| fetal growth of beef calves. i. effect of prepartum dietary crude protein on birth weight, blood metabolites and steroid hormone concentrations. | fifty-nine crossbred heifers (427 kg) bred to one hereford sire were randomly assigned at 75 d prepartum to two diets. heifers were individually fed, and diets were isocaloric but contained either a low (lp = 81% nrc, .56 kg/d) or high (hp = 141% nrc, .98 kg/d) level of crude protein. jugular vein cannulae were inserted into 16 lp and 16 hp heifers at 10 prepartum. daily preprandial blood samples that were collected until parturition were analyzed for serum estradiol-17 beta (e2), progesterone ( ... | 1986 | 3722022 |
| an update of a dynamic model of ruminant digestion. | the progressive development of a dynamic model of ruminant digestion for evaluation of factors affecting nutritive value of feedstuffs is outlined. significant changes have been introduced in many of the interactive subunits that accommodate the digestion of 12 chemical constituents (soluble carbohydrate, organic acids, starch, pectin, hemicellulose, cellulose, lipids, soluble protein, insoluble protein, nonprotein n, lignin and ash), microbial growth, animal interactions and summary computation ... | 1986 | 3722026 |
| production responses in early lactation to additions of soybean meal to diets containing predominantly corn silage. | responses in yield of milk and intake of dry matter to increased concentrations of dietary crude protein by cows in early lactation were modeled from published data. the data base was 625 holstein cows in second or later lactation fed diets primarily composed of corn grain and a combination of corn silage and alfalfa. dietary crude protein as a percent of dry matter ranged from 9.5 to 20.2% and was varied with soybean meal. exponential models were developed to predict changes in milk yield and d ... | 1986 | 3722527 |
| influence of formaldehyde-treated soybean meal on milk production. | forty-eight holstein cows were fed one of four diets containing 12.5% crude protein (negative control); 15.5% crude protein with untreated soybean meal; 15.5% crude protein with formaldehyde (.3%)-treated soybean meal; or 18% crude protein (positive control). diets were 60% concentrate, 22% corn silage, 14% alfalfa hay, and 4% beet pulp (dry matter). data were collected during the first 200 d of lactation. dry matter intake, milk, and milk component yields did not differ among cows fed the untre ... | 1986 | 3722547 |
| organization, structure and symbiotic function of rhizobium meliloti nodulation genes determining host specificity for alfalfa. | in r. meliloti we have identified four nodulation genes determining plant host-range specificity and have designated them hsnabc and d. the genes code for 9.7, 41.7, 26.7, and 28.6 kd proteins, respectively, and are organized into two transcriptional units. mutations in these genes affect nodulation of their natural plant hosts medicago sativa and melilotus albus to different extents and hsnd mutants have an altered host-range. these nod- mutations are not complementable by nodulation genes of o ... | 1986 | 3731273 |
| n tau-methylhistidine--feed and duodenal content and ruminal degradation. | n tau-methylhistidine (nmh) concentrations were determined in acid hydrolysates of 12 common feedstuffs for ruminants, and duodenal digesta from steers fed alfalfa haylage and high-moisture corn. for six species of grass hays, nmh concentrations ranged from nondetectable (nd; less than .1 nmol/g dry matter) to .6 nmol/g dry matter. two legume hays had nmh concentrations of .9 and 2.0 nmol/g dry matter, respectively. for corn silage, high-moisture corn, beet pulp and soybean meal, nmh concentrati ... | 1986 | 3733565 |
| the effect of pre-fast diet and transport on nitrogen metabolism of calves. | two trials were conducted to determine the effects of transport stress and pre-transport diet on n losses, blood chemistry and ruminal variables of steers. in each trial, 16 crossbred steers (261 kg avg weight) were assigned to four groups in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. treatments consisted of either transported or non-transported groups and two pre-transport dietary regimens (alfalfa hay or a 50% concentrate diet fed for 3 d before fasting). the alfalfa hay contained 14.6% crud ... | 1986 | 3733566 |
| how do food passage rate and assimilation differ between herbivorous lizards and nonruminant mammals? | what digestive adaptations permit herbivorous nonruminant mammals to sustain much higher metabolic rates than herbivorous lizards, despite gross similarity in digestive anatomy and physiology? we approached this question by comparing four herbivorous species eating the same diet of alfalfa pellets: two lizards (chuckwalla and desert iugana) and two mammals (desert woodrat and laboratory mouse). the mammals had longer small and large intestines, greater intestinal surface area, much higher (by an ... | 1986 | 3734193 |
| a plant flavone, luteolin, induces expression of rhizobium meliloti nodulation genes. | the symbiotic interaction of rhizobium meliloti and alfalfa results in the formation of nitrogen-fixing root nodules. rhizobium meliloti nodabc genes are required for the early host responses of cortical cell divisions and root hair curling. the induction of nodabc expression by alfalfa exudates demonstrates host-symbiont signaling at an early stage in nodule development. the inducer molecule for nodabc expression was isolated from plant exudate by constructing a nodabc-lacz fusion to monitor th ... | 1986 | 3738520 |
| two gene clusters of rhizobium meliloti code for early essential nodulation functions and a third influences nodulation efficiency. | a plafr1 cosmid clone (ppp346) carrying the nodulation region of the symbiotic plasmid prme41b was isolated from a gene library of rhizobium meliloti 41 by direct complementation of a nod- deletion mutant of r. meliloti. agrobacterium tumefaciens and rhizobium species containing ppp346 were able to form ineffective nodules on alfalfa. the 24-kilobase insert in ppp346 carries both the common nodulation genes and genes involved in host specificity of nodulation. it was shown that these two regions ... | 1986 | 3745124 |
| feed aversion induced by intraruminal infusion with larkspur extract in cattle. | twelve hereford heifers were infused with larkspur extract (group 1, n = 4), lithium chloride solution (group 2, n = 4), or sodium chloride solution (group 3, n = 4). after 3 weeks of being fed basal ration (meadow grass hay), all heifers were offered a ration of alfalfa pellets (3,400 g) in a 2-phase, single-day feeding regimen. in phase 1, the amount eaten within 45 minutes was measured by weigh-back of uneaten pellets. in phase 2, cattle that ate greater than 150 g of pellets in phase 1 were ... | 1986 | 3752693 |
