| PPE38 Modulates the Innate Immune Response and Is Required for Mycobacterium marinum Virulence. | The proline-glutamic acid (PE) and proline-proline-glutamic acid (PPE) family proteins are prevalent in pathogenic mycobacteria and play a diverse role in mycobacterial pathogenesis. While some members have been studied, the function of most PE/PPE proteins remains unknown. In this study, we isolated a transposon-inactivated PPE38 mutant of Mycobacterium marinum and characterized its phenotype. We found that the PPE38 protein is associated with the cell wall and exposed on the cell surface. The ... | 2012 | 22038915 |
| imatinib-sensitive tyrosine kinases regulate mycobacterial pathogenesis and represent therapeutic targets against tuberculosis. | the lengthy course of treatment with currently used antimycobacterial drugs and the resulting emergence of drug-resistant strains have intensified the need for alternative therapies against mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb), the etiologic agent of tuberculosis. we show that mtb and mycobacterium marinum use abl and related tyrosine kinases for entry and intracellular survival in macrophages. in mice, the abl family tyrosine kinase inhibitor, imatinib (gleevec), when administered prophylactically ... | 2011 | 22100163 |
| Zoonotic bacteria, antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance in ornamental fish: a systematic review of the existing research and survey of aquaculture-allied professionals. | SUMMARYUsing systematic review methodology, global research reporting the frequency of zoonotic bacterial pathogens, antimicrobial use (AMU) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in ornamental fish, and human illness due to exposure to ornamental fish, was examined. A survey was performed to elicit opinions of aquaculture-allied personnel on the frequency of AMU and AMR in ornamental fish. The most commonly reported sporadic human infections were associated with Mycobacterium marinum, while Salmone ... | 2012 | 21906415 |
| new insights into the pathogenesis of tuberculosis revealed by mycobacterium marinum: the zebrafish model from the systems biology perspective. | tuberculosis remains a worldwide health concern, largely due to the emergence of multi-drug-resistant (mdr) and extensive-drug-resistant (xdr) mycobacterium tuberculosis co-infection with hiv. the exact mechanism of mycobacterium virulence, pathogenesis, and persistence is not fully understood. the hallmark of tuberculosis, granulomas are promoted by mycobacterium virulence factors, and they have long been considered a structural advantage to the host. however, this traditional view has been cha ... | 2011 | 22181703 |
| mycobacterium marinum infection causing extensive tissue destruction in a hypoxic copd patient. | we report a skin mycobacterium marinum infection presenting as wide ulcerative lesions of the arm (4 cm for the widest) in a hypoxic copd patient who takes 4 mg methylprednisolone daily and higher doses during exacerbations. diagnostic delay as well as glucocorticoid use could be responsible for the extension of the lesions. clinical resolution occurred after three months of antibiotic therapy. extensive ulcerative lesions are uncommon in mycobacterium marinum infection in an immunocompetent hos ... | 2011 | 21938990 |
| CZE-ESI-MS/MS as an alternative proteomics platform to UPLC-ESI-MS/MS for samples of intermediate complexity. | We demonstrate the use of capillary zone electrophoresis with an electrokinetically pumped sheath-flow electrospray interface for the analysis of a tryptic digest of a sample of intermediate protein complexity, the secreted protein fraction of Mycobacterium marinum. For electrophoretic analysis, 11 fractions were generated from the sample using reversed phase liquid chromatography; each fraction was analyzed by CZE-ESI-MS/MS, and 334 peptides corresponding to 140 proteins were identified in 165 ... | 2011 | 22182061 |
| Epidemiological, clinical, and therapeutic pattern of Mycobacterium marinum infection: A retrospective series of 35 cases from southern France. | | 2012 | 22177650 |
| Aggressive cutaneous infection with Mycobacterium marinum in two patients receiving anti-tumor necrosis factor-alfa agents. | | 2011 | 22000874 |
| [Nontuberculous mycobacteria: M. marinum, M. ulcerans, M. xenopi - brief characteristics of the bacteria and diseases caused by them]. | Mycobacterium is a variable group of acid-fast bacillus which contains pathogenic bacteria causing tuberculosis (MTC - Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex) and leprosy (M. leprae) as well as numerous nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) causing diseases mostly in people with immunodeficiency, although some NTM strains are capable of causing illnesses in non-immunocompromised patients. This group includes for example Mycobacterium marinum, Mycobacterium ulcerans and Mycobacterium xenopi. These microo ... | 2011 | 21918261 |
| Disseminated Mycobacterium marinum infection in a hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipient. | Mycobacterium marinum is a photochromogenic mycobacterium that is ubiquitous in the aquatic environment. In the general population, exposure to aquaria is the most common cause of M. marinum infection. Known as "swimmer's granuloma" or "fish tank granuloma," M. marinum is an occupational hazard for aquarium cleaners and fishermen. There are several reports in the literature of M. marinum infection in immunocompromised hosts, including those with solid organ transplants, but none in patients who ... | 2011 | 22093773 |
| Antibacterial activities of dendritic amphiphiles against nontuberculous mycobacteria. | The anti-mycobacterial activities of nine series of dicarboxyl and tricarboxyl dendritic amphiphiles with one alkyl, two alkyl, and cholestanyl tails against Mycobacterium abscessus, Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium chelonae, Mycobacterium marinum and Mycobacterium smegmatis have been measured. The dendritic amphiphiles overcame the limited aqueous solubility of natural long-chain fatty acids, alcohols, and amines to enable profiling the susceptibilities of the different mycobacterial species ... | 2011 | 22209468 |
| conserved mechanisms of mycobacterium marinum pathogenesis within the environmental amoeba, acanthamoeba castellanii. | mycobacterium marinum is a water-borne mycobacterial pathogen. due to their common niche, protozoa likely represent natural hosts for m. marinum. we demonstrate that the esx-1 secretion system is required for m. marinum pathogenesis and that m. marinum utilizes actin-based motility in amoebae. therefore, at least two virulence pathways used by m. marinum in macrophages are conserved during m. marinum infection of amoeba. | 2012 | 22247144 |
| mycobacterium marinum infection in a blue-fronted amazon parrot (amazona aestiva). | a blue-fronted amazon parrot (amazona aestiva) was presented with a granuloma involving the proximal rhinotheca and extending into the rostral sinuses. mycobacterium marinum was diagnosed based on results of biopsy and culture. treatment was initiated with clarithromycin, rifampin, and ethambutol, but the bird died 4 months after the onset of antimicrobial therapy. additional granulomas were found in the left lung and liver on postmortem examination. mycobacterial isolation on postmortem samples ... | 2012 | 23409436 |
