular matrix proteins, laminin and fibronectin, on the binding of p. carinii onto the monolayer of cultured cells were investigated for better understanding of organism-cell interactions. the internalization of p. carinii by mrc5 cells ... | 1991 | 1818190 |
| antigenic variation of a major surface glycoprotein of pneumocystis carinii. | the mannosylated surface glycoprotein (gp) of pneumocystis carinii has one known conserved epitope that is recognized by the monoclonal antibody 85-1-5e12. the gp exhibits host species-specific antigenic variation, exhibits host species-specific collagenase sensitivity, and varies in size depending on the host of origin and the method of preparation. these data support the existence of host species-specific serotypes of p. carinii. | 1991 | 1818192 |
| delayed-type hypersensitivity response in mice to pneumocystis carinii. | resistance to pneumocystis carinii infection appears to be mediated by t lymphocytes but the mechanism and subsets of t cells involved are poorly understood. we used the balb/c mouse model to study the delayed-type hypersensitivity (dth) response to rat p. carinii. mice were sensitized to p. carinii for seven days and then challenged with p. carinii antigens in the right rear footpads and normal rat lung antigens in the left rear footpads. a typical dth response was observed in the right footpad ... | 1991 | 1818194 |
| molecular cloning and characterization of ferret pneumocystis carinii gp120. | | 1991 | 1818195 |
| yeast glucan of pneumocystis carinii cyst wall: an excellent target for chemotherapy. | pneumocystis pneumonia is the most serious opportunistic infection in immunocompromised patients, particularly those with aids. approved therapy is limited to pentamidine and inhibitors of folic acid synthesis, but these drugs show a high rate of adverse reactions in aids patients emphasizing the urgent need for additional effective therapies. progress has, however, been hindered by lack of knowledge about this parasite's cellular characteristics. previously we reported that beta (1,3)glucan is ... | 1991 | 1818205 |
| characterization of the beta-tubulin gene of pneumocystis carinii. | to examine the potential of antimicrotubule drugs for treating pneumocystis carinii infections, and to learn more about this unusual organism on a molecular level, we are studying its tubulin genes. a 0.3 kbp fragment of the p. carinii beta-tubulin gene was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction. sequence analysis of this dna revealed that p. carinii beta-tubulin is most closely related to those of the fungal molds. consistent with these results, p. carinii growth in vitro was sensitive to t ... | 1991 | 1818208 |
| comparison of pulsed field gel electrophoresis karyotypes of pneumocystis carinii derived from rat lung, cell culture, and ferret lung. | pulsed field gel electrophoretic karyotypes of pneumocystis carinii derived from three sources were compared: immunosuppressed virus-free rats transtracheally inoculated with pneumocystis-infected rat lung; wi-38 cell/cytodex bead cell cultures inoculated with the same material; and immunosuppressed ferrets which reactivated latent pneumocystis pneumonia. karyotypes of dna from pneumocystis trophozoites or cysts from rat lung, and trophozoites from cell culture were identical. in contrast, ferre ... | 1991 | 1818212 |
| analysis of the pneumocystis carinii genome. | chromosome-specific dna probes were isolated to identify a particular chromosome in various karyotype band patterns of pneumocystis. bands in two p. carinii karyotype patterns hybridized to various dna probes indicated that homologous chromosomes are of relatively similar sizes in the two p. carinii strains. | 1991 | 1818213 |
| pentamidine sensitivity and resistance in saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model for pentamidine effects on pneumocystis carinii. | pentamidine isethionate inhibits growth of saccharomyces cerevisiae. inhibition requires lower drug concentrations under respiratory than fermentative growth conditions. pentamidine-resistant strains bear heritable resistance mutations. tested mutations are dominant to wild type sensitivity. these mutations may identify cellular targets of pentamidine and potential mechanisms of fungal pentamidine resistance. | 1991 | 1818214 |
| expression cloning of pneumocystis carinii antigens. | we undertook expression cloning of pneumocystis carinii antigens to overcome the difficulties encountered in purification of these antigens. using monoclonal antibodies to the p. carinii gp120 antigen and polyclonal rabbit antiserum to rat-derived p. carinii, we have isolated cdna clones encoding immunoreactive moieties. a cdna clone encoding the 3' portion of a 45-55 kda antigen of rat-derived p. carinii, was the most abundant clone isolated. the peptide encoded by this cdna has a novel sequenc ... | 1991 | 1818218 |
| diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia by 5s ribosomal dna amplification. | the polymerase chain reaction technique was used to detect pneumocystis carinii by amplifying the p. carinii 5s ribosomal dna. the efficacy and specificity of this diagnostic method is reported. analysis of patients' sputa indicate that the method can be used on these samples for the diagnosis of p. carinii pneumonia. | 1991 | 1818220 |