| growth and reproductive performance of rabbits on a moderately low crude protein diet with or without methionine or urea supplementation. | the reproductive and growth performances of new zealand white rabbits on four dietary treatments were compared. the treatments were a 21.5% crude protein (cp) diet control, a 16% cp diet (lp), lp + .3% dl-methionine (lp + met) and lp + 2.1% urea (lp + urea). the cp in the lp diet was derived entirely from alfalfa meal and wheat mill run, with no protein supplement used. data were collected over five parities. preweaning and postweaning growth rates and reproductive performance as assessed by lit ... | 1986 | 3759707 |
| evaluation of alfalfa-corn cob associative action. i. interactions between alfalfa hay and ruminal escape protein on growth of lambs and steers. | three trials evaluated associative action of alfalfa in ammonia (nh3)-treated corn residue diets and(or) potential ruminal degradable protein x escape protein interactions. in trial 1, 128 crossbred steers (250 kg) were fed 0 or 3% nh3-treated residue diets replaced by 0, 15, 30 or 100% of alfalfa hay. basal diets were formulated to contain adequate metabolizable and crude protein but were nearly devoid of ruminal degradable protein. ammonia treatment increased (p less than .02) dry matter (dm) ... | 1986 | 3759717 |
| evaluation of alfalfa-corn cob associative action. ii. comparative tests of alfalfa hay as a source of ruminal degradable protein. | the effect of ruminal degradable protein source in roughage diets on nutrient digestibility and animal growth was evaluated in two trials using lambs. in trial 1, two qualities of alfalfa and smooth brome hays replaced 0, 15, 30 or 100% of an ammonia (nh3)-treated corn cob negative control diet in a digestion trial using 26 mixed breed wethers (31.8 kg). fifteen or 30% inclusion of hay increased (p less than .01) dry matter (dm) intake, regardless of hay type or quality. cell wall intake was hig ... | 1986 | 3759718 |
| evaluation of alfalfa-corn cob associative action. iii. the effect of mechanically separated alfalfa fractions on intake, digestibility and ruminal characteristics of ammonia-treated corn cob diets fed to sheep. | the influence of mechanically separated alfalfa fractions on intake, digestibility and rate of ruminal passage was investigated using 48 lambs (32 kg) in a digestion trial. whole plant pre-bloom alfalfa (25% crude protein) or fractions (presscake, dehydrated presscake, protein coagulum, dehydrated protein coagulum, whole juice or deproteinized juice) were added to a 3% ammonia (nh3)-treated corn cob negative control diet at levels equal to 20% wholeplant alfalfa dry matter (dm); eight treatments ... | 1986 | 3759719 |
| biosynthesis of a galactose-and galacturonic acid-containing polysaccharide in rhizobium meliloti. | previous work showed that two different strains derived from a culture of rhizobium meliloti 102f51 differed with respect to phage specificity, agglutinability by alfalfa seed lectin, and synthesis of a galactose-containing polysaccharide (r. a. ugalde, h. handelsman, and w. j. brill, j. bacteriol. 166:148-154, 1986). inner membranes from the more competitive strain incorporated galactose from udp-galactose when a thermostable factor was present. this factor has now been identified as udp-galact ... | 1986 | 3759905 |
| interrelationships between feed quality, digestibility, feed consumption, and energy requirements in desert (bedouin) and temperate (saanen) goats. | intake of high quality roughage (alfalfa hay) by black bedouin goats was lower than by swiss saanen goats. bedouin goats have lower energy requirements and less tendency to accumulate solids. apparent dry matter digestibility was higher in bedouin than saanen goats even when high quality hay was offered. it was more pronounced when a medium quality roughage (rhodes grass mixed with alfalfa) was fed. differences in apparent digestibility of dry matter were greater when a poor quality feed such as ... | 1986 | 3760303 |
| comparison of the effects of three methods of harvesting and storing alfalfa on nutrient digestibility by lambs and feedlot performance of steers. | two lamb digestion and three steer growth experiments were conducted to study the feeding value of alfalfa harvested as direct-cut silage (dcs) with grain added prior to ensiling or as low-moisture silage (lms) or hay with grain added at feeding. in all experiments, alfalfa-grain mixtures contained approximately 50% alfalfa and 50% concentrate (dry matter [dm] basis). in exp. 1, lambs fed dcs alone consumed less dm than lambs fed lms or hay alone or any of the alfalfa-grain mixtures. apparent di ... | 1986 | 3771385 |
| influence of feeding time and diet on time of parturition in multiparous ewes. | three hundred three pregnant ewes were randomly allotted to treatments in a 2 (diet) x 2 (feeding time) factorial arrangement 10 d before the first lambs were due in two lambing seasons to study the effect of time of feeding and diet on time of lambing. behavioral activities were observed to determine if there was a relationship to time of parturition. all ewes were fed .5 kg ground whole corn per day plus either: alfalfa hay fed at 2200 each day, alfalfa hay fed at 1000 each day, alfalfa haylag ... | 1986 | 3771386 |
| ruminal changes in monensin- and lasalocid-fed cattle grazing bloat-provocative alfalfa pasture. | microbial and fermentation changes in the rumen in monensin- and lasalocid-fed cattle grazing bloat-provocative alfalfa pasture were studied using genetically bloat-susceptible, ruminally-cannulated adult cattle. monensin at .66 and .99 mg/kg body weight daily reduced the severity of legume bloat by 41 and 73%, respectively. the same doses of lasalocid reduced bloat by 25 and 12%. comparison of ruminal contents from animals before treatment with ruminal contents from antibiotic-treated animals s ... | 1986 | 3771403 |
| passage of inert particles varying in length and specific gravity through the postruminal digestive tract of steers. | postruminal passage of inert particles varying in specific gravity, length, and time of administration in relation to feeding, as well as interactions among these factors, were studied in four ruminally cannulated steers. animals were allowed access to a 40% grain mix, 60% long alfalfa hay diet for 6 h daily. eleven combinations of particle specific gravity (.9, 1.17, 1.41, or 1.77) and length (1, 5, or 10 mm) were used. two hundred particles of each combination were placed in the abomasum at th ... | 1986 | 3782587 |