| [mycobacterium marinum is difficult to diagnose]. | the diagnosis of cutaneous mycobacterium marinum infection is often delayed for months after presentation. in this case the diagnosis and correct treatment was delayed for ten months resulting in possible irreversible damage to the patient's infected finger. the main reason for the delay is lack of knowledge of the mycobacterium. | 2012 | 23286770 |
| mycobacteriophage cell binding proteins for the capture of mycobacteria. | slow growing mycobacteriumavium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) causes a deadly condition in cattle known as johne's disease where asymptomatic carriers are the major source of disease transmission. map was also shown to be associated with chronic crohn's disease in humans. mycobacterium smegmatis is a model mycobacterium that can cause opportunistic infections in a number of human tissues and, rarely, a respiratory disease. currently, there are no rapid, culture-independent, reliable and inexpens ... | 2014 | 26713219 |
| rapid detection and identification of nontuberculous mycobacterial pathogens in fish by using high-resolution melting analysis. | mycobacterial infections in fish are commonly referred to as piscine mycobacteriosis, irrespectively of the specific identity of the causal organism. they usually cause a chronic disease and sometimes may result in high mortalities and severe economic losses. nearly 20 species of mycobacterium have been reported to infect fish. among them, mycobacterium marinum, m. fortuitum, and m. chelonae are generally considered the major agents responsible for fish mycobacteriosis. as no quick and inexpensi ... | 2013 | 24123734 |
| bacterial stimulation of toll-like receptor 4 drives macrophages to hemophagocytose. | during acute infection with bacteria, viruses or parasites, a fraction of macrophages engulf large numbers of red and white blood cells, a process called hemophagocytosis. hemophagocytes persist into the chronic stage of infection and have an anti-inflammatory phenotype. salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium infection of immunocompetent mice results in acute followed by chronic infection, with the accumulation of hemophagocytes. the mechanism(s) that triggers a macrophage to become hemophagocy ... | 2015 | 26459510 |
| mycobacterium marinum infection from sea monkeys. | a case of cutaneous mycobacterium marinum infection acquired from artemia nyos (sea monkeys) is presented. the infection was unresponsive to initial antimicrobial therapies. a biopsy of a lesion revealed granulomatous inflammation with cultures that subsequently grew m marinum. a three-month course of clarithromycin provided complete resolution. | 2012 | 24294280 |
| dermacase. can you identify this condition? mycobacterium marinum infection. | | 2013 | 23341661 |
| review of mycobacterium marinum infection reported from iran and report of three new cases with sporotrichoid presentation. | mycobacterium marinum infection is the most common nontuberculous mycobacterial skin lesions. it results from skin injury and contact with contaminated water, fish, or shellfish; its infections have low frequency, nonspecific symptoms and lack of specific identification methods that can alter correct diagnosis.this study designed about cases that reported from iran and comparing their presentation and clinical sign and symptom and outcome. | 2014 | 24719723 |
| human pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and viruses in drosophila: disease modeling, lessons, and shortcomings. | drosophila has been the invertebrate model organism of choice for the study of innate immune responses during the past few decades. many drosophila-microbe interaction studies have helped to define innate immunity pathways, and significant effort has been made lately to decipher mechanisms of microbial pathogenesis. here we catalog 68 bacterial, fungal, and viral species studied in flies, 43 of which are relevant to human health. we discuss studies of human pathogens in flies revealing not only ... | 2014 | 24398387 |
| inhibition of ifn-γ-induced nitric oxide dependent antimycobacterial activity by mir-155 and c/ebpβ. | mir-155 (microrna-155) is an important non-coding rna in regulating host crucial biological regulators. however, its regulatory function in mycobacterium infection remains unclear. our study demonstrates that mir-155 expression is significantly increased in macrophages after mycobacterium marinum (m.m) infection. transfection with anti-mir-155 enhances nitric oxide (no) synthesis and decreases the mycobacterium burden, and vice versa, in interferon γ (ifn-γ) activated macrophages. more important ... | 2016 | 27070591 |
| phylogenetic analysis of vitamin b12-related metabolism in mycobacterium tuberculosis. | comparison of genome sequences from clinical isolates of mycobacterium tuberculosis with phylogenetically-related pathogens mycobacterium marinum, mycobacterium kansasii, and mycobacterium leprae reveals diversity amongst genes associated with vitamin b12-related metabolism. diversity is generated by gene deletion events, differential acquisition of genes by horizontal transfer, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) with predicted impact on protein function and transcriptional regulation. d ... | 2015 | 25988174 |
| single cell measurements of vacuolar rupture caused by intracellular pathogens. | shigella flexneri are pathogenic bacteria that invade host cells entering into an endocytic vacuole. subsequently, the rupture of this membrane-enclosed compartment allows bacteria to move within the cytosol, proliferate and further invade neighboring cells. mycobacterium tuberculosis is phagocytosed by immune cells, and has recently been shown to rupture phagosomal membrane in macrophages. we developed a robust assay for tracking phagosomal membrane disruption after host cell entry of shigella ... | 2013 | 23792688 |
| establishment and validation of whole-cell based fluorescence assays to identify anti-mycobacterial compounds using the acanthamoeba castellanii-mycobacterium marinum host-pathogen system. | tuberculosis is considered to be one of the world's deadliest disease with 2 million deaths each year. the need for new antitubercular drugs is further exacerbated by the emergence of drug-resistance strains. despite multiple recent efforts, the majority of the hits discovered by traditional target-based screening showed low efficiency in vivo. therefore, there is heightened demand for whole-cell based approaches directly using host-pathogen systems. the phenotypic host-pathogen assay described ... | 2014 | 24498207 |
| the caenorhabditis elegans p38 mapk gene plays a key role in protection from mycobacteria. | mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapk) are critical mediators of cellular responses to pathogens and are activated in response to infection, but investigation is difficult in multi-cell hosts due to developmental lethality of mutations. mycobacterium marinum (mm) is an established model for tuberculosis, a disease afflicting nearly one-third of the world's population. we found that mm-infected caenorhabditis elegans display >80% mortality, but nonpathogenic m. smegmatis cause <15% mortality. c ... | 2016 | 26919641 |