| analysis of the dynamics of pneumocystis carinii in vitro. | three culture systems employing mammalian lung cell monolayers were evaluated in terms of their ability to support the replication of primary isolates of rat-derived pneumocystis carinii. for each system, analysis of variance was used to identify changes in the numbers of p. carinii over time. significant replication was consistently demonstrated over lung fibroblasts (mrc-5), however, increases perceived in the culture supernatant were clearly influenced by the density of the underlying monolay ... | 1991 | 1818222 |
| [comparative study of the therapy of candida esophagitis in hiv-1-infected patients with fluconazole or amphotericin b and flucytosine]. | in 20 hiv-patients (17 male homosexuals, 1 male and 1 female i.v. drug abuser and 1 female patient with m. willebrand-jürgens) candida esophagitis was diagnosed by esophagogastroduodenoscopy. clinically they presented retrosternal pain or an exacerbation of oral candidosis under local antimycotics. the diagnosis of candida esophagitis was based on histopathologic examination and culture studies of biopsy specimen from macroscopically suspect lesions. candida antigen was found in the serum of 30% ... | 1991 | 1818270 |
| purification and properties of recombinant pneumocystis carinii dihydrofolate reductase. | pneumocystis carinii dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) expressed in escherichia coli was purified to homogeneity in a single step using methotrexate-sepharose affinity chromatography. the purified enzyme migrated as a single 24-kda protein on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. the sequence of the first 26 amino acids from the n-terminus of the purified enzyme was in accord with that predicted from the dna sequence. the enzyme showed a broad ph optimum with maximum activity o ... | 1991 | 1821803 |
| purification and characterization of recombinant pneumocystis carinii thymidylate synthase. | catalytically active pneumocystis carinii thymidylate synthase is expressed to the extent of about 4% of the soluble protein in escherichia coli chi 2913 harboring plasmid puets-1.8 (u. edman, j. c. edman, b. lundgren, and d. v. santi, proc. natl. acad. sci. usa 86, 6503-6507, 1989). ion-exchange, affinity, hydrophobic, and reactive dye agarose chromatography steps were explored to devise a large-scale purification protocol for p. carinii thymidylate synthase. sequential de52, q-sepharose, pheny ... | 1991 | 1821808 |
| proliferation patterns of latent pneumocystis carinii in rat organs during progressive stages of immunosuppression. | pneumocystis carinii is known to proliferate mainly in the lung of an immunocompromised host. in aids and other immune disorders sporadic extrapulmonary presence of this organism has been documented. occasionally, p. carinii does not appear to infect the lung. these observations have been based on the detection of p. carinii by conventional staining techniques. we have sought to determine the extent of these infections by the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) in a rat model. harlan sprague-dawley ... | 1991 | 1824564 |
| seronegative acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). | the case reported here fulfilled the centers for disease control surveillance case definition for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome without laboratory evidence of human immunodeficiency virus. the patient, a 63-year-old man, had received transfusions of several units of packed red blood cells after a coronary bypass graft. he had recurrent fever and lymphopenia. he had a depressed helper t-cell count, esophageal and tracheobronchial candidiasis, and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. results of al ... | 1991 | 1825488 |
| [induction of experimental pneumocystosis, detection and primary isolation of pneumocystis carinii]. | the described model of experimental pneumocystosis is based on the induction of natural latent infection of p. carinii in wistar strain laboratory rats. as to pharmacological inducing agents immunosuppresive preparations such as hydrocortisone sol. inj. (spofa), cyclosporin a (merck) and dexamethasone (spofa) were used whereby the latter was effective in up 50%. as to non-pharmacological inducing agents, the authors used in combination with the tested inducers a low protein diet (less than 8% pr ... | 1991 | 1826470 |
| pneumocystis carinii attachment to cultured lung cells by pneumocystis gp 120, a fibronectin binding protein. | pneumocystis carinii is an extracellular organism which is thought to require attachment to alveolar epithelial cells for its growth and replication in humans. fibronectin (fn) binding to p. carinii is essential for optimal p. carinii attachment. this study demonstrates that gp120, a 110-120-kd membrane glycoprotein on p. carinii, mediates attachment of the organism to cultured lung cells and is the site of fn binding to p. carinii. a 51cr-labeled p. carinii binding assay was used to quantify at ... | 1991 | 1830888 |
| [the combination of pneumocystosis with the hepatitis b virus carrier state in cancer patients]. | in an oncological hospital the occurrence of the combined infection of patients with pneumocystis carinii and hepatitis b virus was determined. parasitological investigations for the presence of pneumocystosis were carried out by means of light and luminescent microscopy. serological investigations for hepatitis b were made in the passive hemagglutination test. the examination of 171 patients with malignant tumors of the head and the neck and 47 patients with benign tumors revealed the presence ... | 1991 | 1830995 |