| effect of rumen ammonia concentration on in situ rate and extent of digestion of feedstuffs. | three dry holstein cows fitted with rumen fistula were fed a 7.4% crude protein diet consisting of 47.4% corn, 50% cottonseed hulls, and 2.6% minerals and vitamins during a 44-d experiment. treatments consisted of rumen infusion, 0, 33, 67, and 100 g/d of urea nitrogen applied in a four period youden square design. increasing urea infusion increased rumen fluid ammonia nitrogen from 4.3 to 25.0 mg/dl. estimated effective dry matter degradation based on in situ rates of digestion were increased f ... | 1986 | 3782588 |
| a comparative study of feeding behavior and digestive function in dairy goats, wool sheep and hair sheep. | an intake and digestibility study was conducted with three groups (six animals per group) of yearling wether dairy goats (four toggenburg, two alpine), wool sheep (targhee x dorset) and hair sheep (st. croix). body weight (bw) ranged from 42 to 52 kg, averaging 47 kg. all animals were penned individually and given ad libitum access to a mixture of alfalfa-smooth bromegrass hay in pelleted, chopped or long form. each group contained three ruminally cannulated animals. there were no apparent diffe ... | 1986 | 3793652 |
| a rhizobium meliloti mutant that forms ineffective pseudonodules in alfalfa produces exopolysaccharide but fails to form beta-(1----2) glucan. | a mutant of rhizobium meliloti that elicited the formation of inactive nodules in alfalfa was found not to form beta-(1----2) glucan in vivo or in vitro. it was nonmotile because it lacks flagella. the 235-kilodalton protein which acts as an intermediate in beta-(1----2) glucan synthesis was undetectable in the mutant. these properties of the mutant are common to those of chvb mutants of agrobacterium tumefaciens. exopolysaccharide formation by the r. meliloti mutant was about double that by the ... | 1987 | 3804979 |
| digestibility of nitrogen in heat-damaged alfalfa. | in order to partition indigestible n in heat-damaged forages into its various chemical fractions, alfalfa (41.1% dry matter), stored in an upright stave silo, was not sealed, and heating was promoted. silage was labeled as unheated silage (temperature below 20 degrees c); 35 degrees c silage (temperature near 35 degrees c, 5220 degrees c d); and 60 degrees c silage (temperature near 60 degrees c, 10,800 degrees c d). total amino acid content of 60 degrees c silage was lower and acid detergent in ... | 1986 | 3805448 |
| protein supply from undegraded dietary protein. | a summary of in vivo estimates of the amount of dietary protein from individual feedstuffs that escapes microbial degradation in the rumen is presented. values range from approximately 20% for protein in barley, oats, wheat, and alfalfa silage to 65 to 70% for protein in fish meal and animal by-products. in vitro or in situ methods for estimating protein degradation can be used, but at this stage of development, the methodology is more useful in providing a relative ranking of feedstuffs on the ... | 1986 | 3805454 |
| effects of diet nitrogen and forage nitrogen insolubility on performance of cows in early lactation. | thirty-six holsteins were allotted at parturition to six treatments to measure effects of diet nitrogen and increased insolubility of silage nitrogen on performance and ruminal, plasma, and milk constituents during the first 100 d of lactation. diets contained 40% concentrate and 60% silage in dry matter. the six silage treatments were untreated corn silage (low nitrogen); untreated corn silage and untreated alfalfa silage (1:1); untreated corn silage and formaldehyde and formic acid-treated alf ... | 1986 | 3805458 |
| effect of nutrition, age and size on compensatory growth in two breeds of steers. | compensatory gain in cattle was studied to determine if age, previous rate of gain or size were factors of importance. a factorial experiment was conducted with growing diet regimen (control vs restricted), age [spring-born (older) vs fall-born (younger)] and breed (angus vs charolais) as the factors. during a growing phase, the two diets, (control = dehydrated alfalfa pellets; restricted = cubed grass-alfalfa hay, cottonseed hulls and soybean meal) were fed to both the older and younger steers ... | 1986 | 3818470 |
| short-term effect of antibiotic feeding on site and extent of digestion of growing and finishing diets in feedlot cattle. | two metabolism trials were conducted to evaluate the influence of therapeutic antibiotic supplementation on characteristics of digestion of growing and finishing diets. treatments consisted of a basal diet supplemented with: no antibiotics, 350 mg chlortetracycline and 350 mg sulfamethazine and 700 mg chlortetracycline and 700 mg sulfamethazine. in trial 1, treatment effects were evaluated in a replicated 3 x 3 latin-square design experiment involving six crossbred steers (462 kg) with cannulas ... | 1986 | 3818474 |
| duodenal bacterial and nonbacterial protein supply in steers fed forage and grain diets. | four beef steers (avg wt 300 kg) fitted with duodenal re-entrant cannulae were used to study the effect of dietary concentrate to forage ratio on bacterial and nonbacterial n flow in the duodenum. according to a change-over design, the steers were designated to receive an all forage (83% alfalfa hay and 17% wheat straw) and an 80% sorghum grain diet. lignin (adl) and chromium oxide (cr2o3) ratio techniques were compared with automated total collection (atc) of digesta for quantitating duodenal p ... | 1987 | 3818491 |
| effects of rhizobium meliloti nif and fix mutants on alfalfa root nodule development. | ineffective alfalfa nodules were examined at the light and electron microscope level after inoculation with rhizobium meliloti strains with mutations in nif and fix genes. all the mutant strains induced nodules that contained elongated bacteroids within the host cells, but the bacteroids quickly senesced. the nodules were small and numerous, and the host cells also exhibited symptoms of an ineffective symbiosis. nifb, fixa, and fixb bacteroids appeared to be completely differentiated (by ultrast ... | 1987 | 3818542 |
| quantitation of microorganisms associated with the particulate phase of ruminal ingesta. | microbial organic matter associated with rumen particulate and fluid phases was quantified using 15n as the microbial marker in two rumen fistulated cows fed a 65% alfalfa haylage diet. during two collection periods, feed was removed 1 h after initiation of feeding, and cows were dosed with (15nh4)2so4. whole rumen contents were sampled before feeding and at various times up to 12 h after feeding. fluid microorganisms were those that passed through eight layers of cheesecloth. particle-associate ... | 1987 | 3819876 |