| hypoxia inducible factor signaling modulates susceptibility to mycobacterial infection via a nitric oxide dependent mechanism. | tuberculosis is a current major world-health problem, exacerbated by the causative pathogen, mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb), becoming increasingly resistant to conventional antibiotic treatment. mtb is able to counteract the bactericidal mechanisms of leukocytes to survive intracellularly and develop a niche permissive for proliferation and dissemination. understanding of the pathogenesis of mycobacterial infections such as tuberculosis (tb) remains limited, especially for early infection and ... | 2013 | 24367256 |
| the antibiotic resistance arrow of time: efflux pump induction is a general first step in the evolution of mycobacterial drug resistance. | we hypothesize that low-level efflux pump expression is the first step in the development of high-level drug resistance in mycobacteria. we performed 28-day azithromycin dose-effect and dose-scheduling studies in our hollow-fiber model of disseminated mycobacterium avium-m. intracellulare complex. both microbial kill and resistance emergence were most closely linked to the within-macrophage area under the concentration-time curve (auc)/mic ratio. quantitative pcr revealed that subtherapeutic azi ... | 2012 | 22751536 |
| the macrophage-specific promoter mfap4 allows live, long-term analysis of macrophage behavior during mycobacterial infection in zebrafish. | transgenic labeling of innate immune cell lineages within the larval zebrafish allows for real-time, in vivo analyses of microbial pathogenesis within a vertebrate host. to date, labeling of zebrafish macrophages has been relatively limited, with the most specific expression coming from the mpeg1 promoter. however, mpeg1 transcription at both endogenous and transgenic loci becomes attenuated in the presence of intracellular pathogens, including salmonella typhimurium and mycobacterium marinum. h ... | 2015 | 26445458 |
| comparative sigma factor-mrna levels in mycobacterium marinum under stress conditions and during host infection. | we have used rnaseq and qrt-pcr to study mrna levels for all σ-factors in different mycobacterium marinum strains under various growth and stress conditions. we also studied their levels in m. marinum from infected fish and mosquito larvae. the annotated σ-factors were expressed and transcripts varied in relation to growth and stress conditions. some were highly abundant such as siga, sigb, sigc, sigd, sige and sigh while others were not. the σ-factor mrna profiles were similar after heat stress ... | 2015 | 26445268 |
| analysis of rnaseq datasets from a comparative infectious disease zebrafish model using genetiles bioinformatics. | we present a rna deep sequencing (rnaseq) analysis of a comparison of the transcriptome responses to infection of zebrafish larvae with staphylococcus epidermidis and mycobacterium marinum bacteria. we show how our developed genetiles software can improve rnaseq analysis approaches by more confidently identifying a large set of markers upon infection with these bacteria. for analysis of rnaseq data currently, software programs such as bowtie2 and samtools are indispensable. however, these progra ... | 2014 | 25503064 |
| homeostasis of n-α-terminal acetylation of esxa correlates with virulence in mycobacterium marinum. | the mycobacterial esx-1 (esat-6 system 1) exporter translocates virulence factors across the cytoplasmic membrane to the cell wall, cell surface, and the bacteriological medium in vitro. the mechanisms underlying substrate targeting to distinct locations are unknown. several esx-1 substrates are n-α-terminally acetylated. the role of this rare modification in bacteria is unclear. we sought to identify genes required for esx-1 substrate modification, transport, and localization. pathogenic mycoba ... | 2014 | 25135684 |
| internalization of mycobacterium shottsii and mycobacterium pseudoshottsii by acanthamoeba polyphaga. | amoebae serve as environmental hosts to a variety of mycobacteria, including mycobacterium avium and mycobacterium marinum. mycobacterium shottsii and mycobacterium pseudoshottsii are waterborne species isolated from the spleens and dermal lesions of striped bass (morone saxatilis) from the chesapeake bay. the optimal growth temperature for these fish isolates is 25 °c. in the present study, amoebae were examined as a potential environmental reservoir for these fish pathogens. several studies de ... | 2013 | 23899000 |
| emerging causes of superficial and invasive infections following marine injuries and exposures. | soft tissue bacterial infections following aquatic animal bites, stings, and minor injuries occur commonly and usually on the extremities in fishermen and beachgoers worldwide after freshwater and saltwater exposures. louisiana has more tidal, saltwater, and brackish water shorelines (more than 7,000 miles) than any other state, including alaska and hawaii. as a result, louisiana residents are often exposed to marine pathogens when fishing or working offshore or when enjoying louisiana's miles o ... | 2017 | 25075726 |
| bacterial infections from aquatic species: potential for and prevention of contact zoonoses. | as aquaculture production and the consumption of aquaculture products increase, the possibility of contracting zoonotic infections from either handling or ingesting these products also increases. the principal pathogens acquired topically from fish or shellfish through spine/pincer puncture or open wounds are aeromonas hydrophila, edwardsiella tarda, mycobacterium marinum, streptococcus iniae, vibrio vulnificus and v. damsela. these pathogens, which are all indigenous to the aquatic environment, ... | 2013 | 24547653 |
| functional characterization of receptor-interacting serine/threonine kinase 2 (rip2) of the goldfish (carassius auratus l.). | we report on the functional characterization of rip2 of the goldfish. quantitative expression analysis of goldfish rip2 revealed the greatest mrna levels in the spleen, monocytes and splenocytes. we generated a recombinant form of the molecule (rgrip2) and determined that anti-human rip2 polyclonal antibody specifically recognized recombinant goldfish rip2 (rgrip2). goldfish rip2 activity was inhibited by the p38 mapk pathway inhibitor sb203580. treatment of goldfish macrophages with lps, pgn, m ... | 2015 | 25242011 |
| identification and functional characterization of the goldfish (carassius auratus l.) high mobility group box 1 (hmgb1) chromatin-binding protein. | we report on the identification and functional characterization of hmgb1 of the goldfish. quantitative analysis indicated the highest expression of goldfish hmgb1 in the brain, with lower mrna levels in spleen, intestine, kidney, gill and heart. hmgb1 was also differentially expressed in goldfish immune cell populations with highest mrna levels present in splenocytes and neutrophils. we generated and functionally characterized the recombinant hmgb1 (rghmgb1). the rghmgb1 primed the respiratory b ... | 2014 | 24406304 |
| characterization of three nod-like receptors and their role in antimicrobial responses of goldfish (carassius auratus l.) macrophages to aeromonas salmonicida and mycobacterium marinum. | the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain proteins nod1, nod2 and nlrx1 are cytoplasmic pathogen recognition receptors (prrs) of the nod-like receptor (nlr) family. in this report, goldfish nod1 (gfnod1), nod2 (gfnod2) and nlrx1 (gfnlrx1) genes were cloned and characterized. the full length of gfnod1, gfnod2 and gfnlrx1 were 3234bp, 3129bp and 4900bp, encoding 937, 982 and 1008 amino acids, respectively. the three nod-like receptors have a nacht domain and c-terminal leucine rich repeat (lrr ... | 2013 | 23194927 |