| pentamidine isethionate reduces ia expression and antigen presentation by langerhans cells and inhibits the contact hypersensitivity reaction. | the mechanism of action of pentamidine isethionate, a diamidino compound used in the treatment of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, is unknown. we recently reported that this drug may inhibit the release of inflammatory mediators from alveolar macrophages, which may be associated with its antiparasite activity. as a potential anti-inflammatory agent, we report that topically applied pentamidine reduces ear swelling in the contact hypersensitivity reaction to oxazolone in b6c3f1 mice. the applicati ... | 1991 | 1833452 |
| [diagnosis and treatment of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome]. | | 1991 | 1837322 |
| inhibition of pneumocystis dihydrofolate reductase by analogs of pyrimethamine, methotrexate and trimetrexate. | dihydrofolate reductase was obtained from pneumocystis carinii isolated from heavily infected lungs of female sprague-dawley rats infected by transtracheal inoculation. the enzyme differed significantly from other forms of dihydrofolate reductase in response to kcl and to antifolate drugs. dihydrofolate reductase from p. carinii was used to assess activity of analogs of pyrimethamine, methotrexate, and trimetrexate. one pyrimethamine analog was selective for p. carinii dihydrofolate reductase; p ... | 1991 | 1840146 |
| pcr amplification of dna sequences from the transcription factor iid and cation transporting atpase genes in pneumocystis carinii. | oligonucleotide primers were used to amplify dna sequences from a plasma membrane cation transporting atpase gene and a transcription factor iid (tfiid) gene from pneumocystis carinii genomic dna. the entire p. carinii atpase gene was cloned from a genomic library by hybridization to the pcr-amplified dna product. the nucleotide sequence of the gene contained a 2,799 base-pair open reading frame that encoded a 102,274 dalton protein composed of 933 amino acids. the p. carinii atpase protein was ... | 1991 | 1840148 |
| indicators of pneumocystis carinii viability in short-term cell culture. | growth of p. carinii in culture has been difficult to document in the absence of reliable methods for distinguishing live from dead organisms. we studied three markers of cell function in p. carinii during the course of short-term cell culture, and correlated these with the number of p. carinii present in culture supernatants. the markers were glucan synthase activity, esterase activity and cell membrane integrity. the last two were assessed by double staining with fluorescein diacetate and prop ... | 1991 | 1840149 |
| [indirect immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibodies in the diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii. preliminary report]. | we compared traditional methods based on argentic metamine and toluidine blue staining vs recently introduce techniques based on immunofluorescence for monoclonal antibodies in the diagnosis of p. carinii. fifty samples were analyzed: 29 (58%) were negative by all method. of the remaining 21.72% were positive for immunofluorescence, 67% for argentic and 48% for toluidine blue staining. thus, immunofluorescence techniques represent an improvement in the ability to diagnose infection by p carinii. | 1991 | 1842123 |
| [usefulness of bronchoalveolar gavage in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome]. | 51 balfs from hiv positive patients were analysed. in 16 of them pneumocystis carinii organisms were found. two methods detecting pneumocystis carinii were used: grocott-gomori, fluorescence papanicolaou stain. the best staining method turned out to be grocott-gomori. the differential count was carried out in 40 balfs. in patients with pneumocystis carinii detected by bal neutrophilia was always present. in some of these patients lymphocytosis was also present. in 4 patients with high lymphocyto ... | 1991 | 1843641 |
| reversed helper/suppressor t-lymphocyte ratio in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with breast cancer and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. | pneumocystis pneumonia (pcp) usually occurs in patients with hematologic malignancies and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). patients with solid tumors represent a very small fraction of the reported cases of pcp. over an 18-month period, pcp was diagnosed in three patients who had received radiation and chemotherapy for breast cancer. in all three patients, there was no serologic or clinical evidence of aids. direct staining of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (bal) revealed pneumocystis ca ... | 1991 | 1846728 |
| visceral calcification in patients with aids may not always be due to pneumocystis carinii. | | 1991 | 1848386 |