| at least two nodd genes are necessary for efficient nodulation of alfalfa by rhizobium meliloti. | a rhizobium meliloti dna region (nodd1) involved in the regulation of other early nodulation genes has been delimited by directed tn5 mutagenesis and its nucleotide sequence has been determined. the sequence data indicate a large open reading frame with opposite polarity to noda, -b and -c, coding for a protein of 308 (or 311) amino acid residues. tn5 insertion within the gene caused a delay in nodulation of medicago sativa from four to seven days. hybridization of nodd1 to total dna of rhizobiu ... | 1986 | 3820290 |
| interaction of protein percent with caloric density and protein source for lactating cows. | experiment 1 was to test effect of three ratios of energy to protein in complete mixed diets for 36 lactating cows in three, 28-d periods. energy was varied with cottonseed hulls, pelleted ground corrugated boxes, and a mixture of the two. crude protein was varied with soybean meal to give energy:crude protein of 5.7, 5.0, and 4.6 for each energy amount. cottonseed meal was compared with soybean meal in corrugated box diets. feed intake was much higher with cottonseed hulls, and appreciable feed ... | 1985 | 3839804 |
| apparent digestibilities of diets varying in ratios of forage to concentrate and quality of forage at two intakes by dairy cows. | in four digestion trials we measured effects of feed intake and forage quality on apparent digestibility of dietary components. trials 1 and 2 utilized four mixed diets containing either 30 or 50% concentrate blended with either early or normal cut alfalfa hay. trials 3 and 4 utilized two straight hay diets of early and normal cut hay. high and low feed intakes were determined for lactating and dry cows. cows in trial 1 digested diets to the same extent regardless of intake or ratio of forage to ... | 1985 | 3842856 |
| utilization of chopped and long alfalfa by dairy heifers. | two physical forms of alfalfa hay, chopped and long, were fed at maintenance and for ad libitum consumption to dairy heifers to determine effects upon digestibility and energy utilization. ad libitum intake was associated with lower digestibility of dry matter (56 versus 58%), neutral detergent fiber (45 versus 58%), and acid detergent fiber (45 versus 52%). energy balance was 1.77 mcal/day at ad libitum versus .08 mcal/day at maintenance. dry matter intake was similar for chopped (5.4 kg/day) v ... | 1985 | 3842870 |
| exopolysaccharide-deficient mutants of rhizobium meliloti that form ineffective nodules. | by screening with the fluorescent stain calcofluor, we have isolated 26 independent transposon tn5 insertion mutants of rhizobium meliloti that are deficient in the production of a known extracellular polysaccharide (exo-). the mutants belonged to six distinct genetic groups based on the ability of their exo- phenotype to be complemented by different recombinant plasmids from a r. meliloti clone bank. with few exceptions, all of the mutants formed ineffective (non-nitrogen-fixing) nodules on alf ... | 1985 | 3862129 |
| effects of commonly consumed vegetables on hepatic xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in the mouse. | to investigate the effects of consuming a variety of common vegetables on the activities of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in the mouse liver, male c57bl/6 mice were fed purified diets supplemented isocalorically with 20% freeze-dried powdered kidney bean, soya bean, alfalfa, cauliflower, mustard greens, carrot, kale, brussels sprouts, beet, egg plant or onion or with 40% sweet potato. hepatic ethoxycoumarin o-deethylase (ecd) activity was increased significantly (p less than or equal to 0.05) ... | 1985 | 3877667 |
| glucagon, insulin, growth hormone, and some blood metabolites during energy restriction ketonemia of lactating cows. | six holstein cows were sampled hourly for 24 h for plasma concentrations of hormones and metabolites. cows were sampled at about 2 wk prepartum, at 3 wk postpartum, during a ketonemia induced by feed restriction to 54% of ad libitum intake, and after a recovery period. they were fed long alfalfa hay postpartum. the onset of lactation caused concentrations of growth hormone, glucagon, acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and total amino acids of plasma to increase and those of glucose and insulin ... | 1985 | 3886731 |
| conservation of nif- and species-specific domains within repeated promoter sequences from fast-growing rhizobium species. | in the fast-growing rhizobium species, repeated dna sequences, which include the promoter region of the nif hdk operon have been described. these repeated sequences are promoters which specifically activate transcription in the endosymbiotic state. hybridization analysis of these sequences from r. trifolii has revealed that they may be involved in the species-specific activation of the various genes whose transcription they promote. comparative analysis of various copies of these repeated sequen ... | 1985 | 3892479 |
| the role of diet in animal models of systemic lupus erythematosus: possible implications for human lupus. | studies of diet in the mouse model of sle have established the beneficial effects of a low calorie, low fat diet in these animals as well as the importance of the specific source of dietary fat. the role of zinc in murine and human sle is less clear. the reported improvement of patients with sle and other related diseases on a low phenylalanine and tyrosine diet high in fish content, and the lupus inducing capacity of a nonphysiologic amino acid present in alfalfa are also reviewed. the need for ... | 1985 | 3898377 |
| characterization of a rhizobium meliloti fixation gene (fixf) located near the common nodulation region. | rhizobium meliloti 2011 dna from prmsl26, a plasmid which is known to carry genes involved in the early stages of nodulation, was used to construct tn5 mutations by site-directed tn5 mutagenesis. tn5 mutations located within an 8.7 kilobase ecori fragment defined two adjacent loci encoding functions for nodulation (nod) and symbiotic n2 fixation (fix). we investigated the organization and regulation of the fix locus and the characteristics of alfalfa nodules induced by these fix- mutants. by mon ... | 1985 | 3900039 |
| novel high- and low-copy stable cosmids for use in agrobacterium and rhizobium. | presented are a set of cosmids based on the unit copy agrobacterium plasmid, ptar, and the high-copy-number mutant plasmid, pucd500, of ptic58. the addition of a par function derived from ptar to the vectors allowed them to be stably maintained throughout the cell population in the absence of selective pressure. these vectors, designed for agrobacterium and rhizobium, also work in escherichia coli. the vectors can be cotransferred to rhizobiaceae from e. coli with the helper plasmid, prk2013. th ... | 1985 | 3906714 |