| insight into cofactor recognition in arylamine n-acetyltransferase enzymes: structure of mesorhizobium loti arylamine n-acetyltransferase in complex with coenzyme a. | arylamine n-acetyltransferases (nats) are xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes that catalyze the acetyl-coa-dependent acetylation of arylamines. to better understand the mode of binding of the cofactor by this family of enzymes, the structure of mesorhizobium loti nat1 [(rhilo)nat1] was determined in complex with coa. the f42w mutant of (rhilo)nat1 was used as it is well expressed in escherichia coli and displays enzymatic properties similar to those of the wild type. the apo and holo structures of ( ... | 2015 | 25664736 |
| new derivatives of salicylamides: preparation and antimicrobial activity against various bacterial species. | three series of salicylanilides, esters of n-phenylsalicylamides and 2-hydroxy-n-[1-(2-hydroxyphenylamino)-1-oxoalkan-2-yl]benzamides, in total thirty target compounds were synthesized and characterized. the compounds were evaluated against seven bacterial and three mycobacterial strains. the antimicrobial activities of some compounds were comparable or higher than the standards ampicillin, ciprofloxacin or isoniazid. derivatives 3f demonstrated high biological activity against staphylococcus au ... | 2013 | 24045008 |
| identification and expression of stressosomal proteins in mycobacterium marinum under various growth and stress conditions. | like other bacteria, mycobacterium spp. have developed different strategies in response to environmental changes such as nutrient limitations and other different stress situations. we have identified candidate genes (rsb genes) from mycobacterium marinum involved in the regulation of the activity of the alternative sigma factor, σ(f) . this is a homolog of the master regulator of general stress response, σ(b) , and the sporulation-specific sigma factor, σ(f) , in bacillus subtilis. the organizat ... | 2013 | 23480639 |
| the genome, evolution and diversity of mycobacterium ulcerans. | mycobacterium ulcerans (m. ulcerans) causes a devastating infection of the skin and underlying tissue commonly known as buruli ulcer (bu). genetic analyses indicate that m. ulcerans has a common ancestor with mycobacterium marinum (m. marinum) and has diverged from this fish and human pathogen perhaps around a million years ago. m. ulcerans is characterized by minimal genetic diversity and since it has a highly clonal population structure, genetic differences between individual isolates reflect ... | 2012 | 22306192 |
| the structure-antimicrobial activity relationships of a promising class of the compounds containing the n-arylpiperazine scaffold. | this research was focused on in silico characterization and in vitro biological testing of the series of the compounds carrying a n-arylpiperazine moiety. the in silico investigation was based on the prediction of electronic, steric and lipohydrophilic features. the molecules were screened against mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis cit03, m. smegmatis atcc 700084, m. kansasii dsm 44162, m. marinum camp 5644, staphylococcus aureus atcc 29213, methicillin-resistant s. aureus 63718, escher ... | 2016 | 27681720 |
| zebrafish: an animal model for research in veterinary medicine. | the zebrafish (danio rerio) has become known as an excellent model organism for studies of vertebrate biology, vertebrate genetics, embryonal development, diseases and drug screening. nevertheless, there is still lack of detailed reports about usage of the zebrafish as a model in veterinary medicine. comparing to other vertebrates, they can lay hundreds of eggs at weekly intervals, externally fertilized zebrafish embryos are accessible to observation and manipulation at all stages of their devel ... | 2015 | 26618602 |
| dictyostelium host response to legionella infection: strategies and assays. | the professional phagocyte dictyostelium discoideum is a simple eukaryotic microorganism, whose natural habitat is deciduous forest soil and decaying leaves, where the amoebae feed on bacteria and grow as separate, independent, single cells. in the last decade, the organism has been successfully used as a host for several human pathogens, including legionella pneumophila, mycobacterium avium and mycobacterium marinum,pseudomonas aeruginosa, klebsiella pneumoniae, cryptococcus neoformans, and sal ... | 2013 | 23150412 |
| mycobacterium marinum degrades both triacylglycerols and phospholipids from its dictyostelium host to synthesise its own triacylglycerols and generate lipid inclusions. | during a tuberculosis infection and inside lipid-laden foamy macrophages, fatty acids (fas) and sterols are the major energy and carbon source for mycobacterium tuberculosis. mycobacteria can be found both inside a vacuole and the cytosol, but how this impacts their access to lipids is not well appreciated. lipid droplets (lds) store fas in form of triacylglycerols (tags) and are energy reservoirs of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. using the dictyostelium discoideum/mycobacterium marinum infection m ... | 2017 | 28103313 |
| a microfluidic cell-trapping device for single-cell tracking of host-microbe interactions. | the impact of cellular individuality on host-microbe interactions is increasingly appreciated but studying the temporal dynamics of single-cell behavior in this context remains technically challenging. here we present a microfluidic platform, infectchip, to trap motile infected cells for high-resolution time-lapse microscopy. this approach allows the direct visualization of all stages of infection, from bacterial uptake to death of the bacterium or host cell, over extended periods of time. we de ... | 2016 | 27425421 |
| live imaging of mycobacterium marinum infection in dictyostelium discoideum. | the dictyostelium discoideum-mycobacterium marinum host-pathogen system is a recently established and powerful model system for mycobacterial infection. in this chapter, two simple protocols for live imaging of dictyostelium discoideum infection are described. the first method is used to monitor the dynamics of recruitment of gfp-tagged dictyostelium discoideum proteins at single time-points corresponding to the main stages of the infection (1.5-72 h post infection). the second method focuses at ... | 2015 | 25779329 |
| lipid droplet dynamics at early stages of mycobacterium marinum infection in dictyostelium. | lipid droplets exist in virtually every cell type, ranging not only from mammals to plants, but also to eukaryotic and prokaryotic unicellular organisms such as dictyostelium and bacteria. they serve among other roles as energy reservoir that cells consume in times of starvation. mycobacteria and some other intracellular pathogens hijack these organelles as a nutrient source and to build up their own lipid inclusions. the mechanisms by which host lipid droplets are captured by the pathogenic bac ... | 2015 | 25772333 |