| frequent identification of hiv-1 dna in bronchoalveolar lavage cells obtained from individuals with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. | tissue macrophages are recognized as a cellular target for infection with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). to characterize the nature of this cell-retrovirus interaction within the lower respiratory tract we analyzed fluid and cells obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) of eight individuals with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) who were undergoing diagnostic fiberoptic bronchoscopy. of these eight individuals, seven had active infection with pneumocystis carinii; one ... | 1991 | 1848969 |
| patterns of survival with aids in the united states. | we examined patterns of survival with aids (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) using the centers for disease control (cdc) "aids public information data set." analyses used a census of 23,271 cases diagnosed between january 1, 1984 and december 31, 1986. three cox proportional hazards models were fit to the data. the first used clinical and demographic parameters only in an effort to replicate rothenberg's analysis of survival for patients diagnosed in new york city prior to 1986. the second m ... | 1991 | 1849878 |
| opportunistic infections in children following renal transplantation. | opportunistic infections following renal transplantation in children are a major cause of severe morbidity and mortality. these infections account for the majority of early post renal-transplant deaths in children. general risk factors which affect the incidence and severity of these infections include: transmission of the infectious agent by the donor organ; history of immunity in the recipient prior to transplantation; type and amount of immunosuppression including treatment for rejection epis ... | 1991 | 1851032 |
| aetiology of pulmonary diseases in immunocompromised patients. | fibreoptic bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (bal), transbronchial lung biopsy (tbb) and brushing was performed, in 134 episodes of pulmonary disease in 118 compromised patients. sixty eight of the patients were infected with immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), 18 were renal and pancreas transplant recipients, 7 were liver and 15 were bone marrow transplant recipients, and 10 patients were undergoing immunosuppressive and/or cytotoxic drug therapy. pneumocystis carinii (pc) was the pre ... | 1991 | 1851103 |
| nonbronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage in ventilated children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: a simple and effective diagnostic method for pneumocystis carinii infection. | | 1991 | 1852545 |
| pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in thymoma with hypogammaglobulinaemia: successful outcome of therapy including i.v. igg replacement. | a 66-year-old patient presented with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) and was found to have hypogammaglobulinaemia, associated with a thymoma that had been resected 17 months earlier. only one previous case of pcp in association with a thymoma and hypogammaglobulinaemia has been reported, in which the patient died. we report another such patient who was successfully treated with a combination of intravenous immunoglobulin and high dose cotrimoxazole. | 1991 | 1853195 |
| human immunodeficiency virus infection in northern ireland 1980-1989. | to 31st december 1989, 71 persons are known to have attended medical practitioners in northern ireland with a diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. twenty-one of these persons have had the diagnosis of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) and 11 have died. the distribution of reports in the "at risk" categories of homosexual/bisexual males, injecting drug users, heterosexual males and females was significantly different (p less than 0.001) from those reported in the un ... | 1991 | 1853499 |
| [pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: possible applications of pentamidine aerosol in hematology, oncology and transplantation medicine]. | | 1991 | 1856068 |
| imaging of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia with 111in-labelled non-specific polyclonal igg: an experimental study in rats. | the relative sensitivity of imaging with 67ga-citrate (67ga) and non-specific human polyclonal igg radiolabelled with 111in (111in-igg) for the detection of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) was determined in rats. pneumocystis carinii pneumonia was induced by low protein diet and dexamethasone. the course of the disease was monitored by serial imaging with 111in-igg and 67ga. diffuse accumulation of both radiopharmaceuticals was observed in the lungs of infected animals (infection was verifi ... | 1991 | 1857579 |
| [secondary prevention in hiv infection]. | in hiv seropositive persons, secondary prophylaxis should prevent hiv-associated diseases, including opportunistic and other complications, and delay progression of hiv infection. efforts to control transmission of secondary infections are of limited value, since these complications are mainly caused by endogenous opportunistic microorganisms. vaccines are currently available for only a few of the pathogens that are potentially important in this clinical setting; they include influenza, streptoc ... | 1991 | 1858068 |