| [farmer's lung with antibodies against thermoactinomyces vulgaris and aspergillus fumigatus. clinical course and treatment]. | we present a case of farmer's lung with antibodies to thermoactinomyces vulgaris and aspergillus fumigatus. a 56-year-old male patient with an atopic family medical history came to our hospital complaining of cough, dyspnea, fever, asthenia and anorexia. his condition worsened after being exposed to cereal powder, becoming symptomatic after 20 minutes or on occasion after 6 hours. physical examination showed basal crepitant rales in lung auscultation. the radiograph of the thorax showed a bilate ... | 1985 | 3909794 |
| effects of sampling site on passage rate estimates in heifers fed alfalfa hay or a high concentrate diet. | rate of passage from the rumen was estimated from samples from the rumen, duodenum, ileum, and rectum after four crossbred heifers were dosed with cobalt ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and ytterbium-labeled alfalfa or corn grain as digesta markers. diets consisted of chopped alfalfa hay or an 80% concentrate mixture fed twice daily at 2.0% of body weight (dry matter per day) in two trials. rates of particulate passage were calculated by two mathematical models, and influence of site of sampling ... | 1985 | 3923072 |
| activation of hepatic microsomal mixed function oxidase system in broiler chicks by diet changes. | two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of diet composition on activity of the microsomal mixed function oxidase (mfo) system in broiler chicks. one-day-old chicks were fed for 10 days either a corn-soy (cs) diet or diets supplemented with a combination of fish meal, alfalfa meal, and torula yeast (fay) or individually with fish meal (fm), alfalfa meal, distillers dried grains with solubles (ddgs), or torula yeast (ty). activities of hepatic microsomal aniline hydroxylase and am ... | 1985 | 3923466 |
| effect of additive on alfalfa silage fermentation characteristics and feedlot performance of steers. | in each of two trials four large plastic bags were filled with approximately 72 mt of first cutting, early bloom alfalfa (35% dry matter). fresh alfalfa in two bags was treated with .5 kg/metric ton of a commercial silage additive (silo-best). two bags were left untreated. when compared with steers fed untreated alfalfa silage, weight gains, intakes, and feed efficiencies were not significantly (p greater than .05) altered for steers fed treated silage. however, laboratory analysis showed silage ... | 1985 | 3928719 |
| induction of rhizobium meliloti nodc expression by plant exudate requires nodd. | the soil bacterium rhizobium meliloti invades and establishes a symbiosis with host plants such as alfalfa. bacterial nodulation (nod) genes are required for this invasion, but their mechanism of action and the timing of their expression are not known. we have used translational lacz fusions to monitor expression of nodd and nodc, which are located in the cluster of four nod genes on the r. meliloti megaplasmid (psym). nodd is expressed at comparable levels by broth-grown bacterial cells and by ... | 1985 | 3931078 |
| influence of methionine hydroxy analog and dl-methionine on rumen protozoa and volatile fatty acids. | three lactating holstein cows with rumen cannulae were used in a 3 x 3 latin square arrangement of treatments to study effects of methionine source on ciliated protozoa numbers and volatile fatty acid concentrations in the rumen. cows were fed total mixed diets twice daily of 60% grain mix, 21% corn silage, and 19% alfalfa hay (dry basis). methionine hydroxy analog, dl-methione, and sodium sulfate were added on an equal sulfur basis. experimental periods were 14 d with four rumen samples taken d ... | 1985 | 3935701 |
| rumen microbial changes in cattle fed diets with or without salinomycin. | four rumen-fistulated steers, randomly assigned to two groups (control and salinomycin fed) were used to monitor the changes in rumen microbial populations and volatile fatty acids (vfa) concentrations associated with feeding salinomycin (0.22 mg x kg-1 x day-1). steers were adapted to an alfalfa hay and grain (80:20) diet before supplementing the diet with salinomycin, and then the diet was changed to 50:50 and 20:80 ratios of alfalfa hay to grain at 2-week intervals. rumen samples for total an ... | 1986 | 3954347 |
| nodules are induced on alfalfa roots by agrobacterium tumefaciens and rhizobium trifolii containing small segments of the rhizobium meliloti nodulation region. | regions of the rhizobium meliloti nodulation genes from the symbiotic plasmid were transferred to agrobacterium tumefaciens and rhizobium trifolii by conjugation. the a. tumefaciens and r. trifolii transconjugants were unable to elicit curling of alfalfa root hairs, but were able to induce nodule development at a low frequency. these were judged to be genuine nodules on the basis of cytological and developmental criteria. like genuine alfalfa nodules, the nodules were initiated from divisions of ... | 1985 | 3968028 |
| sindbis virus proteins nsp1 and nsp2 contain homology to nonstructural proteins from several rna plant viruses. | although the genetic organization of tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) differs considerably from that of the tripartite viruses (alfalfa mosaic virus [almv] and brome mosaic virus [bmv]), all of these rna plant viruses share three domains of homology among their nonstructural proteins. one such domain, common to the almv and bmv 2a proteins and the readthrough portion of tmv p183, is also homologous to the readthrough protein nsp4 of sindbis virus (haseloff et al., proc. natl. acad. sci. u.s.a. 81:4358 ... | 1985 | 3968720 |
| translational discrimination between the four rnas of alfalfa mosaic virus. a quantitative evaluation. | in an attempt to relate the translational characteristics of alfalfa mosaic virus (a1mv) rnas to their structure [ravelonandro et al. (1983) nucleic acids res. 11, 2815-2826; gehrke et al. (1983) biochemistry 22, 5157-5164] we measured the relative affinities (discrimination ratios) of these rnas for the initiation complex, in the wheat germ extract and in the nuclease-treated reticulocyte lysate, using a competition method designed by brendler et al. [(1981) j. biol. chem. 256, 11747-11754]. as ... | 1985 | 3979386 |
| net portal absorption of lactate and volatile fatty acids in steers experiencing glucose-induced acidosis or fed a 70% concentrate diet ad libitum. | five crossbred steers (347 kg) were surgically fitted with rumen fistulae, hepatic portal, abdominal aorta and mesenteric catheters to measure organic acid absorption from the gut during acute [intraruminal glucose, 12 g/kg body weight (g)] or subacute [ad libitum 70% concentrate diet (c)] acidosis. samples were taken at time 0, then every 2 h for 48 h after a switch from an alfalfa diet to c, or dosing with g. steers receiving c received g 1 wk later so that five steers provided four observatio ... | 1985 | 3988634 |