| the autophagic machinery ensures nonlytic transmission of mycobacteria. | in contrast to mechanisms mediating uptake of intracellular bacterial pathogens, bacterial egress and cell-to-cell transmission are poorly understood. previously, we showed that the transmission of pathogenic mycobacteria between phagocytic cells also depends on nonlytic ejection through an f-actin based structure, called the ejectosome. how the host cell maintains integrity of its plasma membrane during the ejection process was unknown. here, we reveal an unexpected function for the autophagic ... | 2015 | 25646440 |
| setting up and monitoring an infection of dictyostelium discoideum with mycobacteria. | mycobacterium marinum is the causative agent of fish and amphibian tuberculosis in the wild. it is a genetically close cousin of mycobacterium tuberculosis, and thereby the infection process remarkably shares many of the hallmarks of m. tuberculosis infection in human, at both the cellular and organism levels. therefore, m. marinum is used as a model for the study of mycobacterial infection in various host organisms. recently, the dictyostelium-m. marinum system has been shown to be a valuable m ... | 2013 | 23494320 |
| functional analysis of a zebrafish myd88 mutant identifies key transcriptional components of the innate immune system. | toll-like receptors (tlrs) are an important class of pattern recognition receptors (prrs) that recognize microbial and danger signals. their downstream signaling upon ligand binding is vital for initiation of the innate immune response. in human and mammalian models, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (myd88) is known for its central role as an adaptor molecule in interleukin 1 receptor (il-1r) and tlr signaling. the zebrafish is increasingly used as a complementary model system for disease resea ... | 2013 | 23471913 |
| in silico driven design and synthesis of rhodanine derivatives as novel antibacterials targeting the enoyl reductase inha. | here, we report on the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of 4-thiazolidinone (rhodanine) derivatives targeting mycobacterial tuberculosis (mtb) trans-2-enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (inha). compounds having bulky aromatic substituents at position 5 and a tryptophan residue at position n-3 of the rhodanine ring were the most active against inha, with ic50 values ranging from 2.7 to 30 μm. the experimental data showed consistent correlations with computational studies. their anti ... | 2016 | 26730986 |
| mycobacterium tuberculosis and mycobacterium marinum non-homologous end-joining proteins can function together to join dna ends in escherichia coli. | mycobacterium tuberculosis and mycobacterium smegmatis express a ku protein and a dna ligase d and are able to repair dna double strand breaks (dsbs) by non-homologous end-joining (nhej). this pathway protects against dna damage when bacteria are in stationary phase. mycobacterium marinum is a member of this mycobacterium family and like m. tuberculosis is pathogenic. m. marinum lives in water, forms biofilms and infects fish and frogs. m. marinum is a biosafety level 2 (bsl2) organism as it can ... | 2017 | 27613236 |
| high sensitivity capillary zone electrophoresis-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry for the rapid analysis of complex proteomes. | the vast majority of bottom-up proteomic studies employ reversed-phase separation of tryptic digests coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. these studies are remarkably successful for the analysis of samples containing micrograms of protein. however, liquid chromatography tends to perform poorly for samples containing nanogram amounts of protein, presumably due to loss of trace-level peptides within the chromatographic system. capillary zone electrophoresis provides a muc ... | 2013 | 23911612 |
| carboxylic acid reductase is a versatile enzyme for the conversion of fatty acids into fuels and chemical commodities. | aliphatic hydrocarbons such as fatty alcohols and petroleum-derived alkanes have numerous applications in the chemical industry. in recent years, the renewable synthesis of aliphatic hydrocarbons has been made possible by engineering microbes to overaccumulate fatty acids. however, to generate end products with the desired physicochemical properties (e.g., fatty aldehydes, alkanes, and alcohols), further conversion of the fatty acid is necessary. a carboxylic acid reductase (car) from mycobacter ... | 2013 | 23248280 |
| phoy2 of mycobacteria is required for metabolic homeostasis and stress response. | the ability of pathogenic mycobacteria to adapt to diverse environments is essential for their success as pathogens. here we describe a transposon-inactivated phoy2 mutant of mycobacterium marinum. phoy2 of mycobacteria is a functional homologue of phou in escherichia coli and an important component of the pho regulon. we found that phoy2 is required for maintaining intracellular inorganic phosphate (p(i)) homeostasis and balanced energy and redox states. disruption of phoy2 resulted in elevated ... | 2013 | 23123909 |
| disseminated mycobacterium marinum infection with a destructive nasal lesion mimicking extranodal nk/t cell lymphoma: a case report. | mycobacterium marinum is a ubiquitous waterborne organism that mainly causes skin infection in immunocompetent patients, and its disseminated infection is rare. extranodal nk/t cell lymphoma, nasal type (enkl) usually localizes at the nasal and/or paranasal area, but occasionally disseminates into the skin/soft tissue and gastrointestinal tract. compromised immunity is a risk factor for developing nontuberculous mycobacterial (ntm) infection and malignant lymphoma, and the 2 diseases may share s ... | 2016 | 26986167 |
| chemical and antimicrobial profiling of propolis from different regions within libya. | extracts from twelve samples of propolis collected from different regions of libya were tested for their activity against trypanosoma brucei, leishmania donovani, plasmodium falciparum, crithidia fasciculata and mycobacterium marinum and the cytotoxicity of the extracts was tested against mammalian cells. all the extracts were active to some degree against all of the protozoa and the mycobacterium, exhibiting a range of ec50 values between 1.65 and 53.6 μg/ml. the toxicity against mammalian cell ... | 2016 | 27195790 |
| atypical mycobacterial infections of the upper extremity: becoming more atypical? | background: atypical mycobacterial infections are uncommon and characterized by a chronic, indolent course before diagnosis. historically, these infections are associated with marine-related injury and/or immune dysfunction. our institution has successfully diagnosed and treated an increasing number of these infections. the objective of this study is to review our experience with these rare infections and verify the developing trends encountered. methods: a retrospective review was performed for ... | 2017 | 28344532 |
| [sporadic cutaneous infections due to nontuberculous mycobacteria: a retrospective study of 37 cases]. | to study the clinical and pathological characteristics of sporadic cutaneous infections due to nontuberculous mycobacteria (ntm), and investigate the diagnostic criteria and therapeutic principal. | 2015 | 26679654 |