| recovery of the human immunodeficiency virus from fibreoptic bronchoscopes. | ten bronchoscopes that had been used on patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome were sampled to determine the nature and extent of microbial contamination. samples were taken by irrigating the suction biopsy channel with modified viral transport medium and by swabbing the insertion tube. sampling was repeated after they had been cleaned in detergent and after two minutes' disinfection in 2% alkaline glutaraldehyde. before being cleaned the seven bronchoscopes tested by polymerase ch ... | 1991 | 1858078 |
| arterial desaturation in hiv positive patients undergoing sputum induction. | arterial oxygen saturation (sao2) was monitored continuously during and immediately after sputum induction in 41 hiv positive patients with respiratory symptoms and in 20 symptomless medical and nursing staff, who acted as control subjects. arterial oxygen desaturation (defined as sao2 less than or equal to 92%) occurred during sputum induction and persisted for up to 20 minutes after the end of the procedure in 11 of the 20 patients with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and in nine of the 21 pati ... | 1991 | 1858086 |
| pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in pulmonary pathology. | | 1991 | 1858415 |
| pneumocystis carinii: a deadly opportunist. | pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is a life-threatening complication of diseases and therapies associated with immunosuppression. approximately 80 percent of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome will develop pneumocystis pneumonia. diagnosis is important, because effective therapy is available. in most cases, diagnosis can be made by sputum analysis. bronchoalveolar lavage will yield a diagnosis in 85 to 90 percent of patients with pneumocystis pneumonia, and is used when sputum inducti ... | 1991 | 1858610 |
| combined apache ii score and serum lactate dehydrogenase as predictors of in-hospital mortality caused by first episode pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. | we retrospectively analyzed data from 75 hospitalized patients with a first episode of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia to compare the ability of four parameters, including admission serum albumin, serum lactate dehydrogenase (ldh), alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient, and the apache ii score, to predict mortality and response to initial antipneumocystis therapy. the eight patients who died due to pneumocystosis and the 12 who failed initial antipneumocystis therapy had significantly higher admissio ... | 1991 | 1859054 |
| [transitory acute kidney insufficiency and insulin-dependent after treatment of kala-azar with pentamidine and n-methylglucamine antimony]. | azotemia and diabetes mellitus are now well-known adverse reactions associated with pentamidine treatment, especially since its prescription in case of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. we report the case of a 2 year-old boy, treated for kala-azar with pentamidine and n-methyl glucamine antimoniate who developed adverse effects, characterized by a nephrotic syndrome associated with the classic acute tubular necrosis, and transient diabetes mellitus. | 1991 | 1859238 |
| pneumocystis carinii pneumonia developing within one month of intensive chemotherapy for treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. | | 1991 | 1861704 |
| low-dose zidovudine in children with an human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection acquired in the perinatal period. | this report describes the one-year results of a noncomparative study designed to assess the safety and tolerance of low-dose zidovudine (azidothymidine) given orally to 60 human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected infants and children. at baseline, the mean age was 1.9 years (+/- 1.4), and all were symptomatic: 43% were p2a and 57% were p2b to f according to the centers for disease control classification. all the patients received zidovudine for at least 6 months, and 52 of them (87%) complet ... | 1991 | 1861941 |
| [diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in hiv-positive patients. the diagnostic value of induced sputum and exercise test]. | the object of investigation is to illustrate the values of two noninvasive procedures: the induced sputum test and the exercise test in the diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp). both of the procedures are described. fifty hiv-positive men in whom interstitial pneumonia was suspected participated. pcp was diagnosed in 16 patients, in ten of these by the induced sputum test, the sensitivity of which is, therefore, 35-85% (95% confidence limits). the exercise test, an investigation for ... | 1991 | 1862566 |
| cellular profiles in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of hiv-infected patients with pulmonary symptoms: relation to diagnosis and prognosis. | bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) cell differentials and t-lymphocyte subpopulations were analysed in 95 hiv-infected patients with pulmonary symptoms to determine whether the type of cellular inflammatory response could be useful in diagnosis or as a prognostic marker. patients with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) had more bal fluid lymphocytes, mainly comprising cd8+ cells, and patients with bacterial infection had more neutrophils than other patients. neither of these changes were mirrored in ... | 1991 | 1863404 |