| interaction of molybdenum, sulfate and alfalfa in the bovine. | thirty-two weanling hereford heifers were assigned to treatments in a 2(3) factorial arrangement involving two levels of mo (0 and 100 ppm added inorganic mo), two levels of so4 (0 and .5% added inorganic so4) and two levels of alfalfa pellets (0 and 2.72 kg daily). a basal diet of hay and salt ad libitum and 454 g milo pellets (92% milo and 8% molasses) was fed daily. all animals were fed individually for 11 mo. added dietary mo created severe symptoms of mo toxicity that included scouring, ach ... | 1985 | 3988651 |
| legume agglutinins that bind to rhizobium meliloti. | a protein found in seeds and roots of alfalfa (medicago sativa) was implicated in the specificity of the infection process, based on its binding to the symbiont rhizobium meliloti. we found an agglutinin with similar properties in seeds and roots of sweet clover (melilotis alba). the sweet clover differed from alfalfa in nodulation by a mutant strain of r. meliloti, but the agglutinins were indistinguishable by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, rhizobium agglutination, a ... | 1985 | 3988714 |
| development of rumen function in calves: nature of protein reaching the abomasum. | effects of weaning age (4 and 8 wk) and ration (complete pelleted starter and unpelleted starter plus alfalfa-grass hay) on development of ruminal function were tested in a split-plot design. maturity of ruminal function was estimated by the contribution of bacterial nitrogen to total nitrogen reaching the abomasum, essential amino acid composition of bacterial and abomasal protein, and ruminal volatile fatty acid concentrations. sixteen holstein bull calves were fitted with rumen and abomasal c ... | 1985 | 3989088 |
| milk production, nutrient digestion, and rate of digesta passage in dairy cows fed long or chopped alfalfa hay supplemented with sodium bicarbonate. | effects of forage particle size and sodium bicarbonate on milk production, ruminal fermentation, ruminal fluid dilution rate, dry matter passage from the rumen, and nutrient digestion were measured in four holstein cows in a 4 x 4 latin-square experiment. cows were fed ad libitum amounts of a diet of approximately 46% concentrate and 54% alfalfa hay. the 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments were: 1) long stem alfalfa hay, 2) long stem alfalfa hay + 1.4% sodium bicarbonate (3.0% of concentra ... | 1985 | 3998234 |
| whole rolled sunflower seeds with or without additional limestone in lactating dairy cattle rations. | thirty lactating holstein cows were in a continuous trial from 21 to 120 days postpartum to evaluate diets containing whole, rolled sunflower seeds with or without additional limestone. cows were fed individually total mixed rations of (dry matter) 47% corn silage, 9% alfalfa hay, and 44% concentrate. concentrates were corn and soybean meal (control); corn, soybean meal, and 22% sunflower seeds; or corn, soybean meal, and sunflower seeds plus 3.5% additional limestone. milk yield (32.2, 32.0, an ... | 1985 | 3998237 |
| the effect of marginal levels of calcium, fish meal, torula yeast and alfalfa meal on feed intake, hepatic lipid accumulation, plasma estradiol, and egg shell quality among laying hens. | in two 2 x 3 factorial-design experiments, single comb white leghorn (scwl) laying hens were fed either a corn-soy (cs) diet or one containing 5% each of fish meal, alfalfa meal, and torula yeast (fay), each with 2.0, 2.75, or 3.5% calcium in experiment 1 and 2.5, 3.5, or 4.5% in experiment 2. duration of the experiments were 6 and 8 weeks, respectively. low dietary calcium resulted in decreased efficiency of energy utilization in both experiments and significantly elevated energy consumption in ... | 1985 | 4001075 |
| dietary effects on content of hepatic lipid, plasma minerals, and tissue ascorbic acid in hens and estrogenized chicks. | the purpose of this study was to determine if plasma mineral levels and plasma or hepatic ascorbic acid would be affected by the composition of the diet fed to chickens with higher circulating estrogen levels. three-week-old broiler chicks were implanted with estradiol dipropionate to give estimated release rates of 0, 3.2, and 8.0 micrograms/bird/day. the chicks were fed a corn-soy diet (cs) or a diet containing 5% fish meal, 5% alfalfa meal and 10% torula yeast (fay). the fay diet resulted in ... | 1985 | 4001076 |
| erwinia herbicola isolates from alfalfa plants may play a role in nodulation of alfalfa by rhizobium meliloti. | erwinia herbicola was isolated from roots of plants derived from surface-sterilized seeds of all alfalfa varieties that were tested. some of these e. herbicola strains affected nodulation by certain strains of rhizobium meliloti. in previously published work we presented the isolation of slow-and fast-nodulating variants from a single culture of r. meliloti 102f51. in the absence of e. herbicola, the slow-nodulating variant induced the formation of nodules on alfalfa as rapidly as the faster-nod ... | 1985 | 4004214 |
| nucleotide sequence of rhizobium meliloti 1021 nodulation genes: nodd is read divergently from nodabc. | nodulation (nod) genes are required for rhizobium meliloti to invade and stimulate nodule formation in its host, alfalfa. we have established the dna sequence of nodd, noda, and nodb, which are part of a gene cluster located 20 kb downstream of nifhdk on the r. meliloti psym megaplasmid. the nodd open reading frame (308 amino acids) reads from proximal to nifhdk toward distal to nifhdk, divergently from noda (196 aa) and nodb (217 aa). these two genes read from distal to nifhdk toward proximal, ... | 1985 | 4006668 |
| influence of dietary alfalfa:orchardgrass hay and lasalocid on in vitro estimates of dry matter digestibility and volatile fatty acid concentrations of cecal contents and rate of digesta passage in sows. | four mature crossbred sows were fistulated in the cecum, with two sows fed a corn-alfalfa:orchardgrass hay (46%) diet (ch) and two fed a corn-soybean meal diet (cs). four experiments were conducted to evaluate buffers, incubation times, buffer ph and substrate and inocula sources in an in vitro, anaerobic, mixed-culture system. in vitro dry matter digestibility (ivdmd) and substrate solubility in buffer (ss) were determined. in exp. 1, substrates were ch and cs diets with cecal inocula obtained ... | 1985 | 4008367 |