| nontuberculous mycobacteria: skin and soft tissue infections. | skin and soft tissue infections caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria are increasing in incidence. the nontuberculous mycobacteria are environmental, acid-fast bacilli that cause cutaneous infections primarily after trauma, surgery and cosmetic procedures. skin findings include abscesses, sporotrichoid nodules or ulcers, but also less distinctive signs. important species include mycobacterium marinum and the rapidly growing mycobacterium: m. fortuitum, m. abscessus and m. chelonae. obtaining tis ... | 2015 | 26143432 |
| infections caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria in recipients of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. | non-tuberculous mycobacteria (ntm) are acid-fast bacteria that are ubiquitous in the environment and can colonize soil, dust particles, water sources, and food supplies. they are divided into rapidly growing mycobacteria such as mycobacterium fortuitum, mycobacterium chelonae, and mycobacterium abscessus as well as slowly growing species such as mycobacterium avium, mycobacterium kansasii, and mycobacterium marinum. about 160 different species, which can cause community acquired and health care- ... | 2014 | 25426446 |
| mycobacterium tuberculosis pili (mtp), a putative biomarker for a tuberculosis diagnostic test. | novel biomarkers are urgently needed for point of care tb diagnostics. in this study, we investigated the potential of the pilin subunit protein encoded by the mtp gene as a diagnostic biomarker. blast analysis of the mtp gene on published genome databases, and amplicon sequencing were performed in mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (mtbc) strains and other organisms. the protein secondary structure of the amino acid sequences of non-tuberculous mycobacteria that partially aligned with the mtp s ... | 2014 | 24721207 |
| increased incidence of cutaneous nontuberculous mycobacterial infection, 1980 to 2009: a population-based study. | to determine the incidence and clinical characteristics of cutaneous nontuberculous mycobacterial (ntm) infection during the past 30 years and whether the predominant species have changed. | 2013 | 23218797 |
| non-contiguous genome sequence of mycobacterium simiae strain dsm 44165(t.). | mycobacterium simiae is a non-tuberculosis mycobacterium causing pulmonary infections in both immunocompetent and imunocompromized patients. we announce the draft genome sequence of m. simiae dsm 44165(t). the 5,782,968-bp long genome with 65.15% gc content (one chromosome, no plasmid) contains 5,727 open reading frames (33% with unknown function and 11 orfs sizing more than 5000 -bp), three rrna operons, 52 trna, one 66-bp tmrna matching with tmrna tags from mycobacterium avium, mycobacterium t ... | 2013 | 23991261 |
| mycobacteria in aquarium fish: results of a 3-year survey indicate caution required in handling pet-shop fish. | fish are commonly infected with non-tuberculous mycobacteria (ntm), which should be regarded as potential pathogens when handling aquarium fish and equipment. this study examined 107 aquarium fish from pet shops. cultivation of the fish samples using different selective media was conducted for identification of ntm. isolates were identified using the genotype mycobacterium common mycobacteria and additional species assays, sequencing of the 16s rrna and rpob genes, and real-time pcr assay for id ... | 2016 | 27747884 |
| inverse correlation between salt tolerance and host-adaptation in mycobacteria. | the genus mycobacterium includes host-adapted organisms regarded as obligate and opportunistic pathogens and environmental organisms. factors contributing to this wide range of adaptations are poorly known. | 2016 | 27129386 |
| [establishment of multiplex pcr method for rapid detection of nontuberculous mycobacteriums infection in the hand]. | to establish a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mpcr) method with high sensitivity and specificity for rapid detection of common nontuberculous mycobacterium(ntm) infection in the hand. | 2016 | 27095780 |
| nontuberculous mycobacterial disease in children - epidemiology, diagnosis & management at a tertiary center. | there are limited data on the epidemiology, diagnosis and optimal management of nontuberculous mycobacterial (ntm) disease in children. | 2016 | 26812154 |
| nlpc/p60 domain-containing proteins of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis that differentially bind and hydrolyze peptidoglycan. | a subset of proteins containing nlpc/p60 domains are bacterial peptidoglycan hydrolases that cleave noncanonical peptide linkages and contribute to cell wall remodeling as well as cell separation during late stages of division. some of these proteins have been shown to cleave peptidoglycan in mycobacterium tuberculosis and play a role in mycobacterium marinum virulence of zebra fish; however, there are still significant knowledge gaps concerning the molecular function of these proteins in mycoba ... | 2016 | 26799947 |
| antimycobacterial efficacy of silver nanoparticles as deposited on porous membrane filters. | environmental mycobacteria pose a significant health burden. non-tuberculous mycobacteria infections have been traced to water treatment networks, where mycobacterial biofilms are ubiquitous. filters that remove potential pathogens have significant medical applications. the purpose of this study is to demonstrate that an antibacterial silver nanoparticle (agnp) coating can prevent colonization and growth of a mycobacterial biofilm on a filter material. the antibacterial efficacy of commercially ... | 2013 | 24094162 |
| recombinant bcg expressing esx-1 of mycobacterium marinum combines low virulence with cytosolic immune signaling and improved tb protection. | recent insights into the mechanisms by which mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiologic agent of human tuberculosis, is recognized by cytosolic nucleotide sensors have opened new avenues for rational vaccine design. the only licensed anti-tuberculosis vaccine, mycobacterium bovis bcg, provides limited protection. a feature of bcg is the partial deletion of the esx-1 type vii secretion system, which governs phagosomal rupture and cytosolic pattern recognition, key intracellular phenotypes linked t ... | 2017 | 28297677 |
| inibac induction is vitamin b12- and mutab-dependent in mycobacterium marinum. | tuberculosis can be treated with a 6-month regimen of antibiotics. although the targets of most of the first-line antibiotics have been identified, less research has focused on the intrabacterial stress responses that follow upon treatment with antibiotics. studying the roles of these stress genes may lead to the identification of crucial stress-coping mechanisms that can provide additional drug targets to increase treatment efficacy. a three-gene operon with unknown function that is strongly up ... | 2016 | 27474746 |
| phenotypic resistance in mycobacteria: is it because i am old or fat that i resist you? | we aimed to explore the phenomenon of phenotypic resistance to antimycobacterial antibiotics and to determine whether this was associated with cell age or the presence of lipid bodies. | 2015 | 26163401 |
| genetics of mycobacterial arabinogalactan and lipoarabinomannan assembly. | the cell wall of mycobacterium tuberculosis is unique in that it differs significantly from those of both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. the thick, carbohydrate- and lipid-rich cell wall with distinct lipoglycans enables mycobacteria to survive under hostile conditions such as shortage of nutrients and antimicrobial exposure. the key features of this highly complex cell wall are the mycolyl-arabinogalactan-peptidoglycan (magp)-based and phosphatidyl-myo-inositol-based macromolecular s ... | 2014 | 26104198 |
| essential role of the esx-5 secretion system in outer membrane permeability of pathogenic mycobacteria. | mycobacteria possess different type vii secretion (t7s) systems to secrete proteins across their unusual cell envelope. one of these systems, esx-5, is only present in slow-growing mycobacteria and responsible for the secretion of multiple substrates. however, the role of esx-5 substrates in growth and/or virulence is largely unknown. in this study, we show that esx-5 is essential for growth of both mycobacterium marinum and mycobacterium bovis. remarkably, this essentiality can be rescued by in ... | 2015 | 25938982 |
| highly deviated asymmetric division in very low proportion of mycobacterial mid-log phase cells. | in this study, we show that about 20% of the septating mycobacterium smegmatis and mycobacterium xenopi cells in the exponential phase populationdivideasymmetrically, with an unusually high deviation (17 ± 4%) in the division site from the median, to generate short cells and long cells, thereby generating population heterogeneity. this mode of division is very different from the symmetric division of themajority (about 80%) of the septating cells in the mycobacterium smegmatis, mycobacterium mar ... | 2014 | 24949109 |
| asymmetric cell division in mycobacterium tuberculosis and its unique features. | recently, several reports showed that about 80 % of mid-log phase mycobacterium smegmatis, mycobacterium marinum, and mycobacterium bovis bcg cells divide symmetrically with 5-10 % deviation in the septum position from the median. however, the mode of cell division of the pathogenic mycobacterial species, mycobacterium tuberculosis, remained unclear. therefore, in the present study, using electron microscopy, fluorescence microscopy of septum- and nucleoid-stained live and fixed cells, and live ... | 2014 | 24481536 |
| exposure to a cutinase-like serine esterase triggers rapid lysis of multiple mycobacterial species. | mycobacteria are shaped by a thick envelope made of an array of uniquely structured lipids and polysaccharides. however, the spatial organization of these molecules remains unclear. here, we show that exposure to an esterase from mycobacterium smegmatis (msmeg_1529), hydrolyzing the ester linkage of trehalose dimycolate in vitro, triggers rapid and efficient lysis of mycobacterium tuberculosis, mycobacterium bovis bcg, and mycobacterium marinum. exposure to the esterase immediately releases free ... | 2013 | 23155047 |
| composition of the type vii secretion system membrane complex. | pathogenic mycobacteria require type vii secretion (t7s) systems to transport virulence factors across their complex cell envelope. these bacteria have up to five of these systems, termed esx-1 to esx-5. here, we show that esx-5 of mycobacterium tuberculosis mediates the secretion of esxn, ppe and pe_pgrs proteins, indicating that esx-5 is a major secretion pathway in this important pathogen. using the esx-5 system of mycobacterium marinum and mycobacterium bovis bcg as a model, we have purified ... | 2012 | 22925462 |
| exposure of mycobacteria to cell wall-inhibitory drugs decreases production of arabinoglycerolipid related to mycolyl-arabinogalactan-peptidoglycan metabolism. | the "cell wall core" consisting of a mycolyl-arabinogalactan-peptidoglycan (magp) complex represents the hallmark of the mycobacterial cell envelope. it has been the focus of intense research at both structural and biosynthetic levels during the past few decades. because it is essential, magp is also regarded as a target for several antitubercular drugs. herein, we demonstrate that exposure of mycobacterium bovis bacille calmette-guérin or mycobacterium marinum to thiacetazone, a second line ant ... | 2012 | 22315220 |
| mycobacterial pathogenomics and evolution. | most mycobacterial species are harmless saprophytes, often found in aquatic environments. a few species seem to have evolved from this pool of environmental mycobacteria into major human pathogens, such as mycobacterium tuberculosis, the agent of tuberculosis, mycobacterium leprae, the leprosy bacillus, and mycobacterium ulcerans, the agent of buruli ulcer. while the pathogenicity of m. ulcerans relates to the acquisition of a large plasmid encoding a polyketide-derived toxin, the molecular mech ... | 2014 | 26082120 |
| zebrafish embryo disinfection with povidone-iodine: evaluating an alternative to chlorine bleach. | mycobacteriosis is a common bacterial infection in laboratory zebrafish caused by several different species and strains of mycobacterium, including both rapid and slow growers. one control measure used to prevent mycobacterial spread within and between facilities is surface disinfection of eggs. recent studies have highlighted the effectiveness of povidone-iodine (pvpi) on preventing propagation of mycobacterium spp. found in zebrafish colonies. we evaluated the effect of disinfection using 12.5 ... | 2016 | 27351620 |
| lesional patterns associated with mycobacteriosis in an atlantic horse mackerel, trachurus trachurus (l.), aquarium population. | | 2014 | 23802507 |
| atypical mycobacterial cutaneous infections in egyptians: a clinicopathological study. | atypical mycobacteria comprise an uncommon heterogenous non-tuberculous group of acid-fast bacteria that rarely involve skin. the pattern of atypical mycobacterial cutaneous infections (amci) has not been previously studied in egypt. the aim of this study was to describe the clinical characteristics, pathological features and species profile of amci among egyptian patients. a retrospective study included 46 cases, diagnosed with amci during the period 2002 to 2012. the study included 34 males (7 ... | 2014 | 24533920 |
| enhanced mycobacterial diagnostics in liquid medium by microaerobic bubble flow in portable microbe enrichment unit. | portable microbe enrichment unit (pmeu) method with microaerobic bubbling speeded up the growth of otherwise slowly starting and propagating mycobacterium sp. mycobacterium fortuitum growth was detected after 10-11h and mycobacterium marinum produced clear growth in 4 days. a mycobacterial environmental isolate was verified in 2 days in the pmeu spectrion(®) equipped with infrared sensors. in parallel static (without gas bubbling) cultures hardly any growth occurred. in conclusion, pmeu technolo ... | 2013 | 24075064 |
| mkan27435 is required for the biosynthesis of higher subclasses of lipooligosaccharides in mycobacterium kansasii. | lipooligosaccharides are glycolipids found in the cell wall of many mycobacterial species including the opportunistic pathogen mycobacterium kansasii. the genome of m. kansasii atcc12478 contains a cluster with genes orthologous to mycobacterium marinum los biosynthesis genes. to initiate a genetic dissection of this cluster and demonstrate its role in los biosynthesis in m. kansasii, we chose mkan27435, a gene encoding a putative glycosyltransferase. using specialized transduction, a phage-base ... | 2015 | 25893968 |