| nucleotide sequence of cucumber mosaic virus rna. 1. presence of a sequence complementary to part of the viral satellite rna and homologies with other viral rnas. | the nucleotide sequence of the 3389 residues of rna 1 (mr 1.15 x 10(6) of the q strain of cucumber mosaic virus (cmv) was determined, completing the primary structure of the cmv genome (8617 nucleotides). cmv rna 1 was sequenced by the dideoxy-chain-termination method using m13 clones carrying rna 1 sequences as well as synthetic oligonucleotide primers on rna 1 as a template. at the 5' end of the rna there are 97 noncoding residues between the cap structure and the first aug (98-100), which is ... | 1985 | 4018086 |
| effect of receiving diets containing alfalfa and certain feed additives on performance of feeder pigs transported long distances. | three experiments were conducted to determine the effect of receiving diets containing alfalfa meal and certain feed additives on performance of comingled feeder pigs transported 900 to 1,100 km. in exp. 1, the inclusion of 9.4% dehydrated alfalfa meal in receiving diets for 2 wk resulted in no difference (p greater than .1) in gain or feed conversion from purchase to market compared with pigs fed a basal corn-soybean meal (cs) diet or a diet containing 20% ground whole oats (o). in exp. 2, pigs ... | 1985 | 4030523 |
| effects of adding beta-carotene to rations of lactating cows consuming different forages. | thirty-six holstein cows fed a corn silage-based ration and 34 fed an alfalfa-grass silage-based ration were assigned according to calving date to receive either 300 mg/head per day of synthetic beta-carotene in a gelatin capsule or an empty gelatin capsule daily for the first 100 days postpartum. supplemental vitamin a was provided at 3919 iu/kg of ration dry matter. cervix diameters for cows supplemented with beta-carotene were smaller at 21 days and 28 days postpartum. days from parturition t ... | 1985 | 4031188 |
| protein degradation in rumen and amino acid absorption in small intestine of lactating dairy cattle fed heat-treated whole soybeans. | four lactating holstein cows fitted with rumen cannulae and t-type cannulae in proximal duodenum and terminal ileum were used to measure protein degradation in the rumen and amino acid flow and absorption in the small intestine. soybean meal, whole soybeans, and whole soybeans extruded at 132 and 149 degrees c provided 50% of the protein in diets that contained 51% grain, 36% corn silage, and 13% alfalfa hay (dry matter). spot samples of digesta were collected from duodenum and ileum during 96 h ... | 1985 | 4038985 |
| effect of dietary crude protein level on the reproductive performance and growth of new zealand white rabbits. | an experiment utilizing 391 preweaning and 187 postweaning litter records from 145 does was conducted for 12 mo to determine the effect of dietary crude protein level on performance of commercial new zealand white rabbits. does and their litters were fed alfalfa-based pelleted diets containing either 17.5, 19 or 20.5% crude protein (cp). in a separate experiment, the 17.5 and 20.5% cp diets were fed during lactation to 10 does to determine nitrogen (n) digestibility and retention. body weights o ... | 1985 | 4039312 |
| methionine deficiency in early-weaned dairy calves fed pelleted rations based on corn and alfalfa or corn and soybean proteins. | holstein bull calves weaned at 4 wk of age were assigned to one of three replicated 4 x 4 latin squares at 5 to 6 wk. trials were abomasal infusion of 0, .30, .60, and either 90 (trials 2 and 3) or 1.20 g (trial 1) l-methionine/kg pelleted starter ration consumed. in trials 1 and 2, ration ingredients of the ration contributed the following percentages of total crude protein: corn meal 39, alfalfa meal 48, and soybean meal 12; dry matter of rations contained 13.6 and 13.9% crude protein and .26 ... | 1985 | 4039339 |
| liver response to diet and estrogen in white leghorn and rhode island red chickens. | experiments were conducted to compare the response of rhode island reds (rir) and white leghorns (wl) to estradiol (e2) administration and diets of different composition. in growing chickens injected with e2 for 7 days, rir accumulated significantly more hepatic lipid and had significantly less plasma lipid than wl. both rir and wl, injected for 4 days with e2, had lower hepatic lipids when fed a diet containing fish meal, alfalfa meal, and torula yeast (fay) than when fed a corn-soybean meal di ... | 1985 | 4039822 |
| milk production response to diets supplemented with dried brewers grains, wet brewers grains, or soybean meal. | forty four multiparous holsteins, 114 +/- 28 days in milk (32 kg/day, 3.4% fat), were fed a basal diet of 12% crude protein and 20% acid detergent fiber for 10 days, then stratified by milk production into four groups. cows were randomized to one of nine diets in a 3 x 3 factorial in which basal was supplemented with dried brewers grains, wet brewers grains, or soybean meal to supply in the diet 14.5, 16.0, and 17.5% crude protein. eight cows remained on basal during the 50-day trial. basal cont ... | 1985 | 4044965 |
| antiatherosclerotic effects of alfalfa meal ingestion in chicks: a biochemical evaluation. | feeding alfalfa seed extract to chicks resulted in significant reduction of total cholesterol, phospholipid, triglyceride, ldl-cholesterol and vldl-cholesterol. simultaneously, an increased in the hdl-cholesterol/total cholesterol ratio occurred with reduction in total cholesterol and phospholipid contents of liver and (ventricular) muscle of the heart. results obtained with alfalfa seed extract ingestion were evaluated with a standard drug, compound, clofibrate. | 1985 | 4055016 |
| human leukocyte interferon does not inhibit alfalfa mosaic virus in protoplasts or tobacco tissue. | enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and local lesion infectivity assays showed that recombinant leukocyte interferons, rifn-alpha a and rifn-alpha d, did not reproducibly affect the accumulation of alfalfa mosaic virus in tobacco leaf discs or in tobacco or alfalfa protoplasts when applied within 1 hr after inoculation with virus. | 1985 | 4060586 |
| effect of monensin on feed utilization and gastrointestinal fermentation in the hamster (mesocricetus auratus). | three experiments were conducted to examine the effect of monensin on growth performance, feed utilization and volatile fatty acids (vfa) in the forestomach and caecum of hamsters. in expt 1, monensin was fed at levels of 0, 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg to the growing male and female hamsters given a commercial diet (major component: lucerne (medicago sativa) meal). in expt 2, monensin was fed at levels of 0, 5, 15, 45 and 135 mg/kg to the growing male hamsters given a semi-purified diet containing 10 g u ... | 1985 | 4063298 |