| antimycobacterial and herbicidal activity of ring-substituted 1-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carboxanilides. | in this study, a series of 22 ring-substituted 1-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carboxanilides were prepared and characterized. primary in vitro screening of the synthesized compounds was performed against mycobacterium marinum, mycobacterium kansasii and mycobacterium smegmatis. the compounds were also tested for their activity related to inhibition of photosynthetic electron transport (pet) in spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) chloroplasts. most of tested compounds showed the antimycobacterial activity aga ... | 2013 | 24075143 |
| biosynthesis of cell envelope-associated phenolic glycolipids in mycobacterium marinum. | phenolic glycolipids (pgls) are polyketide synthase-derived glycolipids unique to pathogenic mycobacteria. pgls are found in several clinically relevant species, including various mycobacterium tuberculosis strains, mycobacterium leprae, and several nontuberculous mycobacterial pathogens, such as m. marinum. multiple lines of investigation implicate pgls in virulence, thus underscoring the relevance of a deep understanding of pgl biosynthesis. we report mutational and biochemical studies that in ... | 2015 | 25561717 |
| complete genome sequence of the frog pathogen mycobacterium ulcerans ecovar liflandii. | in 2004, a previously undiscovered mycobacterium resembling mycobacterium ulcerans (the agent of buruli ulcer) was reported in an outbreak of a lethal mycobacteriosis in a laboratory colony of the african clawed frog xenopus tropicalis. this mycobacterium makes mycolactone and is one of several strains of m. ulcerans-like mycolactone-producing mycobacteria recovered from ectotherms around the world. here, we describe the complete 6,399,543-bp genome of this frog pathogen (previously unofficially ... | 2013 | 23204453 |
| mycobacterium marinum. | mycobacterium marinum is a well-known pathogenic mycobacterium for skin and soft tissue infections and is associated with fishes and water. among nontuberculous mycobacteria (ntm), it is the leading cause of extrarespiratory human infections worldwide. in addition, there is a specific scientific interest in m. marinum because of its genetic relatedness to mycobacterium tuberculosis and because experimental infection of m. marinum in fishes mimics tuberculosis pathogenesis. microbiological charac ... | 2017 | 28387180 |
| chronic cutaneous mycobacterial ulcers due to mycobacterium ulcerans (buruli ulcer): the first indigenous case report from jordan and a literature review. | buruli ulcer is the third most common mycobacterial infection worldwide. it is endemic in tropical, subtropical, and temperate climates. it causes devastating disease with morbidity and mortality. the treatment duration is long and the regimens considered are limited. chronic cutaneous ulcers of mycobacterial etiology have been reported previously in amman, but these were not associated with mycobacterium ulcerans infection. | 2017 | 28344056 |
| the chemokine receptor cxcr4 promotes granuloma formation by sustaining a mycobacteria-induced angiogenesis programme. | cxc chemokine receptor 4 plays a critical role in chemotaxis and leukocyte differentiation. furthermore, there is increasing evidence that links this receptor to angiogenesis. using the well-established zebrafish-mycobacterium marinum model for tuberculosis, angiogenesis was recently found to be important for the development of cellular aggregates called granulomas that contain the mycobacteria and are the hallmark of tuberculosis disease. here, we found that initiation of the granuloma-associat ... | 2017 | 28332618 |
| [nontuberculous mycobacteria]. | dermatologically relevant nontuberculous mycobacteria (ntm) include mycobacterium marinum and mycobacterium ulcerans and different rapidly growing mycobacteria (rgm). rgm are widely present in the environment and are facultative pathogenic. diagnostic detection of nontuberculous mycobacteria is frequently challenging. immune-competent individuals mostly develop localized infections. immune-suppressed patients may present with severe and disseminated disease. in these cases, rapid initiation of m ... | 2017 | 28331949 |
| mycolactone-producing mycobacterium marinum infection in captive hong kong warty newts and pathological evidence of impaired host immune function. | a mass mortality event of captive hong kong warty newts paramesotriton hongkongensis with non-granulomatous necrotic lesions occurred in taipei zoo, taiwan, in 2014. clinically, the sick newts were lethargic and often covered with water mold saprolegnia sp. on the skin of the body trunk or extremities. predominant pathological findings were multifocal non-granulomatous necrotic lesions in the liver, spleen, and kidneys and severe skin infection with saprolegnia sp., with deep invasion and involv ... | 2017 | 28322210 |
| dynamic regulation of fatty acid pools for improved production of fatty alcohols in saccharomyces cerevisiae. | in vivo production of fatty acid-derived chemicals in saccharomyces cerevisiae requires strategies to increase the intracellular supply of either acyl-coa or free fatty acids (ffas), since their cytosolic concentrations are quite low in a natural state for this organism. deletion of the fatty acyl-coa synthetase genes faa1 and faa4 is an effective and straightforward way to disable re-activation of fatty acids and drastically increase ffa levels. however, this strategy causes ffa over-accumulati ... | 2017 | 28298234 |
| regulation of phagocyte triglyceride by a stat-atg2 pathway controls mycobacterial infection. | mycobacterium tuberculosis remains a global threat to human health, yet the molecular mechanisms regulating immunity remain poorly understood. cytokines can promote or inhibit mycobacterial survival inside macrophages and the underlying mechanisms represent potential targets for host-directed therapies. here we show that cytokine-stat signalling promotes mycobacterial survival within macrophages by deregulating lipid droplets via atg2 repression. in drosophila infected with mycobacterium marinum ... | 2017 | 28262681 |
| functional characterisation of the drosophila cg6568 gene in host defence against mycobacterium marinum. | mycobacterium marinum is a pathogenic mycobacterial species closely related to mycobacterium tuberculosis. in this study, we established a mycobacterial infection model of drosophila melanogaster to characterize the role played by cg6568, a homolog of the human cathelicidin gene, in the innate defense against infection. drosophila cg6568 was expressed at various levels during all developmental stages, and the expression levels were modulated by m. marinum in a time-dependent manner. 20-hydroxyec ... | 2017 | 28245983 |
| effectiveness of purified methylene blue in an experimental model of mycobacterium ulcerans infection. | mycobacterium ulcerans is responsible for buruli ulcer, characterised by extensive, disabling ulcers. standard treatment combining rifampicin and streptomycin exposes patients to toxicity and daily painful injections. in this study, the in vitro susceptibilities of 3 m. ulcerans strains, 1 mycobacterium marinum strain and 18 strains representative of eleven other mycobacterium species and subspecies to methylene blue were determined. whilst growth of m. ulcerans was inhibited by 0.0125 g/l methy ... | 2017 | 28131607 |