| influence of dietary protein on blood cholesterol and related metabolites of growing calves. | forty male, holstein calves were utilized to evaluate effects of either low (12%) or high (25%) dietary protein on growth and serum metabolites, with a particular concern for serum cholesterol. all diets contained 19% acid detergent fiber and consisted of corn silage, alfalfa hay and grain mixtures. average concentration of total serum cholesterol was depressed (p = .001) for calves on the high-protein diets (58.8 mg/dl) as compared with their low-protein counterparts (67.9 mg/dl). calves fed th ... | 1985 | 4066543 |
| identification of a rhizobium meliloti psym2011 region controlling the host specificity of root hair curling and nodulation. | in rhizobium meliloti 2011 nodulation genes (nod) required to nodulate specifically alfalfa are located on a psym megaplasmid. nod- derivatives carrying large psym deletions were isolated. by complementation of these strains with in vivo- and in vitro-constructed episomes containing psym of sequences and introduction of these episomes into agrobacterium tumefaciens, we show (i) that from a region of psym of about 360 kilobases, genes required for specific alfalfa nodulation are clustered in a dn ... | 1985 | 4066612 |
| effects of sarsaponin on digestion and passage rates in cattle fed medium to low concentrate. | four dairy cows with duodenal cannulae were fed diets consisting of sorghum silage (67% of dietary dry matter) at 85% of ad libitum intake with 0 (control diet) or 44 ppm (dry matter) sarsaponin (sarsaponin diet) in a crossover experiment. digestion coefficients for organic matter were low but increased by addition of sarsaponin both in the rumen (43.7 versus 32.4%) and total tract (52.1 versus 48.2%). digestibilities of starch and nitrogen in the rumen and total tract and passage rates of fluid ... | 1985 | 4067050 |
| supplementation of dairy cow diets with ammonium salts of volatile fatty acids. | the objective was to determine the efficacy of a blend of ammonium salts of the volatile fatty acids, isobutyric, 2-methylbutyric, isovaleric, and valeric as a supplement to diets for dairy cows. treatments of 0 (control) or 120 (supplemented) g/cow of the blend were fed daily from approximately 3 wk prepartum through a complete lactation. five trials were conducted concurrently with a total of 116 multiparous holstein cows. dietary ingredients or combinations of ingredients differed in each of ... | 1985 | 4078120 |
| [experimental study of fluorosis in lambs]. | eighty-four lambs weaned at birth were randomised to three groups, each of 28 animals. the amount of fluoride contained in the feed was carefully assessed. two groups were administered with sodium fluoride. the dose was calculated so as to administer a quantity of fluoride close to the quantity that lambs would ingest in consuming alfalfa containing from 125 to 250 ppm fluoride. the daily amount of fluoride administered to the 1st group rose progressively between week 3 and week 8 from 0.45 to 2 ... | 1985 | 4091492 |
| the in vivo behaviour of twenty-four strains of alfalfa mosaic virus. | | 1970 | 4098410 |
| studies on alfalfa mosaic virus. iv. an unusual strain. | | 1970 | 4099064 |
| the uncoating of alfalfa mosaic virus by its own rna. | | 1972 | 4113242 |
| evidence for a ph-induced structural change of alfalfa mosaic virus. | | 1972 | 4117934 |
| the quaternary structure of alfalfa mosaic virus. | | 1974 | 4137292 |
| comparison of amino acid and alfalfa supplementation of purified diets ruminants. | | 1968 | 4170518 |
| effects of changes in feed level, starvation, and level of feed after starvation upon the concentration of rumen protozoa in the ovine. | four rumen fistulated sheep were used in five experiments to investigate the effect of feed level upon the concentration of rumen ciliate protozoa. the sheep were fed once daily 650 g of a pelleted diet composed of corn cobs, 45%; alfalfa meal, 35%; oats, 12.5%; cane molasses, 5%; urea, 0.4%; and vitamins and minerals, 2%. the concentration of protozoa reached minimum and maximum values at 5 and 22.5 h after feeding, respectively. thus, to estimate apparent generation rates, concentrations of pr ... | 1973 | 4202706 |
| products of linoleic hydroperoxide-decomposing enzyme of alfalfa seed. | alfalfa seeds and seedlings contain an enzyme that catalyzes a reaction with the 13- and 9-hydroperoxides of linoleic acid to form 13-hydroxy-10-oxo-trans-octadecenoic acid and 9-hydroxy-12-oxo-trans-10-octadecenoic acid, respectively. when commercial lipoxygenase is used to generate the hydroperoxides, the above acids appear in about 2:1 proportions, respectively. the products of the action of the enzyme on the hydroperoxides were stabilized for analysis by reduction with h(2) and liaih(4). tri ... | 1974 | 4208994 |
| the effect of inhibitors of protein biosynthesis on the infectivity of alfalfa mosaic virus: role of coat protein. | | 1974 | 4274500 |
| limited proteolysis of alfalfa mosaic virus: influence on the structural and biological function of the coat protein. | | 1974 | 4362543 |
| alfalfa mosaic virus in lucerne plants and its transmission by aphids in the course of the vegetation period. | | 1971 | 4399140 |
| efficiency of alfalfa mosaic virus transmission by aphids in relation to the level of virus in plants. | | 1971 | 4399142 |
| detection of cyolane in alfalfa pellets and rumen content of a cow. | | 1974 | 4433862 |
| unidentified growth factor(s) present in alfalfa water-solubles for young guinea pigs. | | 1974 | 4438350 |
| [anti-estrogenic action of some alfalfa varieties]. | | 1974 | 4446352 |
| value of alfalfa meal and wheat bran in diets for swine during prefarrowing and lactation. | | 1974 | 4473447 |
| fermentation of isolated pectin and pectin from intact forages by pure cultures of rumen bacteria. | studies on the rate and extent of galacturonic acid and isolated pectin digestion were carried out with nine strains of rumen bacteria (butyrivibrio fibrisolvens h10b and d16f, bacteroides ruminicola 23 and d31d, lachnospira multiparus d15d, peptostreptococcus sp. d43e, b. succinogenes a3c, ruminococcus flavefaciens b34b, and r. albus 7). only three strains, 23, d16f, and d31d, utilized galacturonic acid as a sole energy source, whereas all strains except a3c and h10b degraded (solubilized) and ... | 1972 | 4552890 |
| measurement of digestibility of alfalfa protein concentrates by in vivo and in vitro methods. | | 1973 | 4571427 |
| electron microscope examination of two plaque variants from a nuclear polyhedrosis virus of the alfalfa looper, autographa californica. | | 1974 | 4596522 |
| biological ensiling of sugarcane tops. vi. influence of naturally occurring microbial growth-promoting substances in sugarcane tops, malt, and alfalfa. | | 1974 | 4609859 |